Handbook of Egyptian gods and mummy amulets

Source and rights: Internet Archive historical scan, published 1909. The source text below is imported without translation or rewriting.

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Handbook

OF

Egyptian Gods

AND

Mummy Amulets.

R. H. BLANCHARD. Cairo, Egypt.

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Preface.

A large number of visitors to Egypt seek for information regarding some little Antika which they have purchasedj and as a considerable dilficulty is often experienced in obtaining such Information, I believe that this small handbook which depicts and describes the divinities and amulets found in the graves of ancient cemeteries along the banks of the Nile will fill a long-felt want.

1 have preferred to illustrate groups of divinities such as are most often met with, rather than the rare specimens which are usually to be seen only in museums, and have therefore chosen specimens from my own collection formed during a residence in Egypt since 1900.

riie works of reference which I found most useful were by Maspero^ Flinders-Peti ie, Daressy, Ernian, Pierret and Lanzone ; and much information has been most kindly given by Prof, P, E, Newberry, ami I must also thank Messrs. Dittrich Brothers, who have with such care photographed the objects for the plates.

As to the dates of the specimens shown, the majority of the enamelled pottery statuettes are Saite or Ptolemaic, about 700 to 30 years B,C. , while the bronzes run from XXII to the XXX Dynasty about 1000 to 30 B,C.

R.H.B.,

Cairo, Oct. 1909.

Introduction

T O-DA^’ most children and some people believe that spirits exist. Who has not felt a curious ‘‘presence"’ when looking at some animal ? 11ie great staring eyes of a cow and her peaceful demeanour impel a strange feeling upon the beholder. Who docs not love his pet dog — or rabbit, bird or ciit ? Some like to keep crocodiles, lizards and ca en serpents as pets. Is it strange, then, that in the early days when the original gods were shrouded in mystery, kept within dark sanctuaries, where the uninitiated were not even admitted, and but rarely brought forth from the recesses of the awe-inspiring temples to be shown on festival days, and then probably covered with drapery and decorations, and were nothing but immovable statues when they were finally seen, that the simple people, craving for a graphic, tangible god, should have scdected animals, birds, reptiles and even insects which had access to, or lived in the temples, as the living repre- sentatives of their divinities ?

The lion, with his great, round, yellow face, who kilted the people and their flocks, was well taken as the representative of the fierce and destroying rays of the sun, while the purring cat was chosen as the gentle, life-g^iving rays of the same orb, which was so important to the Egyptians, d’he sun was King of all gods, but we meet with a multiplicity of ideas regarding the solar disk. In the morning it is born, either as a calf of the celestial cow, or as a child of the goddess of the sky ; in the evening it is an old man Avho goes down to the dead. It is the right eye of a great god whose left eye is the moon and who flies across the heavens like a hawk. Or again, a beetle. One idea

was that the sun, moon and stars sailed across the heavens in ships. In an old inscription^ the sun is given live clilYerent names in one sentence,

‘riie existing literature on Egyptian religion is greater than on any other religion known. Not only have we the papyrus roils and sculptured temple walls and slclas filled with texts of ancient timeSj the translations of which already (ill \ ast libraries, hut we have the CO Hi ns of the thousands of nuininnes, many of which are decorated with texts containing varied and strange ideas, and in addition to these ve possess the more modern writings of Herodotus, Juvenal, Lucan, Ovid, Diodorus, Plutarch and others.

The ordinary student may coniine himself In the study of the divinities Important enough to have been made in stone, bronze and pot- tery, rather than those simply sketched upon the walls or menlioncd in the inscriptions. In a list of all the deities worshii>ped at one time or another in the Nile 'alley many names would be found referring to identically the same di\ inity called by diflerent names in dilterenl localities. Various authors of to-day have hit upon f/i//crcnf names to describe the same gods, and, though they vary, all may be correct.

It is said that In China there are hft}-seven different sects all teaching the Chrisiian religion to the natives, all dillerent, yet the same in spirit. d he book of the dead has an entire chapter devoted to the names of Osiris, At Dendera we find a long list of the names of the goddess Hathor, and In other localities we find Hathor identified with nearly every other goddess. In the litanies of Ra in the royal tombs to the west of 1 hebes the god is invoked under seventy-five diflerent names, ‘ro-day the Moslems have ninety-nine names for Allah.

Fig* 1. AMEN, or AMEN R A, was the great sun god, the father in the ‘I’heban triad (Amen, Maut and Khonsu), and he became VKing of all the gods.’’ The obelisk and the solar barque were eniblems of Anien, the goose and ram were his sacred representatives, and the Cireoks associated him with ZEL’S

Amen is represented as a human figure wearing a crown surmounted by two falcon feathers and the solar disk. He also wears the Shenti or apron, a beard, and carries a crook ; he sometimes carried a sceptre as is seen from the

2 attitude of Eig. 2 .

3 Amen seated on his throne ; bis feathers, sun disk and beard luive been corroded away. His eyebrows and beard straps are of gold inlay. 1 his specimen probably repre- sents some king as the god Amen. See Eig. 106 for a fine and complete specimen.

riie foregoing arc in bronze, but Amen is also found in pottery, Fig* 14 ; he also appears as the ram, which was his sacred animal.

4 rhe ram’s head wearing the solar disk and iira^us serpent mounted upon a small column.

5 I’he ram’s head and solar disk made to be worn as a pendant.

6, 8 and 9. The sacred rams of Amen.

7 d’he crouching human figure and the ranTs head, joined

together by the klaft : a clever arrangement, constantly used, which effectually asoided any incongruous appear- ance whenever the neck of the xarious animals, birds and reptiles were joined to the human body to represent various divinities.

10 I’he head of the ram appears upon still another divinity

IT called A^fE.N TAXd’HEIS l iC, which combines under the 12 head of the ram, as Amen, the grotesque body of Ptah Embryon and the body of I he Hawk of Horus. Several variants of this form are found, including the god Min, with a human head, while still others have outstretched wings added to the body of Min and the jackal head.

d’he goose, also sacred to Amen, was worn as an amulet, Figs. 281, 282.

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13 KHONSU was a local divinity of ‘fhches, and a large temple was erected to him in Karnak ; he formed the third member of the d’heban triad, with Amen and iMaut. He was a lunar god, and, as a matter of fact, a form of the god d’hoth. In Figs. 13, and 15, we see Kbonsu in his hawk-headed form, wearing the moon disk and horns upon his head, again, in Fig. 129, as a little child nursed by his mother, Maui, and In stiH another form, swathed like a mummy, holding the crook and Hail, wearing the tresse^^ or side-lock of youth, and the lunar disk, horns and uricus serpent as a crowi’t, in Fig. 130 ; Figs. 131, 142, the same, but holding the “ Uas ” sceptre.

Khonsu is sometimes represented as a child rearing a heavy, round wig.

rhe little amulet AKEF, composed of tlie forequarters of a bull and a lion, joined together, was consecrated to Khonsu.

ihe APIS BULL Avas the living representative of the god Pl’AH. He was kept in the temple of Ptah at Memphis and tliere was, according to Maspero, never more than one Apis at a time ; he was recognized by certain marks — viz. : a triangle on his foreliead, a scarab on his longue and a vulture upon his back, all of which marks, together with a comparisoned saddle, appear upon the bronze statues, the scarab being engraved upon his shoulders. Between his horns he wears the sun disk and urteus serpent. Figs. 198 and 199 are pottery amulets of the Apis bulk

At Heliopolis the bull aa’us called MXEX’IS, and kept in the temple of the sun as the living imag^e of KA; in Fig. 197 we shall see the bull with the Iiawk^s head, a form of the Mnevi.s bull.

At Hermonthis, the southern Heliopolis (Erment) the the bull Avas the incarnation of MONPU and called the BAKIS bull, while at the ancient Canopus, near Alexandria, the bull Avas Avorshipped as KA NUB in the temple ol SERAPIS. At Elephantine the bull was Avorshipped as KHNOUM and at Hermopoiis as d’HO l H.

It is interesting to note that shawabtlu, or funerary servants, were provided for the mummies of bulls, the same as for human beings.

‘[‘he statuettes in human form with the bulFs head must have a triangle on the forehead to he Apis (see Thoth, Fig. 254.)

17 AXHOL’R^ or Anher, Son of the Sun and Master of Force, was the twin form of SHF. He wears a wig with four plumes and ur^eus serpent, a long, clDse-lilting robe, and held a cord in his hands. Ihe Greeks identified him with ARFS. AnluHir had the reputation of being ethcacious against evil creatures, especially at Abyclos,

‘I he heads of ANHOFR and MKHI’i’ (the lioness) were mounted with the OUSFRH collar on MliNA T pendants and worn as amulets, in bronze, and Fig. 108, in pottery. Statuettes of Anbour and Mehit standing tog^ether ha^■e been found. Fig. 54 shows Mehit alone on a pendant amulet. ‘I’he Lepidotiis fish was sacred to Mehit.

AN L BIS, or Anpu, was the jackal god of the dead, and son of Nephthys. As he was constantly seen prowling about cemeteries he %vas selected by the Egyptians as the undertaker, and he superintended funerals as well as the ceremony of weighing the heart against the feather of truth, and he led the soul of the deceased into the judge- ment of Osiris. Fig 21 shows the Female jackal with nursing cubs on a platform fitted with a socket for holdings it on the end of a staff to be carried in the processions, and 24 are pottery amulets of Anubis with the jackaFs head ; his alert ears are usually carefully modelled.

rhe jackal form of Anubis as an amulet in pottery ; in bronze. Fig. 115. Through Iherr resemblance to jackals, species of dogs were held sacred and mummified.

H.\THf)R was the divine representative of women, and goddess of the sky, and became the goddess of pleasure and love ; she was given the head of a cow, but even Egyptian ladies must have objected to this remarkable form, for her statuettes with the cow’s head are very rare, rhe sculptor compromised and portrayed her with a human head but with the ears of a cow. ‘fhe sistrum was sacred to Hathor, and her head is frequently found on these musical instruments. Fig, 25 shows a Hathor head from which the loop and handle of the sistrum have been broken away. This same form of Hathor bettd 5 s used to decorate the capitals of the columns of tihej tempi’e: at Dendera, and

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slmiiar heads in small pottery amulets are shown in Figs. 35? 3^5 37 > 39 > ^ 3 ^- ^ heads of Hathoi

were lucky charms* Hathor represented Fate, and he who wore her head earned her favor and a liappy destiny for himself (Maspero).

Hathor was the wife of KHXOUM, the sister of I’HOd’H, and probably all of the l^gyptian goddesses were closely connected with her* She was the Aphrodite or "enLis of the Greeks*

Fig. 26 BFS, or Bisu, was a very pt^pular god and much used us an amulet, especially by children* He took the place of SET and rYPHOiV, the personification of evil* He was god of the toilet, and the handles of mirrors of Egyptian ladies were frequently adorned with his image. He wore a crown of feathers, and ^vas dressed in the skin of the cync&lUi’U^s gnifaitfs (panther)*

Bes played the tambourine and was god of dancing ; he also became a war god, carrying a shield and sword* 1 ‘he Greeks connected him with HIvRCULES.

Fig, 26 is in bronze (Plate 8), while Figs. 40, 41 and 42 (delate jo), show the pottery statuettes of the god Bes, while amulets, in the shape of his head only, are shown in Plate 9, Figs. 29, 30, 31, 33 and 34*

27, 28 and 32, (Plate 9,) sho\v the HEDGF^HOG, sacred to Bes* Sometimes we hnd small vases in the shape of a hedgehog, upon the back is a pierced disk forming the mouth of the vase*

43 BES and his w ife BESI I’, from the Roman period*

43a THO I H, see 238.

44 BAS 1 \ or Pasht, was the great cat goddess of the Egyptian Delta ; at ‘fell Bast, or Bubastis, in the ancient Land of Goshen, a temple was erected in her honor. She represented the gentle, life-giving rays of the sun which

45 helped the crops. 1 ’he bronze statuettes, Figs. 44, 45, show’^

46 Bast in the form of a cat, 46 is a line bronze head of the goddess*

47 Bast in her human form wdth the cat^s head* She is dressed in a long gown finely decorated, and carries the Ousekh collar, surmounted with the head of her sister

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goddess, Sekhemt, the lioness, wearing the solar disk and ura^Lis serpent. The right hand of the statuette is extended to hold the si strum, and she sometimes holds a small basket on her left arm.

Fig. 50 Pottery, 52 in silver and 55 in steatite stone ^ are the amiilet forms of Bast as a cat.

48 SliKHlTM’r was the sister of Bast, the wife of Ftah and mother of Xefer turn, and represented the fierce and destroying rays of the sun which burned the crops. According to a legend (Petrie) Sekhemt, at the bidding of Ra would destroy mankind from Heracleopolis, (near Beni Siief) to Heliopolis (near Cairo). Fig. 48, in fine blue glazed pottery, shows Sekhemt seated on a throne, nursing a youthful king. She is crowned with the ur^eus serpent, and below is the Hawk of Horus wearing the solar disk and extending his protecting wings.

49 Sekhemt standing, a pottery amulet ; 58, seated ; 60,

standing, holding the Has” sceptre and key of life, and wearing the solar disk ; 62, standing, holding the lotus or papyrus column and wearing the uneus serpent, while 63 is Sekhemt holding the si strum, seated on a throne upon which appears the ^*Uas” sceptre, and the knots

of Isis : one notices the similarity between the two sisters, and, as a matter of fact, the two goddesses became imper- ceptibly blended tog^ether in late times. Not so, howe\er,

56 with M AHES, Fig. 56 and 57, for he is the lion god, and

57 a form of Shu ; he wears the “ Shenti ” apron and the ” Atef ” crown, attributes which readily enable us to dis- tinguish him from the lion-headed goddeSvSes, ^fahes was called the fascinator lion, as his eyes had the ptjwer to fascinate.

54 The female form, MEHI P, is shown in 54, where she

wears the disk and is placed on the Ousekh collar and Menat pendant. She also appears with the god Anhour, See Fig. 19.

5 i Small statuettes of the lion sacred to Nefer turn, while

53 shows the lion wearing the crown of Nefer turn.

Fig, 64, Plate 14, is a large limestone statue of the lion.

65 Plate 15, Fig. 65, shows the lioness, Sekhemt, seated

66 on her throne wearing the solar disk; 66, the same goddess standing.

lliese feline divinities were probably early forms of the hunting goddess, the Diana of the Greeks.

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Fig. 67 HARM A KM IS, in bronze, shows the hawk-headed god

who bears this name, or literally, RA HOR KHUl’L His solar disk and serpent crown have been eaten away by cor- rosion. d’his is the god usually called RA. He is frequently represented carrying the Uas’* sceptre.

88 and 89 are pottery amulets of Harmakhis. Should the disk crown show the horns below, with or without the uncus serpent, tlien we must attribute the statuette to the god Khonsu, see Figs. 13, 15. When the hawk-headed god wears the disk and double plumes he is then called MOX rU, the god of war, nuich worshipped in the Theban district.

When the hawk-headed god wears the *Mlejnhem’’ crown and the two small gazelle horns^ he bears the name HOR-HAHUDTl.

Harmakliis represented the rising and the setting sun, and the SIVHINX was dedicated to him, Fig. 140. Kings, and even queens, were identified with Harmakhis, and were represented as Sphinxes. ‘I 1 ie Sphinx was regarded by the Egyptians as a reproduction of a living animal. It represented the god Harmakhis, to whom the well-known Sphinx of the Gizeh plateau Is dedicated,

RA was attached to Horus as the hawk-headed god, wearing the sun disk. Ra being the sun.

68 HORFS was the .son of Isis and Osiris, and with them formed the great triad in which many see the origin of our rrinity.

Fig. 68 is a bronze statuette of Horus, of the Roman period, wearing the “Sekhli’’ crown and carrying the cornucopia.

69 A pottery statuette of Florus, and 70, the same in bronze.

Fig. 71, the seated Horus, in bronze, wearing the

72 serpent. 72, a Roman, or Ptolemaic, form, wearing the plumes of Amen Ra, and called HOR-AMEN.

73 Horus, seated, wearing the double crown.

74 Horus as a hawk, a line limestone statue trom l>ashur.

751079. Interesting amulet forms of HORUS OX THE CROCOOII^ES, sometimes he has a scarab on his head and knives in his hands, wducli enable him to fight against evil. These statuettes were made to protect the wearer against

Fig. 78 the bites of serpents, scorpions, etc. Fig. 78 shows how the back is protected by the goddess Sekhemt, with wings of Isis, the ostrich feathers of the goddess Waal as wel! as the solar disk. Fig. 79 has Isis as the protecting gt^ddess, while little hawks are perched upon either shoulder of Horus. These figures are all a form of Plah. Fig. 80 shows the ape’s head upon a similar di\ inity. Fig, 81 shows the human and the hawk heads combined, forming a statuette, the picture of which was to be inscribed upon a linen bandage, according to the 164th Chapter of the Book of the Dead.

82,83 pottery amulets of Homs as a child.

84 and 87 are the Hawks of Horus in green feldspar.

85 and 86, Hawks in pottery. 88, 89, Harmakhis, see 67.

90 pottery amulet of Horus wearing the ‘‘Hemhem’’ crown.

91 STELA of HORUS 0 \ rHE CROCODILES, or CIFFI OF HORUS. Above is the head of the god Bes and the wings of the goddess MAUT, the sun disk and the uneus serpents, just below is a procession of the following gods : \efer turn, Sekhemt, I^tah and Amen Ra, while the sacred Hawk is perched upon the lotus flower at his right. The back, Fig. 91, bis, and sides, are covered with hieroglyphics.

lliese stehe, when placed in the house, prevented the entrance of an} of the v enomous species pictured upon the stela or mentioned in the inscriptions, Le. , scorpions, serpents, etc.

These stehe are types of the few ancient relics which we obtain from the fwuses of the Eg}‘ptian people.

92 rhe Hawk’s head and sun disk amulet, two specimens o! which were placed upon many of the late mummies. ‘I’hcse heads formed the ends, of the OUSEKH collar (see 1^’%’ J23), and their presence indicated the existence of the whole collar which was necessary for the entrance of the deceased to the other world.

93 flying scarab, which insured the resurrection. See

94 to 97. The four GENII OF THE DEAD, sometimes called the CHILDREN OF HORUS ; they were known as follows :

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DAUMADKF, jackal headed, watched over the lungs, KIIKBSENNUF, h£iwk -headed, protected the liver, HAPlj ape-headed, guarded the intestines, and AAlSiri’ or Mestha, hiiniaii headed, preserved the stomach-

These anmiets were sewn upon the wrappings of the mummy. ‘I’he sanie genii were also made in clay and placed with the preserved organs which were sometimes replaced within the mummy.

Hapi ; 99, Amset ; 100, Daumadel’ ; and 101, Khebsennuf, Where the emhalmer placed the organs in the so-called CANOPIC VASES, the covers of the latter were fashioned in the shape of the heads of these four genii.

Horus Is also found upon the triad with his mother Isis, and her sister Nephlhys. See Fig, 31 t, also see Sacred eye of Horns.

102-103 HOTEP or JMOl ‘I’HES. A scribe of this name,

living in ancient times, is thought to have been raised to tlie dignity of a g^od, and was called Ptah, He is repre- sented as a seated figure holding^ a papyrus, half unrolled, upon his knees. His head is shaved and the Egyptians called him Fhe god with the beautiful countenance.’’ He was the protector of the sciences and the god of medicine. He was identified with the Creek AESCULAPICS.

104

105

106

107

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rhe goddess ATAAT, daughter of the sun, symbolical of truth and justice. Her emblem was the ostrich plume which she wore upon her head or carried in her hand, this feather being the hierog;Iyph of her name. She is usually shown as a squatting human figure. h lie Ibis w-as associated with her, as is shown in Fig’s. 250, 251.

ISIS NURSIXt; HORUS, see Fig. 117 for descrip- tion.

The god Amen, see Fig. i.

MAUT or IMUT, the divine mother of the I’heban triad, wife of Amen. She w^ears the ‘‘ Sekhti” crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, which she had bo rowed Irom the Kings of I’hebes, and by which she is identified and distinguished from Isis, who wears the “’llirone^^ or the ** Disk and horns ■ ’ crown.

An hour and Mehit, see Fig. 19, for description.

Fig. 109 BA^ the soul of the deceased, represented as a human- headed bird. See Fig. 141.

iiOj III SFNFHF.M, the sacred grasshopper, see also 133.

1 12 SELKIS, or SERK, was the scorpion goddess, identi- fied with Isis and SAFElvH (a form of Hathor) as goddess of books ; she was a daug^hter of the sun.

113 SEI.KIS, as a human figure, wearing the scorpion with erect tall, as a crown,

1 14 SILURUS Fish, sacred to the goddess HA ME HTF, was a kind of large malacopterygious fishes without true scales, which we know as the cat fish. See Fig. 382 for bronze.

1 15 ANUBIS, as a jackal, see Fig, 21.

1 16 Curious ligure, probably a form of Horus.

1 17 ISIS, the wife and sister of OSIRIS, and mother of

HORUS.

1 18 She was adored througliout Egypt, and was identified with DEMK’riiiR of the Greeks, Fig. 105 is of bronze and shows Isis seated, wearing the solar disk and horns, with a circle of uncus serpents as a crown. A large serpent springs from the forepart. She is represented as nursing her son Homs, this pose being the original of our portraits of the Madonna and Child,

1 19, 121 and 1 22 show ISIS and HORUS in the form of pottery amulets, while 120 portrays Isis standing and holding her child, a rather rare form. Note that r 19 and 122 show’ the ^^I’hrone” crown of Isis, while 121 has the crown of the Solar disk and Horns.’’

123 and 125 show how’ the OUSEKH collar amulets were adorned with the head of Isis and the two hawk heads upon either side.

124 Isis, in silver, stands alone wdth the disk and horns.

126, 127, 128. We frequently meet with beautifully modelled busts of Isis which are fragments of statuettes representing Isis nursing Horus,

129 MAI T NURSING KHOXSU, distinguished from Isis

and Horus by means of the Sekhti ” or double crow n which \faut wears. See Figs. 13 and 107.

Fig* 130 KHON’SU, as a mummy, wearing the side lock of

131 youth, called the “Tresse/^ the lunar disk and horns ; and

132 holding the Uas’’ sceptre in Figs. 13^ and 132. Khonsu is described in 13,

133 SENEHEM, see Fig. 110.

134 HA ME Hn\ the goddess of Mendes, wearing the

135^ Siiurus fish on her head as a crown.

137, 138. KHNOl’M (also [47, 148), was the ram-headed god of the cataracts, but he was worshipped in many other locali- ties. At Elephantine he was regarded in the same light as Amen was at Thebes, or Ptah at Memphis. He was the sculptor who made mankind and the ** Creator’* in the period of the animal gods. At PhiUe he is shown modelling the first man on the potter’s wheel.

Khiioum became the KHNOUBIS of the pagan and Christian gnostics. A ram-headed god called HER SHEFI is known, but he was a local form of ivhonsu.

In the XlXrii Dynasty the ram’s horns of Khnoum were added to the design of the winged sun disk.

139, 140. Sphinxes, dedicated to Harmakhis, see 67,

142, 143. BA, the soul of the deceased, d’his Ba represents a human-headed hawk wearing the solar disk. It is fre- quently found in wood in late (Ptolemaic) times ; sometimes with the human arms.

I’he souls of kings were supposed to ascend to heaven in the form of hawks. There is a presumption that scroll designs originated In Egypt, and the spiral llight of the hawks hovering over the edge of the desert may have suggested the design as the Flight of the Sold.’’

144, 145, 146. The little human-headed cat, from Bubastis, a

form of Bast.

147,148) Khnoum. See 137.

149 NEK HEBT, the vulture goddess in painted wood. She was a form of Maut.

150 NEFER TUM was the son of Sekhernt and Ptah, and was cldsely allied to Amen, representing one of the forms of the sun at night and just before dawn. He appears as a human-headed figure wearing the Shenti ” apron, and his crown is composed of a full blovvn lotus flower, fnmi the centre of which rise four palm branches, while from the side

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of the lotus flower hang two Menat pendant s» Figs. 154 to 158 represent the amulet statuettes of Nefer d’um. Fig, 157 shows how he stood upon his sacred Hon, and 150 is the Hon base of a similar statuette. See Fig. 207 for his position in the Memphite triad*

Fig* 159 NE HEB KA was the serpent goddess with human limbs, who was to provide sustenance for the soul. 159, 160 with amis, and ibi, 162 with arms and legs.

165 ARAR the or cobra, was the serpent goddess

of celestial and terrestrial fire, and the emblem of light, and is often found In pottery amulets, 165, 168 and 169; as an ornament in yellow glass paste, inlaid with lapis lazuli, 167 ; heads of this serpent, 163, were used for mounting upon the serpent bodies of another material. She is also found double, in bronze, 166, for use on crowns; also in pairs, one wearing the Hetch crown of Upper Egypt, and the other wearing the ’’ Desher’^ crown of Lower Egypt, 164.

‘riiis serpent was never identified with any of the great gods, but several goddesses appear in serpent form ; UZArr, the Delta goddess of Buto; MER’H SEGER of Thebes, and R/\NNIT, see Fig. 252. The serpent with the human head and wings, is the goddess MARTI’ SAKRO, Mistress of the dead in the Theban theogonv and possiblv UR HERA’r.

T70 SEBEK-RA, or the sun crocodile, with the head of a

hawk, a mixture of two gods, Horus and Sehek.

17 1 SEBEK was the crocodile god, much worshipped in the Fayouni oasis, Rom Omhos and at Elephantine.

‘Hanks were kept in the temples for the sacred croco- diles, and thev were mummified at the time of tlieir death.

172 When very small the crocodile amulets are difficult to recognize.

Sehek is also found as a h uni an god with the crocodile head ; and in human form, where he wears the plumes of Amen on the crocodile head, he is known as Sebek-Ra or ROHES.

173 A tablet upon which appear four crocodiles.

174 The goddess Neith nursing two young crocodiles. 1 he head of the goddess is broken off, but from other examples we know which goddess is represented.

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175 HOR KHEN T KHATl, the crocodile wearing the “ Atef ’’ crown*

176 Sebek in terra cotta.

177 NEi l H was the sky goddess of Sais, the mother of the sun. She was goddess of hunting and weaving. She is represented as a female figure wearing the ‘‘Deshei ’’ crown.

178 Figs. 177 and 178 show- the front and side views of the goddess Neith, in bronze. She is also found in pottery,

‘I’he shuttle “ Net^’ was sacred to Keith, and was the hierog^Vph of her name. See 340.

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, ‘Kefth becariie the MINERVA of the Greeks and was called MEBOUR,

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179 y ICHKEU MON, seated upon his haunches. He

wa’s created out of Nile mud by the sun, and was conse- quently consecrated to Ra, the sun god.

180,181, NEPHTHVS, or NEB HAM\ the sister of Isis and

182 mother of Anuhis, was the pn)tectress of mummies,

183 and wears the basket crown placed upon the hieroglyphic

184 sign for house.’’ She appears in the triad with Isis

185 and Horns. See Figs. 21 1.

I’hese two sisters were the mourners for the dead Osiris and pronounced the magic words which recalled him to life, and the same idea still remains in Egypt where women are employed to mourn and wail at the Moslem funerals.

r86 OSIRIS was the “National God of Egypt” and judge of the dead. He was supposed to have been an Egyptian King, murdered by his brother Set, the god ol the Asiatic invaders, and seventy-two conspirators. Set tore the body into fragments. Isis searched for the pieces and erected a temple over each spot where she found one, then, wdth the aid of her son, Horus, overcame Set.

Osiris is represented in the form of a mummy, holding crook and flail, and wearing the “Atef” crown and urjeus serpent.

186, 187, 190 in stone, 191 in bronze.

188, 189 in bronze, seated on his throne as judge.

18

Fig. 192 When Osiris is connected with Thoth^ he is crowned with the lunar disk, ibis head^ ram’s horns, ostrich feathers, sun disk and uraMis serpent, is not swathed as a mummy, and is called OSIRIS LUNUS or OSIRIS AHA. See 203 and 204 for the Hare of Osiris.

193, 194. MIN, Mi no or Khem, the Ithyphallic god of pro- creation and harvest. He was allied to Amen and wears the two feathers. He holds aloft the Hail with his right arm. Min was the son of Isis, father of Ra and husband of his mother. Min was the orig^inal of the Greek god PAN, and was Avorshipped at Akhmini, or the Panopolis of the Greeks.

195, 196. The lion and bull amulet called AKER, consecrated to Khonsu. Also found with two human heads, or two lion heads.

197 MNEVIS BULL, see 16.

198, 199 APIS BULL, see 16.

200 Osiris in silver, 20 1 in pottery, 202 multiple in bronze.

203, 204 The Hare, sacred to Osiris.

205, 206 PTAH was the creator, the father of fathers, the house of Ra and Horus. He protected and patronized artists, and was Avorshipped at Memphis, where he Avas the supreme god. He is represented as a mummy and consequently dead, and becomes IM HO’l EP in his resuscitated form. His shaven head and projecting hands are alive. On the bronze statuettes of this god a Menat pendant is usually engraAed as hanging at the back of his neck. His exposed hands indicate his creative energy which is to liberate life from its shackles and re-unite the dead. He holds the ’’ Uas’’ sceptre (Hare-headed) in his hands, the emblem of prosperity ; sometimes this sceptre has the key of life and the key of stability combined w ith the hare’s head. Ptah Avas the VULCAN of the Greeks,

207 Ptah was the central figure of the TRIAD OF

MEMPHIS, standing betA\een Sekhemt and Nefer Turn, his mother and son. He was also mixed Avith Horns and Sokar.

208,209,210. Pottery amulets of the god Ptah.

9

211,212,213 TRIADS of Isis, Nephthys and Horus, see i8o.

214,215,216 BA, the antelope, or oryx, was probably regarded the same as the nim*

217,218 PTAH TANEN, practicaJly the same god as 205, but wearing the ^Shuti’ or “‘Ten’” feathers and solar disk. (See 35S for Shuti amulets.)

Fig. 219 P FAH EMBRYON, or PTAH SOKAR, was a more popular form of the same god, and we find many pottery amulets such as 219, 221, 222, and 223. 220 has the

scarab on the head of the god. See 75 to 80 for other similar figures,

224,225,226 SHU, the god of the earth and supporter of the hea%’ens. He bends on one knee and holds his arms aloft, SHU became the ATLAS of the Greeks, and on scarabs he is called Son of Ra.” He was also identified with “Jdioth.

227, 228, 229 The SOW sacred to ‘Fhoueris, the two former have little ones.

230,231, represent the hippopotamus, emblem of SET, the god of evil, but these amulets were probably worn against evil. Another form of the hippopotamus, AMMIT was called ^*The devourer,” and was supposed to eat the souls of the unjust.

232 THOUERIS wearing the disk and horns of Isis and holding the “ Sa knot of Isis. She is also found wearing the plumes and disk of Amen.

233 I’HOUERIS, or APEX or TA UR T, the divine nurse

and protector of children, also guarded the souls of the

just in the other world. She is represented as a hippo-

potamus with a tail of a crocodile, 235 ; sometimes she is

234 given the head of a lioness, and thus personifies the mother of the sun and the light of that orb.

235 Thoueris protected Isis against Set, and was much venerated at Thebes and Memphis. Children in late times

236 wore figures of Thoueris, such as 232 to 236,

237 The Cynocephalus, or dog-headed ape, sacred to Thoth, wearing a pectoral, upon which is engraved the fly- tng scarab.

20

f

Figs, 243, 244, 245, 246^ 247 and 248 are all APES OF 1 HOTH, who watched the pointer of the balance at the weighing of the heart against the feather of truth. His decision either sent the deceased’s soul to Osiris in the Elysian Fields or delivered it to be eaten up by AMMIT, the devourer of the unjustified,

249 TH 01 H, the scribe of the gods, was regarded as a

di%dnity self-begotten and self-p reduced, that he was “ One ” j he made the calculations concerning the establish- ing of the heavens, the stars and the earth ; that he was the heart of Ra, and his complement at night, the god of the moon. He was bull among the stars, master of law, and had knowledg^e of divine speech* He was the inventor of all arts and sciences and lord of books.

In the Book of the Dead he is given a unique position among the gods, possessing powers greater than those of Ra and Osiris, He usually appears in human form with the head of an ibis, 23S, 239, 240 ; though he sometimes appears as an ibis, 241, 242, 250 and 251.

242 is of the Gr^co-Roman period, and is an interesting speci- men of glass mosaic work. The glass bird ‘was first made, then covered with a lump of turquoise blue glass paste, then heated and drawn out into long sticks and cut in slices, each section showing the design. The fusing temperature of each color had to be known and carefully managed, otherwise the outer glass might melt off when heated, before the inner colors w^ere soft,

241 THOTH as an Ibis; is also found with the ostrich

plume or a small figure of the goddess Maat wearing that plume as a crow n (250) seated under his bill, as a form of Shu,

The headdress of Thoth varies according to his par- ticular form : as reckoner of times and seasons he has upon his head the crescent moon and disk. He is also depicted

249 wearing the ‘**’\tef^^ crown, 249. Thoth was especially worshipped at Eshmunen, the Hermopolis of the Greeks, where he became HERMES.

Thoth also appears as a bull-headed man, placed upon the top of a papyrus column, Fig. 254. He has no triangle upon his forehead, so is not Apis> and he wears the disk and serpent, and his hands are posed to hold a spear,

253 bis. A very fine bronze statuette of Thoth, w^earing the *^Atef ’’ crown, is shown in Figs. 253, 253 bis.

21

Fig, 252 RANNi r, the harvt**>t goddess, with the head of a serpent, and body of a lioness. Possibly a form of Horus called HORUlilR, In a tomb at Beni Hassan a ligure with snake head and body of a lion is named SEZP^

255 HARFOC RATES wearing the ’ ■ Heinheni crown » a

late form of Horns,

256 UZArr HORL^ or SACRED EYE OF HORUS,

257 also known as the divine eye, the mystic eye, the eyes of

258 the dead, the eye of Ra, the right eye as the sun and the

259 left eye as the moon,

260 This eve was a divinity in itself, and enjoyed inde-

261 pendent existence, and was perhaps the most popular of all

262 Egyptian amulets. It was attached to the neck or wrist

263 or worn on the breast of the person, or placed in the pit

264 of the stomach of the mummy after having the 140th

265 Chapter of the Hook of the Dead recited over it,

266 *rhese eyes were made in many varieties, round, 256 ;

267 the more usual form, 257 ; square, 268 ; embossed upon a

268 plaque, 259 ; quadruple, 260, 261, to enable the deceased to

269 see in the four houses of the other world ; they were engraved with names, 262, Queen I’hiv ; made as pendants, 263 ; and of carnelian stone, 264: diorite, 266: embellished with the wing and claw of the divine vulture mother Maut, 265; cut out in lace-like forms, 267; or combined with the papyrus column, 268; also made with an infinity of eyeSi 269,

1 he eye was placed upon the mummy to guide hini in his travels in the other life. Its tears created wine, oil and useful substances, 1 he eye was not the only divinity multiplied on the amulets, as we have seen in the croco-

270 diles, 173. A beautiful piece of blue glazed pottery, 270,

271 shows five figures of the goddess Isis, 271 shows the god Bes in quadruple form,

272 The papyrus column in a small naos or shrine,

273 Small bronze sarcophagi in the form of amulets for the

274 icbneunion lizzard and the serpent, 274, are found, as well as for scarabs.

While most of the divinities were made in amulet form so as to be worn on the person, a series of other forms of amulets were buried with the nmmmies, which compose a most interesting collection, mostly dating from the Saite and Greek periods, of which 104 different specimens were needed to completely protect the dead-

Fig* 275 ^ KH H’r, or stairs^ which probably enabled the

deceased to ascend, and overcome any obstruction that he might meet in the other world,

276, 277j 278^ Lotus flowers in blue glass paste, pottery, and carnelian, much used in necklaces of the X\ lllth Dynasty,

279 Grain basket for Shawabti ligures or possibly a boat,

symbol of Amen, The modern Egyptians frequently place models of boats on the tombs of Sheiks, which evidently is a trace of the old tradition of the sacred boats of Amen,

2S0 ‘Fhe ICHNEUMON lizard, was held sacred, but

as far as known, not identified with any human divinity.

281, 282 I’he (rOOSE, sacred to Amen Ra, See Fig^, i,

283 to 287 HER ]’, the frog, emblem of long life, duration and renovation, and the popular goddess of birth. The frog was consecrated to Bast, and, with the early Christians, was the symbol of the resurrection,

288, 289, 290, 293. Lotus flowers, used in necklaces both for the living and the dead* I he lotus was the hieroglyphic sign for Lower Egypt,

The lotus of ancient Egypt was of two colors ; the sharp pointed petals of the NYMPH.^A ST ELL AT A were blue, and its leaf was even on the edge, while the rounder shaped petals of the NYMPH,i^A LOTUS were white, shading to pink on the edges, and its leaves had serrated edges. 1 ‘he lotus which grows in Egypt to-day, of light cream color, is an Indian species, N EL LIMBI AN S PEC I OS 1 US.

291 The PAPYRUS, which was the hieroglyphic sign for

Upper Egypt, was the emblem of ^outh and virility, and was placed on the neck of the mummy* See 371.

294 The OLLSEKH collar, with feline liead, crowned with

the solar disk and urams serpent. The head of Isis, with disk and horns, is frequently found on this collar* See 125.

295,296, 297. In order that the deceased might grasp every benefit, extra hands were placed with the mummy* They also kept off the evil eye.

The similar hand of Fathma is in common use among the natives of Egypt to-day. The blue pottery amulet forms are used as jewellery, and doorways are frequently marked with the hand* Hands are also carved out of wood and nailed at the side of the door of native houses*

23

Fig, 298 The KA, or double/’ represented the activities of sense and perception, and this amulet assured to the deceased opportunities for his satisfaction.

299 1 ‘he HFiTCH or white crown of Upper Egypt.

It is written that queens were “Joined to the beautiful white crown.”

300 Pendant of a necklace representing date fruit, lotus petals, etc. These pendants are found in many varieties, such as the poppy petal, the persea fruit, bunches of grapes, etc,, etc,, many coming from leli el Amarna.

301,302 Amulet ears, placed with the mummy, or worn, with the idea that the local god (Amen in Thebes, or Ptah in Memphis, etc.), might hear the prayers,

303 I he DESHER or red crown of Lower Egypt,

riiese two crown amulets, when placed with the mummy, iden tilled the deceased with the kings of Upper and Lower Egypt, and enabled him to board the solar barque and travel about the world without danger.

304,305 HAP amulets in haematite and paste, also called

306 NEHA, and the KHEKH, They represent mason’s levels and squares, which insured to the deceased the just balance of his powers and faculties,

307,308 URSH, or head rests, in haematite. These took the place of larg^e head rests, which were in actual use, and insured to the deceased a peaceful slumber in the tomb, protected against the attacks of enemies by the power of the spirits who were connected with this amulet. Chapter 166, Book of the Dead, refers to this amulet.

309 VhQ MANAKHrr, or great tassel, in emerald matrix, w’hich adorned the fastening of the collar behind the neck and assured freshness of the throat. See 375 for Menat pendants.

310 The SAM, in haematite, emblem of union. United the deceased with the gods.

311,312 AFj flies, in blue glazed pottery. Phne gold specimens exist in the Cairo Museum. Some have suggested that the fly was a decoration or order conferred by kings or generals to their W’ or thy assistants, but there seems to be no ground for the supposition. Like the grasshopper, it was probably an amulet only.

The REN, or cartouche, in limestone, and lapis lazuli. This amulet assured to the mummy the possession of his

24

naiiie^ and acquainted him with the names of such gods as he wished to invoke. In order that no sorcerer or enemy should succeed in learning the name of the deceased ^ and use this knowledge for evil purposes, these cartouches were left blank.

^^§^’ 3^5 OUSHKH collar with the lioness head in blue

glazed pottery, fonning a sort of breast plate. This amulet shielded the person from evil through the protection of Sekhemt, or whichever head might be placed on the collar. At times we find the Uranus serpent as an amulet having the head of the lioness, and this had the same power of protection, and enabled the deceased to enter the other world,

316,317 OFFERING TABLES, in blue glazed pottery, assured the funerary feast. This table was the object on which the food and liquids were placed, and from which the viands left this earth in spirit form, to appear upon the dining table in the other world, hence there is nothing depicted upon them : the food having started upon its travels.

318 The scarab in pottery representing the god KHEPER, with the two sun disks, which he was supposed to roll across the heavens. The upper one represents the rising sun, new life,, and the low*er one the setting sun, or death.

319 (Headless] HORUS in blue pottery, representing the young sun. The scarab clasps him with its wings, and the whole represents the transformations by which creation is continually renewed.

320 The scarab in blue pottery, which w’as made in the form of a button to be sewn upon the wrappings of the mummy to give immortality.

321 The scarab holding the sun disk on board the ADET or solar barque. Not only the sun, but the moon and stars were supposed to sail across the heavenly ocean in barques.

322 Vhe usual type of button shaped funerary scarab in bine pottery,

323 The flying scarab, in blue pottery, emblem of the resurrection, and holding the sun disk.

324 ANKH or KEY OF LIFE, in carnelian, 325, 326 in pottery. Emblem of life. This is, perhaps, the most com- mon amulet found in sculptures and paintings, but very rare in actual amulet objects. Large blue pottery Ankh

25

enibleiiis were found in the tomb of I’hothnies IV’, inscribed with his cartouche, and they are also found in wood.

Figs, 337, 338 DA D or I )ED amulets in blue and green pottery, 329 in camel iaju These represented the d ree of Osiris, emblem of stability, one of the most sacred emblems of the Egyptian religiom It represented the tree, which was worshipped as Osiris, bound with four rows of palm branches like a large bouquet. Whoever wore this amulet might freely enter the realms of the dead, eat the food of Osiris and become justified.

330 Cowrie shells, in blue pottery, 331 in gold, and 332

in green pottery. These shells ^\ere worn by maidens until they ^vere married, a custom which still prevails in Nubia,

333 or libula, in carnelian, 334* porphory and 335 in

blue paste. The use of these rings is uncertain, d hey have been seen worked into the hair of great wigs found with mummies, and i have a specimen mounted in copper wire which closes u]} the opening or slit in the stone,

1 hey may have been used as fasteners, the cloth being slipped through the slit and gathered into folds, which were held by the ring, ddiey are also thought to have been used as earrings,

336 CHU I’ or RH Urr in porphory, representing the solar

disk on the mountains of the horizon, enabling the deceased to cross over the horizon like the sun.

337,338,339, d’HICr, or f ait, amulets representing the knot or girdle of Isis, and by virtue of her blood (Chapter 154 of the Book of the Dead) placed the mumniy under her pro- tection. It is usually of a red stone, to represent the blood of Isis.

340,341 NUd\ NEI’ or NEl lTi in carnelian, which gave the protection of the goddess Neith to the wearer. It was the hieroglyphic sign for Neith,

342,343,344, ddie forepart of a serpent which was an amulet worn against the bites of .serpents and scorpions, and pro- tected the mummy from being eaten and destroyed by worms,

345,346,347, AB or IIATI, the heart; usually made of hard stone, jasper, lapis lazuli, carnelian, etc. It replaced the human heart, which was removed from the mummy, and insured its endurance. Neith protected the heart until its

26

resurrection according to the iiiscriplions found upon some of the larger hearts.

Fig. 348 I’he quadruple headed ram, representing Amen in the four houses of the other world.

349,350 I’EBTI, representing the index and niedius fingers, often found in the interior of nrumniies. It was useful for Opening the mouth of the mummy and warded off evil.

35 0 35- SIMA, sacrificial beef, insured provisions to the deceased,

353 A calve’s head, with similar functions,

354,355,356. The POSH KFFAF, in obsidian, used in the ritual for the dead to ** Open the mouth, also the nostrils, eyes and ears of the muni my ; also to kill the sacrificial beef,

357 A feather. The letter **A’’ as a hieroglyph, and I

believe it signified Amen, though no one seems to agree with me.

It is frequently found held by protecting^ wings of goddesses on scarabs, but is not common as an actual amulet.

358, 359,360. SHUTl, or TEN, double ostrich plumes which gave to the deceased the power to divide the heavens in two and enter therein.

361 The sign, lifted up the deceased, or assured

the existence of an imaginary tomb, ** MahatA*

362,363 SHFN, the seals of eternity which were often held in the claws of the vulture godde.ss,

364,265,366, KHETEM, seals, placed wuth the mummy to ensure a Happy New’ 'ear,’’ or a good year, with which motto they are often inscribed in hieroglyphics,

3677368 I’he HATCH, or papyrus column, in green feldspar. These were placed upon the neck of the mummy to ensure eternal youth and vigor.

369, 370 UAS sceptres, emblems of prosperity and wealth. They have the head of a hare (?) mounted upon a staff. Similar shaped staffs are still to be found in the hands of the Bedouins of the Sinai peninsula,

371, 372, in blue pottery and green feldspar, are CATCH amulets made in the form of a staff or sceptre, had the same signi- fication, and are found upon the neck of the mummy. They are also placed in the hands of goddesses in many statuettes.

^l

Figs* 373, 374 HES, or libation vase, the emblem of purity* When the priests purified the kings they poured the water over him from such vases by shaking them from side to side, and the 5iig-zag line formed by the falling liquid is the hieroglyphic sign for water,

375,376 MENA’r pendants, kept the wearer upright by their acting as counter weights, hanging from the back of the necklace. 1 he statuettes of the god Ptah are nearly always marked with this amulet, when in bronze*

377 j 37^ HES vases inscribed with the cartouche of Amen- hotep II, from his tomb at Thebes.

379 Canteen vase, inscribed *CAmen gives life to Senb nebes. ’ ’

380 3’he Oxyrhvnkbos fish, worshipped in Behnesa, sacred to Set-ryphon, and was supposed to have devoured one of the members of Osiris*

381 Barbus Bynni, another sacred hsh*

382 The Siiurus fish, the emblem of the nome or district of Mendes, was worn by the local goddess Ha me hit as a crown.

‘hhe Lates, or Latus, fish, was worshipped at Esna (Latopolis), and was the local incarnation of Hathor,

383 A line XIXth Dynasty PECTORAL of gilded wood, inlaid with colored glass paste designs. It represents a small chapel, decorated with the figures of Isis and XephthySj who lament for the deceased, with a fine green jasper heart scarab in the centre*

riie back shows the base of the scarab inscribed with the request that his heart would not bear witness against him when it was being weighed in the balance with the feather of truth. A space is left for the insertion of the name of the deceased, while on each side appear the ITIET, knot of Isis, and the DED, tree of Osiris.

d’hese pectorals placed the mummy under the protec- tion of the deities pictured upon it, and we find some with the jackal of .Xnubis painted upon them, thus gaining his favour in the weighing of the heart. The scarab identified the deceased with the rising sun and insured his resurrection.

2S

PLATE L

Amen

OR AMEN RA,

ANums

PLATE VIII,

23

Anubis.

25

1 1 AT 1 1 OR,

26

Bes.

PLATE X

BES,

43 -^

Thotii

43

Bes and Besit,

PLATE XVI

67

Harmakfits.

US’

PLATE

xxm

iGO

Genit.

TD2

Imhotep,

104

Maat.

PLATE XXVn,

Ha mi; htt.

Kh-\oum.

I3Q

Sphixx.

140

Harmakhis as sphixx.

Bast.

PLATE XXXI.

i5f>— 162, Xk hku k.. 170. SKliKK R.A.

163 — i6g, Uk.Kt s. 171 — i73i t/b, Sr iihK 174, XKITII. 175, llOR KHKXT KH\Tl,

M

:V ‘

y *

iR mmm

PLATE XXXIll.

Nephthys.

PLATE XXXV.

Osiris.

im

%

Triad.

Orvx.

Ptah Taken.

Ptah Embryon.

PLATE

XLIV.

253

Thoth.

254

Thoth.

‘T’l’fTTT

t ’ wA

Ab Adet

Aisculapius

Af

Aha … …

Aker Amen, Amen Ra

Panthesistic

Ammit 230,

Amset … 07

An her, see Anhour.

Anhour 17

„ and Mehit iq Ankh

AnpUj see Anubis

Antelope 214

23, 115

Anubis -Ape Apet

Aphrodite Arar …

Ares

Atef crown Atlas … ..

Ba, Antelope ,

„ Ram ,, Sou]

Bakis Bull ..

Basket

Hast

Beef… … ..

Bes ..

Besit

Bisu, see Bes.

Bull, Apis Calvc^s Head,. Canopic va.ses Canopus Canteen vase.. Cartouche

Cat

,, human-headed Children of Horus

04 ,

Chut

Cippi of Horus Collar …

Cornucopia … Cow, Hathor Cowrie

237 234

.6^ ^7

240

225 214 4 to I I ioOj 142 … 16

47. 270 44

^26

16

353

lor

16

370

3 T 3

44

47

JO!

336

75

204

6S

25

.330

Crow’n, Atef 253 bis „ Desher 303

,, Disk and

Horns 105

„ Double … 73

,, Hemhem.., 255

„ Hetch … 2QQ

,, Losver

E^ypt 303

I, Red 303

„ Sekhti … 73

j, Shuti… 2, 358

,, Throne tip, 128

,, Upper

Egypt 290

„ White … 290

Cyna^lurus guttatus 26 Cynocephalus ape… 237

Dad 327

Dancing, god of … 26

Daumadef … 04, too Date fruit

Ded

Demeter …

Desher crown Diana

Didu, see Dad.

Double ^Ka)

,, crow’n.

Ears

Elephantine Eshmunen Fate (Hathor)

F’eather …

Fibula Fingers …

Fishj Barbus bynni 381 „ Lates … … 382

,, Lepidotus … iq „ Oxyrhynkhos. 380 ,, Silurus I i4j i34n3^^2

^^lies 31 U 312

Frog 283

Genii of the dead,

04 to lor

Goose T, 281

Grasshopper, see

Senehem,

Ha me hit 134

Hands … … 295

Hap Hapi Hare

Harmakhis Harpocrates Hathor … llati

Hawk … 12,84, headed god..

Head rest Heart Hedgehog Hekt …

Heliopolis Heracleopolis

Hermes

Hermopolis Hercules Hershefi … „

Hetch crown .. Hippopotamus Hor Amen ..

Hor Bahudti Horuer ..

Hor shed, see Hershefi, Hor Khent Khati… 175 Horus 12, 68 to S3, 255, 310

,, children of 94, loi ,, on Crocodiles 7^ gi Ibis … … … 250

Ichneumon 170, 273, 2S0 Inhotep … … 102

Imouthes … … 102

Immortality … … 320

Isis … … … 701 117

,, nursing’

Horus 105, 119 Jackal, see Anubis.

Ka … … … … 2 oB

Ka nub 16

Key of life 324

Key of the Nile … 327 Khebsennuf … 95,101

Kekh 30b

Khem, see Min.

Kheper

Khet … …

Khetem

Khnoubis

INDEX — Continued.

Khnoum

16, 137 1

Khuit

••• 336

Khon.su 13 , 15

,88, 130 I

Klaft

7

Lepidotus

… 19

Libation vase

… 373

Lion… 51, 56, 150, 195

Lioness … 48, C4, 65

Lotus flowers…

276, 289

,, petals …

… 300

Lucky charms

••• 36

Maat

… 104 ^

Madonna and child 118

Mahes

… 56

Manakhit

… 309 '

Marit Sakro …

… 165

Mason’s levels

… 304

Maut

107, 149

,, nursing’Khonsu 129

Mehit

10 , 54

Mehour

… 178

Memphis

16 , 205

Menat 19, 108,

205, 375

Mert Seprer …

… 165

Mestha, see Amset.

Min 12, 103

Minerva 178

Mnevis bull t6

Montu 67

Mosaic fflass 242

Mut, see Maut.

National prod 186

Neb hat, see Nephthys.

Nefer turn 157

Ne heb ka 150

Neith … 174^177,340

Nekhebt 140

Nephthys 180

Net 340

Nut 340

Obelisk i

OfiFerinpr tables … 3*6 Ousekh collar 47, 123 ,

… t86

Osiris Aha 192

,, Hare of 203

,, Lunus 192

Ostrich i)lumes … 104

Pan 193

Panther 26

Papyrus column

272,291,367,371 Pasht, see Bast.

Pectoral 237, 383

Po.sh Kefau ^55

Ptah 205

,, Embryon … 222

,, Sokar 222

Ra 67

Ra Hor Khuti … 67

Ram … 1 , 4 to 1 1

Rannit 165, 252

Resurrection 323

Ren 313

RiuK 333

Rohes 170

Sacred Eye 267

Sacrificial beef … 352

Safekh 1 12

Sam … 310

Sarcophag’i 273

Scarab… 16,75,237,318

Sceptres 370 » 37 t

Scor])ion 112

Scroll designs … 143

Seals 362, 3^4

Sebek 17 1, 176

,, Ra 170

.Sekhemt 47, 48 , 65, 66

78, 315

Sekhet, see Sekhemt. Sekhti crown … 68, 107

Sclkis T12

Senehem … no, 133

Serapis - … 16

Serk, see Selkis. Serpent, see Uraeus.

,, amulet … 343 Set 26, 186

Sez 252

Shawabtiu 16

Shell 330

Shen 362

Shenti apron … i

Shu 17, 225

Shuti feathers.. 217, 358

Sokar 207, 219

.Solar barque i, 303, 321

Soul 109

.Sow 227

Sphinx 67, 89, 139 , 140 Stairs, amulet … 275

Sun >rod I

Tait 338

Tambourine 26

Taurt 234

Tebti 350

“Ten” feathers 217,358

Thet >38

Thoth …225,238,249

,, Ape of 237

Thoueris 234

Tree of Osiris … 327

Triang-le 16

Triad 68,211

,, Theban… 1, 13, 15 ,, Memphite … 207

Trinity 68

Typhon 26

I’as 370

Uatch . 367

Undertaker (Anubis) 21

Union 310

Urjeus serpent. 165 , 274

It hekat 165

Ursh 307

Uzait 166, 267

Venus 25

V’ulcan 205

Vulture 16, 149

War grod, Bes 26

,, ,, Montu… 67

Zeus I

Osiris