The Akbarnama of Abu-l-Fazl, Vol. II

VOLUME TWO

‘Translated from the (Persian

6y

If. BEVERIDGE

THE ASIATIC SOCIETY

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THE AKB AR NAM A

OF

ABU- L -FAZL

HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF AKBAR INCLUDING AND ACCOUNT OF HIS PREDECESSORS

H. BEVERIDGE,

I. C. S. (Retired) F. A. S. B.

Volume II

THE ASIATIC SOCIETY 1, Park Street □ Calcutta

Published by

Professor Anil Kumar Sarkar General Secretary The Asiatic Society 1, Park Street,

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ISBN 81 7236 093 2

First Published in : 1907

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VRBATA Ain> ADDENDA.

P. 4, Notes wronglj nnmbered. In line 8 the note shonld be 2, No. 3 refers to Kid&nftr, 4 to ‘‘soreens,” and 5 to last line of poetry,

P. 87, 1. 19. For Ali read AbA.

P. 72, No. 1, for Hatch read Hate. Five lines from foot insert { after Hftj! E., and also prefix to note n. For Annotations in, read Annotations on, and for Bai Kaapatar read Bai Kidapatar.

P. 78, ‘three lines from foot, no. 2 shonld be 1, No. 2 refers to last line, and 8 belongs to p. 74.

P. 81, n. 2, second sentenee belongs to p. 82 and refers to Shih QandahBrf.

P. 82, n. 1, belongs to p. 81.

P. 87, 1. 17, Baokotl read Baohgoti.

P. 97, n. 4, should be 8, and 3 should be 4, and n. 3 is continued on p, 98. ^

P. 98, n. 1, refers to Gbaginitn. The PSsha n. belongs to p. 97.

P. 99, add to note about Selina’s age. ‘“The B. M. copy. Or. 171, of Kfimg&r ffusaini’s JahingirnSma, p. 72a, has a note stating that Selima was 76 at her deeth. See also B. M. MS. of T. Mniyam* madl. Or. 1824, p. 140, and note in A.S.B.J. for Deceipber, 1906, p. 509.

P. 108 — Insert Sayid MahmAd Bfirha before ShSh Qnli. n. 1, for “ wooden " read “ woollen.”

P. 129, n. 2. See B.A.S.J. for 1905, pp 131 and 364, and do. for 1909, p. 165.

P. 180, 1. 9, for oapre, read cup.

P. 185, 1. 9, for BahlAl read do. n. for Qhans read

P. 186, 1. 16, several MSS. read MubAris, and this i» tigl^lu Pm-bi

Pt 148, 1. 21, for Missrou read summon.

AKBABMAMA.

P. 208, 1. 16, for ^bib Quit roftd H*blb ‘Ali.

P. 326, for Amin r««d Amui.

P, ‘344, for Rnnad rend BanAd.

P. 352, for Nlleha rend N*niclia.

P. 362, top line, dele *’nnd."

P. 377, for Nimkbnr rend NTmlcIr.

P. 381, dele dot in Mn^pattnr.

P. 386, n. 2, for AhCI«-i-knmn rend Ahfi-i-^rnm.

P. 415,11. I, for 42 rend 424.

P. 486, 1. 3, line of text omitted here, in^rt after Tir ‘All ‘* and Khfleh^iftl Beg who for a time was in Hnmlyfln’s body-guard/’

P. 455, ten lines from foot, for “ farmed “ read “ famed.”

iRBARNAMA.

OHAFTEBL

Th thi Naxi 01 OoD, m linonoL, in OoKPAanoviTi.

The ohun of orrtngemante in Oiention’e work>diop, which is » truth-showing ezhibiijon ot eividenoes, and »n illnslmtion of self- existent power, needs to be linked to the ewny ef n loftj sont which may, by help of the Ihrine arm, snstain the burden of the nnirene^ and can, by the strength of its perfect intelligence, supply botii snbstaaoe and lystem to the work of Ae terrehe and tenMstciBla. The splen- donr of glory streanu from his fortane’s fo r e h e a d | the lightning of snblimity shiiies from the taMet of his actlonf ; Ae beam of justice’s bidanoe is steadied by his potent arm; the institutes of sorereign^s forum reoeiTe lustre and currency from his care and ooniideration. Ingots of fine gold, which are the corns of hearen’s treasury, reoaiTe their perfect assay from his true dis^ and night-gkaasing^ which are polished stellar orbs, behold greatness by betag set jn hli tiara. The parterres of the. Caliphate ate watered by the stream of his scimitar, and the hexagonal earth irradialed by hie bamiM’s Orescent. The echo of his dread drums o^erpowsia the nor of the world’s calamities; the gleaming ensign of hit greatnaes lic^tene op the dark, dust-stained world. He lays the dost of discord tiie water of his world-opening sword, and quenolies calamity’s lightning by the clond of his sphere-shading umbrella, ^e portico of his gate is the compass of the wanderers in the desert of longing, and hie threahold beoomea the proetration-preoiaot of the goal of the eClff-

I La, the waTs-narkiugS Ca a yamascuM blade

3

neokwl OBM ct pride^t MitodiamlMn. Hit gtoiiit wtt oo i ap r ttwcl for tht ftptir of the nuiied ebode of heerta; hit nataie wet fonped from birth for the keittiag together of the oommnnity of eoult. Lote for him hath ite home in the innemoet diembert of the heerte of one and ell; inrooetione to him repoee on the tongnee of high and low. Naj, the ordere of planta, whieh are itationary ■hewei«*fbrth of glory^ wera made Terdant and jnu^ from the foontaiae of hie bounty, and reeeiTed grertt h from the Temal breeam of hie liberality. Even the g enera of inorganie mbttaneee, which remain eteadfaet in one plaoe, reeeiTed abnndant laronr from the imprem of hie jnetioe, and attained to noble deetiniee from hie giaee.

Feme.

Not oiity do living beinga attain peace, pleaenre^ and glory, Flrem the faith and the jnatiee of the crowned,

Ny jnatioe^a Spring, graaa growa ont ol atone,

Oiam beoomm a aproat, and tke epront a fmit>bearing tree. The glory of jnatiee givea anch anim pro ae on earth That doat tnma ateme, and atone tama rtlver and gold.

Am the aacred peraonaUty of thia aaraling of fortaneB parterre wna a ahining and a gloriona proof of thi% and chimed aa of right the anblinm dignity, and aa the good newa of dominion and anapioi owanaaa ahone forth from the beghuung of the mom of hia birth, and aamnal^, wortd-ehearing perfemoa leached the olfactory nerraa of the whe of acart from hh opening yeara, and wnrld>mling grea t naiia streeii*od from the tablet of hia brow, and the glory of world>ooa- qnoat anon fironi hia far aeeing oyea^ and the note of enSiranament appeared in hia mode of aitting, and the writinga on the aeal o^ aoreraigaty were read in the linea of hia hand, and aa the mmaent of tune amTod which the heaTena had bean expecting for ao many tycha^ and aa the rerolntion, which the atara had aonght daring ao many eonjnnotioD beoamo manifoat, the marahallenl of the world^a progreaa raiaed a eaont of joy, and the meaaengera of good tidinga to oeleatiala end terreatriala looaed the tongue of eoate^ with the newa of peace and aafety.

1 tetyir. MuftSd migbt aewi have JfafrSr. The word Mane ahort

more enfreprlete. hat all the M88. earned or metrieted.

F«r«t.

Fortime’M jewel ie on thj ingnefc Thine is the woild’s imperial oyole,

Henren^a ear openi to the beat of thy dram.

The thronela loot*kiaiiDg follower,

Thy sabUnM erown. veata on the head of hearta, Proelum * thine own Utnliba, for thine ia the Caliphate.

The Snltan of the apherea (the ann) had reached the anapioiona ionae of Piaoea, and had bent hia anblime aapeot towarda hia Hooae I Exaltation, in order that he might make the fonr-pillared throne of triea radiant mth the anapioiona Aooeaaion, and might refreah the httt-atained deniaena of earth’a domain by nnireraal plenty. A tmopy of treea threw a ahade orer the parterre which made the jirone-ehamber ; and King Boae (Khutrau-i^Oui) aat on an emerald lurone, wearing a diadem oOmpoaed the hnndreddeaTed roae, aet fith jaciatha and rnbiea ; and aweet Toioed birda, like the heralda of in imperial aooeraion, with aoarrea of long feathera (iiahjmr) on •heir bodiea, and ermine robea on their boaoma, raiaed high the dintba of joy from iuany>pillared arhoreal pnlpita. The oypreaa and rine, who atood in reapeofa antechamber, bowed their heada in mverenoe, and the box-tree and jnniper, who were feeble and Medy aeniora, put on the dreaa and the aira of yonth. pioriona Mlips and aromatic planta denned parti-oolonred robea, and the nmng tnlipa and dog>roaan oonld not Cor joy contain themaelTea in iheir Teatmtnta. The aonnd of the drama of thnnder, aet upon the mada of elephant- olondi^ made uproar throughout the aeren olimea, lid the pearl-droppiag roiee of early apring emitted a general inti- tition to the four quartern * of the unirerae. The winda of eudniing ifunty began to iaane from the blow-holea of benerolenoek andt he pwar gardena of the Divine Gahphate bloaaomed anew. Meanwhile

I* M wwiin g that aa the Oalipb- waa whead «t ^ Ghuroh aa wall aa of w State, ao Akbar aa the 0a1i|di of age might read hie own Corona- ■Onaemum. Ha did once tij to do in imit a t ioa olTimar and tHagh |ag. Badanai, Lowa. 876.

• Cdr mdat-i-loelaai Oir <wh» ia atatad in the diotionariea to aman iha foor atomanta, but thia can hard- ly be tha meaning hare, and oartainly ia not the meaning at page ? of taoil, lina aavan from fool.

4

the moon wim bending the brow of sapplioetion in adoration and thanksgiying^ and was gathering light b7 the hand ^ of Caedopeia, and the Polestar was anointing the two ejea of the Oalyea* with white antimonj from a pencil of golden rays. Aatronomioal obeerrera, and heayen-conjoined interpreters of the Almagest, who watched the in- fluential oonatallations with the astrolabe of scienoe, oast the horoscope of world-sway from the pages of celestial tables. Assuied ly there was help of glorious grmoe, and union of the hodts of fortune and dominion.

HenUiiieh.

la an hour adored by the heavens.

In the Idg&h of heart-expanding E^alftnQr.

Hemiatieh,

May it eyer be the goal of Fortune.

A great feast and great assemblage^ such as might move the envy of celestial writers> were organised.

Ma§navf.

A heart-delighting feast was prepared

^Twas decked both without and within

In front of that verdant kiosk

They spread a carpet wide as a parade-ground^

Screens * tipped with ornaments Were drawn round the banquet hall.

The covering of the ground from end to end Was silk of Tartary.and Chinese brocade.

From the number of gold-threaded awnings The air was like a screen inlaid with gold.

They indosed the sky in pure gold For a blue * veil beoometh not a feast.

^ The painted, i.#.,

henna-stainsd band, and the Arabian name for Gassiopaia.

Foirl^adln, Two stars near the Pola

• BadaanT says, tsztlL A that the Aoossaioa was oelsfaratsd in the garden of Kialleirf and that the

garden had been tended and kept.in order up to the time of bis writing.

• The poles of the soreen (tsea- pardsh) were ornamented with bram knobs. Bloohmann 46.

• The blue sky was eioluded, is blue is the oolour of moomatg.

OHAKU 1/

The fumes of the banquet’s far-reaching soents Made hearen like a ball of innsk.

The palace-grandees rose np.

They dressed a throne in bridal fashion For now would the virgin, of empire Be wed to the’^Shfth, the Prince Fortunatus ;

Two worlds were conjoinsd And made fast by an eternal bend.

Time thus sang strain upon strain,

0 Fortune * dally with aominion’s throne.

A king seats himself thereon

From whom the throne shall gain fixity

He sitteth in the royal seat

With whom Fortune will take shelter.

At that place, in a felicitous hour (darad^at faxz aiid^at), Co wit, near noon of Friday, which was according to visibility * the second of Babi’-af-iani 963 of the luimr year (14th February, 1550), but by calculation, the middle of the third (15th February), 10 Isfandarmas of the JalAli year 477, 15 Tlr of the Tazdajirdi year 925, 14 Qhabit of the Bum! (Syro-Macedonian), year 1807, that glory of his lofty lineage put on his person a golden robe, and on his head a dark (msilLkm) tiara, and sate with good auspices and prestige oji the dais of sovereignty and the throne of the Caliphate. Congratulatory shouts arose from the six sides of the world, and the heaven-resembling pulpit was exalted by the prQClamattou (isbu^ba) of fortune, and the stairs ^ of exaltation were made venerable by praises and sublimities.

^ There is e play on the words batbt and The test pat

first but I adopt the LO. MSS. reading.

• JSMytt. I suppose that this refeuL to the beginning Of the month being determined kx seeing of the new moon. But f^§fU sony also mssti opinion or oonsidsratlon. Mutamid Sktu follows AJ. in the second part of hm IgbilnSsMi, and makes 8’ Babf* af-iM the data of the accession,

and so does the Stbldfad-loghit S.Y.^ faf b Newal Kishore ed., p. fifiA But Friday appears to have been th^ second day of the month, and most authorities give the stoond as the day of aooession. Tho text has an 4A(at after k^rnmr, but I do not understand tha expression Pomr-i tmaaf 1 take tha words to be ^lis Mor’ by oalenlsAiUm.*’

8 The stain an tta pdpit amps*

F&rm.

God now placed on the head of the world’s g^eJive A burden heretofore laid on the top of heaven On him whose nature had such might,

Hie burden of two worlds could be laid.

YIThen the world’s burden reaches a world-king He lays it on his head with thankfulness.

Though to outwaru sense the preacher was descending step by step, in reality he was’ ascending by gradations. When his speech became ear-enchaining by the holy titles, and his tongue grew pearl- strewing by the glorious namOf gratulatory shohts arose from right and left, and there were cries of unlimited submission and surrender. The dressers belonging to the royal manufactories threw a golden robe over the preacher’s shoulders and enveloped him in gold. The treasurers of the Court of the Caliphate scattered gold and jewels right and left.

Feres.

They flung on one side gold, and on the other, jewels.

They scattered jewels in trays, and gold in bucklers.

On the same day the rescript of sovereignty was exalted by the titles of H.](f . the gbihindl&b, and a world-pervading proclamation was adorned by the signet of the Lord of the Earth. All that world- enlightening day, which in truth was New Year’s day for the spring- time of realm and religion, the coinage of sovereignty was being impressed by the noble name in fortune’s Mint^ and the various denominations of coins attained perfection by his just assayment.

Quatrain.

When the coin was adorned with the Sb&h’s name The moon’s worth was lessened in the eyes of the stars

from the pulpit before he recites the seoond part the Sh^tha, which is that dealing with the titles of the sovereign. Them is a note in* the Ludknow edition to this effect. See also Hnghis* Diet of Islam, 8.y-

Sh^tba, Lane’s Modem Egyptians and Lane’s dictionary, 763 a.

^ KallnSr was one of Akbar’s mints, but latterly it only coined copper. Blochmann 31 and 32.

Hm a§ndr^ was lighted up bT* a 107 hm The dirham was adoned bj a white one.

From time to tune tn^ poured from tmjt tiWer and gold into the lap of the world’s hope, and cast raried presents into the bosom of the universe. The blare of the trumpets of joy and gladness burst forth, the drums of rejoicing beat hi^. SoTereiguty laid the founda- tions of her dwelling-place. The Caliphate reached the goal of safety. The quadrangular throne of the assembly received elevation. The tiara was exalted by everlasting ascendancy. The signet-ring received a glorious motto. The o’ershadowing umbrella of dominion v^as opened out over the horizons. The refulgent standard received a lofty light. The lucky hnXV of the Kaukaha came into the crook of the Caugdn. The sword reposed in the closet of the sheath. The dagger rested from brandishing. The bow was relieved from the world^s tension. The arrow was respited from the transfixing of {lit., tlie sewing-up) the livers of foes. Loftily seated Reason, which in its ascendancy had o’erpassed the sky, thus spake to the preacher^ of sovereignty’s pulpit.

Ver$e.

I hold the y^utba-adoming roll of his praises I* VO searched high and low for a reading-desk ^

My priceless jewel is fit for a king’s treasury But not a jewel which Can be bought for gold.

The world, a deer which had o’erleapt the snares of mighty hunters of the forest (t.e., former kings), became his Fortune’s prey and exultingly sang —

Verse.

When my star has tied me to bis Fortune’s saddle^traps How can any think me worthless game.

^ Blochmann 36, 37. in L ISB. Bib> Iitd« sd.

• See illustration of tt^ukaba in The quatrain is not dem*, but appa-

Blochmann Hate IX. The Oaugdn rently Restou is reprssouted as say-

is tJbe polo stick* but it is also the ing that, though he held the roll of

curved staff or c;-ook from which Akbar’s praises, he could not find

hangs the ball of the Kaukaba. any pulpit lofty eucugh lor the en-

• Perhaps Jupiter is meaut ter he nnoiatica of them.

• called Gf . the verse

8

AKBABNlMA.

Fortune, soYereignty^s potent generaliBsimo gratefnuy recited her honours.

Ver^e.

Tftken np from earth (Kh dk) I am grown a great Kkiqdn. Drawn above the sky Pm a great mler (Diri-i-Akbar)

By his presence I am revered in pnblic and in^private. And am strong inwardly and outwardly by his prestige. From his bounty is this my rose-garden irrigated.

From his banquet is this my brimming bowL

Dominion the variegated one of the world^s picture-gallery became all of one colour harmonious or unanimous) and spake thus :

V^ru.

Mj cheek is freed from the stain of particolour,

Fm a white diamond and a red ruby.

The beanteons garden of the king is my carpet The itr of his holy spirit is the smoke in my censer Whilst my speeches jewel is heaven^s earring PH land his throne and invoke his diadem.

The sky girt with a baldric of stars came dancing and cried I

Ferse.

I wear the girdle of service and the torque of slavery.

In his presence let me not have other gem or jewel My troops are victorious o’er hosts of foes Because Fm of the clan of the slaves of the conquering Lord. Felicity (AT^addet), the wdlwisher of sovereignty’s mansion des- cribed himself thus :

Ferie.^

Bach mom his threshdd is my altar

From joy in the glorious sun I face eastwards

Thsss Uhm srs dif&onlt, bat tkra Looknow editor hat a note which explains matters somewhat. The expression tyUlt-iHAenf in the second lino maj mean the glorioas son, ^ I have rsndered it, or it may mean the

son on the brink, i^., on the point of rising, see Lane 1687 od. 3. Ae^has also the technical meaning of oalmi- nation, but t^is oanhardly, I think, be the meaning here. ThetUidand lonrth lines seem to mean that Mi-

CffAFTim f.

Perchano# tb# key of grace may reach my pocket With chaih on foot l*m as a door on the threshold

All the Signors and Sirdars (Wrdn u sirddrdnj, all the gen erala and generalissimoii fnfahkaiidn u tnjyahsdldrdnj, and the other pillars of empire and eyes of soyereignty, gare their allegiance to that lofty4ineaged one from the bottom of their hearts and with a sincere conscience^ and ratified the compact and loyalty by an oath to Gtod,

Baar§m Shin Khin-khfinan FtiiM^d-i-danlat q&hira (the stay of yictorious dominion), became by sublime fayour Vakll-as-sultanat. The binding and loosing of the afihirs of the Caliphate, the gathering and despatching of the armies of yictory, were committed to his plente- ous soience and the strong hand of his fidelity. The other territory- adorning officers and grandees of Ci^atai lineage, whether those who had the bliss of serying in the Presenoe, or were stationed in the proyinoes or on the borders to hold territories or to subdue them, reoeiyed, one and all, speoiel marks of attention in addition to their being distinguished by* royal fayonrs, in aoeordanoe with thmr posi- tion and merits.

citj stands rhaiaal at Akbsr’s thrss- hold M if hs wss a door wHh a rhsln en it. The obsin is rspresentsd ss

fattened to his foot, and ho hopes that a koj may bo appl^jd to the lock.

10

CHAPTER IL

Soheme of the horoacope of the aospioioae acoeeaion of H.M. the King of Kings.

It is now proper to oonstract the figure of the horoscope of the stored accession with truthful Gompasses and righteous pen, so that awakened hearts may gain increased light and that the short-sighted get length of vision ; nay, that life may be given to the inani- itttej and world-desorying life to the animate.^

Ferse.

This is the kingly horoscope,

Thia is the roll of Divine mysteries.

Bays of might, and tablet of snooess Sum of wisdom and list of equity

Tis the star of the star fkaukaba^kaukabj of glory and greatness

’Tis tidings of joy to the nniverse Open the eye on this eternal tablet Rejoice for ever over both worlds.

CFor Table eee neget page.J

Dsscsirriov or thb Sohims or tbs Hobosoops or the ACCB ssiuN or H.M. tab Kiho or Kings.

Various delightful points anse from the consideration of this suspicions horoscope. The first is that in the tenth Angle, which is the house of sovereignty, the sun is showing increase of light. Now the main point for consideration with regard to the honr of an Acces- sion is the propitionsness of the tenth house, nis., that there should be a propitionsness befitting the approach of a world-adomer.

The word arss in ths first House is a mistake for Els as the table of Erirata shows. It means

the Dragon’s head or the ascending node.

OMRU 11.

11

Imam-Abft-l’lfvlumiiad -of who was one of the great maetera

of astrononuoel prognosticatioD, has laid it down that it is good to hare the Aecendsat in Scorpio ao that the tenth Angle may he Leo, the house of the snn. God be-praised ! Here we have the enn oome of his own accord into the tenth house and diffnsieg the rays of auspioioneneea and fortune !

Ker««.

A Sbth who waft the fulfilTer of hope.

His heart shoAe with eternal light,

How can his ray not brighten the world Who haa the son for a guardian f

It

The leoond honse which is that of property^ is Gsnoer, and the Mooi^ which is the Begent of the hoose, has allamed in the eleyenth hoossj which is that of hope, the positioii of fuuq ol e r y (asoension abore the earth). This is a proof that the h&ju of earth’s treasures will without difficulty or effort come into the hands of the treasurers of his fortune.

The third house, which is that of kinsmen and oonnexions, is Leo,- and its dominant, the Sun, is in the tenth angle. All the rela- tives will be obedient to orders and snbmisBhre to the commands of the ShShinshih.

The fourth honse is Virgo, which is caUed the le rie s t ria l angl^ and is conversant with the final results of actions and with posses sions. The dominant (Mercury) is in tte ninth house whiohisthatof travel. This is a proof of excellent eventualities and of the stability of conquests.

The fifth house is Libra, whichis that of children, and enjoyment and presents. Its Begent is Venus who is in Pisces, which is her house of exaltation. This proves that aai^cions children will be near to the king by affection and favour, and will grow up in the shadow of dominion and grace, that the cup of social joy will brim over, and that caravans of gifts from the torn quarters of the world will unload at his threshold.

The sixth honse is Scorpio, which is that of slaves and servants, and of diseases. Its Begt^nt, Mars, is in the house of sovereignty (the tenth). This indicates equability of temperameut^ numerous faithful slaves and devoted servants. Though Jupiter is in Ssgitta- rius yet, by virtue of equal distribution ^ of houaesi, he is imparting blessings to the sixth house.

The seventh honse, Sagittarius, is the western* angle, and the Nadir (Na%ir) of the ascendant. It is the house of enemies. As by the equal distribution of houses it is void of sn auspioious star, there is strong evideace that the euemies of the State will be overcome.

The eighth house is Oaprioom which is oouversaut with heritages. As its dominant (Saturn) is in the eleventh house, this is a proof that

I See page 73 n 1 of thia trans- glsrl of tbs text, dee D.T.T. II lation. IttS. Tfcu i. dM known m th«

• 1 nnd inniMtd of tk. wrcndi wmfe.

cBimt 11. 13

litredHary blsemugft will be eltecbed to tke perCeot condition of bis personolity*

The nintiit is Aquertas and has to do with knowledge, fsith,

and traTeb Mereary who is the lord of the Ascendant (as Regent of Gemini) is there. He has a kind aspect to the Ascendant, and causes the acquisition of the lights of wisdom. He tells of sincere inquiry into the affairs of realm and religion, soundness of plan in matfers of travel, and coudncireness thereof to the confirmation of dominion.

Ferss.^

A king, whom, for his wisdom, we call Js fanin (Master of sciences)

We call him a guide of the road to God

Though kings be God^s shadows

He s God’s light, how then call him a shadow ?

The tenth house^ Pisces, is called tlie tenth angle, and is the house sf sovereignty and of mothers. The Sun, Venus, and Mars are there. Xhe days of sovereignty will always pass pleasantly, afid the owner of the horoscopo will have daily increasing sources of splendour and glory. Mothers of high rank will attain their desires through his good fortune.

The eleventh house, Aries, is associated with hopes and witn sincere friends. It is the Sun’s house of ntaltation, and the swiftly- moving Moon is waxing there. Every hope that arises in the holy soul will be fulfilled quickly and thoroughly, and friends will become Saccessful from being associated with his great fortune.

The twelfth house is Taurus, and is the bouse of enemies. It is void of stars, and Mara is in aspect from the tenth house. The ene- mies of realm and religica will drink blood from the sharp sword of Mars. The Moon is in Aries, the Sun’s honse of exaltelion. The great men of this science have declared that in accession heroscojpes, the Moon, which is the intermediary for conveying light from the superior heavenly bodies to the inferior, should be in Arles. They have considered this to be a circumstance gpmatly to be relied upon. The Sun is in conjunction with Jupiter. The regent of the tenth (Jupiter) is in the seventh house. The house of the ascendant is

< The quatrain is Fsiffs. Btochmsnil and Afn text. II. 241.

14

AiaAMlMA,

aariid.^ Theae tkmgt indioiita ibi^ the Tietorious trwfm wUl hawaW- diimpliiiedj and tKat titere .will be inor e ae o of tbe royal aplendotir and glory. The part of Good Forinne is alrong^ for it is sitoate in Leo which is tho Son’s boase» and its regent is in the tenth house. Jnpi- ter^ wbo isaatrongeridenoeofloyaltjri is in the seventh in his own honse (Sagittarios), end is most aospioioos. The regent of the tenth is as- oending* The slEsirs of the State shall daily advance and prosper. And a portion of the hoose of the ascendant is rising in the man* sion of the Moon (f), Meronry has a friendly aspect to the Moon. AU these are clear indications that things will tom oat for the best| that fortone will increase* and desires be attained. The interprets^ tion of the good points in this horoscope* and the wonders of it* are beyond the power of description. Acute scrutineers of celestial tables and conners of degrees on the sur&Mies of astrolabes know by the schedule of thought and the calendar of intelligence how few of such great and greatness conferring hoars* in which so many ever- lasting blessings are infolded* have oooatrad since the time of the first motions ef the lieavens and the oonstellations and since the condnci of the world of mankind* which is the quintessence of creation* has been in the charge of the heavenly bodies.

One of the poets has said with respect to the chronogram of the gloricNis accession.

Ferss.

The pulpit was exalted by the king’s khufba.

And by a just mintage deeds became golden*

By Akbar Shah’s sitting on sovereignty’s throne There came the accession chronogram Nagrat-i- Akbar (great victory* 963).

And thehemistich “The accession of the world-protecting lord ” also points to the year ending in bliss. And the words Kam-haWkd also give the date of this time which is twinned with auspiciousness and were written by the dedicatory pen of Maulana Niiru-d-dli Tarkhan.

^ Hatodlst. I do not understand the expression. Vullers, p. 1483, ool. a gives splendoar as a meaning of hawSi tmd perhaps this is the mean- ing here.

^ Ah onintolHgibre sentence. Th Lucknow ed. has a dar before Eh&na The preposition also occurs in 1.0. MS 235 MSS. and is probably right.

OBARU lU.

1ft

OHAPTEB m.

Accooin or tu ERAAnsHin or thb Nbw abb Divibi Eba rroB TBB AOOltfSlOB «r H.M. Tin QgABINIBAB.

It if not hid^n from the minda of the inwardly ladd end right- thinking that the pen of Providenoe in making entries in the world’a teoorde prooeede npon tiie priaoiple that the aaceeaeive arrangementa oI the anirerae oannot attain ocdierenoe without regard being paid to aomea and to the determination of d a t ha. The fixation of oranta and elaoidati<m of ooonrranoea receire preeiahm and certitnde from the Catea of monthf and 7eara,and ao the eternal decree haa gone forth that after the alapae of a apace of time aome great event shall be made the oommenomnent of an er% and that oonunanda and tranaao. tiona, atered and aeenlar, shall be Bneed thereqpon. Aa the glonona aieoasaion iraa of anrpaaaing felioity and augmenting anapiomnaoena, in wna worthy of Iteing made the forahaad-atar (pberm) of niiKniited nteoaaaaa and the pireemhle ef e ndl aea felicitiee. By the Divine inspiration which hnd onat n ray of light on H.M/s haart^ and the mnsenans of krfty aagaa who hnd obtnined Ida gloriona aaaant, this fsbrie of the roll of months and years was mads the fouadation of a naw era and the diSnser of omnfort and repoae. Aa the world-light- ing New Taar fdlowad oloae vfoa lib» Aoceaaioa, and as the latter is courished by the ^uioheaiog glanoea of the aao, the (interveaing) Cractioo of time in whose foldf thonaandn of victorias were nnveiling, was treated ns the decorative bwdmr to the dayaef the New Tear, tnd as Ihe preface of glory and conquest; and the beginning of the grant Sia took effect from the coining New Tear. The principle of the mkiilationa rested on trap aolar montha and yeaca, nod HJL tbs &bfthinilxlh, ont of his fortuna and grsatnesa, and tadar fhe ilgjaeasa of a Divine inspiration, designated this grand epoch as IhaTIAk DfthI iDiviat Bta). Seeretpriea of a hiq>py pan recorded it in rolls and rasoripts. The miBiaa of the months of the Ira were made identical ■vlth’ the famous names of the Persian eienths, bat were adorned in addition by the Ntth Ilih! (Divine) e.g., Parwatdfn, Divine monih,

AKfiAEKlMA.

16

Ardibihi^t, Divine month. The names of the days were the same as those of the onrrent thirty, Persian days, viz.

Ormuz^

MihrgSn (Mihr)

Bahman

Saroib

Ardibihiibt

Raiytin

4

Shahriyur

Farwardin

Isfandarmaz

Baliram

Klmrdfid

Ram

Murdad

Bud

Daibfizar (Dilf«ba-Szar)

Dai (Dai’bfi-din)

Din

XbftD

Arad

Baib

AsktSd

12

li«h

Aemun

Tlr

Zamiyad

14

Goa or Giia

Marisfand

EbQr

AntrAn *

(Diiitn-mihr)

< Hyde peihis out p. 238, that the ftrst day of the month bears the name nf a god, and that after every seven days there comes a name in which Dai occurs, and suggests that Shis refers to a division of the months resembling that of weeks.

• Gosh or GOsh. The text has KpsL but this is wrong, Koflb being the naihe of the fourth day of the month. See Hyde pp. 190 and 860.

The account given by Mutamid Kbin in his Iqbilnima diows that • the 81st ^y was called Bha and the 88nd Sbab. The passage quoted in Canningham’s Book of Indian Eras, p, 88, as coming from Abnl Fafl, is taken from Gladwin, and has several intorpoUititm bj Aw Utter. QU of the bwt Mitleaee In the JCtn ie “the two leet are xwmeil Kobo S h ni,^) : end in order

to distinguish one from the other, an called Arst and second.’* The correct translation of A. F. *8 words will be found in Janrett II. 30. A.F.’s sc counts of the Divine Era, both heu and in the Ain, are wanting in preci- sion. He tells us that Akbar did away with iuu^rcalatious, i,e., the Ave added days, Hyde 266, called here ayyim-i-mustariqat, i.s., stolen or secret days, (the Arabic word mustariqut being a translation of the Persian dusdida, while in the Ain they are called Kalita) ; but he does not tell us how many months bad 29, how many 30 or 3l, and how many 32 days. The fibiyAfn-l-loghat has an interesting article on eras 8.v« Fafll and quotes a distich which gives by aljad the number of months which wclw long and short. Thg words seem to be li (81), n 1i (81), lab,

CHAFtSE in

17

As in some months there were two dejs over thirfy, they were called respeotively BOa and Sbiil> (Day and Night). By the blessing of H-M ^s attention the intercalary days were abolishedj and the moaihs, like the years^ became solar. The enlightened mind of H.M. the Shfiiinjlifth also directed that there should be a duodenary oyole of the years of this Era, each year being named after a month, e.g., the first year was the year Farwardin U&hl, Che second, the year /^rdibihiAt Ilfihl,

The pillar of the founders of this sacred era was the Learned of the Age, the Plato of cycles,^ Amir Fat^ Ullah Shirftzl whose title was isad-ul-danla.

He it was who in a happy honr laid the foundation of this heavenward soaring edifice. Although the foundation took place in 902 (1384), yet, as the position of events from ihe beginning of the sacred accession will be based upon the Divine Bra, it appeared proper to enter the Era among the events of the year of the Accession. Thero is hope that, as the dominion and fortune of this line conjoined with eternity spring from a divine radiancy, the glory of the noble family will be for thousands of thousand years world-lighting and world-gripping, and that the number of years and months will oon- inually surpass the dates and reokonings of oaloulators of celestial

(32), U (81),ulilS(62),|]Mhmaha8t, Ui (60). ka| (90), uka( (29), Ub (60).

tolfth a$t.

Tli» line gives 187 and the ts.’ li d 178^ or 865 altogether, and if interpretation Is oorrect only one diouth had 82 days. AF. says no- thing about the IkflX year, and I do iWt know the sonroe of the statement ’m Wilson’s Glossary about Akbar’s ^rs regarding it. According to ^ Shijbm-Mogliat, p. 321, of Newal kihore’s editiou, the Fafli year was inroduoed, or. rather perhaps, altered bi^VlA.IL, in which year the begin- ii^gof tImMuhanunadanyear (1 Mu- Iwraoi 971 btingssSl August 1563) coiiicided with the autumnal 3

equinoa# and the beginning of the autumn harvest. Apparently the Fafli year was tfieSamvat year, with the difference that it began in autumn. Akbar’s Divine Era was applied to it, and also to the Bengal year, but the months in which they began, vts., September and April, were not interfered with.

^ AlawinI in text, bat I adopt the variant al-danrinl, as that is given in the Iqbilnima. For anaocoimt of Fatb Ullah, wio sometimes bat the title of Shhh, see Blochmann 38; n. 1 Badiurl. Lowe. 326, and the Darbir Akbari of Shamsa-al-Uleina M. jyLusain Afld. 673.

18

AKBinlKA.

ojcles. The oopj of the world’Obefed Firmln, whieh wm eomposed by Abal Feyl the writer of this eiupioioas preemble, end which wm iMoed to the after the eateUishment of this aospioione

era, is sa feUowa.

Ciumu It.

19

CHAPTEB lY.

flVWlB Of jAliUr-D-OlH MuHAJOCAD AXEAB PiDeSiH (iVAZl.

Ill tiis doounMmAdoniiiig time and Mupioiona epoch, when a cycle ^ (yam) of the Tiotoriona eeeaion on the throne of eotereign^ hae e^psed, and the garden of fortone hae began * to amile, a world obeyed firman wae iaened (reoeited a ray of exaltation) to the effect that the gotemore of the imperial dominions, and the other oflBioen of •tate and of finance whoi in accordance with their degfrees and posi* tioaa, are reoipiente of the royal biTOors, shonld know as follows

** Whereas the tolalify of H.M.’e lofty intellect is engaged in con* triting that all sorts and conditions of men — who are fearfnUy and wonderfully made— may pass their preoions days— which cannot be exohanged or replaced, — ^in oheerfalnesa and oontent, and in the shadow of happiness and hope, and in ways well-pleasing to Ood, and ttfft they may withdraw the neck of submission from the collar of noimalism {taqlid) which all the teachers of religion and leaders of Uth hare struck at with the hand of denunciation, but which in all nligkms displays with effrontery its baseness and deformity ; and that’ they may exercise themselres in gathering the materials of in- quiiy not stay their foot in the paths of propositions {maadUk-i- mtUUh), without the guidance of proof, nor, while in the streets of U thoir sentiments (maditri*-i-maqi|id)i enter upon minute subtleties withsot the light of reason. Our mark-hitting mind (samir-wihat Purlr) is erer paying full regard to the truths of science, and the luinatuc of wisdom, and through the Divine favour and guidance has from its lofty bsginiuag been enriched and replenished by inspira- tons and visilatioBi, and owing to beanteons mysteries and parity of intention has been endowed and blessed with the insignia of the past

’ A cycle of astor ytwrs hsd not In 993, the day of the sou’s ^tsrim Aries, ««.. the d*y of the rtitw Now Year closely appi-oiiiiui-

ted to the date of Homiyuirs death, for it was 8 Rabl’-sl-awwal. See Baditiil ll»348, Lowe.

• OL sipim ps 31 n. 3.

20

▲KAABKlHA.

and of the fatare. In tlie course of sncli researches our eye fell upon the almanacs in cammon use among the people of India,^ and which in their language are called patra.

We found in these almanacs {aurdq^i^kulpaita) * that they have calculated the beginning of the lunar month from the opposi- tion (of sun and moon) that is, from the season of advancing larknessi In the Hindi language this is called Kiginpaec^ So those darkened ones^ out of pore formalism^ ignorance, and excessive eccentricity and error^ have based their month upon darkness I In addition to the f^ that the folly of this empty and baseless arrangement is too dear for argument^ it has been reported to us by orthodox religions teachers of this people, and has been shown by them from their old authoritative books, that in the time of the ancients the lunar month began with the lighting up of the side of the moon which is towards us, and which is called in their tongne Shaklpacc ; and that this rational practice ceased from the time of BikramijTt, on account of the prevalence of the heterodox and of the disorder and confusion which then existed. The propriety of making the first of the month coincide with the beginning of the emer^nce of light is one of the clearest first principles. Accordingly, an order has been promulgated that astrologers, almanac-ihakerB, and casters of liorofo copes, thronghout oar territories, shall base their calendars on the

^ Tho Sanskrit jiattra. Tho com- the year into three parts called K/tL

mon word for an almanac at the See also id. 12 for another mention

present day is panjika. the word patra.

• In tho text hul and ffatru are « Kriflhnapakdim or dark half of

written separately, but in tlio Lock* the moon. A. F. gives a somewhas

now ed. and in aeveral MSS. they dilforent account in the iln, atatinf

arc united, Kulpatra, and a note there, Jarrett II. 17, that the Hindis

by the Lucknow editor auggesto that count from the new moon, thou^ ho

tho meaning ia “ empty worda.” adda that a nnmber of them (jomm).

Such ia tho meaning given in tho which porhapo meana a crowd, or tip

dictionariea, and it U pooaible that a majority, begin the month from

play upon tho worda is intended. Kriahnapaoo. Tho beginning from

l?ut I rather iacUne to think that full moon was peihaps the mcMO

Kul must be for Ktl, time, and that rational plan of the two, for tin

Kalpatra means an almanac. Or, if starting point was more visible. I

a pun bo intended, this is only a wonder what Akbar thought of tio

tttbordinate intention. .See Jarrett Arabic and Mu^^mlnadan plan of

18 for account of the division of beginning the day from tho ereniig

cttirriB It.

21

putt itiBkkod of ibe SbHllpaco. Am m preoaaiionarj meastire, and in order to make tUiigB aiinple and eaqr, a oalendmr was prepared and sealed wish the sacred seal, and was sent by ns so that they might lake it as a model,

Jlsanwhile the great officers of the Court have represented to iia as follows : Mt is not hidden from the inspired mind, that the oh|cct ot establishing an era is that the seasons of a&irs and events may be kiiown witk ease, and no one have any occasion for alteration^ Suppose for example, some one makes a contract, or takes a Immor a loan and the period of execution be 4 years, 4 months; unless theex- act date of the beginning be known, it will be difficult, or rather, im- possible to determine the date of completion. It is evident, too, that whenever an era has prevailed for a long time, the establishment of a new ou# opens the gates of ease and prosperity for all mankind. And it is known to students of history that, from the beginning up to the pfisent day, it has been the glory of great princes and of pillars of wisdom fo renew, by means of their own exertions, the fonndation which hal been handed down to them, and eo to liberate bniiness-men from the perplexity of diffionlties. At present the Hijra ^ Era, which 12 begins with a day of joy to foes, and of grief to friends, has nearly reached cue thousa n d years, and the Indian Bra (Ttrikh-i-Hind) has exceeded 1500 years. Similarly, the Eras of Iskandar and Yaz- dljird ’ have exoaeded thousands and hundreds of years. AH tbit is set down in almanaos. The writing and speaking of such eras m oeuversatieti and in business is very difficult for men of the world, and espeoianj so for the oommonalty who are Ihe centre of business.

It ie ulso apparent that, within the imperial dominions, divers eras are followed by ike people of India. For example, in Bengal the era

According to D’Hsrlielot, the Mobomnsdiiiic ohosa the Hijra for their era in imitatiou of the Ohrie- tiss era of the Martyrs. That began with ths commencement of Dioclo* tisD • reign,

• The ntaiemeut is not correct, ‘uUm# by the Yasdajird Era is moaut that of Jamihld which is mid to have ^hegimeOOB.Cn Jarroti IL 28 ,

and by the Iskandsri era the ora of* the Hrinrews and Syrians. A.P. •tales in the Am that the lakaydurf ora wae derived lium them* Per- hspsA^F.hss need the plural alee because he is writing of two emt ami does not mean that each erit $ thousands of years old. Instead of tketbUoT tbq tart BJL11.S. Add. 27, 247 has

22

asbamiIha.

dates from the beginning of tbe mle of Lnolimnn 8en,‘ from which date till now 466 years have elapsed. In Oajarat and the Deooan the SalUhaa era prevails, of which this is the I506ii year. In Uiilwa aod Delhi, etc., the era of Bikramijtt is current, of which there have now been 1641 years. Du ^a^purkot the ora is counted from the beginning of the role of whoever may hold the Fort.

The natnre and dignity of each era are known to those conver- sant with history, and it is notions that the beginning of no one of the Indian eras springs from the fonndation of a great event. If out of genend benevrdenne and o<nnprehensive kindness a new era be established, anch as will be at once convenient for the people, and subversive of the diSQPepant Indian eras, assnredly the benefits and beauties thereof will redound to your Majesty’s present and future glory. In the authoritative books of the current tables, such as the SKo UU)iid|1biid the new Gurginl tables, it appears that eras were framed upon some great event saoh as the appearance of an e8tabli•^■- ed religion! or the acquisition of a great kingdom. God be praised I Daring this mighty sovereignty there have been in the visible worhl so many great events and shining aotioiiSi such as the snbjngation of great oitieSy and the complete capture of impregnable forts and other victories, and Divine aids, any one of which was fit to be made the foundation of an era. Bat if year Majesty directs that the new ora commence fri’lii the day of year seating yourself on tbe throne ef sovereignty! which was one of God’s great gifts and never-ending boons! and from which anspicious day this is the twenty-uklth solar! and the thirtieth locar year, assuredly such a good deed will be at once a mark Ct thanksgiving and a fulfilment of the wishes of man- kind. Moreover! thei^ is not involved in this good deed any breach of the respect due to the glory of the Hiira era— -which comes, from the day when His Majes^! the best of meny migrated from Mecca to Medina on account of tho predominanco of foes. This is the sappoii- tion of woiihlets persons infirm of naturOy and of mean understanding. Accordingly! in the time of Malik though at that time tlio

the Hijra era was not so old as it ts now, nor were matters so roinpU. cated as at present, the JslAli era was introduced for the sake of

I Ses^sHMs on the Lakihmaim Sena era by Professor Kitlbora Inc la a A ntiquary lor January 1990.

CBAmt IT.

28

oanveBianea, lo tli*t % nmltitiide who wero in praotioal matters ^ bnrnght into difficulty^ might by this means esoape from their distress.

It appears everywhere in the almanacs of the lands of Islftm, such as 18 Arabia, Turkey, Transoxania, Khurisftn, Irfiq, Ac., and is used in the bends of legal experts and by borrowers of every age.*’

The repeated representations of this body of men, and a regard for the ir petitions, prevailed and were accepted, and an order was issued that the New Year, which followed close on the year of the accession, should be made the foundation of the Divine Era, and that tho gates of joy and oomfort should be opened. From the mine of wisdom there jssued an order worthy to be obeyed, that compilers should in the almanacs current in Islfimio countries, and in which they enter the Arabic, RflmI, Persian and Jalfili eras, enter this new era as a supplement to them, and so open the gfites of prosperity* Also that in the almanacs of India they (almanac writers) should enter this new era instead of their discordant eras, especially of the BtkramijU era which was founded upon deception ^ {talhia), and that they do away with their varions eras. And whereas in the almanacs current in India the years were solar, and the months lunar, we ordered that the months of the new era should be sola

And whereas the sages of religions and sects have set apart coriain days of the months and years, for the purposes of thanks- giving, in accordance with celestial phenomena and spiritnal stations, and for the enjoyment of all mankind — which is the motive for so many charities and good works — and have given them the name of Feklivala (P/sd). And have in those days of joy established thanks- giving, and have made good ordinances for the payment of the rites ol submiasicn and humility to God Almighty — which is the highest kind of devotion and obedience, — and whereas the rich and poor, the

1 A. F. ex plains, Jarrctt II. 2S, that tht me of the Hijra era watrun- fair to the peasantry, because 31 lunar yeari were equal to 30 solar and the revenue was taken on ♦he luntp ysin, whereas the harvest depended on the solar.

• The ullusion seems to be to the trad rtioii that BikramijTt was a

magician. A. P. says in the Ain, text IT. 470, and Jarrott II. 215, that the Hindus to this day regard hfs accession as the beginning of an era, and tell wonderful stories about him. “The truth appears to be that he was acquainted with charms and sorcery, and m had brought tho simple into hit net.’*

24

AKIAnlMA.

grmt and nnall, have to tho estoat of tbair ability aptaad tba t nbh r of abondance and opened the giatea of joy and meeeaa for the and distressed among their ccmtempories (the brethren of the age and the children of tho time), and have shown them varions hindneases, (it is ordered] fw these reasons that certain great festivals, a list of which ia appended to this proolamation, and which have bem-onrrent in cmtntriea for several thousand years, and especially have been for the last thonsand years observed by jnst prineea and righteons philoso- phers, and which have in this country for some canaes fallen from their splendoor, be made enrrent for the sake of soliciting the Divine favour and of following in thp footsteps of the aaoients of those happy times. It is prt^ier that in all onr dominions they be fully observed in eities, towns and villages. Strict attention most be paid to this, and not the slightest neglect take place. The list^ of the festivals is as follows

1. The days of the New Year.

2. 19th Farwsrdin Divine month.

3. 8rd Ardibihi^t Divine month.

4. 6th ISbnrdtd Divine month.

5. 13th Tir Divine month.

6. 7th Mnrd&d Divine month.

7. 4th SbahriyQr Divine month.

8. 16th Mihr Divine month.

9. loth Aban Divine month.

10. *th Azur Divine month.

11. 8th, 15th and 23rd’ Dai Divine month.

12. 2nd Bahman Divine month.

13. 5th Isfandarma; Divine month.

Written in accordance with an order which must be obeyed.

• See BadaSnl’s remarks, Bloch- Lows 319. last para, where the 19th

roannlPS. He says 14 festivals were is called the last day of the New

introdttW. A. F.’s list makes 13, or Year feast. In tho directions to the

15 «f we count separately tho three Kotwils, Jarrot II 43, we find in-

festivals of tho month of Dai. For- jniictiuns alxat observing the llahl

Imps Ba^Snl madel4oatof.theU festivals, nnd about midcing tho

by couittiug the 19th Varwardiu as Hindu almanacs begin with the

port of tlie New Year festival. See ^BpMfaec,

cnArm ▼.

25

CHAFFER V.

‘^coovn Of TEE EWMkr ADMomriAxoM Of Tn Imprial Tfeunosw AT THB TXMB Of H.M. T8f Aooisaiov.

At tins BQfpwmui epoch, which wm the btrllidaj of tiHieiij and dominmit and the teating^time of lojal^ and dcTotion^s coinage, Solabnin^ son of KhAn MiraA the son of Snlj^ Mahmud, the son of Sultfn Aba B^ald was peaceably in chafga of ^ the territory of Badahhdiin, while the country {witayai) of Kabul, Ohasnfn and the other dUtrieta from the Hindu Kcdi to the rifer Indus, commonly knewn as the Nllsb, were adminiateted by the wisdom and skill of Mun4m Khiu who was disliogaisked among the semnts of the erer* ** lasting dominion for ec^atty and justice. Through his excellent service, Muhammad Hakim and the ohaste ladies lived in that country in the enjoyment of repose. Qandadifir and its appurtenance^ which were the jigif of Bairam KhAn were in charge of SUhAh Muhammad of Qilit« who upreared the banner of courage and daring and made these lands a station of peace, and kopt them aloof from strife and misfortiine. The administrators of Delhi, the capital of the^conntry, have already been mentioned. Agra, the capital of the Caliphate, aud the adjoining districts, flourished under Igkandar KhAn Usbeg; Sambal was in charge of ‘All Qcill ghaibAni ; Sarkar KAlpI was under ‘Abdullah KhAuTJzbeg; while the sorvauts of Tard! Beg K hAu gave security to MewAt ; * Qiya KhAn was iu Kol Jaltili (Ali« garh), and ^aidar Mutmmmad KbAn in Biana. Fresh rescripts of fa Your ware issued to all the servants of the lofty Court, stating that " we have left all in possession of -tbeir estates as heretofore, so that the sincerity and good service of every one may be brought to light ;

• The words arc maqarrarlmd, 5ut I Oo not suppose A.F. means

*hst aajF fresn appointment was ®sclc. M. Sulaiman regarded him- •• sn iitdi^wtident prince, aud So Iu Csct. but A.F. treats h fu 4

Sd one of Akbar*8 subjects and in- cludes him aud his son among the gi’nndeos of the empire. BlocUmann, 311.

• Blochraimu 343.

26

kKUMKlJU.

hemfter they shall be advaeoed to high degrees and positions in aooordanee with the lofty intelngenoe of the gUdiindlUu’* For the present time the world-adorning judgment of H.M. the 9hihindlth was- insisting npon hia remaining for some days under the veil of con- cealment^ so that his world-illuminating beauty might be seen by no one but himself. Either the cause of this farseeingand right-choos- ing design was that, by being in the guise of indifference to the world, lie might make trial of men and fix in the antechamber of his holy mind the most acourate estimation of each individual ; or it was the narrow capacity of those men, and their not possessing the power to appreciate bis perfections, which compelled him for the sake of com- ing Iiumanity to adopt this line of conduct ; or it was that black- hearted and crafty foes might engage in their evil acts, free from any apprehensions of the eminence of the holy elementif ; or it was be- cause the tar-seeing glance of this bezel of the signet-ring of the Caliphate had fallen- npon tfai unending. world of reality, and so did not regard this dustbin (kbdqddn) of an earth ; or it was for some other design which the acute and discerning may one ^ day discoTcr (Be that as it may)« This exoteric and esoteric king made ’ over all affairs of state and finance to Bairum EUian, and busied himself iu things which acted as complete veils of his majesty, and were impenetrable by the superficial of this age.

• Batir-i-u-aqt. The variant Bu- $ir-i<lr(]qAt-i-iu to the point

MiorcOlV’ prcfcvablc.

■ Atti*r A.F. had in the ftr»t volitni^, text lino nine proved to ]iis o\viVsati:»fa<‘lion that Jhe death of Humayun \m a in disguise,

itgnvc sco|»c for Akhar’^i d»*- it ia rafhcT ah>nnl to tind him here ihu Akbar

tlicl imthfog f‘r soim^ limr and i-vn}Mhirt4 h) Ikurriiiiyian. Of a hoy in liis loiirtcciitli year

could not do other trise, and moreover Akbar would seem to have been a backward child. Ho did not learu to re.*id and wi itc, and hia son lolla ns iu Price’s Memoirf^ of JHiangtr, 48. that in liis youth Akbar devoted himwW fliicfly to tlio pleosures of tlioUWe. KhiflKh»« hnssome in- tcrojlins rciiiiirk., 1. p. L‘J1, Ac., (Bib. Ind. Kd.) iibiaiL Akbiu’s devotion to in hi>^ boyhood and Id.s

.’‘ubmis’^ivonci’s to Baii ain.

CQAPTBE YI.

27

CHAFER VI.

The SBiztTBB of CLbIh AbO-l-M’a1l! and his bbino put into

CONflNXMlNT.

When the wopld-adorning purposes of God, which arrange the succession of events, visible and invisible, will that the robe of Kovcreignty be bound with the skirt of perpetuity, and be embroidered with the hem of permanence, He strips makebates and strifemon- geii^ of their leaves and branches, and overthi >W8 them, root and

stem. Moreover, those evildoers and mischief- aakers do of them- Eclves certain things which prove the cause of tl >ir ruin and destruc*

tion. An instance of this occurred in the bf jpnning of dominion’s ii.orning, and of the glory of the Caliphate, when fortune’s diadem was exalted by the grandeur of H.M. the Shfthindx&h and the throne of sovereignty irradiated by his light (far). At this time the stupefying wihe of tlioughts and caprices overpowered ghiih Abu-l-M^aftlf, whose brain had been ruined by the worship of his own beauty and the intoxication produced by the world, and whose foot of moderation had departed from the path of firmness, as has been here and there shown by accounts of his proceedings from the beginning of his service of H.M. Jahftnbanl till the death of that lord^ of the age. Now that the ruler of the age (Humayun) had hastened along the highway to the world of permanence, and the Cycle-lord of the Earth (;Ckbar) had by means of sundry veils of seclusion rescued himself fiom the contentions and the disturbed hearts both of ascetics and of worldliugs, the blood of this crapulous debauchee and conuer* of obsolete almanacs was made worse than ever by evil thoughts.

Black bile and melancholia augmented the brain-trouble and

^ Badrwffdr, evil one of the age. * The meaim^ of this corioas *

But A.F. has not yet described Abu- phrase seems to bo that instead of

l-M’aSli s latter career, so I am in- being up to date ho thought only of

«lified to read with one MS, bOdrSz- the state of things uuder HuniA-

git, and to take the word as referring y Sn.

to HumSySu.

28

AlCBARMiMA.

•welled the materials of phrensy. He was drunk, and a mad dog bit him ; mad, and a scorpion stung him 1 Moreover, (some old servant^ of the world, who from an evil nature looked to nothing but their own interest, nay, rather who thought of nothing but their own spite, and did not in their folly and blindness distinguish right from wrong, were the means of adding to his delusions, and were ever pouring the drag of inconsideration into the wine of his arrogance

At this juncture, Bairam ^an-khanfm, who had taken into his skilful hands the bridle of the administration of the empire, and was putting order into distracted affairs, performed, as his first service after H.M. the SU^&hin^ah’s accession, the work of chaining up this drunken madman. The account ‘of this is as follows : As fl^the fumes of madness were circulating in the head of that firebrand, and the cap-peak of his understanding had been set awry by the wind of arrogance, the notes of s editious thoug hts became visible, and dis- affected imaginings came forth from behind their veil. On the third day after tho accession a great assembly was organised in tbe same deligbtful spot. H.M. the aj^abin^fth sate on the throne of sover- eignty, and the leaders and commanders respectfully stood aronncl. Before this meeting had taken place, a message had been sent to that reoalcitrant, announcing that a great festival had been agreed upon, and that affairs of state and finance would be brought forward, and

that his presence was necessary. That solf-conccited fool made ex- cuses, which were worse than hU offence, and among them were that he had not yet left off mourning (for Humayan), and that, supposing that he came, how would H.M. the S^fihinsbih behave to him, aud where would he sit in the assemhiyr »nd how would the officers come forward to receive him V As they were argent in sending for him, he threw off the veil and recounted the nearness of his relationship to H.M. Jahanbiini Jinnat iakiyani and the great consideration which the latter had for him. After making his attendance conditional on

certain things which were of no value, he had not come to a head. Ho sate down on H.M. the ffllshmAa right hand. It was the time when the festive board was a^ut to be spread, and when ho put out his hands to wash^ them, Tolog

t Th«> cufctoin was, and ia, to wssk iho kanda before eating as well ss alierwarda. See Hughea* Diet, of

iHtaiii, p. W8, quoUtion trom Mr.. Mcci* *AII.

• Bloclimniiii 444 >

CHAraiE VI.

29

Qilcin, who was strong and nitnHe, behaved dexterously, and coining t^m behind seized both of gUbJkh ^bd-l-M^aSirs arms, and made him a prisoner. Others who stood at the foot of the throne came forward to assist, abab Aba-l-M^anli became helpless from astonishment, and emrendered. The men who were with him, being, many of them, old well-wishors of the dynasty, had intentionally assembled before him and on the same day became anew immediate servants (of Akbar), and received royal favours. This was the first head of game that fell into fortune’s net.

In the institutes of sovereignty, and canons of justice, binding at.d imprisoning are commended for this reason that a trial should be made of ill-fated and contentious people. For man is a strange talis- man, and a riddle hard of interpretation. It is not right to send him to the abode of non-existence for one displeasing act which he may exhibit, for this lofty foundation cannot be rebuilt except by the hand of God’s power. Therefore, wise administrators have not approved of haste in doiqplishing and annihilating this high palace.

Ferae.

For the head of the slain cannot be joined on again.

Neither is it the part of enlightened persons to stain a prison with the existence of a man whose evil nature, sedition and strife- mougeriug, have been several times tested. But as the world-aflorning God has made H.M. the 3hiihin|b&h a perfect revelation of liis own ample compassion, lie snapped the thread of counsel in the hands of

Abo.l.MaSirn capture is told at greater length iti the Pjirbitr AkharT, 744, where 0 reference is made to the account gi\v?n by M’utam.‘id Khan in the second v’oli\mc of tho Jf|b&ln3nin. M’uiamad Kh^n tells tliut he heard froni A*zi 2 Koka, that BairSm KhSn only got Abu-l-M’aall to attend by pretending that Akbar wiis prepared^ to returii o favourite servant to him. ^h‘th AbQ>l>M’ual!’8 unmo does not occur in the lij^t in the Alii, because I’e end. J by being a rebel, see Bloch<

mann 366 n. Consequently, Blogh- lUAiin does not miijt spcciiil

biography of him. There is a good deal about him in BadSiliit. In nil album in the Bodleian library. Ouscley Add. 1/2, p. 1091, of Sacliau and £the s catalogue, there ^is a very oiiriotis picture by Akbiir’s artist ‘Adii-s* Samad, representing the seizure of AbQd’M’aall. Tohv| is represented as a tremendous giant, and Ahu l- as a simpering youth.

80

AEBARNAMA

well-wishers, and, granting life to this inexperienced young man, sent him to prison, so that in the beginning of the universe-adorning sover- eignty there might be nothing which had the appearance of tyranny. Though to endeaVour to annihilate tlio wicked is benevolence to all iminkiiid, yet, as it is a benevolence wliich in semblance is tyranny, it sliould not appear at such a new-y ear-season of fortune. They put this mad sedition -monger in chains and sent him to Lahore, where those charged with the business put him in charge of Pahlwan Gulgaz ^ (the rose eyed?) the Chief-Constable, {^asas) of Lahore. That luolish man, either from carelessness or from an evil design, did not exercise proper caution in guarding that wicked intriguer, and so the tatter escaped from jail. M. Sij.ah ^ and the other officers in Lahore imprisoned Pahlwan Gulgaz, and he from fear of disgrace took poison, and so freed himself from the prison of his body. Mun’im Kbun, to whom Kfibulistan was entrusted, was pleased on hearing the news (of Abu-l-M’aali^s imprisonment), and by stratagem sent for Mir Abu-l-M’aali’s brother, who held injdglr Kahmard, (Jhorbaiid . Zu^hiqi etc., and imprisoned him. This too wis a good proceeding.

One of the joyful events of this period was the sending a rescript of fortune to Kabul the abode of peace. When the imperial mind obtained respite from the necessary affairs of this region, it fixed itself upon the extirpation of Iskandar. He was passing his time in the Sivalik hills, and the expedition from Delhi had in truth been directed against him. But H.M. remembered their highnesses the Begums, and also he had promised, for the quieting of the devoted heroes who had recently come to India, that he would send all the old and trusty officers to Kabul • to bring quickly, iu tlie first place,

• Kalkaz in text. Maas may be regarded as uonyinons with K<.t,(ivdL

^ This M. Shill is the Shall >Iliza mentioned in Blochmann 461 as a grandson ol “Miihammud Sultan. It was ]\U uncle, who was also called Mirzi, who was killed in Al^ ghuniatanby Sh^h MuVammad. A.N. l.‘zbo. Sidi AH, p. .speaks ol hijii a^ thi’ goifi’iior <»f Isiliorc.

• .Mir HS?ihim is the person men- tioued by SidI ‘All under ihe name

of Kahmard Beg, p. 62. Either by his mistake or that of his translator the name of his Jdgir is put for his proper name.

i Apparently Sidi *All travelled with this party to Kabul, ree pp. 59 and He received a ia.ch from Akbar for his travelUiig expenses, in payment of a chronogram, but ap- greatly it waS uot, in cash, but an assignment on districts he was to pass through, p. 02.

oRimR ri.

31

their highnesses the Begums, and secondly, the families of the siM’vanis v>i the household into the delightsome and extensive lands olE India, so that men might become settled and be restrained in some Pleasure from departing to a country to which they were accustomed. Accordingly, Muhammad Quli Khan Barl^, Shumsu*d-din Muhammad Klian Atka, M. Hasan I^an, M. Khi^r Khan Hazara, BabQs, ^waja JMfilnddin Mahmud Bakh^i, and a number of others were sent with materials and with valuable presents for the purpose of performing this honourable function. On the fifth day after the accession the troops were gathered under the shadow of the victorious standards, and proceeded towards the hill country of the Sivaliks which is also called Hitnacal.^

^ This doe*^ not seem to be known nowadays as a name of the Sivalik mountains. A.F. uses the word Himacal in the AHn, Jarrett HI. 30 and 31. The mountains now known n>8 tho Siv&Uks are not snow-mount*

ains, but it appears from A.F. and also from BUbar s Memoirs. 323, that the name used to be applied to the great noirthem range. See Erskine’s note.

S2

akbabkAha,

CHAPTER VII.

Bboinning of the first Divine year apteb the holy accession or H.M. the aSiHlNSKAH, viz,, THE YEAS PaRWARDIn OF THE FIRST CYCLE.

As the world assumed spleudour from the justioe^illuminatiug sovereignty of this nursling of divine light, and the terrrene and terres- trials uttered rejoicings with the tongue of speech and of ecstacy, and gratefully expressed a vernal joy, and the outward and inward world received a new glory and lustre, the spring-time of soul and body burst forth into invocations of blessings. Twenty-five days after the auspicious time of the accession, viz., on ^Wednesday 28 Rabi’-as gani y63, there was the worlddDuminating New Year, and the Sultan of the East confronted Aries with bis world-adorning banners.

The world was freshened by the spring-breeze

The rain increased the glory of the earth

The sun joyful of soul, and a lover of joy

Tore in his delight the sheaths (lit., skin) of the flowers.

The rose (gul) brought out of the clay (gil) Kaus’s throne

The violet put c.. peacock (T^hs) plumes

A young spring burgeoned on every bough

And his scattering hand held every flower.

As the great luminary gavu new spirit to the age’s sorrowful

« It has been already stated, text p. S, that the accession took place on Friday which was properly the 3rd iUbt*-af-|\nI, sad now we have this supported by the statement that the New Year or 28 Rabl*-af-|inl was twenty-five days after the accession. B it il the 3id was a Friday then the JOtii must have been a Tuesday, and

not a Wednesday as here stated. In the T>^baqAt XkharT, Elliot V, 347, the date of the beginning of the Divine Era and of tlio New Year is given as Monday 37 Babi*-nMkliir. 10 March, 1&56. But at p. 241 the date of the accession is given as 2 Rabi*-a4-Sinf. and if this was ii Fri- day, the 27th would be a Tuesday.

CBAPTIB Vn.

ones, so did the joyful news of the ab&hinfA&Vs sacred accession gire thousands of life-conferring messages to the discerning and to the expectants cognisant of mysteries. The outer world receiTed happi* ness, and the inner world glory. The visible and invisible kingdoms harmonised and heaped radiance upon radiance.

Whoever^ has received felicitations from those who have been rurtnred in this light-increasing gathering of the spiritual and the temporal, well know what g^od wishes for long life. Inward and oni- ward prosperity, and spiritual and temporal balance are conveyed by them, and there are descriptions of them in ancient chronicles.* But who can tell the inner and outer bliss of a nursling of light whose felicitations are conveyed by Light in person, without man’s intervene* tion and by the effectual voices * of action, to wit that of world-adorn* ing spriug f

Ina^uch as the wise of the past and the present are agreed that whenever some glorious event is made the foundation of an er% the latter should begin from the proximate New Year,* without regard to a discrepancy either in previousness or in lateness; the sundry days before the Now Year were reckoned as inoluded in the New Year, end the latter was made the beginning of the Divine Era. Accordingly thi» has been recorded in the proclamation which has been set forth above. iVhenever the Divine Era be referred to, it shall be under- itood as commencing from the heart-expanding Spring.

Among tho great boons conferred by H.M. the ^h^hin^fib in the beginning of this year was the remission of taxes*) (2^4; ufamp&d).

’ The New Tear’s Festival. Ap- parently the . meaning is that who- ever has .received the blessings of persons see astomed to such festivals, . persons brought up in Persia, hnews how eloquent they are.

• Bntiaa nSmahd, This is said to he the title of some old book on l*»?rsian history used by FirdusI, hut iierhaps A j*. is not referring to particular work, but merely to Mew y. ar rejoicings which were «?u^toniary in Persia from the days *1 csiRllid.

5

^ Zahan-yf*ull, I believe that this expression is used with reference to the utterances of a Hcor whose pre- dictions or imprecations are bound to come into effect.

• So the Vikramiditya year begins from the vernal eqninox, and the Hijra from 1 Mobarram.

• A«F. does not distinctly say what these were, but his language implies that they were inland customs, and taxes on professions and trader The jiaya, or tax upon infidels, was net abolished till the 9tli j’car of ‘<hc

84

AXBABVAXA.

How cBn tke amount of thege be ettimaied ? Undoubtedly it was more than a elime’s rerenue. Tke Lord of the Barth prescribed those great blessingg as a thank-offering for Divine favours, and thereby made glad the caravans of merchants^ hearts, who bring abundance to the world of interdependence, and the minds of the crowds of men who are exponents of divinely fashioned arts. This excellent regulation drew after it bfij u tamgh& blessings. Although the circumstance of the ruler of the age^s being under a veil, and the cupidity of officials weakened for a while this excellent foundatioiiy yet as the SkfthinfkAh was determined on perpetuating the boon, though for some time it was not carried into effect, the blessings, that is, the good results thereof, were in a manner made manifest by th0 superintendents of fate. God be praised I At the present day, when the world-adorner of the Caliphate personally conducts everything, whether in whole or in detail, and when men are tested, and eveiy- one attains success proportionate to his aptitude, this best of gifts has obtained currency throughout the dominions, and although eloquent servants have in seducing language represented to H.M. the advan- tages and profits of the tax, yet as the right-choosing mind of H.M. the ShAhinobth is strongly attached to the acquiring of the Divine favour, and had therefore issued the order for the great boon, they have not been listened to, and have not withdrawn the classes of mankind from the obligation of returning thanks for this one out of thousands of benofits. May Almighty God grant to H.M. the Skiih- inahiili increase of years, and of gradations of dominion and joy, in proportion to the fruitful blessings of this gift end to the gladdening of so many souls and hearts which have attained rest owing to this favour I

reign, fext II. 203, if indeed the abo- the Imidtax, Government exacts

lition was real! j carried into effect so something from every individual,

eerly, for BadianT, II. 276, speaks of which extraordinary levy is called

the and isya as being abolish- taiiighS ** (pindwin’a translation),

cd in 987. i.s.„ the 24th. year. Tliere Akhar did not abolish all miscellane-

is a definition of the tamghb hi the ous inxes. Ho bad one on marriages,

Ain, Jarrett II. 67, where it is said Blocliinann 278, and another on

that whatever is collected from men horses, id. 215. A list of taxes abol-

beeides the local revenue is called ished is given in Jarrett II. 66. See tamglia. **Iii every kingdom kesidae alto p. 47.

cttmcft Tti.

S5

One of the occurrences of those fortunate days was that Mir ‘Abdu-l-latif,) the cream of the great men of Persia, and a mine of laudable dispositions came from Qazwin and was introduced at Court, and became the recipient of various favours. His excellent son, Mir Ohiasu^d-din A’li, who received royal favours, and was exalted by the title of Naqib Khan, accompanied him. Mir ‘Abdu-l-latif was distinguished for science, eloquence, trustworthiness and other noble qualities. From his lack of bigotry and his broadmindedness he was called in India a gbla* and in Persia a Sunni. CIn fact he was journey- ing on towards thts serene city of universal tolerance, and so the zealots of each sect used to censure him.

When the world-adorning standard spread the shade of victory over the environs of the town of Dahmlri ^ the victorious heroes and rank-breaking g^nzis, who had gone as an advance-guard under Pir Muhammad Khan, reached the foe in the Sivalik hills. They went firmly forward and with proper precautions, but as they were relying on the Divine fortune, whereas Sikandar was only supported by rash- nefi^, he broke off without actual fighting and threw himself into the defiles. The victoiDNi^ soldiers returned to the Court and were re- cipients of favours. The army in order to strengthen the foundations of t’aetion spent about three months there in hunting. Many land- holders came and did homage, and thereby acquired glory for them- selves. Among them was Dhartn ^ Cand, the Rajah of Nagarkot, who on account of the high estimation in which he was held, and of the number of his followers, cocked the cap of superiority over his con- teiUporaries. He by the destiny of eternal auspiciousness experienced the blessing of kissing the lofty threshold. By his alacrity in this service he made himself foremost in the hippodrome of obedience, and was exalted by attentions from H.M. the gh^hinglifth.

• One of the victorious things that happened at this time was Haji

^ Dhamrl in text, but the

place appears to be the Dahznfrf of tUe Ain. text I. 543. and Jarrett II. 313 . It is in Kangra, and is now known as Narpflr, a fact which is mentioned in the Khaliyit.at.tawi^ rtkh. Cunningham, An-

cient Geography of Ihdia. J), 143.

The name of NSrpSr is derived from NUr Jahiin the wife of Jahin- glr. The local pronnnoiation is Diihmcrl. It is also called Fathaniya and PathSnkot.

< The R&m Cand of the Xehaq&t* Elliott V. 249.

3a

AKBAHNAMII

Kbilu’s siege of N&rneul. The story of this is thatj when the unavoid- able event of H.M. Jahfinbini’s death became known, ^ajl Kbio# a distinguished slave of Sber Khan, besieged Narnaul with a large force. Rajah Biharf Mai* Kacw5ha, who by the favourable grace of the Sbshinfihfth, became one of the officers of Hie Sultanate, ^nd rose to a rank superior to that of all the Rajahs and Raises ir’ India, and whose sons and grandsons and whole clan rose to high rank and great office, as will be stated in their proper places, was then with ^ji Khnn. MajnQn* t»he jngfrdar, was shut up in Namauli

and the garrison had’ become straitened. The Rajah on account of his goodness and foresight interposed, and having got peaceable possession of the fort, he sent Majniin Kban to Court. When H.M.

, the Sb&hingk&h ascended the throne and Delhi was being governed by Tardi Beg Kb§n, the latter proceeded against ^ajl Kbsn, and after delivering Narnaul followed him into Mewat. There he chas- tised many of the wicked and obstinate, and then returned to Delhi where ho managed affairs with the courage of prudence. At the same time gbB*^kh Gadfii ^ Kamhu, of Delhi, came from Gujrat dnd entered into service. As during the time of the sojourn in Gujrat he had behaved well to Bairim Kbtn and shown him kindness, he 4raa recompensed, now that Balram £ban had the reins of power in liia 21 hand, by being promoted to honour, and by being made l^adr, and spent his days with respect among liis contemporaries.

As the rainy season was near at hand, H.M., with a view to the repose and comfort of his people, ordered a return, and made the town of Jalandhar bis camping ground. The rose-garden of the world was refreshed by justice, and for nearly five months the sublime army lived in enjoyment in that pleasant spot. The ambassadors of ‘Abd.u- r-raskld the ruler of Kashghar came and did homage They presented valuable gifts and received favours Irom the shadow of God The brief account of this is as follows : -

< Blochmann 828.

• Blochmann 369.

• Darbirl AkharT, p. 777, and M^asu-abumri III. 232. Gadit died in 977 (1569)i and the words, rnurda- i^k-kahlr, ’ great pigs carcase,*’ give the date. BadaQnl II. 119. His

father was a poet, and also autUor of a well-known book on the biogra* phies of saints^ See also Badlunfk Lowe 22, for a satirical account of S. GadM. He had a brother oallod A’bdu-l-Qai, Badadnl, Ranking ^

CBAPTIB Vll.

‘Abdn-r-radl^d O&n always kept up tbe of relationship, aod goiight a protection for himself by laying tho foundation of accord with the noble family. l^Jf. Jahftnb&n! Jinnat Aflliiy&ni also always treated him with kindness and nrbaiuty. One instance of this was- that at the time the expedition to India was in his lofty contempla- lion he had sent Shwfija ‘Abdu-i-BicOwho was of the noble line of Naqcbbandl Shwi^j^hs, to He now returned, and was

honoured by saluting the threshold of fortnne. The mler of ihAf sont M. 8bf^n^’d*din Husain Along with him, both to offer condolences (for Humftyftn^s death) and to express felicitations. Shw&ja ‘Abdn-l-Barl is son of Khwfija ‘Abdu-l-Shlfl, son of K. ‘Abdu- 1-Hidi, son of Sbw9]ag&n own son of E. Ai^rftr,’ — ^may his

graye be holy I M. 8harafn-d-d!n was son of K. Mn^in, son of K. IQl^wand MahmQd, younger brother of K.^Abda4-Had!,son of Kh^lija- gin KhwSja. M. 9hankfaddTn Husain came on account of these con* nections along with E. ‘Abdu-l-Bar! and entered H.M.^s senrice. The Mirsft was also of high family on the mother’s side, for his mother was Eicak Begum, daughter of Mir ^AlftalMalk of Tarmis, and of Fahhr Jahin Begum daughter of H,M. Srfd Sult§n All S’a!d M.

He* soon attained high rank, and became an Anural^lTihrfi, for he ad4ed good service to his high rank, and, by passing off his ontward show as a representation of his inner nature, made pretensions to the exalted dignity of sincerity. ^

This is a Court ‘vhere people turn a grain of sincerity into a world. Let no wrong thought prove a stumblingblock to you (0 reader), and do not say that to show this man (S}|aiafa-d-din) favour, above his rank was to transgress the laws of justice The place of justice is one thing, and the station of benevolence is another, though 22 in matters of this kind an inorease of trust on the part of this spiri* toal and temporal Lord (Akbar) is a means of applying a test, and of ascertaining character, by administration of the world’s wine which overthro ws the unmanly and sets up the virile. Extraneons • nobility

^ BewisU. Perhaps the meaning rebelled and eventually was poisoned

here is that he was the eldest son. by another rebel

Blochnwnn 322. t Th. Lnekaow ed. ud th* LO.

1 ^ ooniBiiettei a ■!»«

«‘Uin WM married to Akbar’s sister iSnitkm and before afdhW.

Bakhlht Baud in 966. He afterwards I

88

▲liBAltNiMA.

is liable to handreds of molestatioasi and granting tbat these moles- tations {i.e., temptations) be avoided^ outward associations and super- ficial relationships do not result in the attainment of the desired object. Inward links aud intrinsic purity of soul are in

order that a true test may be applied by the touchstone of sincerity. How many members of the world’s noble families come to the sublime court and make pretensions to^loyalty and sincerity I But as the dust of the dominion-guarding threshold is a tonchstone for human gems, their merits and demerits are ^on revealed, and meet with their fit- ting recompense. Those who were pure within, and were endowed with real nobility, rose in rapk day by day, and those who made an embroidered robe of outward purity the veil of inward nastiness, aud sold barley while passing it off as wheat, were in the end involyed in loss aud ignominy and became disgraced for ever and even Aocord- lngly« ^he case of M. Qhai’Afu-d-dfn Husain, and of hundreds like him, has been a warning to the wise and the reflecting. The relation of a small portion of the history of each in its proper place will open the path of auspiciousness to the generality of mankind.

During the time that the camp was at Jalandhar ’ Kamfil Khan Gakhar, son of Sullen Sirang, younger brother of Sultan Adam^ warmly followed up the old loyalty, and attained the blessing of kissing the threshold. He became the recipient of princely favours, and was included in the list of officers. He did good service in the war with HemU and at MSnkot, etc., and became the object of special attentions from H.M. the Shuhin^fth.

I Blochmann 455.

CHAPTIB Tin.

89

CHAPTER VIII.

Account^ of tm diblotalty of M. SuLAiMi!f,HM biioi of mi foit

OF KaBULj HIB PBACIABLl BBTIBEMINT, ABB TICtOBT OF THl IMPIBIAL BBBYABT8.

Daring the auBpicioua time which the Bublime army was spends ir.g in Jalaudliari news came of the rebellion of M. Sulaimfin. Ar mngementB were made for Bending Buccour. The particulars of this affair are as follows : When the terrible news of the death of H.M. JahanblinI Jinnat l^iyln! reached Kabul and Bada^^An^ M. Sulai- nifin and his son M. Ibrfthim, whether because there is little truth or sincerity in that conntryi or whether because of their inexperience and ignorance, which degraded them from the rank of self-interest and made them seek their own harm, or because they out of an evil disposition sought their own adYantage in the injury of others, or at the instigation of wicked, short-Bighted persons who looked to nothing but their OYm interest, and the prompting of Haram * Begum the MfrsA*S wife, without whose concurrence he could not conduct any 28 of his state-buBiness, and whom he, out of weakness (kHeahdUt) had made ruler OYer himself, from exceeding shortness of thought, ancl heedleBB of the fact that the throne of the Caliphate had receirecl

A The account of the siege of Kabul seemB to be taken chiefly from BlyiiTd of. 81 at sag. He was in Kabul at that time and took an ac- tive part in defending the fort, and was wounded hj an arrow. See JJL.8.B. for 1896, Part I, p. 896. Biyisld describes the arrangements made for mentioning Snlaimln’s name in the Friday prayers. He says 866. that the arrangement way that Bolaimin’s Imim should offer up the prayers in the Hadrissa of Mulla^Abdu-l-Shiliq. Ho then dee- cribes how tho prayers were SHwed up

with the usual names for Akhar, the gate being kept shut, and Salaimin*s Imim not being admitted nntil they were over, p. 866.

S Bloobmann 312 calls her Khnr. ram Begnm. In. A.N. HI. 149 her father is called SnlfSn Wats, of Kfllib. There is a good deal abont her in the third volnme. See also* Biyisld and Oulbadan. Biyis4d describee how she eame to Kabul after quarrelling with her husband, and intended to go to India, and how IfuiiHm induded her to retoni.

40 AKbabkAma.

eelMtial eleTBtion by the sacred accession, departed from their here- ditary obedience and dutifulness to H.M. the Sb&hindlSh, whose serrice is productive of greatness, and raised the head of rebellion. M. Sulaimfin looked to the coufusiou of the time and to the apparent immaturity of the Khedive of the world, which was but a veil of world-adorning beauty, and laid claim to sovereignty. At a time which was the season for showing gratitude and for requiting favours, vii.f the education and regard which had been bestowed on him by H.M. Geti Sit&nT FirdCs Mabfini and H.M. JahSnbfinl Jinnat AghiyAnl, by perforinhig good service and thereby winning the praise of mortals, and by proffering with a good intention and a firm resolve, the jewel of his fidelity to be tested by acute assayers, attaining to success, spiritual and temporal, he, from an evil nature and want of decency, passed beyond the omissions of ingrates, and washed the glorious rolls in the waters of sin and then flung them on the earth of rebel- lion. * He changed duties (haquq) into disobediences (aquq) and took the path of shamelessness. ^Ue gathered together his dispersed troops fioin the hill-country of Badakl}9b»n and held out to his ungrateful heart the prospect of an attMck upon Kubul^

l^aram Hegum was the daughter of Mir Wais Beg, and mother of M. Ibrrililui, and Svns known by the name of Wall N^iamat (1^^7 beiicfii’once). In early days, when’ H.M. Jahfinb§ni was meditating nil expedition to India, she had come on a visit of condolence for the deatli of M. Hiiidul, in order that she might sympathise with the chaste ladies (lulcahra Begum and Gulbadan Begum who were the sisters of H.M. Jahfinbaiil Jinnat A^iyanl. This was the Begum^s o.stensible design, but in reality her motive was a quarrel with her liu.sbund and son which had led her to leave them and to determine on a pilgrimage to Mecca. I’ho cause of the disagreement was that as the Begum by her ability and planning managed the political and financial affairs of BadAkhshan, and exercised full powers in favouring one part and deprcs.siiig another, envious and narrow-minded people wickedly said improper things about her to M. Ibrahim and so made him displeased with her. So far did this go that that simpleton of a Turk lost his self-control and got hold by a stratagem of Gaidar Beg, the Begum’s younger brother, and about whom men had their

1 8se sup^ p. 270.

CRAPTtH Vlfl.

41

siAspicioBS ’ ; and pnt him to death. The Begum was displeased at this and came to Kabul. For some time she was in attendance on the chaste ladies. After that, the MfrzSs (father and son) repented of what they had done^ and sent men and induced the Begfum to i^eturn. She in lier little sense, and evil soul, had seen the outward state of Kabul, and resolved to get possession of it. She represented this to M. SulaimSn as an easy undertaking, but the prestige of H.M. JahSnbfim made success impossible to those short*sighted wicked 24 people.

When the unavoidable event (HumiyCin^s death) occurred this Wali N’iamal Kliir-N^iamat (this so-called bene&ctressi but really ^orgetter of benefits) became in a roadless country the guide in paths of destruction. When Mun^im KbI&n learned the state of the case, ho wisely did not engage in battle, but set himself to putting the fort in order, rebuilt what was broken, and repaired the bastions and bul- warks. He reported the matter to the world-protecting Court before the seditious Mfrzfi could stir up the dust of strife in Kabul. The MTrzn, looking with his shallow vision to his own numbers and the paucity of the imperial servants, went on, march by march, and ar- rived at Kabul in the beginning of the first Divine Year, that is, in the middle of spring, and besieged it. In the first encounter he showed his impetuousity and contentiousness and was prominent in fighting. There was a hot fight between the loyal Kabulis^ and the bold BadahhlbTs. The fire of attack and defence burst forth. Each day the braves on the side of M. Sulaimfin advanced to the foot of the fort and gave proof of courage, and made attacks on the gates, llie loyal men of Kabul made every exertion to defend the fort, and disposed of those unmeasured assailants by firing on them with cannon and muskets from the walls. Callant and active men also came out of the fort and fought courageously. As these experienced warriors were upheld by the eternal fortune of H.M. the Sbfthindifih, the^ were victorious in spite of superior nnmfbers, and were neveh under any apprehensions.

When the state of the case became known from Mun’im Kbin’s representations, attention was given to sending an army^ Many

• Perhiins the meaning is that they suspected his l)eing really the brother el 9aram, for it appears from A.N. 0

III. 14S460 that they induced lb- rihfm to briifve that there wan a criminal intimacy between the two.

42

AnUlVlMA.

represeixted that the force which had left to bring away the chaste ladies was sufficient for the purpose, and before H.M., on account of sundry necessary matters in India, had arranged about sending help, Kabul and the Kabulis were by God’s help delivered fror the MTrz&’s troubling. Though the troops who had gone to bring away the chaste ladies did not take part in the affair, yet when they arrired at the Indus, and it became known in Kabul that troops were coming from India the courage of the besieged was heightened, and th^ op< ponents were disconcerted. The M)rz& had recourse to wiles and stratagems, and sent as his ambassador QSij^I Kbiiu ^ Badakhd^I, who was one of his special intimates, and was distinguished by his knowl- edge and wisdom, and who by his good fortune and innate auspici* 25 dusness spent the last part of his life in the service of H.M. the Sbnhin Auh and became one of the constant attendants on the thresh- old of fortune. A short account of this will be given in its proper place. He used his talents on this occasion, but was not successful. Mun’im knowing that the proper course was to keep him under siirvoillance did not give him leave to depart. He showed him great kindness and managed that he should get the impression that there was abundance of food and plenty of heartiness in the garrison. So well did he contrive that in spite of total want of stores this clear sighted ambassador became convinced, contrary to the fact, that there was complete arrangement and plenty of provisions. By ^is far-seeing plan he carried out an excellent work. After soma time Muu’iiu dismissed the envoy and sent this message ; God be praised that I am upheld by such a Lord of the Age, and that there are so many brave and loyal men within the fort that 1 could sally out and give battle. But I am not going to let caution slip. Hundreds of thanks for this that there are provisions and stores for the garri- son which will last for years, and that besides this the army of India, which is more numerous than ants or locusts, will soon arrive with a complete equipment. Give up this malign design, and do not make yourself one to be pointed at by high and low as an iugrate, nor put thtf stain of an evil name on the cheek of good fortune. You could not seduce mere men of courage by promises, how then could you succeed with this noble band who by help of good fortune have left

Btcdnnaan 440. Biylsld calls him Qipi Nisim.

CHAPm tOL

4t

behind this lowedt of and etteined lo tte h^TeH of nnoerity t

How can 70a move from their place by deocpiioa and deceit this hal* lowed body of men f

The hGrsi who had vain desires in his head from the hope of the inhabitants becoming unfaithful^ and of the gairiion^s want of suppliesi at onc^ fell into despair and sent the Qi^ Sbinbaok to the fort. As the latter had ascertained the distress 6f the populace from the long siege he knocked at the door of peace with onerous condi- tions. Mun’im whose heart had been set on being killed^ took pity on himself and on the straits of the besieged and agreed to a peace. As the enyoy was a capable man he made It the first oondi* tion of peace that the Khuiba should be recited in the name of that disgrace to his name; that feeble of understanding, that disrespeotful and incapable one ! Here Mnn^im S^in left the path of truth ac- cording to the plotting of sincerity-professing hy{ ocrites and agreed to such an indignity. The next condition was tliat the other side of the Baran should belong to Badakbdltn, and be the property of the Mirza. Mun’im agreed to this outwardly, ^ot inwardly, and

gave permission to have the recited in the manner that had

been agreed upon, in one of the mosques, and in the presence of a few persons. The Mlrz& left Muqdim Beg at the river Barin id protect the territory in question and returned to BadakbldtSi^* SB

return of the Mirza and the ousting of Muqdim Beg, were ode and the same thing. Owing to the loyalty of right-thinking serrants Kabul was freed from the claws of so many ungratefnl men, and re- reired order again from the justice of Mun’im The ungrate-

ful Mirza went off to BadaU^Sbfn after having prepared the leaven of his own destruction.

Good God I the victorious imperial servants who had the charge of the Sbfhingb^h^s affairs, whether on account of the attractions of India, or from other worthless motives, did not chastise M. Sulaimin.

But the eternal good fortune which waited on the stirrup of H.M* the Sbahinsbah took measures for giving him the recompense of bis * disrespect. Accordingly, defeats^ and disasters befell the Mini, stage by stage, and God the Avenger brought the overthrown Mini,

and take refuge with Akbar. See infra, text 111. 148 ng.

^ H. Sulairasn lost his son in an expedition against Balkh* even- tually Lad to fly from Badakbfih&n

44

AXhAUKkUk.

wko hmi withdrawn hin head from obedience to his liege lord, to kiss the threshold of the mankind-protecting Court. Though the ostensible managers of imperial affairs did not take steps to punish the Mirsi, the real Stewards were at work and put his punishment into his bosom. This will be recounted in its proper place.

At length, when the Kabulis, by being under the Divine protect tion, were released from the calamities caused by wicked men, it was decided that the litters of the chaste ladies, H.H. Miriam Makaui, Gulbadan Begum and others should, in accordance with the sacred directions, proceed to India. They all happily and auspiciously joined H.M. the Qhahin^ah and prostrated themselves in thanks to God for temporal and spiritual favours. A brief account of their journey and adventures vrill be given hereafter. (See infra, p. 54, of text).

CRAPTIB tX.

CHAPTER IX.

Th« AREITIL OF NEWS OF THE SEDITION- MONQBRINO OF HbmO^ AND THE MARCH OF THE ARMY OF FORTUNE TO QUETJu THE tTBlFE OF THAT HVILLY-ENDINO MISCREANT.

Ajb yet the arranging mind was not at rest about the doiiigf of lakandar, and it was watching the commotion at Kabul, wllen news came to Jalandhar on 31 Mihr, divine month — 8 Zi-^ajja (18th October, 1556), of the arrival of Hemu in whose brain the ambition of lover- eignty was stirring, and of whom some account has been already given ; of his engaging in battle with the great officers, of their want of steadiness, and of his having taken possession of Delhi. Tne short account of these events is as follows : Battles book place between Hemu and Ibrahim, who was a claiinant for the Sultanate, and the former was always victorious. Sultan Muhammad, who had 27 assumed the kingly title in Bengal, was also defeated, and was made to tread the land of annihilation. Hemu also engaged in conflicts with Taj Karariini and Rukn Khan Nuhani and defeated them. He fought two and twenty battles with the opponents of Mubferiy. Khan, and was victorious in all of them. His victories impressed him with evil ideas, and ho did nut perceive that the victory of a futile person over one more futile than himself is no reason for being bold eiioujrh to tilt against a mountain of iron. At the time when H.M. JahanbanI, with the assistance of the armies of God, conquered India, Hemu Was otherwise engaged, and his vain imaginings did not show themselves.

Now that the masnad of the Caliphate was resplendent from the personality of H.M. the Sthahinsbah, he turned his attention from his rivals and, with a large force of men and war-elephants from the * eastern districts, marched towards Delhi, leaving MubSriz Khan, of whom some account has been already given, in Cunur. The officers who had been deputed to those provinces assembled at Delhi. TardI Beg ^an became the arranger of the different bodies, and mpde preparations tor giving battle. He heartened every man by language which might pive coinfuri to the disconcerted Many bravt and

4 »

AtJikBSlUA.

MiJoas men came in from the districted bat ‘Ali Qull Sh^ibanid who was engaged in Sambal in patting down some despicable AfghanSd could not join the imperial servants.

The short account of this is that Shadi ©an, one of the chief ofBcers of Mubariz ©an, had many par g anas of Sarkar Sambal in his possession. ^Ali Quli ©an proceeded this year, which was the beginning of the Divine Era — may it for ever be conjoined with auspicioosness ! — to put him down. He sent before himself several of his own officers snoh as Ma]|^^bbat ©an, Laj^if ©fin, and Ghla$a-d- din, in order that they should cross the Rahab ^ and wait for his arrival. The wine of courage withheld this force from plan and preoaution, which are the first stage of prudence, ©adl ©an suddenly fell upon them and routed them. These incapable ones fought without method and let slip the reins of steadiness. Lajif ©an and a number of others were drowned. ^Ali QulT ©lan on hearing of this misfortune proceeded with a body of his troops, with whom were Mahdl Qaaim Khsn, Bftba S^aid Qibcaq, and Muhammad Amin Diwana, to attack Slilidi ©an. On the morning of the day that he had determined on crossing the river, a letter arrived from Tardi Beg ©an stating that Hemu was coming with large prepara- tion, that the crushing of that wretch was the most important matter, and that he should come immediately. ^Ali Quli ©an withdrew hi.s hand from his enterprise and marched towards Delhi, but before ho arrived, the officers had fought and lost a great battle, and Delhi, the capital of India, had fallen into HemiVs hands, thus furnishing inaterials for his intoxication, and for the increase of his arrogance. This happened by fate for purposes known to God alone, or it waa biaought about by evil designs on the part of Maulana Pir Muhd. Sbirw&Qj. Away I Away I the cause rather was that the vaunting, •dif-praising officers might not lay the Lord of the earth under any obligation ; or rather it was to show the supreme power of this Lord cf throne of fortune, and that the new conquest of India might be due to the arm of him who was helped by heaven.

The brief account of this instructive disaster is as follows : The

J P€rka\is the ftahap of Balmr’a is also spelt Rahal. It cannot be the

Memoiri, Erskiiie 313. It is spelt RaptI, as Erskiiie supposes, and is

Hahap in the TurkI, and also in the app.irently the Ram Oanga, Elliott Bombay edition of the Persian. It I. 49.

CBAPTSU i:.

47

victories of this wretch (Hemfl) over the opponents of Mublris — those giddy ones of the baiting place of destruction — had led him into evil imaginings, and when the news of the unavoidable event of H.M. Jahanb&ni Jinnat Jshiyani’s death reached the provinoes, ho, out of short-sightedness, took into consideration the confusion of iho time and had the audacit}^ to determine that he would give battle to the sublime army of H.M. the Stiihindilh, for whom the Divine aid is secnrity. That shallow superficialist made the youthful years of the great one, over whose might a luminous veil had been oast, a cause of increasing his courage. The abundant wealth, and the numbers of soldiers and munitions of war, whioh had been left by so many rulers of India, added to his bol d nes s and daring, as also did the evacuation by victorious officers of the cities and towms of the dominions. At length he set off on his evil enterprise with S0,000 cavalry, 1,000 elephants, 51 cannon, and 500 faloonets.

Tardl Beg Sl^nn prepared the materiiJfi of resistance in Delhi, and having called together the officers who had come in from their posts, made arrangements for battle.^ He both made his own heart strong in courage, and heartened those who were deficient. At length on 24 Mihr, Divine month, of the first year, corresponding so Tuesday 1 Zihajja 968, (6th October, 1556), Hemilthe wretch arriTsd near Delhi with all his equipments and encamped in TagfilaqAbad ; the officers assbmbled and deliberated. Many of the brave men from 29 motives of prudence, and some out of cowardice, were not willing to Hght. They said, that until the Sbshinihsh’s army arrived they Should by every possible raeans strengthen the fort and sliould geek an opportunity of making a night attack. Borne recommended waiv- ing till the arrival of *A1T Qull ^an and the officers of that oonntli^ Sambal). Some heroes who would give their lives for fame, and to vrhose lojml .minds the battlefield was more attractiTe than the banquet-hall, were saying, Let ns regard the opportunity as a boon

Verse.

Fortune cries " quits to him

Who does to-day^s work to-morrow.

At length they all decided upon giving battle, a»^d all girded up th» loins of courage. On the day of Jrad 25 Mihr, Divine month, corresponding to 2 ?i^jja, (7th October, 1556), both armies drew up.

48

AnAlHllfA.

The centre was commanded by Tardi Beg Khan, Afzal Khnn, Ashraf Khan, and Manlani Pir Muhd. gbirwani, who had como there as Bairam Khan’s agent to look after the affairs of the imperial servants, or with malicious intent and in order to confound Tardi Beg Khan’s prosperity, were also in the centre. Haidar Muhd. Khfin, Qasim Makhlis, Haidar BakhshT, ‘Ali Dost Khan Barbegi, and a number of others were on the right wing, and Iskandar Khnn and another body were on the left wing. ^Abdullah TJzbeg, Qiyfi Khan, L’al Khan and a number of others formed the vanguard. On the side of the enemy also the troops were drawn up in martial stylo, and they came for- ward and made manful endeavours. The heroes on both sides cast the thought of life from their hearts, and did great deeds. The intrepid spirifs of the vanguard aud left wing of the army of fortune displayed valour, and drove off before them the vanguard and right w ing of the enemy, and followed in pursuit of them. Their deeds and valour were such that the souls of Bnsti^m and Isfandlyar sang their praises, and that the voice of the Age and of mankind extolled them a thousand times. Four hundred noted elephants were among the spoil, and Bai Husain Jalwani,^ a leading man among the enemy, was overwhelmed in the ocean of annihilation. More than three thousand of the ill-fated foe descended in the fight to the dust of non-exisconce.

The proud Hemfi, who joined extreme daring to craft was ever following feline stratagems. He collected 800 chosen elephants and a body of life-sacrificing men, and separated them from the rest of 80 his army and awaited the moment for flight or for fight. At the time when the victorious army had gained such an advantage and were pursuing the fngitiTOS, and while a body of them was busied in plun- dering and in carrying oM the spoil, Tardi Beg IQian, who held the post ^ of honour on this field of bravery was standing with a small force contemplating the scene. The cunning Hemu saw his oppor- tunity and attaoked them. The comrades of Khwnjah * Sultan ‘Ali, who had the title of Afzal Khan, and of Mir Munsbl, who was called AiJ^raf * Khan, and a number of others — altogether they ^ were but

• Of Jalsun, a district in the Jhaiis, " Blorlimann 376.

division. * Apparently he only got this title

• Boidfdrdh Apparently this only afterwards.

means that lie was the general in ^ The MSS. are not uniform here^

pommand* Among other differences, instead of

OHAPm IX.

40

few— -did not beliave with conrag^ ; and Manlana Pir Muhammad ^ alap chose dight in ord^r to min the Commander-in-chief- ghip of Tardi Beg Khan Tardi Beg l^an^ the time of whose retri- bution for past disloyalty was nOar at hand, reckoned his life as dear^ and chose the ignominy of flight}^ Thus when things were so far ad- vanced, and such a victory had displayed her countenance, there came a catcuitrophe.

Whoever shall, out of a disordered intellect, enter upon such a no-thoroughfare (berdh), abandons his * own interest — let alone sinceri- ty and loyalty — and shows a disregard for his own reputation, which substantially consists in guarding his master^s sovereignty. Assuredly, there is no need for me to say that in this crisis his blood was spilt and that his honour was spilt. The fate of this lover of his life be- came a warniuj^ to the wise. I need pot mention magnanimity in connection with this matter. Why should I search for that rare and priceless jewel in dust-bins 7 Pm not so inexperienced 1 Bat this I can say ; it has been proved by a succession of utterances by sages, and is abundantly clear, that a runaway receives more wounds than the brave man who endures the stress of battle, and that lovers of tlieir lives and fliers from death are trampled upon by the forces of destruction sooner than those who covet death and are intrepid in fight. If a man will exercise a little moderation, and not show de- pression in time of adversity, or intoxication in time of prosperity, he will never see an evil day. A number of the reckoners up of regis- ters of deeds think that Tardi Beg coming to such disgrace

is a kind of expiation for the disloyalty which ho showed towards U .M. Jahanbani Jinnat Ay^iyftni in the beginning of the journey in Persia Oo to, could this be an expiation for disloyalty 7 And can a disgrace such as this be placed in the balance of justice as a counterpoise to the shameful act 7 Because he saw the Lord of the Age, who had been brought for the perfecting of the “visible and in- visible, in the disguise of boyhood, and did not pay regard to him.

Kama hu of the text we have ham hu. Probably the correct reading is that of the I.O. MSS. which have ham twice over, the meaning bemg that the comrades were neither nnmeroiia nor courageous.

7

I M*utamid says that he baa heard from trustworthy people that Fir Muhammad was largely respon sible for Tardi Beg’s defeat.

^ M*uamla-i-noadagaf9na os 4ot dikadf Gives up his trado

BO

▲KBAEViXA.

Elia wanted to sbow off his own greatness, the world-adoming God in- flicted snch punishment on this self-approver. Alas 1 Alas ! Wh at 31 short^ghtedness this was I Or rather the stewards of fate increased the arroganoe and intoxication of Hemu in order to show the majesty of the Sh&hinshfth, so that that self-conceited self-worshipper appeared great in the eyes of the short-sighted, of whom the world is full. Afterwards he was seized and cast down to the ground of overtfarowal so that his disgrace might become collyrium to the eyes of the short- sighted, and that by drawing somewhat nigh to the glory of the Lord of the Age, they might be more careful to obey his commands, which compose the arrangements of the visible and invisible.

In fine, Hemu, who was seeing his own large army thrown into confusion and scattered, regarded this strange event (Tardi Beg^s flight) as a trick of his enemy, and did not pursue Tardi Beg Xhan, bot proudly drew up his forces on the very field of battle. The rank- breaking heroes who had followjed the fugitives were amazed when they returned, and hastened off in the same direction as Tardi Beg Khan. After this Hemu entered Delhi and increased his arroganoe, ■o that his intoxication became madness.

When this unnatural occurrence was made known to the sublime Court, H.M. the Shahinshah in the strength of his far-seeing wisdom was not affected by it, and issued orders to the embroiderers of honour s carpet and the battle-field-adomers, that they should set forth in a propitious hour and chastise that arrogant blockhead. He lighted up the face of royal majesty with the colouring of submission and snrrender to the Divine will, and oast the shadow of favour on the management of the affairs of world’ government. As his mind was not satisfied about the matter of Bikandar, he left a force under the charge of Khizr Khwaja Khan, who belonged to the race of the rulers of Moghulistan, and who having been exalted by an alliance, ^ with the sublime family, was highly honoured among the Amirs, to put order into the distracted affairs of the Punjab and to quell the dis- turbances caused by Sikandar. Ue then addressed himself to the overthrowal of Hemu.

^ Ho bad married Gulbadan Bopum. Rose Mil. The T. AkbarT and KhSfl

half -ffiater ol liumSyun He is I Khan describe him aa belonging to

th»r*k, the Khi?r K. Sultan, son of the Kiw^ghar family.

Aiman K of T. Rashidf, Elias and

CBAPTIft n*

51

As the festival of the “Id Qurban waS near at hand, the prepara- tions for holding, it were made, and in an auspicious hour on the day of Bahman 2 Xban, Divine months corresponding to Thursday 10, Zi- I’hajja, which was the ‘Id Qurban, there was an assemblage in the ‘Idgah, and after the rites of the feast had been performed, H.M. took up his quarters there. An order {firman) was addressed to Tardi Beg and tiiie other officers, directing them to keep up their hearts and to stand firm. The gist of it wps that they should not despair on account of an occunrenco* which, in accordance with the Divine decree, had emerged into light from the chamber ot secrecy ; that the Divine Artificer of wonders uses a variety of colours ; and that they should, as a matter of extreme caution, assemble at the town of Thinosar and there await the arrival of the imperial army. Next day he moved from there under the guidance of Divine wi^om and on Iban the 10th of Aban, the Divine month, corresponding to Friday the 18th Jihajja encamped at Sahrind. The defeated officers and 32 ‘A17 Qull ^aibani had come to the neighbonrhood of Sihrind before the receipt of the imperial orders, and after paying their homage Were favourably dealt with.

One of the occurrences of this time was Bairam Khan’s putting Tardi Beg Kh&n to death. The account of this affair is as follows : Bairam Qan recogxdsed Tardi Beg l^an as his rival and was alVays apprehensive of him. Tardi Beg too regarded himself as leader of the army and was lying in wait for an opportunity to overthrow Bair§m Oan. Each, too regarded points of bigotry as of the essence of religion, and made them additional reasons for watching for oppor- tunities to ruin one another. In spite of such mutual antagonism, the origin of which was want of understanding and envy, they from motives of feigning and deception stood in the relation of tuqdn ^ to one another, and tiiqdn means in Tiirki brother {hamzdd), Bairam Khan thought that this occasion, wheir Tardi Beg Khan was defeated and ashamed, was opportune, and so renewed his friendship and affection and brought him to his house through the exertions of Maulana Pir

and pronounced

^iq-qan U given in Shaw’a Turkl M meaning brothers and sis- According to MOfnmid Khin

Bairam and Tardi Beg called one another tuqdn, t.e.» broi ^er. Badauni says that Bairam called Tard! Beg tuqdn, meaning elder brother.

52

AXBABNllfA

Muhamn^ ^an. Allepng a purpose of ^ purification (taJidrat), he left him in his pavilion and went out, and his myrmidons entered and put Tardi Beg to death.® Swwaja Suljta’n 111 » and the Mir Mun^I,* who wore suspected of treachery and privity, were imprisoned along with Khanjar Beg‘ who was nearly I related to Tardi Beg. H.M. the Sh^l^ingtiah from policy and wisdom had ostensibly withdrawn him- self from the management of affairs and was engaged in hunting. Or his motive was to screen himself for a time from the evil thoughts of the short-sighted, and to observe the degrees of good service, and the stages of fidelity in men, and to fix them in his acute mind, and that the stratagems of the evil-minded might become clear to his heart without the intervention of others. On the very day that this thing occurred he, according to his usual custom, was enjoying the pastime of hawking in the pleasant plains of Sihrind.

When he heard the facts he, out of his plenitude of wisdom, expressed no astonishment. He left the retribution to God,, and uncomplainingly contemplated the decrees of Providence. When he returned in the evening from the hunting-ground, the Khanan sent Maulani Pir Muhammad ghirwan? to him and represented that the cause of his presumption was solely his devotion to the throne. Tardi Beg Shan bad knowingly and treacherously elected in this battle the ignominy of flight. His insincerity, and hypocrisy were 33 known to all, for from first to last he had behaved badly. If such offences were passed over, the enterprises which H.M. had in view would not be accomplished. He was much ashamed of his presump- tion in not taking permission. The cause of this daring was that H.M. was a mine of kindness, and a fountain of benevolence. Cer- tainly he would not have agreed to his (Tardi Beg) being killed. Under these circumstances if an order forbidding the deed had come from H.M., it would have keen presumptuous beyond all bounds to

^ Badsunl sayi Bairlw went out at time of eveming prajeri om the pre- tence of iaharat (ablution? fTssS (r) before prayeri ?)

® Feriihta says that he has heard from good authority that the exe- cution of Tardi Beg was necessary^ as otherwise the catastrophe of Hu-

msySne overthrow by Sher Sh^u would have happened over again.

’ Blochmann 376.

♦ Blochmann 389.

• Blochmann 533, and T. Akbnri^ Lucknow ed., 387. Ue was famed for liis knowledge of muaic.

CFAPTIR IX.

5d

act in opposition to it^ while to obey the order, would haTe caused disorder in the country, and sedition in the army. He hoped that he would approve of him with the glance of pardon so that other evil- doers might take warning.” The lord of the world, visible and in- visible, graciously received Bairum Khon’s messenger and accepted the excuses of the ]^an-IG^anan. He soothed him by marks of favour and confidence, and addressed himself to the extirpation of contention.

54

CHAPTER X.

Detachment of victorious troops prom thi army op H.M. the

SjSlHlNSBiH BT WAY OF AM ADVAMCBD FORCE.

When the wopld-adoming standards eaai Ike rays of victory on the plain of Sarai Karunda (f)/ an Order was issued that a distin- guished force composed of devoted heroes should be sOnt in advance of th^ main ariny. Accordingly Iskandar ]^ftn Uzbeg^ ^Abdullah K}isn Uzbeg, ‘All Quli Khin Andar&bl Gaidar Muhammad XUta begl| Muhammad Jalftfr^ M. QulI L^al fiadakhshi,

Majudn Kban Q4qfibui» &nd many brave men marched under the leadership of Xli Quli Kbin gbaibani. Bairam Eb^n sent with them his own followers, Husain Quli Beg, son of Wall Beg, 3bib Ouli Mahram, Mir Mubammad Qftsim of Nf|bipur^ Saiyid Mahmud B&rhi^ end Auzftn Bahadur, together with other zealoua and ei:- perieneed soldiers, that they might be the foremoit of ^e advaneed guard {har^aUi’manquld ) put warmth into the oris^’s of oourago and self-sacrifice, and might test each other’s skill and valour. Those lucky opes took charge of the marshalling of the troops, and distributed them, in accord with the rules of victory and the code of strategy, into right* and left wing, centre and vangu…d, rei^r- guard, reeerve, * flank, archers (dgd), and altamgb^ ^ and made each part illnstridns by the splendour of devoted ability and sincerity,

1 There are ^ious rexidjiDgs, one being KaharUnda, but 1 cannot iden- tify bhem. Ferishta calls the place Nau^liahra which is ]ii*obably the Nawaihahr of this l.G. X. Ap> parently the place .is iiteutical with the Eaharmanda of Badaunl II. 15, which he aays is now a famous Berai, and posaiblj the place meant by both passages is the KharkhQda of the Ain, Jarrett 11. 104 and 287, see text 1., pp. 368 and 520, and the

LG. Ylll. 168. It belonged to the Borkfir of Delhi and ij now in the Bohtai^ district. Only aa Akbar marched to PSnlpat from J&landhar by way of Kamil, any place in Boh* tak seems top Car south. The place is called Serai Kharlinda in the Kh8- lifat-Taw&rlkh*

• These military terms are Turkish, and are not ail given in our diciic?v‘ ariea. See Bihar’s Memoirs, 227 and

306. Jfarji however is Arabic, an«^

OHAPm z.

and strengthened the riotoriona troops by the gleaming swords of reteran lovers of battle.

Inasmuch as Trust in God {liL in the foundation of fortune) is a profound mental habit^ and is for supreme lords the best vanguard ^ of victory, the Earth^s Khedive, after making the subsidiary arrange- ments, applied his mind to supplicating God, the Giver of life, the ac- complisher of desires, the executor of causes ; and with a tranquil mind, an open brow, a prayerful heart, a just intent, a right principle, a wide capacity, a strong hand, a firm foot, a high spirit, a lofty soul, a right plan, a shining countenance, and a smiling lip placed the foot of dominion in the stirrup of fortune and marched forward. At this neason of youth and of natural impetuosity, this groat Prince ever acted with far-sightedness and with submission to Reason the adorner of power, and by restraining himself within the veil of indifference, and under the screen of tender age, guarded the world-adorning beauty of hfs sovereignty. Without using the instrumentality of messages and messengers, and the elaborated speeches of in- terested meddlers, he continued to occupy himself in testing the loyal and true, and while making over the conduct of affairs to the lovers ^ thereof, was instant in supplication at the threshold of the (river of life, and Creator of wisdom, knowing that the issue of evenjbs, spiritual or temporal, was with the incomparable De’ty. The conventionally wise, and those who worshipped secondary causes, but ignored the First Cause, could not apprehend the exceeding greatness of wisdom of this sitter on the throne of the Caliphate, nor the sub- lime eminence of this Elect of two worlds, but thought themselves to be among the efficient causes— *What shall I say ? — to be the real masters iji sovereignty’s workshop I But the achievements of this unique one of the True God became revealed day by day, and the tiature of those imbecile truth-missers underwent the test for gilded copper, and departed into the ravine of darkness, as will become

means reserve. Erskine . ^^pells it tarak]^. Altamfib means sixty and is applied to a force placed between the vanguard and the main body. Bee Bad&Qnl, Lowe 197 note.

^ JciVaai, ^rhere i** an allnsion here to the advanced guard described at

the beginning of the chapter. That was a good guard, but trust in Gk>d is a better. The passage is tortu- ous and I am not sure if I have translated it correctly.

• One MS. reads

M^aUaqSn, dependants.

M

AXBlSKlMA.

apparent to the acute and the reflective from thie truthful narrative.

The sum^ of the matter ie: the * Light-Increa^r of Creation’s workshop commits to the keeping of His own sublime Grace, the charge of the affairs, whether in mass or in detail, of a nursling of light who shall have obtained deliverance from the darkness of creature- worship and have made his heart radiant by the splendour of the worship of God. He (that is to say^ the Deity) does not distress him by narrowing his soul within external affairs, and He incorporates his aspirations with others which have Hot passed into the scope of his spiritual mind, and which cannot be comprehended by th.e world- spirit, and places them in the bosom of his Fortune. And having enthroned him in the kingdoms of the visible and invisible He makes him leader of armies temporal and spiritual. Every base and per- verse one, whose fortune’s flame has been extinguished by the winds of adversity, has an intellectual veil let down in front of his eyes of vision, and comes out into the darkness of denial, and the obscurity of opposition, and sinks into the slough of ruin by his own act. Ac- cordingly the glorious status of H.M. the become im-

pressed in thousands and thousands of instances on the minds of the recalcitrants of the desert of wandering, who once had cot^nexion with the dominion which is conjoined with eternity. These will be referred to in their proper place.

And let a little of the loss that befell M. SulaimSn who (mrne with 10,000 men to conquer Kabul, and which was guarded, through 36 the assistance of H.M. the Shi^i^^^h’s good genius, by Mun’im Khftn, the S^&n*^ftn§n with a small force, be known to the prudent, so that (it may be seen that) just as the blessings of the spiritual and temporal lord extend far, so it may be conjectured what will be the lin il condition of those nearly^ placed miserable ones who out of an evil fate strive with the spirit of his Majesty and make war upon him. The fate of Hemu which occurred in the beginning of the ‘‘areor (of Akbar) is a whip of warning to th* a^^ygant and self- willed.

At this time there was great scarcity in the cities and villages

^ Thit( too, is an obscure passage. Mnn’im was helped so was the nearly

• that as the remote related Solaimftn punished*

CHAPTRR X.

57

of India» and there was a teiTible famine ‘ in many parts^ and espe* cially in the province of Delhi. Though they were finding signs of gold^ they could see no trace of com. Men took to eating one an- other^ some would join together and carry off a solitary man^ and make him their food. Though this recompense Of men^s acts lasted for two years, the intense distress was for one year. Apparently it was the pain of the past coming out in evidence so that by the bless- ings of the holy accession to the throne of the Caliphate, the inequal- ities of the time, and the crookedness of the world might all at onc6 be removed.

^ A.F. was an eye-witness of this famine^ forhe was theninhis fifth year and living at Agr%. See Ain, text II. 424 and Jarrett III. 425, where he gives several details. The famine is also described by Bad&llnl who says that he saw with his own eyes men eating one another. He gives the

chronogram Khaahm Yaxd. God’s Wrath. This yields 962, and as A.F. says that the famine lasted two years, it apparently prevailed daring 962 and 963. See Atiatic Quarterly Re* view for January 1901, pp. 29, 30, and id. for July 1901, p. 193.

58

AKBARNAMA.

CHAPTER XL

Victory op H.M. the SiHAHiNSifAH^B army in the battle with HemC,

HIB CAPTURE, AND HIS UNDERGOING CAPITAL PUNIBHMENT,

Gre^t God ! How varied are the decrees of fate, and how multi- plex the marks of destiny ! A blade of grass cannot spring from the ground without some designs being involved in it, nor a leaf stir on a tree without sundry purposes being infolded therein ! How then can one estimate the mysteries and consequences which lie hid under events which are responsible for a movement of a universe ? Among such was this battle-garbed banquet^ {hazm,-i-razmnamd) which was among the great causes of external order, and also the best means of guidance for those who had lost their way in the wilderness of error and destruction. The account of this great boon is as follows : The ill-fated Hemu was continually giving way to pride and arrogance, owing to his accumulation of incitements to infatuation, suck as have already been briefly described. Especially was the Indian army en- couraged by the catastrophe of Tardi Khun, and it was erabokiened to contend with the hosts of Fortune. High and low were filled with pride and indulged in seditious imaginings.

When the news of the march of the standards of Fortunf were spread throughout the hostile army, Hemu sent his park of artillery, gi )at both in quality and in quantity, in advance of hfmself, and tinder the charge of Mubirak IQian and Bahadur ^Sn, who were chief officers of his, to Panipat, which is nearly thirty^ kos from Delhi, 36 and set about preparing for battle. It had not occurred to him that the victory -begotten troops would move with celerity. When the lion- hearted men of the advanced guard heard of the arrival of the artil- lery at that town, they equipped a force composed of active and battle- loving soldiers, such as L’al Khan BadakhghI, M. QuH Uzbeg, and SaniRnjl * Khfin and sent them forward to make an attack. When

2 It is 53 m. N. Delhi, and now a railway station.

2 Blochmann, 416. Apparently hp

I A.F. means that the battle with HemU was really a festival, on ac- count of its Buccesa.

CBAPTKR XI.

SO

this force wrote reporting iho strength of the enemy, ^All Quit Shaibaiu joined the division, an.d the masterful ghdzTs, who were backed by the ghahin^ali’a Fortune, added feline skill to tho deeds of tigers. It may be conjectured what deeds were done by tigers when thus supported ! In fine, the artillery was captured, and the advanced guard of the enemy fled without fighting. When the moribund Ilemu heardfof this, he arrayed his army in three divisions. The right wing was commanded by gh^dl Kh$n Kakar,^ the left wing by Hemu^s sister’s son Ramya, who was distinguished for bravery, and’ he himself marched forward with consummate pride and great celerity. He took with him tho mountaiti-liko and dragon- mouthed elephants, which had been collected by so many Indian rulers, and which by Heaven’s decree and for a warning to the superficial and the short-sighted had been brought together for this alien in form and substance. Among them were 500 palmary {sira) elephants, each of them a paragon ■for*’ swift less and dexterity. In might and courage they were exemplars, and the running of those active athletes could not be called running, for though the race-horses of ‘Iraq (Arabia) bo swift, they could not outstrip those elephants. In truth each one of those famous elephants was capable of disordering a large force. They wore especially calculated to con- fuse the onset of cavalry, as tho horses had never seen such terrific forms, llow can tho attributes of those rushing mountains be strung on the slender thread of words. They ruined lofty bdildings by shaking them, and sportively uprooted strong trees. In the hour of battle and contest they lifted up man and horse and flung them into tho air.

Verse.

They advance at a gentle pace, but when they encounter,

Tho strong are as powdered antimony under their feet.

How shall the multitude ^ of his army bo described ?

The brief account is tliat he marched in excellent order with

i’j the Siiniaiiji Kh^n who was sou of Csilmuk Beg.

^ All Afglijin tribe; .*»cc Bdlew, the races of Afgbauistiin 01.

1 think the’ i^afal after kariiania

is wrong. One MS. has a conjunc- tion after tlii.S word.”

^ The text wrongly has sipdhl for sldhi.

60

AKBAKNAMA.

30,000 practised horsemen composed of llajputa and Afghans who, or many occasions, had by their exploits increased his pride and arro- gance. Musketeers and cross-bowmen were placed on the inountain- backs of those enormous elephants, which were furnished with suits of mail [kajim) ‘ and defensive armour, and made ready for war. All the elephants had these war-panoplies, and had their trunks armed with spears and knives, and were intrusted to men of war and to courageous drivers. Every one had his place assigned to him.

37 The elephant Ghalib Jang, which was one of the first-rate elephants^ was assigned to Hasan Khan Fatijdir ; the elephant (laj Bhanwar (?),* which was one in a thousand, was assigned to Maikal Klian ; the elephant Jor Banyan, which was a powerful one, was given to Ij^tiydr Ktan; the elephant Fauj Madar was assigned to Sangrani Kh§n ; and elephant Kali Beg, which had in many battles been ridden by Hemu himself, was on that day entrusted to a driver of the name of Cipan. He conciliated these leaders, who were lions of the jungle of war, and were the confidants of Khin and Selim

Khan, and other haughty ones, and made them zealous for battle. But warlike preparations are of use against the superficial, and those who are influenced by material causes. Of what avail aro they against a worshipper of God, and an annihilate of ordinary causes, who has been brought for the arrangement and completion of the spiritual and temporal world ? All these materials and apparatus became additions to the household of tliat beautifier of the world of sovereignty. The strange event that immediately followed was a proof of this.

The account of this wonderful fortune is as follov/ s : —

On DihftdTn, the 23rd A bin, Divine montn, corresponding to Thursday, 2 Mn^iram C64 (5 November, 1556), when the advanced gn^rH the tictorious army was encamped on the borders of Pftnipat, scouts came and bronght the information thal the memy had arrived, and reported his strength and eanipmei^t ; and it was made certain that the ill-faicd scoupdrel was boldly approaching. And before the abnve-ilmiitioaed town was reachea. il waa canrently rumoured that Hemu had sent a large fotte in advauee uuder the command of

• Bloehmiiiiii, Plate a.j V the Sauscrit Bhanwar, a whirl-

^ BhSuwar iu text. Pruhably from pool.

CHAWER XI.

61

QJjadi Khftn Kftkar. The imperial officers did not make much ac- count of this, and having bound their hearts to the daily increasing fortune, proceeded to face him. When it grew certain that llemu was coming with all that preparation, inasmuch as they had not looked to their veal support (i.e., Akbar), perturbation found its way into the hearts of imperial servants, through the instrumentality of empty-headed babblers, from whom no army is ever free, or rather there are armies of such. The brave men of the army of fortune reported the facts to tlic victory-protecting court, and made them- selves ready for sacri’ficlng their lives. There were. 10,000 soldiers in this force, but perhaps only 5,000 were men of battle. When the oonquering heroes, and the loyal brave knew that the enCmy was at hand they, out of wisdom and a large capacity, which on such occa- sions are greater incitements to victory than thousands of e.^tperienced soldiers, did not regard the apparent numerical superiority of the oncinv, and their abundant equipment, for it is the way of the happy- fort lined and auspicious not to put off till the morrow the work of the (lay. Without a semblance of hesitation or delay they drew up tlieir forces and sought for an opportunity to engage, Sikandar Khiin and a number of veterans were on the right. ‘Abdullah Khftn and another body of devoted men were on the left. The centre received supfjort from the valour of ‘All Quli Khftn gj^ibini, I;{usain QuU Khan, ghah Quli Mahrain, and a number of efficient young men forified the vanguard.

Now that the narrative has come so far it is proper to pause and to expatiate somewhat, so that there may be amenity of discourse. U thou who seekest for admonitory words and who watchest the thread of exposition give ear for a time to me !

From the time when H.M. the gh^hiii^Sli by dint of his world- conquering mind had sent on noted officers in advance, he did not tor an instant disregard the arrangement of the m^in army, and marched forward, stage by stage, to ‘Victory. Or» this most exci llont of days, which was the new yeai’^s day of victory and rejoicing, he marched tram Karnal, which is ten kos from r&nipat ; and halted at the distance of five kos from the latter town. There was no intelli- gence in the camp that the enemy had approached the vanguard, and the soldiers had no^ yet rubbed off the dost of the march or taken breath, when news of the enemy’s having reached tho van

62

AKBARNAMA.

guards together with other disquieting information was received. It appeared that many had given way, but that fighting was still going on briskly. The order for battle was immediately given to the army, and preparations were made for the march. Commands were issued that the heroes should put their armour on their breasts, and trust in God in their liearts, and follow the victorious stirrup. In a short time they were equipped in a manner worthy of praise from masters of fortune, and began searching for a fight. H.M. with a kingly and tranquil countenance placed the helmet of Divine fortune on his head, and the cuirass of God\s protection on his breast, and the foot of dominion in the stirrup of intent. Bairani Khan Khin- Kh&Daii moved in front of the ranks, and round the divisions, and took measures for preserving the rules of war, and the protection of points. On behalf of H.M. the §hahinshSli he distributed pro- mises of favour and anger, and set in order the bnmiuet of battle. After the troops had been marshalled, and their hearts encou- raged, the giver of commands to the world incited them to rapidity and ordered a march. When the moon of the world-conquering 39 banner cast the light of its approach on Panipat, the vanguard of victory appeared in front, and lieroic men came and communica- ted the glad tidings of victory, and Sliali Qull Mahram brought Hemu a prisoner to his Majesty, and was the recipient of royal favours.

The brief account of this great victory, and grand boon, which was a masterpiece of good fortune, is as follows : —

When Hemu became aware that the standards of glory were far off, and that some of the officers had come in advance, ho rapidly marched against them, thinking that if he dispersed these men, who were the choice troops, the rest of bis task would be easy. He relied upon the numbers of his experienced troops, and on his many strong elephants, and advanced with immeasurable pride. In the drunkeii- ness of infatuation, he could not understand that ho who is supported by the driver of the elephant will assuredly prevail over him whose trust is in the elephant. How then can the superiority of him be denied who is in the confidence of the Creator of the elephant and what effect against him jau be procured by calling upon elephants for help ? However that moribund, ill-fated one cariied on hot war, and the bravo men .on each side made noble endeavours and like

CHAPTER Xr.

(58

RaM inNaisfln, ^ and tigers in a reed-bed (nayiatdn) rushed upon one another with shouts. They served well with courage and devotion^ and gathered glory.

Verse,

Two armies so collided

That they struck fire out of water ;

YouM say the air Was all crimsoned daggers,

^‘lieir steel had nil become solid rubies.”

Thougli the heroes of the victorious army did not fail in steadi* ness and devotion, yet the onset of the elephants shook the’ right and left divisions. Several tigers of battlers jungle, tiger-hunting soldiers, who regarded the dust of the battle-field as the cosmetic of victory’s bride, and as the rouge of fortune’s cheek, and who sought for the water of life at the spring of the blood-drinking sword, quaffed tlieir fill of desires. Such were Muhd. Qftsim^ FQiAn of NisbSpur, ffusaiu Qiili Khan, ShCh Quli Mahram, and L^al Khun Badakhshf. VVlion tliey perceived that the horses would not face the elephants they fetched a circuit* and like famished tigers, sought their prey with blood-dripping swords and closed with the foe and overcame

^ The nngel who drives the clouds, Jind Avlio is also called Badran, Hyde Do rcligioue Pcrsanim, 179. Naisan oorr<^s])()iided to i\pril and is the l>eriod of the siiring-rains. Ra’d also moans thunder.

2 a stone resembling the

ruby and having the attracting pro- perty of amber.

^ Blochmann, J353 and 603 ii.

• KandaJdn ^iida. A note to the text Rays the word Kandalan doe.s not occur in the dictionaries, but it probably moans “on foot’* fold that the author of the Siwanah Akhavl has .so rendered it. The word in Turkl signifies a tent. A marginal note to my MS. copy of the Iqbal- nama say.s thjit the word means to ^‘^^moiint from hor.seback and to s^tand firm, Possibly the word is the

TurkI Kundilan used in

Babar I. 131 and explained in P. do Courteille’s dictionary to mean de travers, egarK The expresi^ion re- ceives elucidation from BayAzTd, p. 1356. There in describing a fight with the Afghans in Bihar he says that Talabi was retreating before Yusuf M. Sultan and that Jan Mu- hammad Bahsudl and others formed in ambush in the jungle. Talabi at- tempted to face the Afghans, but was uri\eii back by superior numbers. Then Jan Muhammad and the others oz kundilan hardmida^ which I ima- gine means that they fetched a cir- cuit and took the Afghans in flank. The word occurs at A. N. III. 260, top line and is there applied to a flank (P) attack by boats.

64

akdaknAma.

him. They hurled firmly-seated riders from their saddles and then despatched them bv the dagger-hoofa of swift, fiery liorses. Bands of devoted archers came forward on all sides and did yeomanly service. ‘All QuU KhSn Sbaib5ni whose cuftimand made the centre illustrious, had come to a spot which had a great raviw m front of it, such that oven elephants could not cross. The brave seekers of battle and the lion-like men of the centre were compressed into a small space and stood firm, looking for an opportunity to attack. They showed such endurance that the elepha ts retreated from the sides of the centre. Thereupon the latter came out in the rear of the enemy and dis- charged their arrows and wielded their swords. Hemu the ill-fated rode proudly on an elephant named Hawal (the rocket ?}, which was one of his best, and glanced from side to side at the bravo swords- men, and at the onset of the rank-breaking gljnzis. Ho beheld willi apprehension the combats of the warriors of fortune’s army, and gathering together a band of fierce elephants lie showed every stra- tagem which his powerful capacity could oonccivc, and every daring deed which lurked in his seditious soul. He made powerful onsets and performed manv valorous acts, and dislodged many strenuous soldiers of the sublime army. Bhagwin Das, one of his leading men, and who was distinguished for his bravery in the field of battle, was cut to pieces in front of him, and Sh^di Khftn was trampled under the feet of the swift horses of fortune’s army. Suddenly, in tjie midst of the contest, an arrow from the bended bow of Divine wiath reached Hemu’s eve, and piercing the socket, came out at the back of his head. Seemingly, the wind of the pride, and the arrogance of that black-futod, inwardly darkened one passed out by that win- dow. When thoao who were fighting around luin saw that fortune’s arrow had hit the target, the arm of their courage grew slack, and they lost heart. They became handlcss and footless, and no more girded up the loins of courage. His army was defeated and every man strewed the dust of defeat on his head, and scattered the glory of courage on the ground, and tuniod to fle^. Just then 8]j3h QulT Khftu and some biwe men came up to the elephant on tvhich Heinu was riding. He did not know that Hemu was on the elephant, and sought to kill the driver in order that he might make the elephant his spoil. The helpless driver, who had neither the helmet of loyalty nor the cuirass of courage, from fear ofjiis life, pointed out

CHAPTER XI

65

bis master. When Sbbh QuIF I^an heard of hit great fortune, he blessed his stars and tossed the cap of joy to the skies. He gave quarter to the driver and made him hopeful of a royal reward. He then separated that and some other elephants and left the battle-field.

When the breeze of victory was wafted to the victory-marked standards of H.M. the ShKhinahkh from the vent of Divine favour, the black -fated foe at once turned their backs and sought safety in flight. The tigers of the jungle of courage cast the elephant-drivers head long from the summits of their mountains by arrows^ and blows of battle-axes and made the hill-resembling elephants go like a strong gale. When daily-increasing majesty is in battle-array, lion-hearted, rank-breaking men have no resource but in flights; how then could 41 unreasoning brutes withstand the glory of genius? The victorious officers after such a victory, which till the extinction of the world will be the inscription on the victory-proclamation of great princes, and the resplendent preamble of mighty world-rulers, en- gaged in returning thanks to Providence. The rest of the victorious troops occupied themselves in slaying the fugitives and in collecting the spoil, and made mounds* of the slain, and treasuries of the spoil. The oumber of those fallen on the field was calculated at 5,000. Who could count the numbers of those who were trampled down on the roads during their flight? 1,5000 noted elephants fell into the hands of the imperial servants. A force of victorious heroes pursued the fugitives, and after putting many to the sword returned successful to the foot of (he throne. The ruler of the age returned thanks for the great boon and distinguished the combatants by endless favours. Whilst every one of the heroes was being brought into the presence and was receiving rewa/ds temporal and spiritual, Shlh Qull lyikn brought in Hemfi bound. Though they questioned him, be out of uncouthness (jabSlat) made no reply. Perhaps be was unable to speak, or he was overwhelmed by shame and indisposed to say any- thing (Bairam ^an Khan-KbanUn begged H.M. the ShKhin^ah to slay wish this own sacred hand this stowk of sedition, and to acquire merit by a holy combat. That lord of wisdom and master of sages.

1. Miista^mid says the archers

mad© the legs of the elephants like rasp’s nest.

^ Az ka^taha pusbtaha. This

agrees with Badaunlf Lowe, 10, who says that a minaret was made of the heads of the slain.

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AKBABKlMA.

who regarded hia yonth as the veil of his divinely-bestowed wisdom, and abode under the screen of incognito and so obtained respite from the vexatious disbelief of infidels^ and the faith of the sinceroi replied in words that were the interpretation of truth and were for the instruction of the wise^ that his lofty spirit did not permit him to slay a captive and that it seemed to him tnat in the justice-hall of the Only One there was nothing meritorious in such an act. Though simple loyalists importuned and pressed him^ the ^b^binsh^b showed himself more and more averse to the proceeding. I extol the lofty in- telligence of which no trace is to be found in the contents of bools or in the minds of supreme sages ; but the wise of the great court well know that this is not to be met with save in the lucid home of the holy heart of a pure spirit who shall have received the light of true knowledge from the Creator without the intervention of human means or earthly aids. This is manifest in the brows of the sitter on the temporal and spiritual throne. It is plain also to the practical man and the exoteric that under all circumstances a lofty and God-fearing mind has arrived at the stage of being beloved by God. Such an one (the practical man) knows that to act contrary to His pleasure is to strike oneself with a sword, for without human effort the power of the 42 Creator casts him on the ground of contempt and the abyss of des- truction. Accordingly this is apparent at the present day to those who read the daily chronicle of this king who is based upon auspi- ciousness. Where has he leisure that, while attending to the inner realities, he should give heed to the meanness and nothingness of opponents T Granting that he has leisure and permission from his intellect, how shall his lofty spirit decide to stain the holy skirt of hiS mind with such dust, and if such an event occur, how shall he stain his sword with the blood of such a moribund, impure wretch . What comparison is there between that holy personality and the petitions of men of the world ? At last Bairflm Kban ^ftn-Kh&nftn when he perceived that H.M. wa® not inclined to take his view, withdrew from the attempt, and under the influence of hereditary beliefs which take their place m men from imitation of fathers and teachers, himself became engaged in the acquisition of this fancied merit, and with his sword cleansed the world from the contamination of his existence Would that H.M. had come out of his veil ahd given attention to the matter ! or that there had been some far-sighted master of wisdom in

CHAPTEE El.

67

that court, so that they might have kept Hemu in prison and made him desirous of serving the threshold of fortune. Certainly he was a most excellent servant, and he had a lofty spirit. If he had been instructed by such a great one (as the far-seeing sage, or perhaps Akbar) what works might he not have performed ? In order to dis- play the Majesty of the Shahinshfth, and to give a lesson to the super- ficial they sent his head to Kabul, ^ while his trunk was conveyed to Delhi and placed on the gibbet of warning. The world had rest from strife and tumult, and mortals obtained happiness and tranquillity.

Among 2 the wonderful events and unusual traits of 11. M. Shfth- in^Sh which came forth from the ambush of secrecy and displayed their splendours in the theatre of manifestation, there was this that when H.M. Jahanbftnl Jinnat had come to Delhi after the

victory over Sikandar, he (Akbar) there practised drawing in accordance with a sublime suggestion (of Humliyun ?). The skilful artists such as Mir Saiyid ^Ali ® and Khwftja ‘Abdul-Samad Shivin- qalm, who were among ^he matchless ones of this art, were in his service and were instructing him) One day this cyclopaedia of Divine things was in the library of H.M. Jahanbftnl and in order to sharpen his mind was employing himself in drawing. He drew with inspired pencil the figure of a man with all his limbs separated. One of the courtiers saw that strange picture and asked the meaning of it. H.M. with mystery-explaining tongue said that it represented Hemfi. At that time the name and note of Hemu were unknown, and so the listeners did not comprehend the matter and refrained from further enquiry. On the day when Bairftm Khan made his request and tried to induce H.M. to slay Hemu with his own holy hand, H.M, replied that he had dispatched that haughty one on a former day and had 46 dismembered him, and then ho referred to the incident of the picture Good God ! How and when in that year l^ad the news of this domi- nion-augmenting occurrence been conveyed by the tongue of act and the lip of speech ? Certainly, to-day, to-morrow, yesterday, the present and the absent may be revealed to ordinary compounds *

• There is an account of the arrival of the l\ead at Kabul in BayazTd iliyat’s Memoirs.

• In the Lucknow ed. and in seve- ral MSS. this begins a new chapter.

s Blochmann, 107 and 500.

• Al^ihtjian. Possessed by the four Qf>posites, i.o., the four elements; and used hero for rudiiiary mortals in whom the constituents are not

68

AKBABViMA.

of humau natare. Bat with nurBlings of Divine lights disciples of the Truth and teachers of Reason^ whose pure essences are manifestations of the Divine radiance^ and are the rising of Bealitj^s sun, the future and the past attend upon the present and the absent is like the pre- sent fully visible. What matters absence to him who knows the presence of God ? Away, away I there can be nothing invisible there !

This traveller on devotion^s highway^ Abul Faf 1 to wit, the writer of this preamble of excellencies, one day asked H.M. the circum- stances of this miracle. He enunciated in reply : An invisible In- spirer had placed an intimation of it on our tongue ; he best knows the secret thereof.^’ The effulgence of Truth’s luminary, and its retire- ment behind a veil are similarly conditioned phenomena. Mighty is the capacity of a sublime nature which when placed amidst so many cellars full of varied senses-robbing wines, a mere sip of which will Intoxicate heroes of the Path, tnz., 1st. The wine of early youth. 2nd. The wine of temporal dominion. 3rd. The wine of spiritual supremacy. 4th. The wine of outward beauty. 5th. The wine of bidden favour; can retain its high sense and look not to itself, but to God ! The wishes of such a soul are made its lovers, and Fortune is constituted the attendant on the threshold of its hopes. I, who am, night and dayi a devotee of this gate of Fortune, do not call to re- membrance that either when he has cast a gleam of favour upon any- one, or in familiar conversation, he has ever uttered a syllable which savoured ^ of arrogance, or that in his down-sitting or uprising, in his speech or in his audition in the company of his grandees,^ he has exhibited any change of demeanour. Far-seeing sages well know how impossible it is to gauge the capacity of one who uses so many nan-o’erthrowing wines, and yet daily increases in wisdom. But he ivho is linked to fortune and is wakeful-hearted, knows this much that the Divine Providence must be the Watchman over him, and that such great victories ^over passions) come easily to him, and that such great gifts and noble deeds and wondrous works rarely appear in this world, (rasydran).

fused together and unified, but war negative, but perhaps the true read- with one another. This passage may ing is noi&tir, “ diffusing.”

help to explain the tan-i-io-d^ at p. * BarhaHk^ddha-i-ao. cf. text, p. 70,

11 of the text. line 16.

i Ka haima$i a double

CHAPTIB XI.

One great marvel was that at the time when the expedition started from Jilandhar for the conquest of India^ and the extirpation of Hemu, an order was given one day to the master of the ordnance to prepare lireworks as a treat to the soldiers, and that among other things they should make an image of Hemu, fill it with gunpowder, and set it on fire. The workmen quickly prepared a pyrotechnic dis- play [gulzar-l-dtigh, lit., a rosegarden of fire), and they brought the image of Hemu there and set it on fire. In appearance it was simply keen amusement, in reality it was extinguishing a malevolent life. Certes, it is fitting that one who does such great deeds under the guise of sport and fun should, men being what they are, retire behind a veil and not show his^ spiritual beauty and that in his work he should appear as if unconcerned.

Assuredly and incontestably there was no such masterpiece on the occasions when former great-hearted, nobly-born ones formed the design of conquering India and did great deeds. This will be evident on a little consideration to those who know ancient history. For on none of those former occasions was there a ruler of India, possessed of such courage, enterprize, and plan (as Hemu). On the contrary they were backward in the management of their own dominions. It was otherwise with this virile spirit, he was ever meditating the conquest of distant climes and kept hidden in his heart the designs of great expeditions. And in truth fortune had favoured Hemu in a way whicn’ the rulers of India had not attained to in those former days, viz,, in the multitude of tried soldiers ; the number of able officers, the plenitude of artillery, which had nothing like it except in Turkey, and the number of powerful elephants, any one of which was enough to throw an army into confusion. Maulana gbarafu-d-dln ‘Ali Yazdi, in his account in the Zafarnftma of the fights of H.M. Sa^ib Qirflnf (Timur) which took place in India, speaks of the warriors of India and of the greatness of its rulers, and boasts ^ that 120 war-elephants came into the possession of the imperial servants in that great war* To those that know history and are of sound brain, the condition of the ruler of that time as compared with Hemu is clear. On that latter instructive occasion, of which a small account has been given, 1|500 elephants were captured. The rest of the equipments may be

44

1 Bib. Ind. sd. II. 118.

70

akbarnIma.

conjectured from this. But how shall the amount of tlio ruler’s ‘ own treasures, etc., be counted ? The plain of victory was tlie same for- tunate spot as that where H.M. Get? Sitftni Firdfis MakanT contended with Sultan Ibrfthim and raised the victorious standards, as has already been briefly related in its proper place.

On the same exultant day which showed by God’s help so great a victory, Sikandar Khan Uzbeg was sent with a body of troops to pursue the fugitives and to protect the city of Delhi from the rabble. He acted with rapidity and c^elivered some of the malignant and use- less from the prison of existence, and put the distracted inhabitants of the country in order. Much plunder fell into his hands. Next day the army of fortune marched out at an hour, which the astro- logers had chosen, and cast the light of their arrival on the holy ter- ritory of Delhi. The noble, the distinguished in every science, and the skilful in every craft, came out in crowds to welcome the army 45 and uttered shouts of blessing. Majnun I^an Qaqshal represented to H.M. the excellent loyalty of Rajah Bihfiri Mai which he had shown at the siege (of Narnaul) A gracious order was issued for his attendance and the Rajah obeyed the command and was rewarded, by kissing the ground of obedience. On one day when robes of honour had been presented to the Rajah and ’to his sons and other relatives, and they had been brought to the Court to receive their dismissal, H.M. was mounted on a mast elephant which in its intoxication was rushing in every direction. People were all going to one side. Once it ran towards the Rajputs, but as they held fast to their loyalty they remained standing. This steadiness pleased the lofty glance of H.M. the Sh&hinshih, and he made inquiries about the Rajah and said with his mystery-interpreting tongue, We’ll rear you.”* This came to pass as will be described hereafter.

Thanks be to God that the Hindustanis, or rather all mankind obtained a head. Volumes are not sufficient to contain his greatness. By the grace of his justice the ever-vemal garden of India received special verdure and the truth-worshipping servants of God received a powerful support. In thanksgiving for this great boon, grand feasts

• This is a sophism. HernU was plant you.” Perhaps an allusion to

absolute and had control of all the the intermarriages which afterwards

elephants, etc., of ‘Adall. occurred

^ Nilhdl hard, “We shall

CHAPTIB XI.

71

were organised^ and treaBnres of gifts were poured into the lap of the world. The gh^hin^fth’s favour exalted by a variety of kindnesses a number of men who had trod valiantly the forecourt of devotion. High and low^ small and greats were made fortunate by large rewards. Among them^ ^AIl Qull Khin ghB^bfini was exalted by the title of Zam^n, and the Sarkftr of Sambhal and other parganfis of the Dufib were assigned to him as jfigir and he obtained leave in order that he might go and manage those territories.

^Abdullah * IQjftn Uzbeg received the title of Sbuj§-‘at-Khfin and was appointed to the Sarkar of KftlpT.^ Iskandar l^fln received the title of I^fin ‘Aftlam^ and Maulftnft Pir Muhammad Sh^rwftni was styled Nfisir-al-mulkj and attached to the royal person. Qiyfi ‘ l^ftn was nominated to the charge of the Agra territories. The domimon- adorning mind of the Shfthin^fth sent the officers of the court of the Sultanate to every quarter^ and so gave order and tranquillity to the pleasant lands of India.

At this time it came to H.M.’s ears that Hftji Oftn, a slave of Sher ]^Sn Afghan^ who was distingoiAhed for courage^ prudence, and skill in collecting troops, was acting independently in Alwar, and also that the father and the wife of the ill-fated Hemu, and his goods and chattels were in that Sarkar. N&fir-al-mnlk was appointed to that service along with a number of trusty and devoted followers. ^ Hftjl ]0)Xn was frightened by the strength of the victorious army and fled 46 before ats arrival, and Alwar and the whole of Sarkfir Mewat came into tbe possession of the imperial servants. From there they proceed- ed to Deoti t Macftri, where was the residence and family ^ of Hemu.

The place was strong and there was much fighting, and the father of Hemu was captured and brought alive before the Na^ir-al-mulk. The latter called upon him to change his religion. The old man answer- ed, for eighty years IVe worshipped my God, according to this reli-

^ Blocbmann, 320.

^ Blocbmann, 865.

^ Blochmann, 343.

• In the south of Alwar. Macftrl is described in the I.G. It appears from the Bajputana Gazetteer that the two places are distinct. It says HI., p. 286, “Macerl and Deoti, where

the lake is, seem to have been the chief towns of the district in Akbar’s time.” In the Ayln, these two names ore given as Deoti SSjarl P. text I. 451. Jarrett II. 191.

^ BadaUnl gives some farther, dc- tails of this expeditioo, and says that HemS’s wife escaped to Bajwftra.

72

akbabnIma.

gioD. Why shoold I chango it at this tifse, and why should merely from fear of my life^ and wi thont understanding it come into your way of worship/^

Pir Muhammad treated his words as if he heard them not, and answered him with the tongue of the sword. After being victorious there, he came away with much plunder and fifty elephants and did homage at the Court, and was the recipient of royal favours. 19 &jl Kh^n left the town of Alwar and went off towards Ajmir in order that he might find an asylum, for his family and leave soldiers there and make preparations for renewing the war. The Rfinfi ^ who was a great Zamindar and was son of the R§nu who had contended with H.M, Qeti Sitftni Firdus MakflnT, as has been described, and had been defeated by him, demanded things from him and put him to intoler* able troubles. Of necessity a great battle took place between him and the Rftnft near Ajmir. Hftji ^ftn and Mugaffar Shirwftni

who was his Vakil, did great actions in this engagement, and at last the Rfinft was defeated because he was uplifted by the number of his troops. ( HSji Khan took possession of AjmTr, Nagor, and the, surrounding country!)

When the success of Haj! Khftn came to the royal hearing, Mu hammad Qasim Khan of Nishapur, Saiyid Mahmad Barha, Shah Quli Khdn Mahram, Tahir, Khan Kharram Sultan and a number (Mothers were appointed to put him down. When the territory of Delhi i»d the Duab had been swept clear of the enemy, H.M. designed to cast the

I Udai Singh posthumous sen of RAn& Sanga, Jarrett II. 269, and Tod’s Rajasthan. We learn from the Mirat Sikandarl, Bombay lithograph, p.387, that ^ajl " as travelling, with 5,000 horse and 150 elephants, towards Gujrat when the Rajah of CitSr camo with 40,000 horse and blocked his passage. He demonded from ]pitn 40 mans of gold, and the elephant Hatch which was his best animal and also a dancing girl (pdtrd) named Rang Ral who. was the most beautiful of his women. As travelling with his

family, etc., he was willing to give the gold and the elephant, but when the name of an inmate of his linrem was mentioned, he got iUdignant and resolved to die rather than yield. So he fought and was victorious and went on to Pattan. He was there wher Bairam Kb^n was assas- sinated.

The fullest acce mt of ^ajl Khan’s encounter with the Rajah is given in Dorn’s History of the Afghans, Annotations in Part I, p. 108, et $eq. There the lady is called Ha Kaa pa tar (dancing girl).

CHAPTFR XI.

73

light of his presence on the eastern districts of India in order that he might cleanse that extensive country which is a pasturage of dominion and fortune, from the dust of sedition-mongers. Just then news was brought that Khizr Khwaja KliSn had fought with Sikandar Sur near !^ahore, and that he had not stood hi.s ground but bad retreated to Lahore; The brief account of this is as follows

It has already been stated that when the army marched from Jalandhar towards Delhi to extirpate Hernn, Khizr KhwAja Klian had been appointed to nmress Iskandar. Isma’il Do/ Duldai, ‘AH Quli Khan Mir Latif, Sjiah Quli Naranji, Khaliq Bardi Begand a larLie force were sent with him. The great officers went and took up their quarters in Lahore. At the time when the turmoil of lleitm wiiw troubling the world, and such a defeat had befallen the officers in the neighbourhood of Delhi, Mull§ ‘Abdullah Sultfiiipiiri who by feline tricks and fox-like proceedings bad receivc’d from the Afghans the title of ^aiWi-al-islfttn, and from R.M. ffahanbani Jinnat Sshiyfini the title of Mal^dum-al-mulk, and who from the sedition-mongeriiig which was in his brain, and from the l)i-coloiire(l water in his constitution gave himself out as one of the servant of the •■ttonal dominion, but who at h(*art was in league with the Afghans, wrote invitations to Sikandar and urged him to come out of tin’ hills. Sikandar gathered to himself a number of vagabond Afghans and some and-holders of the hill-country of the Punjab, and cattfo out of the mountains and proceeded to collect revenue in the fhinjal). Khizr’ Khwija Khftn left the city of Lahore to the charge of Haji Muhammad fOian Sistani and set out to oppose Sikandar. When Hfiji Muham- mad Khan SistAni became certain of tlie improper behaviour of Mulla ‘Abdullah" he punished him ])y irnpri.sonment and torture, ffe put him in eai th up to his middle, and brought out irorn the ground sorrow of the gold pieces whicli his avaricious hand liad ’ buried. Wjien

‘ Blochraanu, I.i74.

• Refers apparently to a story that May^dom-al^mulk buried trea- sures under pretence that they were dead bodies. M’utarnad tells

us in the Iqbllnaraa, near the end of hia account of the second year, that Bair^m £J^au sent Haji Mu- 10

^lamm^ul afterwards to apologize to MakJidu Mi-ril-mulk, and that lie })re- sented him u itli a jnf/ir worth a lakh of rupees. See full biography of MnJ^dam-al-mulk in the Darbarf AkbarT, p. 311.

3 Probably the Tamarl or Camarl pargana mentioned in Jarrett II.

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akbarnIma.

Khisr Khwfija arrived near the town of Camyftri and was about ten Ko8 separated from the enemy, he detached 2,000 picked men and sent them on in advance. Sikandar did not lose the opportunify and met them with a large force. A great battle took place, and the 2,000 were defeated. Khi?r I^wftja Eiftn did not think it was time to stand firm and set off towards Lahore. Sikandar pursued him for a little way, and then regarded the collection of the revenues of the country as a free gift from time. When the news of this reached the royal ears, Sikandar Khan who had received the title of Khfin ‘Afilam was hastily given Sifilkot as a jagir, and sent off with all speed to assist Shi?r Khwftja Khfin.

318. and also in BadaQnl Lowe 10.

T.A., p. 393. speaks of Camlarl as being the fief of the Khwfija ‘Abdul

Shahid, grandson of Khwfija A^rfir. See also Bloch mann. 539.

CHAPTER XI!.

75

CHAPTER XII.

March of H.M. the ggAHiNgflAH’s army from Delhi towards the Punjab to put do’wn the sedition op Sikandar,the pursuit of him, and the siege of the port op Mankot.

When it became known that Sikandar had aaSembled an army, and that the knot of this affair would not be unloosed until the for- tune of the QijShin^ah turned her reins in that direction, ^he expedi- tion to the eastern provinces was postponed, and a march to the Pan- jab was determined on. One of the wonderful omens was that a number of the courtiers took an augury from the 4iwdn of the tongue of mystery (Hafij) and by chance this verse came up.

^ Verse

No water was vouchsafed to Sikandar,

It does not come by might and money.

The hearts of the far-seeing loyalists received fresh support, and 49 the minds of the superficial acquired stability. When the world- adorning God is the fortune-increaser of this eternal dominion, the far-seeing ones of the company of reality look to the beauty and glory of the Chosen One of God, and are not concerned about the ordinary course of the world. Those who have not the blessing of lofty views are, at such times of anxiety, comforted in their hearts by enquiries of this kind. A world-obeyed order was issued that the great officers and leaders should make preparations for the expedi’ tion and attend on the sublime stirrup.

When all the preparations bad beeri completed, the discriminat- ing mind (of Akbar) rested from all the cares of state, and though the army of cold was in full force, the march to the Panjab was com- menced on 28 Szar, Divine month, corresponding tO Monday 4 $afar,

7 December 1556, Mahdi QSsim {^§n being Ifeft in charge of Delhi.

The march was made leisurely stage by stage, and there was hunting by the way. There was both munificence and pleasure. Turks and

I ed. Brockhaus, p. 205, ode 282 verse 7.

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AKBAKNAMA.

Tfijiks camp in crowds, attnicted by tbe fame of benevolence and the lights of justice ; especially there was not a day when large numbers did not come from Kabul Badaldishan, and Qandahfir, and do homage. Dii the way the news was brought from Lahore that in the house of Bairam Khan Khan-Khanan, his wife, who was of the family of tht^ I^ans of Mcwat, had borne on 6 Dai, Divine month, corresponding to Thursday 14 Safar (17 December 1556), a son to whom they had given the name of ‘Abdu-r-rahim.

The brief account of this circumstance is that when H.M. Jahanb&ni was at Delhi, he, in order to soothe the minds of the Zamindars, entered into matrimonial relations with them. Among these, Jamal Khan, the cousin of Hasan I^ian of Mewat, who was one of the great zamindars of India, came and did homage. He had two beautiful daughters. H.M. himself married the elder sister, and gave the younger in marriage to BairSm Khan KhSn-Khftnin. At the time that the standards of the Sbfihin^ah were directed towards the sup- 49 pression of Hemu, the Kbftn-Khanftn had sent his household to Lahore. The news came when the lofty geniue was proceeding towards count- less victories, and it was taken as a good omen. Bairftm i^ftn pre- pared a grand feast. Astronomers read his greatness and excellence m his horoscope and declared that he would be exalted by the tuition of the and perform noJ)le services by virtue of his yalty,

and would arrive at high dignities. The readers of the page of the forehead road the lines of devotion on his temples and rejoiced loyal hearts thereby. And in truth so it happened, in consequence of the attention of H.M. the Sh&^in^&h who is the elixir of dull, and the alchemist of the jewel of au8])iciousne8a. Accordingly, day by day were the lights of rectitude and the notes of loyalty read in his fore- head. A brief account thereof will be given in each place as the occasion arises.

When Jdandhar became the station of the sublime camp, Iskan- dar, who upieared in that province the standards of strife and sedi- tion, withdrew to the hill-country of the Siwftliks, which was his appointed asylum and permanent residence, in order that he might

^ The Maasir Rah^ml A.S.B., MS., Delhi, Dar-i-dariydi Saddat (pearl p. 804 b., gives the chronografa com- of the auspicious ocean) 964. posed by Maul ink Farldu-d-dln of

OHAPTSE Xli.

77

stay there for a while and wait upon events. The viotorious army, in the hope of a final good^ and of extirpating onoe for all his sedi- tion, applied itself to putting him down. Without regard to the difficulties of the march and the intricacies of the country, it followed Sikandar into the hill-countiy of the Siwftliks, which is a world apart, and the refuge of the disaffected and headstrong spirits of India, and encamped at the town of DesQhah^ Prom there the army proceed- ed to the pleasant town of Dahmirl and made it a rose-garden of dominion and a springtide of fortune.

• In Sarkir Bet Jllandhar DSftb. “ Has a brick-fort.’* J. II. 316.

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akbabnama.

CHAPTER XIII.

Beoinninq of the second tear IlIhI from the date of the Accession^

viz., THE TEAR AbDIBIHISBI’ OF THE FIRST CYCLE.

Id that station of abundance (Dahmiri), the reservoir of bril- liancy for the terrene and terrestrials, and the adornment of time and time’s offspring, to wit, the sun, the benefactor of the univerMe, arrived at his house of exaltation, and gladdened and refreshed the earth with the breath of spring. It would seem that Aries is called the house of exaltation because at that time the beings of earth are 60 given exaltation and fresh life. Otherwise the dignity of that bes- tcwer of exaltation on heavenly and terrestrial bodies is too high for any place to receive the title of the house of exaltation of that giver of light to all existence. In fine, this world-adorning light came from the fountain of Pisces to the abode of joy,^ in the night known as Thursday, after ten hours, and forty minutes of the astro- nomical night of Wednesday the 27th Ilabbas-gini of the lunar year 964, and the world-illuminating new year’s day came to pass, and the second year of the Divine Era began.

Verse.

The nightingale, like a reasoning man

Gave merited thanks with the tongue of spring,

The breeze of morning distilled ambergris,

The earth-pores made the air redolent,

The fields were full of sheets vdthout pillows

• There is evidently a mistake here, cither of AbQl Fazl or his copy* iBts. The llahl year being solar, roust have been longer than the lunar year, and the 1st and 2nd years of the Era cannot have begun on the same day of the same month of the Muhammadan year. The ‘Ji’aba*

qat Akbari, Elliot V. 254 gives 9 Jamada-al-awwal for the beginning of the 2nd year -and Mut’amidKhan in the Iqbalnama. who generally cepies Abal Fazl. also puts the be- ginning of the year in Jaraada-al- awwal

crr^pTtR x\u.

79

The gardens full of brides without, dowers The villas full of scarlet- draped platforms The gardens full of variegated carpets The birds warbled o*er flowers and rose bushes,

Drunk without musicians, or cups, or wine.

Evidently the occurrence of such joy previous to the lofty enter- prise was a proof that the enterprise would be successful, and a clear indication that the work taken in hand would have a prosperous issue. Accordingly it communicated to the clear-sighted the retreat of Sikandar who speedily fled and came to the fort of Mftnkot ^ and the siege and capture of the fori by H.M. the Shfthin^fih. The brief details of this are as follows : —

When Sikandar, in terror of the victorious army, fled to the hill* country of th? Siw&liks, and Dahmiri became the imperial camping- ground, news wr ; continually being brought that the intention of that ill-conditioned runagate was to draw the array of fortune into the deflles and then give battle {lit,, in these central ravines strenu- ously bind the waist of effort). H.M. the gbflhingb&h did not give ear to these words and advanced according to proper rules. NAfir- al-Mulk and a large body of brave and experienced men were sent to harry and ravage the zamindurs of the hills. These heroes soon, with God’s help, chastised many of the Rajahs of the hills and got much booty. The evil-constituted hillmen, who with evil thoughts had joined with Sikandar, separated from him, and a stone of dis- sension fell among that ill-conditioned assemblage, and they fled without fighting An order was given for pursuing them and for, by vigorous action, getting possession of the leader of the fugitives. A number of brave men made a rapid march and reached a portion of his camp. Iskandar, when he heard of this pursuit, fell into confu- 5] sion and distress, and threw himself into the fort of Mdnkot which he had formerly prepared in case an evil day should come upon him. The alert and victorious soldiers plundered his camp, and reported to the Court about his having retired to his fortress.*

• Thi.o is tho M&ngarh mentioned in Badadnl, Ranking, p. 527 and des- cribed there as being 5 or 6 koa froro Bit’ ‘Han). Mankot is in

Ain, Jarrctt 11. 321 as in the Booh- nau Dftib.

Five according t« the T.-i-Daodl, Elliot IV. 494. Each had a separate

i^KBARKiVA.

(The fortress of Mlnkot is composed of four BiroBg forts which 8eUm had constructed on adjoining hills at the time when he

had marched out to extirpate the Gakkar tribe^ and had returned frustrated. On each hill he built a fort composed of stone and mortar, and to the eye of a spectator the whole fortification looked like one fort. The site was very strong, and difficult ot access by tVQOps, and if access were attained it was very difficult to lay hands on the garrison. It had an abundant supply of good water, and as much provisions as were wanted. To sum up, in a place whi’^h might be described as a fortress of the Creator, impregnable forts bad been founded. Selim IQiftn’s real object in building these great forts was that when the standards of H.M. Jahftnbini Jinnat i^iyftnl should be directed towards India, there might be a place of refuge for the army of the Pan jab. It passeiLinU) his evil mind that he would lay waste Lahore, and develop tins place, and that he wonld collect a large army there so that ho i night with security defend this part of the country. The reason for laying waste Lahore was that as this is a very large city, and the residence of various traders and craftsmen who could easily supply a large army, and fur- nish them with arms, perhaps the victorious army of the family con- joined with eternity might come there and gather abnndant rein- forcements, and thus things might become irremediable. Before he could carry out these plans, he passed forth from the defiles of existence.

In fine, when the news came of Sikandar^s flight and df his having taken refuge in the fortress, inasmuch as the imperial inten- tions followed* the orders of God, H.M. the S]iflhinah.&h did not, in his right-thinking mind regard his own discomfort, but looked upon the ease of all mankind as the motive for exertion, and proceeded to besiege the fort, in order that he might remove the mischief-making of that sedition- monger from the heads of all, and that dominion might be established.’ An order was issued that the Baki^is of the army should distribute the redoubts, and the army drew linos of circum- vallation round the fort. Everything was managed according to the

name. See also BadaRnl, Banking, 408, last line. But in Ain II. 821, A.F. speaks of four forts, as here.

1 The Iqbllnima makes this re- mark moro intelligible by saying

that whatever provisions were wanted con Id speedily be collected.

• iUw- is a term ap-

plied to a young camel or other animal following its dam.

CHAPTER XIII.

81

rales of sieges^ and with courage and self-devotion. Adham

whose star of lofty fortune placed him near the. proceed- 62

ed on the first day to the foot of the fort and displayed great vdour.

The brief account of this is that when the victorious forces arrived at the foot of the fortress, a largo number of distinguished and courageous Afghans, who used to unfurl the flags of valour on the battlement of Mars, placed the arch ^ of assertion on the portico of pride and came oat of the fort. They held up their blood-dropping scimitars as standards in the place by the gate and moved about with arrogant steps. Adham Khan showed singular intrepidity and with lion-hearted courage eittered alone among that band. By strength of arm he cast down several men of war and rolled them in dust and blood. Thereupon he returned with rapidity, and was ex- alted by shouts of Bsgivo. By this means th© war-loving powerful men came out every day from their entrenchment and displayed their superiority. The adversary guarded the fort, and with their gnns and muskets allowed no one to come close to the fort. This evil handful did all that was possible, but what avails striving against the masters of fortune ?, or malignity against those possessed of a glori- ous horoscope f

Ferse.

We come as naked swords wielded by Fate,

Who checks at us to death is dight. ^

Among the occurrences which occurred in the beginning of the siege was that Bahidur brother of Khfin Zamfin, who had

stirred up sedition and strife in Zamluddwar and had heaped the dust of confusion and tumult on his own head, came from ZamTn- dawar ashamed and downcast and was exhalted by doing homage By the influence of Bairftm Khau-Kh§n4n he did not receive

the punishment of his evil deeds Though the Kh§n-Khftn4n intend- od to do him a kindness, yet in reality he arranged for him the tnateriala of haughtiness and wickedness. Real kindness consists in

’ K(imdn-i bar petlifdq-i-Mkbdr nihdilti. All idiomatic phrase for ivhioli see the BHliar>i*‘ajam and which Vullci’s H.v. Kamaii renders oruni^’.s viribiis I’ontcnderc. Kainan II

also means a how, but here it seems to moan an arch, the meaning being to put arch upon arch.

• Sec biography in M’aasir-al* I mnra 11. Ko is perhaps the

82

AKBARNlMA.

punishing the evildoer, and so giving him a lesson that he may not again tread t) e border-land of wickedness.

The brief account of tliis matter is that, when the conquering standards of.H.M. Jahanbani Jinnat Ashiyani marched ajjainst India, Qandah&r. which was Bairam I^SiTs jnglr, was adorned by the management of ^ih ^ Muhammad Qandahan, who was ascatof confi- dence f’)r Ins prudence and loyalty. Zarnindawnr was under the administration {<liw(l7u) of Bahadur Khan. \ lien India licoanic an abode of pettce and traiK^uillity, and the throne of tlio (hiliphate was established, Bahadur Khan s evil nature lioiled (jver, and the tliought of seizing oecnrivd to him. Ho at first wished to practise

ingratitude by trick and stratagem, and so get po-scssion of Qandahar. But as disloyalty brings with it .spiritual and temporal damage, his evil ideas were not succes ful. This history, of this event is that Bahftdur I^an communicated his secret to Parrukh Husain, son of KbwfijaQSsim Haz&ra, wlio wa.s a companion of his. By degrees he hid some mad, empty-brained ones in his house, and arranged that on the appointed day those men should come out and overcome the keepers of the gate ; and tliat Bahadur Khan in person should ceme in by the M&shur gate, and by making a joint attack should get hold of Sbih Muhammad, and take possession of Qandahar. On the ap- pointed day when the men in ambush were putting on their armour, some spies came to know of this mutiny, and informed the custodian of the fort. Immediately men were appointed to seize them. Before they could meet them, the party of evil-disposed persons heard of their coming and hastened in confusion to the Ma^ur gate. The gate was looked, .^nd as their hearts, had given way they could noi break tpe bolt.^ They made the struggles of slaughtered animals and

has I’iirah Hiisaiii Mini it is so writter in the Initalnama of Muta’mid Kh an.

• Ihlhd-hdi. I do not kno?r those? words and p^‘rhaps tlio pas.sage is cornipt, Init tho .Tnirknow editor c.x- jilains thnt tln‘y mean po.vts or logs whioli are put between the leaves of gates instead of chains. The B.M. MS. Adjl. 26, ‘203, ha.s dilhd pai dada budand, their he.n ts had given wa 3 ‘» being a (iliruse for liecoming dis-

S^hah SalU or ^apur mentioned in Budafml, inking, 619. and if so hi.s daugiiKT was in nuinayfin’.s ha rein.

’ 1 n gnrd tlifis ns evidence th;»t Adluim ‘dis several years oI<h r

than Akbar. He could hardly have knocked over warriors unless he was at least 18 years of age.

A Blothmunn, Nos. 127 and 316? .ppaTently not the Farrukh IJvsain mmed at ll.2»)6of text. A variant

CHAPTCft Xlll.

83

descended into the ditch of annihilation. A few flung themselves off the gate and brought themselves to an end by their oWh feet. A large number remained and hid themselves in houses in the city, where they took protection from evil -disposed, double-facod ones. Tn a short time Siah Muhammad pursued them and punished them all capitally. Bahadur Khfin, when his stratagem did not succeed, came to Zamindawar and prepared an army. Vagabonds and villains collected around him, and he a second time made preparations for seizing Qandahar.

As Shah Muhammad considered that nolp tiMm India wa.s a remote contingency, he strengthened the fort and addressed himself to the ruler of Persia. He wrote to him that H.M. JahSnbftni had given an agreement that after the conquest of India, Qandahar should belong to the king of Persians servants^ It was now proper that he diould send a large force in order that the rebellion of this iiigrate might be put down and also that Qandahar might be made over to him. The ruler of Persia sent 3,000 Turkomans from the jagirdars of Sistan, Farah and the garmstr under the command of ‘All Yiir Beg Af^Sr. Bahadur Kh§n knew nothing of this force which sud- denly fell upon him. A hot engagement took place. Twice his horse fell under him, and at length he failed and had to fly, could he maintain himself in Zamindawar. ShSh Muhammad treat- ed his auxiliaries with all deference, but made excuses for not sur- rendering QandahSr, and sent them back empty-handed.^ Bahfidur Sb&n, having suffered loss, was obliged to come with an ashamed face to the world-protecting Court, and as this is the shadow of the great threshold, and is liftle-receiving, much-giving, and as in it there is a brisk daily mart of pardon, his so great crimes were forgiven him and Malta! given to him as jagir. The former jSgirdar of Multan,

heartened, and I think this is almost certainly the true reading. However, ^he phrase dar bdi ddda occurs in the text 11. 153 and Jarrett III. 271, ^ “t. The passage there is corrupt and the meaning is not clear.- I sus- pect that the passage refers to the winner and not to the user of dice. The winner, whoever he

bo, pays 10 per cent to the king, and the loser $ per cent ; dar hdi dad then probably means one who has lost. appears to be Hindustani and to come from the Sanskrit bihya or vahya, to be expelled. It is 6ai in I.O. MSS. 235,236.

• For the conclusion of this epi- sode see text infra, pp. 78, 79.

84

AUABVlMA.

Mo^mmad Qul! Birlla reoeived Nigor and its territory. With royal kindness Bahidnr Shin was given the command of one of the batteries. tHe did great deeds when snpported by the sublime family. In short, though the garrison did all they could to guard the fort, the riotorions heroes pressed them more and more, and showed great management in making redoubts and covered ways. At this time news came of the blemd advent of the chaste ladies from the delight- ful city of Slabnl, and of their having reached Lahore, and of their waiting there for instructions.

CHAPTItB^XIV.

85

CHAPTER XIV.-

Abbival of H.M. Miriam-MakIn! and thb other chaste ladies^ ant H.M. THE S^ahinw^Lh’s march to meet them.

Before the arrival ot tne news of the disaffection of M. Sulaimfin and of his designs i^pon Kabul, H.M. the Sbfthind^h had directed that the veil of chastity Miriam-Makftni, and the other secluded ladies o^ the boly Haretp should come to India, and a reference to this order has already been made. But on account of the Mirzft’s dis- turbance the coming of the ladies’ was suspended. A cautious order was sent to Mun’im K., that wl^en M. Sulaimfin’s sedition had been suppressed, the ladies should set out for the capital. After the dis- turbance caused by the Mtrzft had, by Cod’s helfT> been put down, and’ the minds of the imperial servants were at ease bn that score, as has already narrated, the chaste ladies .proceeded to arrange for moving to India, partly to fulfil their vows, ^ and partly to carry out the directions of H.M. the ^b^hinshfih. The families of many of the soldiers who were serving in the aripy also joined the cortege. But as the disturbance of Hemu was known to the evil-disposed in those regions, the sacred journey did not come into effect. But when the news of victory placed a stain on the darkened brows of the disaffect- ed, and the head of Hemu was brought and hung up on the iron gate of Kabul, the drums of joy beat high, and after thanksgiiring and re- joicing, the expedition set out in a propitious hour. Mun’im’.^dn, who was in charge of Kabul, also accompanied the ladies in order that he might be their guide, and also might do good work in India, and thereby make himself illustrious. Kabul was made over to Muham- 55 mad Quii Khftn Birlfts, who had come from the Court as an auxiliary, and in accordance with the instructions of H.M. the 3hiihin|b&h, Mu- hammad Hakim and his mother and sisifera remained in Kabul Ghaz- nin was made over to Khwdia Jalftlu-d-din Mahmud Bujfiq (cut-nose).

sion to Hiriam-lfakiaT’s wiidi to present his sisters to Akbsr*

1 Na^ means both vows and pre- sents, and perhaps there is An alln-

86

AKBAEKlMA.

When the caravan reached JalJlftbld it stopped there for some days on account of supplies, etc. While there, the. news of the supremacy of Bairfim Kiftn, and of the putting to death of Tardi Beg ar- rived from the Court- reporters, and on this account Mun’im Khan saw it proper to give up his intention of proceeding to India. He con- ducted the ladies as far as Kotal Sitftra and there took leave and came back to Kabul. Sham8u«d-din Mul^mmad Atka and his

brethren, Khwaja ‘Ambar Nfl^^ir and Mall& Maqfud Bangali, and a number of other servants were in charge of the ladies. When Mun’im came to Kabul, be gave Mubamoiad Quli leave to go to In- dia, and after that, the officers and the restof the devoted servants of the Court proceeded with the cortege of H.M. Miriam-Makftni and others to the capital. Among the occurrences that happened on this journey were the deaths of two full sisters of H.M. the One died

in JaldUb&d, and the other at Kotal Sitftra near the Indus. H.M. Miriam Mak§nl and the other ladies spent some days in grief for the departure of these heart-delights, and then resigned themselves to the Divine will. The joy of seeing the QJ^ihindiah overcame all sorrow, and after the last rites had been paid, the expedition proceeded on. When the news of the chaste ladies reached the royal ears, H.M. the ^ahinsh&h was delighted and sent that cupola of chastity, Mftham Anaga, the mother of Adham Khftn, who, on account of her abundant sense and loyalty, held a high place in the esteem of the ^jlhin^Sh, and who had been in his service from the time of the cradle till his adornment of the throne, and who trod the path of good’service Avith the acme of affection, to welcome the cortege of H.M. Miriam-Makftni and the oth chaste ladies. That cupola of chastity entered on the auspicious service of the ladies in Lahore, and after informing them of H.M. the Sbihinghfih’s eagerness to see them, proceeded with them towards the camp of fortune.’* H.M. the Sbahin^lh made over the charge of the siege to the KhSn-I£hanfin and went forward to meet them. The auspicious conjunction took place at one stage from the Fort (Man- kot), and H.M. Miriam-Makini’s wishful eyes were gratified by the 66 world-adorning beauty of H,M. the SfcahinAfth. There were mutual rejoicings, and next morning H.H. M. Makftni, Hftji Begum, Gul- badan Begum, Gulcahra Begum, Salima SuUin Begum and a number more of the relations and connections of the nable family, and of the soldiery, arrived at the camp. The army which had become straitened

OBAPTIIt XIV.

87

by the long siege were greatly rejoiced at the arrival of their high- nesses, and of many loyal soldiers, and recognising their arrival as a means of victory they increased their efforts.

One of the occurrences that happened during the siege owing to the abundance of good fortune was that Khftn Zaman, who had gone to Sambhal, obtained g^eat victories although he did not possess real truthfulness and loyalty. Alas I Alas I loyalty was a thousand leagues away from him. He did not know the meaning of service and master- ship. Nay, he had not even come to know the ways of worldly trades- men which every ignorant one requires to be acquainted with. Ac- cordingly a brief account of his disastrous end will be given in its proper place in this noble volume. One of the good services which were performed by him at this time owing to his outward connection with bliss was the battle with Rukn KhSn, LohfinP who was a great officer of Mubftriz Khftn. Zamdn defeated him and subdued

many rebels’ of Sambhal, etc., as^ far as Lucknow. Another of his famous deeds of this time was the defeating Hasan Khfin Backoti.

The brief acoount of this v^onderful occurrence is that the said Hasan KhUn was one of the famous landholders of India, and distin- guished for the number of his brethren and other relations and of his servants. When the Shfthinshah^s army was engaged in besieging Mftnkot, this short-sighted, arrogant one thought he had an op^portu- nity and collected a large army and proceeded to ravage the^ Sarkftr of bambhal. He took with him Jalfil Khfin Sur, who was one of the great Afghan leaders. When his evil designs became known to the Kbin Zamfin, he joined with the royal officers who were there and ad- vanced to join battle near Lucknow, The heroes distinguished them- selves and gained a victory. The hostile army consistea of more than 20,000 cavalry while the army of fortune was not more than 4,000 strong. By the aid of God-given fortune and in spite of the cha- racter of the leader, to which a brief reference has been made, his connection with eternal fortune gave him the victory. An incalcu- 6’ lable amount of booty fell into his hands ; also many elephants. Of the noted elephants there were called Sabdilla, and Dilsankfir Which were of supreme excellence. They were approved of by the’

’ The text has Nuhani, but I adopt 2 Tl garddnxda^xd. It is a Turki

’ if’ variant. Sro Jarrett II. W3. word meaning obedient.

8ft

AKBABWlMA.

fastidious gltLUce (of Akbar), ana included among the special ele- phants of the Sbfthinibah. As the Kh^n Zamftn’s career ended in destruction and disgrace, and his essential baseness came out, and he became a ringleader among the disloyal, the loyal heart does not permit of his deeds being detailed at length. It is best to turn the reinfc of the courser of the pen from this plain.‘

Among the fortunate occurrences that happened during the siege of Mftnkot was the victory of Qiy§ Biftn. The brief account of this joyful event is this : The fort of Gwftliir which is one of the famous fortresses of India, and has few like it for strength, was in the posses- sion of Mubftriz Khftn ‘Adall. It was governed on his behalf by* Bhil Khin who was one of the slaves of Selim Khan the son of ah©r Khan. Rajah Ram Sah, whose ancestors had been the masters ol the fort, besieged it with a host of Rajputs and had brought the garrison into straits. Qiyft Khfln marched from Agra to Gwaliftr, and Rim Sfih left the fort and came to give him battle. He fought bravely, but Qlyfi Khfin stood firm, and as he sought victory from the world- conquering genius of the Shihinshih, he defeated the enemy and sent many to the world of annihilation. Thereafter he undertook the siege of Gwiliir.^

One of the excellent events which occurred during the siege of Minkot was that the fortunate- starred daughter of M. ‘Abdullah Khin Moghul who was distinguished for his lineage, entered into the bond of matrimony with the unique jewel of the Caliphate, Baltam Khin did not approve of this connection, for ‘Abdullah Moj^ul’s sister was married to M. Kimrin, and so he regarded ‘Abdullah as a parti- san of Kimran (az kdmrdni). So he opposed the match until Nisir- al-Mulk gave hiui to understand that opposition in such matters was very unacceptable, and by taking charge of the affair brought this happy event by his prudence to a termination. An order was issued to him (Nisir-al-Mulk) for arranging an assemblage of pleasure and banquet of joy, and a royal feast was provided. Leaving this matter I return to my narrative and proceed to detail the subsequent adven- tures of the besieged in Mftnkot.

him Suhaii See Elliot Y. 167 and note.

• It was noltakentiH^66 A.H. See texl,p. 77» and Badihnl. Lnwe. 26.

1 BadiSnl gives details of the vic- tory. Lowe, 18.

^ So spelt Iv Bloehinaim, 848. The Uft has BahabaL Ysriahu eaUs

CHAPTICB XT.

89

CHAPTER XV.

CaPTUBB op TBK port Of MANKOT^ and RBTQBN op the

ARMY TO LaHORB, AND OTHER PORTUNATE OCCURRENICES.

By the Divine aid and by the auspicions care of the Sl^fthin|hih^ who is the key of all locks^ visible and invisible, an opening took place. As the world-adorning Deity watches over the affairs of this spiritual and temporal lord, it ia proper to inquire in regard to every noatter which has relation to him what are the arrangements of the superintendents of destiny. The conquest of this fort, which equalled the rampart of Alexander ‘ is a proof of this remark. The manner in which it was taken did not enter into th^ minds of the wise. Ar- rangements for the siege, such as no one could imagine, were excel- lently carried out, and the entrenchments were pushed forward on all sides. luqsome planes the batteries closely touched the fort, and among them was an entrenchment which was under the care of the Nfliir-al-Mulk and in advance of all the others. Tbs egreee and in^ gresp of the prisoners of the fort were closed. Though Sikan^ar relied on the strength of the fort, yet he was disheartened by the appearance of aknirs. But in spite of this discouragement, as scoundrels were caloulatiug on the sedition of Mubiriz Shtn ^Adali, of whom a short account has already been given (and hoping), that perhaps be would be able to lift up his head from the eastern provinces of India and march against Delhi, and so the siege of the fort (Mftnkot) would not be completed, and that so he fSikandar) would have an opportunity for commotion in the tranquillised districts, he did not give up defending the fort. But as the doings of the opponents of God-given dominion do not succeed, Mubflriz fain’s measure of life became full. The ac- • count of this affair is as follows : The son of Muhammad JOiftn who was ruler of Bengal and was called Sadr * Khftn, took to himself the title of Jalftlu d-dln, and made great pretensions. Ho advanced to

^ Also called the rampart of (Jog * Also called Khifr KhAn. SlUot

and Magog. See D*Hferbelot V. ad. The battle took place near

90

AlCRARNiMA.

give battle to revenge his father whom Mubiriz Khfin had slain in battle. A great fight ensued and MubSriz Khan ‘Adili was killed. He had reigned four years and odd. I admire the wondrous fortune which occurred to the empire from the mutual contentions of its ene- mies. They made enterprises against one another and showed them- Helves as auxiliaries of the eternal dominion.

When this news came to the garrison they at once became dis- heartened. When Sikandar both witnessed and learnt the uproaring of the standards of daily increasing fortune, and his own defeats upon defeats, despair upon despair fell upon him. Of necessity he entered the lists of suppliants and sent his confidants to implore that H.M. the Sljfihinshah would send to the fort one of his trusty 59 servants to comfort his distracted soul and make him a member of the victorious army. H.M. who was a mine of benevolence, out of compassion sent the Atka Khftn, who was distinguished foi his wisdom and reliability. Sikandar declared with an ashamed, face that he did not possess the wisdom which looks to the end, and that he had adopted short-sighted views. He was not in a condition tO do homage and so whiten his face. His case would be properly dealy with if H.M. the Sl^fthins^fih would be so gracious as to excuse hirn for a time from service. He now sent his son as a slave and bopeo that a place would be assigned to himself where he might stay for a while and prepare himself for the blessing of kissing the thre ^hold He vowed, by God the Creator of the world, that as long as he lived he would never remove the neck of submission from the line of. obe dionco,and that he would place the necklace of this favour round the neck of his life and make it the jewel of his good fortune. He won over the heart of the ambassador by deceitful blandishments and sub- missions, and also sent presents in money and goods to the Nisir-al- Mulk who was the Khfin-Khan^n’s vakil, or rather lyaa the vakil of the Sultanate, and ho, as if ^ from fidelity, interested himself in

Cunir. (Monghyr according to Stew- | art). Both Ferisj^ta and Ni^amu-d- j dTii call him Khan. Nizitnu- '

d-d!n has a separate chapter on Adall which is not translated in Klliof He vVdali killed Mn-

^ammad Khan Gaari (Khifr’s father) at Carkatta (Ohappirghatta ) 16 koa fom KalpT.

i At ruL daxdatl^vmhx. I presume that there is something ironical here . However the phrase Maql^dr ilaihi

GHAPTIR XT.

91

Sikandar, and conveyed the purport of his requests to the SbihinibAh through the instrumentality of the

H.M. who regarded the sweets of forgiveness as greater than those of revenge, accepted the representations of the ^An-^ftnftn, and assigned to Sikandar Kharid and Bih§r as jagirs. The latter sent his son ‘Abdu-r-Rahman along with GhazI ^ Khin Tannurl, who wasone of his confidential officers to the Court, the protectioft of princes, in order that their good services might be the cause of greater favour on the part of the Shahin^ah to himself. The agreement was carried out according to the kingly desires. Valuable presents including Some choice elephants, such as might be fit for the Court, were sent, and on 1 1 Murdad, Divine month, corresponding to Saturday, 27th Ramfin,

24 May, 1557, the keys of the fort were surrendered to the imperial servants. H.M. the Stihinshah drew the writing of forgiveness over the schedule of his offences, and shutting his eycs to the record of his deeds, gave him leave to depart. He came o it of the prison of the fort, and, after a thousand apprehensions and fears, reached Kharid and Bihar. After two years he went to the abode of annihilation.

When the conquest of Minkot had been thus completed and Sultin Sikandar had by becoming a suppliant of the Sultanate con- veyed himself into safety, the charge of the fort was made over to Abu-1-Q§sira, the brother of Muhammad Qasim Khan Mauji. On 16 Murdad, Divine month, corresponding to 2 Shawwal, 31 July, lt)57, the army, after a stay of six months odd, left the slopes of the SiwAliks for Lahore, in order that it might proceed to Agra after having ar- 60 ranged the affairs of the Panjab. On the way Bairam Khan’s mind became troubled on account of misunderstanding, and of his not ap- preciating the favour shown to him. The account of this afhtir is as follows. During the last days of the siege of Mftnkot the KhAn- KhAnAn fell ill. ^Some boils formed which prevented him from mount- ing a horse. During that time H.M. the ShAhinshSh turned his at- tention, as a means of diversion, to elephant-fights. Many times did he apply himself to this sport, which has hundreds of nice points in- volved in it. One day there was a prolonged contestHetween two of the royal elephants called FatufiA and Lagna. By chauoo these two

I TanUr iu tcTt. ShasI ghin afterwards rebelled, Blochmann, 367. BadaAul, Lowe, 11, calls h{m SAr.

“ the above-mentioned ” may refer to the Atka EhAn and not to the Nifir- al-Mulk.

02

akbarnama

during their fight came near the ^an-Khanans tent. The crowd of people and the general uproar caused apprehension and annoyance to the lyian-Khftnan, and he came to suspect that perhaps the thing had occured at the sublime suggestion (of Akbar). He was confirmed in (his suspicion by some strife-mongers. He sent one of his confi- dential servants to Maham Anaga with this message. /‘‘I am not con- scious of having committed any offence in this sphere-circled thresh- old. and I have not displayed anything except well-wishing respect. Why then have mischief-makers imputed some offence to me, and caused such unkindness as that furious elephants should have been let loose against my tent?’ Maham Anaga by soothing expressions quieted his disturbed mind.

61

At this time a strange thing happened in relation to the Lord of the Earth, who was keeping himself in the disguise of an incognito, and was giving attention to the concealment of his idiosyncrasy— a mystry which has already been conveyed, as far as my capacity would allow, from the heart to paper. The event, of which the follow- ing is an account, was the cause of some well-instructed minds coming to a knowledge of truth. One day the world-adorning ShHh- insji^h felt constrained by the presence of short-sighted men, and began to chafe. The power of indignation which in a disposition in- nately equable is an ingredient deposited by (he Lord of power broke out into anger. He became averse to the servants of fortune’s thres- hold who always attended on his stirrup and separated from them, and issued an order that no one of his retinue should be in attendance on him. He even sent away his grooms and such like persons that the

solitude of his letirement might not be contaminated by the crowd of this class of men and went out unattended and alone from the camp offoilunc. In reality he was engaged in prayerful communion with his God, osicnsibly he was angered with men. Among bis special horses there was a noble ‘Iraqi horse called Hairan which Khizr Owfija l^an had presented to him. It had not its like for spirit and swiftness, and was also unequalled for viciousness. When he was left loose no ofic c<»uld come near him, and it was with difficulty that be could be re ckught. The divine hero of the world, owing to bis rcDgth and courage, rode him constantly. In this period of solitude h. up«. ibl.

y aside and increasing bis glory by the presence of God. When

•9

he bad gone some distance he dismounted for some purpose, and be- coming heedless of (he nature of bis steed, assumed the posture of communing with his God. That swift and fiery horse acted according to its custom and rushed off rapidly so that it disappeared from the far-searching gaze of bis Majesty. When his holy heart was again disposed to mount, there was no one in attendance, and no horse at bis service. For a little while be was perplexed what to do, wheb suddenly be saw that this very horse was coming from a distance and galloping towards him It ran on till it came back to him and stood quietly waiting for him, His Majesty was astonished and again mounted the noble animal. It must be considered as one of the strange faculties of this tbrooe^adoroing dominion that a horse,whose habit was not to allow himself to be readily mounted, and who, when he ran off, could with difficulty be re-caught, and who had gone off and disappeared in such a plain, should, merely on the attention of the §ii.&hin^kh being directed towards him came back of his own accord and quietly submit to be re-mounted. Bravo! what apprehen- sion can there be from solitude to him whom the incomparable Deity favours, and of whom he takes charge ? And what improbability is the e in such things happening to him ? Although it may seem at if thr wisdom-erecting Deity makes the world-adorning beauty of this spir.tual and temporal visible to him alone, yet in reality it is the setting forth of sundry lamps in the highway of guidance for the diiection of the short-sighted and superficial, in that they who know In him a visible lord and king may, what is more and better, know him as a spiritual ruler, and recognising that the pleasing of him is the pleasing of God may arrive at the rose-rendezvous of eternal happiness.

Hail to the great one who attains to this knowledge, and joy to ‘:he fortunate one who receives such instruction? And what a blind atheist is he who in the presence of such lights of intelligence remains under the veil of irrecognition, and descends into the trire of anc^! And what a futile wretch is he who in spite of having this glorious station enters on Uie no thoroughfare of hypocrisy aud* oppostion and contends with God the C-eator of the world? Let us be brief, for to noble discourse of this kind there is no limit! (The Khedive of the earth recognised this mysterious intimation (the return of the horse) as a Divine inspiration and, renouncing his intention of solitude, addressed himself again to the cordial greeting of those

u

AEi>.* BNIMA.

loyal oflficers who were in the camp, aud cast the shadow of kindness ‘>ver these regions. Mankind rejoiced, and H.M. witii his retinue reached Lahore on 25 Murdid, Divine month, corresponding to H. 11 ihawwftl (7 August, 1557), before the camp had arrived there. He immediately occupied himself in hunting. After a few days the whole camp arrived.

The S3tftn<^ftnan under the influence of the b’ultftn of imagin- ngs again returned to the old story and began to suspect l(n Mu^iaromad ^ftn Atka. He said to him : ** Although the counten- ance of my loyalty and .devotion to the sublime family be free from the itain of deceit or dissimulation (revu in riyd) and know that H.M.^s H^lance of grace and kindness to myself is without flaw and so I have 90 fear of any breach ic the pillar? thereof, yet as H.M. occasionally treats me with disfavour 1 believe this must corae ‘crom your contriv- ances and calumnies {a^ai 8*adyit). What have I done that you should ;ird up the loins of hostility against mo and that in thirsting for tny blood yon should tom the sacred mind against me t And should sven go so far as to attempt my life was troubled

by this attack, and having collected all his relatives and dependants be went before the j^ftn-^ftnAn and made protestations, accompanied with solemn oaths, that he had never opened his month to speak ill of bim, and that he never would do so. At last the ^An-SJ^An&n came k> his senses, and his anxiety abated s^ewhat.

Among the occurrences of this tiihe was BahAdnr ^An’s being lent to Multan to put bis jigir in order. As iukS already been intim- sted, ibis had been recently conferred on bim. He was also ordered to give a lesson to the BilClofs of that neighbourhood, who had raised the head of refractoriness. BahAdnr SbiOi after arriving in that pleasant country behaved with bravery. A large number of foot and cavalry came to oppose him, and displayed great obstinacy. The fighting lasted for a month, but as the shadow of the fortunes of the one of the earth had been oast over him, he became viotorions by the Divine aid.

As the world- arranging God was about to reveal the majesty of the Sh^hin^Ah that it might come forth from the veil of acquiescence and personally regulate the distractions of the world, the screen over Bairlm ^An’s actions, who was always boasting of his loyalty, began to lift, and he became a traveller on a roadless tract. One of the

CHAPfll X¥.

95

vagftriei which most sensible men obsenred in him #<m that with and without leave he distribnted the rojel elephants among his confix dential officers (eniara). He even seized some of the reserved rojal elephants, which were a screen for glory, on the pretence

that he would n.a1ca them over to (fitting) ^ men. The Khedive of the earth did not wish to submit to this tyranny but as actions have their final time, and. that time had not yet arrived, he winked at the prooed- ors and acquiesced in fate. Good God I What Width of eapaoity 1 And what gentleness I And that too in early youth which is the time 6! for violence^ and is the beginning of the boiling over of the powers of rage. But what is marvellons in a great man^ whom the Creator takes under his protection ?

Durin« the term that Lahore was made iilnstrious by the advent of H.M. the 3hfthin,dlfth, Snltfin Adam (Hkkar came and did homage and was received with favour. As he had not come forward when the standards of H.M. Jahsnbini Jinnat had first come for

the conquest of India, he had an apprehension in his heart. Bat as he had performed an acceptable service, namely, the seizing and mak- ing over of M. Klmriu, who was the source of so much strife and trouble, he was regarded with favour, and liis petitions were coatinn- ally ooming to the sublime Court. At this time, when the earth obr tained celestial splendour by the light {far) of H.M. the 3bAkindlih’s throne, and Fortune wan pertorming its vocation, ru., to drag every chief and leader by the hair to do homage to the sublime Cohrt, and to exalt them by eternal auspiciousness, a desire to kiss the threshold seized the collar of the fortunate one. But from his natural savag- ery he begged that when he should oe exalted by service, he should not be taken to India along With the sublime cort^e,aud that he should not by marks of favour, be made an exile from his owe country. He also begged that one of the confidential servants should seize him and carry him ofi: to the sublime Court. The 9b9hiiid|ihs graciousness ordered that ..his good services shopld be requited, aad granted to the full all his requests. Taimfir * Kh^Q Jal&Ir was ohosen

• This bent64icf is explained i»i rhe IqbAlnitna where we are told that Bairam took away the elephaute say- ing that he would put them in ohiurge ot’ men who would train them for

Akhar.and keep them under control, and that tHey would be giwen up whenever they were wanted for war or for riding*

s Perhspa the TaimlfrKhin JaUir

96

AKBARNlMl.

for this service and directed to conciliate him and to bring him to do homage. And he received more favours than had entered into the mind of his wishes.

Of the events which happened during the stay in Lahore^ for the warning of strife-mongers there was the bringing to capital punish- ment of Taj^t Mai the Zamindar of Man. ^ The brief account of this is as follows. This Zamindar in his evil-fatedness became a compa- nion of Sultan Sikandar and was a cause of his errors. As the general custom of Indian Zamindars is to leave the path of single-mindedness and to have an eye to every side, and to join anyone who is victorious or who is making increasing stir, when there was confusion upon the unavoidable event (the death) of H.M. Jah/inb&nT Jinnat Ashiyftn! be- coming known in India, and Sikandar Silr uplifted the head of strife, that strayed one joined him and backed him up. When the standards of victory besieged Mftnkot, and the garrison had got into difficulties he, according to Zamindari tricks, joined the army. When Bairftm ^ftn became apprised of his intrigues he had him executed, and ap- pointed in his room his brother, Bakht Mai, who was prominent for prudence and loyalty. As it is a principle of the ghfthinslitfth’B lofty M spirit that those who come in voluntarily, even if they do so out of necessity, should be protected from vengeance, and his noble nature, which partakes of thousands of kindnesses and generosities does not take into account the wrong-doings of such men, he did not approve of this execution. But as the veil over his world-adorning beauty had not been lifted, he did not give any outward sign (of his displeasure).

When his world-conquering mind was freaK in the affairs of the Panjab he spent the four months and fourteen days, during which Lahore was an object of envy to heaven from, the splendour of the victorious army, in repose and pleasure outwardly he wore the guise of one who did not attend to affairs, in reality he was deeply interest- ed, and was testing the loyal When the officers of the Caliphate had settled matters, the government of Lahore was entrusted to Husain

of Bubsequent entries See Bloch- GUrdispUr, Punjab. See the ac-

mann, 476. BadaUnl. Lowe, 13, men> counts of Rajah BisU in the M. a1-

tions MakhdSm-al-Mulk as the inter- Umra II. 158, and Jarrettll. 319. It

mediary. Perhaps A.F, suppressed is not far from Kangra. ScoBcames.

his name on account of pique. J A.S.B., for 187o. p 193

^ This is Mau or Pathankot in

CHAPTER XV.

97

Khin sister’s son of Mahdl Qftsim ftnd the victorious standards advanced in aa auspicious hour^ on 25 Divine month, corres* ponding to Tuesday 15 (7 December 1557) tov\rards the

capital of Delhi.

Among the events which happened while the army was encamped at Jrdandhar was the marriage of the Khftn-Khdnftii Bairftm iilian with tlie cupola of chastity Salimft Sul^ftn Begpim. The account of this is as follows. H.M. Jahanbani Jinnat X^iyftm had during the time of his rule betrothed that veil of chastity, who was his sister’s son, and daughter of M. Nuru-d-dm Muhammad, to Bairftm Kliftn, thearrange- nent being that he would make over the unique pearl, who was distin- piished for illustrious lineage and noble qualities (nasab u hasah) among he chaste ladies of the court, to Bairftm Khftn, after the conquest of In* dia. This promise remainedas wpledgetill afitting opportunity. When Jalandhar became a seat of enlightenment owing to the arrival of the sublime camp, the Khftn-fQ^ftnftn applied his mind to *the fulfilment of his claim, and begged the gp^nt thereof from H.M. the ghdhinshah. H.M., as under the guise of indifference he was treading the path of con- ciliation, signified his assent to the request, and promoted the marriage.

All the Court ladies and specially Bfka * Maham Anaga showed great alacrity in furthering the marriage, and accordingly the marriage and the bridal procession (zifdf) took plsu^ within one week. M. Nuru-d>diii was son of M. ‘Alfiuddin Muhammad, who was spn of Khwaja Elasan, commonly known as Khvvajazftda Ca(j^anTan. This Khwajazada was grandson of K. Hasan ‘Attar, who again was the direct descendant of K. Alftuddin who was the first Khalifa of Khwftja NiM]|bc^band.^ Let it not be concealed that the Khwftjaznda Caghanlftn was son-in-law of Sultftn Mahmud, son of Saltan Abfi Said 05 MTrzft. Pa 8 ha> the dauglitor of ‘All Sljukr Beg the third ancestor ^ of Bniitm KhUn, and who was married to S. Mabmftd, gave a daughter

I This is Qutoin Khtn Tiikriysh. Calculla lleview for January, ‘i994

• As a note to tho text states, laost MSS. have the word T)!ka or Be^ before Mfthani Anagi’s name. Mo doubt it riKmld be iiiaer^t^d.

^ This 1 think refer to

and not to *Al! Shalir. thoui|li

jadd is properly Masculine. She was the mother of DairSm’Kgreal-nent, t.r. she was sister of Bairam’s great- grandfather PTf *Alf.

♦ BayfzTd 2506 cal I n Nuru-d-clTii tho graiicUoii of Sultan yiisaiii Baiqra.

t

98

AKBARNlUA.

whom she had by the MirzA to the H.M Getl Sitani

Pil’d US Makftni on considering these relationships showed favour to M. Nurli-d-din Muhmudi in whom he saw marks of sincerity and loyalty, and gave in marriage to him his daughter Gulbarg Begum. Salima, who was distinguished for good qualities, purity and nobility of dis- position^ was bom of that holy one (Gulbarg B.). H.M. Jahftnbftnl Jinnat l^iyftn! had thought of this connection (the marriage with Bairam) on account of those relationships. Good God ! What an imitative world it is 1 Because S. Mahmud made a mistake about IQ^wftjazida Cag^niftn, in that he made an alliance with a strange family, why was it that H.M. Pirdus Mak&ni followed this up by making an alliance with M. Nuru’d-dfn Mul^d. and for what reason

i Khwija BahAaddTn.

This is the Pasha Begam of BShar’a Memoirs, Erskine, p. 80. She was the daughter of *AlI Shukr, Erskine’s *A1I 9h1r, of the Black Sheep. She

fas first married to Muhammadi Afrzi, the son of JahSn Shih, and afterwards to S. Ma^mfid Mtrzi, one of BSbar’s paternal ancles. By him ■he had one son and three daughters. Bibar tells us what became of one daughter, but curiously enough, says nothing about the other two and proceeds immediately to give details about five other daughters of his uncle by another wife (Pipa Agftca). Is it possible that Bibay married them both, and did not say anything about them, agreeably to his usual retioenoe about his own wives P He oertainlv inarried one of the two, vis., I^aliha Bultan, for the M. RahlmT, A.8.B. MS., p. 281b tells us so. She is, 1 believe, the Dildir B. of B&bar and Gulbadan B.’s Memoirs, for ac- cording to the MS. just cited she was the mother of Qulrang. The same MS. tells us that Gulrang ■aarried Milr Mu^d. ahd was the

mother of Bairftm K.’s wife Salima Sultfin. Otherauthoritiescall Salima the daughter of Gulrukhor Gulbarg. Perhaps, as Huggested by Blochmaiin and Beale, Gulrang, Gu1rukh> oud Gulbarg are all names for the same lady. But it must be confessed that there is some confusion, inexplicable as yet, about Sallmb’s parentage and auout Gulrang or Gulbarg. Abfil Fa^l tells us in his second volume, p. 65, that Babar gave his daughter Gulbarg in marriage to Nilrnddln Mn^d., who was a NaqshbandT, and that she was mother of Salima. Else- where, Vol. I., p. 149, he says that Nfiruddln M. was inarried to Gul- rang B. and that he was the father of Salima. These two statements are not contradictory, for he does not say that Gulrang was the mother of Salima, and it may be that there were two daughters of B&bar, one Gulbarg or GulruU^ and the other Gulrang, and that Nfiruddln married them both, one after the other. But against this there is the fact that Golba^bm does not name any daugh- ter of her father’s relied Giilrnlrli nr

CHAPTRR XV.

9 »

did this alliance take place now in pursuance of what had gone before ?

Gulbarg. There is the further diffi- culty that Abul FafI tells us that Babar gave his daughter in marriage to Nuruddtn, whereas Qulbadan tells us that he gave his daughter QuU rang in marriage to Ifiliftn Taimflr. This was very shortly before Bhbar’s death, and we find Ighfln TaimQr liv- ing and serving Hum&yffn in Scinde. Either then, the marriage with Igiiai) never was completed, or A.F. is wrong in saying that Nffruddfn was married to Gulbarg in Babar’s life- time, or Gulrang and Gulbarg are two different persons. If we knew when Salima was born, matters would be cleared up a little. But Jah&nglr speaks of her as dying in 1021, at the age of 60. If so she can only have been 4 or 5 when Bairim married her, and only 2 or 8 when Humayan promised her to him. This is very unlikely, and I suspect, in spite of the MSS. that Jahangir, wrote 80 instead of 60. Then, too, is it possible that there were two N Qruddins, aud that the one to whom Bairam gave his daughter was the ^iJsh N Qru-d-diu mentioned in the ij^ablb-as-siyar, Bombay litho- graph II. 347, who was a brother of Siiaiith Zaiu, and who died in Bibar’s service in 928 A.H. ?

On the whole I incline to the opinion that Babar had a daughter named Gulbarg, or Gulriikh, and as well as one named Gulrang, and that Nffrud- dln was married by Babar to Gul- barg, that she was the mother of Salima, and that, after her dettth perhaps, he married her half-sister

Gulrang. It may be worth noting that though Gulbadan B. does not mention any Gulrukh or Gulbarg among her father’s daughters she mentions a Gul’azir who was a daughter of GuIruUi and a full sister of Kimrin and’Askarl. She does not tell us what became of Gul*azir, and as the name has the same meaning as OulrujKh it is possible that she is the lady whom Babar gave in marriage to NilruddlQ. Against this there is the almost certainty that Salima was descended from Pashto Begam who was also an ancestress of Bairim, for in all probability this common descent was one reason for the mar- riage. But Salima could not have been descended from Paaha if Gul- ‘azir was her mother.

Nllruddin belonged to the Naqah- bandl (see Jarrett III. 358) order as has been said. There is a biography of his great-great-grandfather K. Qasan Att&r in the ghazlna-al-a§flyaa 1., p. 562. It is stated there that K. 9a- san died in 826 and that he is buried in Caghanlin (qu. SJiadmiii ?). See also Safina-al-anliya, p. 80, notice of K. Attar’s father AUQddIn

Attftr. K. 9asan ‘Att&r was son- in- law, of Khw&ja Busurg, i.a., apparently K. Bahauddin. A.F.’s remarks about the imitativeiicss of Humayan scorn misplaced. Humay On probably gave Salima in marriage to Bairam be- cause tliey were related through *A1I Shukr. aud not because of the mar- riages made by S. Mahmad and Bibar. It appears also from the M.

100

akbXsnAma.

Ral^lin! that Bair5m*s mother Naglna belonged to the Naqoiibandl K. family. See marginal note to p. 176 of A.‘S.B. MS.

Apparently the NaqalubandY family were always considered as connected with the royal family ; for M. Mu^d.

Hakim gave his sister, Humijdn’s daughter, Fahhru-nisi, to Khwija Naqabbandl after the death of her first husband Ab3-l-m*aalT,and Akbar married his son Daniel to a daughter of Sultan Khwa^h.

( HAPTKH XVI.

101

CHAPTER XVI.

Bkoinnino op the TniRD Divine year from the date or the accxeaiok or

H.M. THE 3i{AHlNWAH TO WIT THE YEAR OT THE PIR8T CYCLE.

Ood be praised ! The talisman of the second year of the Divine Era which was decked with the jewels of joy and pleasantness be- came a pendant on Time’s ear, and an adornment of the necks of years and montlis, whilst the vernal star of the third Divine year took with greatness the fields of dominion and fortune. After four hours, twenty- eight minutes of Friday, the 20th Jamftda-al-awwal 965 (10 March, 1558), the enthroned one of the fourth heaven (the sun) burnished the gloom of the seven spheres and entered the sign of Aries. He gave fresh vigour to the outer and the inner world. In- describable cosmos was bestowed on the faded earth and the aged sky. Hearts closed against joy received pleasure upon the apparition of the auspicious lights of this year, and the longers after happiness drew in peace and hope from the New Year gale. ^

Verse.

By the vernal fragrance, the world’s brain Made ^ the air the aloes of Qimfir,

From the musk-scattering of the joyous breeze The earth’s navel grew fall of perfume.

Musk was strewn on the earth in tons *

The air was like a shell strewn with civet From faintness the moon did not shed her light,

Blood dripped from the tulip, and tears from the jasmine

i Some MSS. read so^ta instead Cape Comorin or at least some place

of .attta, and this is probably prefer- in India which yields aloes. See

able. The meaning then would be Vullers a.v.

that tho air became odonforo.i.s like 2 Kharwar lit. by ass-loada.

burning alon.”?. t^hiiiar is >iiid to be

102

akbarnamA

The violet, to baffle the evil eye, swiftly

Marked with blue* the ear lobe of the parterre.

’ After the New Year rejoicings, and the outspreading of victory and conquest, the auspicious fruit-trees of the Divine Gardens, to wit the victory marked standards of the ^ahin^ah advanced from Jalan- dhey towards Delhi, hunting and destroying wild beasts on the way.

When the army had crossed the Satlaj, upon the banks of which the town of Ludhiana is situated, swift messengers brought the news that Hijr i^an, of whom a short .account has already been given, was opposing strenuously and on equal terms the force which had been sent (o quell him. It Was therefore resolved that the army of fortune should proceed to Hissar and ascertain the condition of the force which had gone forth. If it was necessary to despatch a second body of troops, this army was to proceed to the scene of action and put H.M’s mind at care about that country. In accordance with this excellent plan the whole of the sublime camp was sent to Hissar under the charge of Nasir-al-mulk rapidly, while H.M. the Sblhinshah went to Sirhind in order to pay the respects of devotion, and that he might rejoin the army after having visited the shrine of H.M. Jananbani Jinnat A^iyam. May his proofs be Illuminated ! For when the officers were defeated and Hemn was predominant, l^hanar’^ Beg and a number of the servants of the court had brought that monarch’s holy corpse to Sirhind and the coffin was now lying there, shrounded in curtain. In a short space of time he had paid his devo- tions, and gone on to Hissar and illuminated the camp there by his presence. Bllram I^an-^anan was at his own request, permitted to accompany H.M. in the expedition (to Sirhind). While the stan- dards were in Hissar a quarrel arose between Nhsir-al mulk and S^ail^ Gadai. As Bair&m Kiyan was much inclined to the Sbai^ he took his part, and Nasir-al-mulk was grieved of heart for some days

1. ’ That is, it gave a tinge of rnoum- ing to avert the evil eye.

2. He was related to Tardi Beg, and was a poet. He joined there- bellion of Ali Quit Kh hn Zaman, and for the reason perhaps he is not mentioned in the Ain. Badaunl

I gives a long extract from his poems I HI. 223. He also praises him for his musical talents. See alse Blonhmann, 593. He is the ^anjarl Turk whom BadahnI mentions. Lowe 387 as having died of emerods in 999 (1591).

CHAPTER XVI

lOS

and dio not come to court. In a short time a number of good men interposed and produced a reconciliation.

When the sound of the victorious army reached Haji Khan and bis men, they separated without fighting and every one went to his own place. Hljf f^an hastened to G jjrat and M. Qasim lOi’an of Nisbapur, marched to Ajmlr and took charge of that quarter.

Shbh Quail I^an Mahraj and a number of others were sent to take Jitaran (a fort in Jodhpur, Jarrett II, 276, and Blochmann, 389 n) (The victorious heroes by the strength of their swords and the might of their courage conducted many of the stiff-necked Rajputs to the abyss of annihilation and took possession of the fort.) The surface of that country was cleared from the rubbish of stubborn rebels.

104

AKBARNiMA

CHAPTER XVII.

37 March of thi wobld-conqorbino abmt of the S^AHiN^tfAH to Delhi and its arrival at that wondrous

WTien the world-subduing mind was at eane with regard to those regions, the sublime army proceeded towards Delhi via Samana. Stage after stage was marked by the distribution of justice and the bestow- al of joy, and on 5 Ardlbihigat, Divine month, equal to 25 Jamfida-al- akhirl, the world-adorning standards cast light and shade on the plains of the capital. The grandees of the city hasteped to go forth to welcome them and made the dust of the world-travorsing army the ornament of the forehead of their own good fortune. The lights of equity and justice, and the radiances of the gb^hing^Sli’s kindness and favour were shed on high and low. By the aid of the Director of Fortune, affairs military and civil were put anew into proper order. At this time the Q)Lfin-]^ftn5n and all the officers and pillars of the empire held a great assemblage in the Sbfthin^lh’s Diwan^dna twice a week ; whatever was fixed upon there with regard to poHticfil and financial matters was humbly represented to the Sbfthin Afth, and whatever his world-obeyed command directed, received the royal signature.

Among the wonderful things which the juggling heavens brought forth from behind the screen of extraordinary events there was the story* of the loves of ‘All Quli Khftn Zamfin and a camel-driver’s son. In consequence of this his intrinsic baseness was revealed, and he oecame an object of scorn to mankind. The brief account of this is as follows : In the reign of H.M. JahinbAni Jinnat Ashyfinl, Qbfth- am Beg, the son of a camel-driver, and who was conspicuous for exter- nal beauty was one of the special body-guard. From innate depravity, the Qiftn Zamftn fixed his lustful gaze on this camel-driver’s son and spenthis days in giving to this outburst of concupiscence, and ebullition of bestial desire the name of Love. After the inevitable event of H.M. JahanbftnT, Shftham Beg and Khuabhil Beg^ who also belonged to the

I 8ee BadAQni, Lowe 13, for a full Accoort, and for the description of the fate of ShAham.

• He is mentioned by Sidi ‘All, p. 50, and described as a superb youth. He too joined Eh&Q ZamAn

i MAPI KR XVII

109

body-guard, were honoured by doing homage to H.M. the ^*hhiQt{||ih at Jalandhar and were enrolled in the body-guard. At this time Khan Zaman in his folly and wretchedness sent men to entirce bim» and he being without intrinsic goodness, and proud of his fleeting, un-substantial beauty took this opportunity to be the making of his fortune and deserted. For in a Court where real beauty was prized and where this is a place also for outward agreeableness when associated with substantive loveliness, what demand was there for this man of outward comeliness, and how could such an one meet with the Sblhin- sha’s glance of approbation? In fine, that unfortunate fled in foolishness from fortune’s house and presented himself before the Khan Zaman. He made beauty’s bazar brisk, and that ingrate (the Khffn Zaman) whose G6 evil disposition was supplemented by the intoxication of courage and success, took to disgraceful courses and as the wicked spirits of Transoxiana in the darkness of their heart have no respect to glory and majesty, and a sublime name to impure, tainted, wretches, say- ing, My padshah, my Padshah, so did this depraved one used to address Shaham Beg, and bow down before him and perform the korwish’. In the suporfluity of his naughtiness, of which only a little may said, he left the way of auspiciousness of which only a little may be said he left the way of auspiciousness and trod the path of destruction. A great evil was the coming to him of flucerers, whose crooked glances regarded nothing but their own interest. For this reason they continually gave a good complexion to this wickednesses, and worked for their own performent. Whenever a mab of evil nature, is in high position and give way to intoxication, and a crowd of flatterers beset him, this spiritual and temporal condition of such a mao deteriorates, and he ends in the ruin of his health and wealth.

The evil ending career of *Ali QuIT Khln is an illustration of this.

When the irreverences and shamelessness of those ill fated ones come, to the knowledge of H.M. admonitory letters where send and wise exhortations and commands were issued. The lofty order was ‘*Our Court is a sea of pardon and beneficence. The mao who by sub- mitting himself to desire and the society of wicked flatters is over

and was capturad and put to death. Elliot V. 322 and Lowe, 101.

It is stated in the Rauzatu-t T&hlrin of Tahir Muhammad that the

^an Zaman put upon ^ahim Beg the robe of honour which Akbar had sent to himself.

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AKBARNAMA.

powered by the lord o{ last and passion becomes the mark of varioas disgraces* Let nothing be said now of virility, truth, loyalty, devo- tion and sincerity, bat take hold of the thread of prudence the safe- guard of the generality of mankind — and repent of your deeds and amend your evil-doings by good service ; send that camel-driver’s son to Coart, so that we may regard your deeds as not done, and exalt you by royal favours. If through folly and immodesty you obey not the royal commands, your punishmon will be cast into your bosom, that it may be a warning to other short-sighted and intoxicated ones.” Meanwhile, as the intoxication and evil nature of ‘All QuH Oiftn became more and more manifest, the world- adorning mind determined that a number of brave men should bo settled in his neighbourhood, so that he might be removed from his unique position and absolute power, and yet not have the veil of his honour rent. For this reason the town of Sandila (in Oudh) was given in fief to Sul tin Husain ^fin Jalfiir. That wicked one (Sbfin Zamftn) had of his own authority given this town to Ism‘fiil Khfin the son of Ibrfihim Khan, Uzbeg and a near relation of his own. Whenever the head of a party engages in evil and disloyalty, his followers necessarily become void of auspiciousness. Consequently Ism’ail KhAn d;d not give up the pargana but proceeded to resist, SultAn Husain KhSn, 69 being backed by such a lord of fortune took it from him by force, and the latter took refuge with ‘Ali Quli KhAn, and came against him with a large army. SultAn ^usain KhAn, marched out with his men to put him down, and as he was one of those associated with eternal fortune he was victorious in spite of the numbers of the enemy. A largo number of the worst of the evil-Cjoors who had set their lives on dis- loyalty were levelled with the dust of annihilation. ShAh BiidAgh BulnqP who was nearly related to ‘Ali Quli KhAn, and was one ef tlic distinguished of the age for bravery, hastened to the hell of extinction. ‘All Quli KhAn on account of his innate wickedness wanted to go and encounter SultAn Husain KhAn, and to quit once for all the screen of respect, and to blacken his face for ever and ever. . A number of wise and far-seeing men withhold him from this improper purpose and engaged him in correcting his evil deeds. He too took the advice a*;/ exerted himself to amend. But as he

’ Tlicrc iH the variant Bidani and this is the form given by M’alamid KhSn.

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107

did not possess a happy constitution, he did not separate that camel’driver’s son from himself, nor withdraw his hand from other evil deeds. Secretly he plotted wickedness, outwardly be showed improvement. Nasir>ul>Mulk continually vituperated his bad be> haviour and strove for sending an army against him and for chastising him, while Bairim £^aa took the part of ‘Ali Qulf Khln and from his magnanimous nature regarded his lawless acts as un- acted) His friends at court gave him weighty admonitions, and as that evil door could not turn back from his deeds he had recourse to tricks and stratagems. He sent a confidential servant named Burj Ali to court in the hope that he might perhaps put bis affairs straight, and find a remedy for the agitations at Court. In those days Nasir-ul-mulk was all powerful, and political and financial affairs were committed to his weighty iudgement. He followed loyalty from the bottom of bis heart and did not regard he partiality of Bairim l^fin. One day Burj *Ali, who belonged t«> the turbulent set of ‘Air Qulf Khin’s society, went to Nasir-ul-mulk and uttered words which were out of all bounds. Accordingly the truth-recognising sould of Nasir-ul-mulk became indignant, and be ordered Buij *Ali to be stretched out and beaten with rods, and that be should be thrown from the tower of Delhi fort and fiung into the most of annihilation. Then he said, “This fellow is now an illustratiopofhis own name (B urj, a tower.) Bairim |^in was much vexed at thh.

He cherished revenge for it in his heart, and pot off his punishment to another time.

Among the dominion-increasing events which catne to pass in Delhi at this time was the bringing to capital pnnisbment of Mussbib Beg the son of Kbwlja Kilan Beg. This was effected by the loyal exertions of Nasir-ul-roulk, and it relieved mankind from bis (Musabib’s seditiousness. The brief account of this is that Ms futile soul was over crammed with hypocrisy and bis disposition compat of wickedness. Both in the time of H.M. lahanblojionat. 7^^ XshiyanT and at the emergence of the world-adorning sun of H M.

1. There ie little point in thie cruet jeat, and Badani justly charac- terises it as an instance of Pir Muhammad’s hardno.ss nf heart .rl. point H- iht r« w.* lay

in the coot^iAt betWMfn the lofty lower, end the little man (inardak) lying at the foot and broken into small pieces (the |£^urdga|]{tof Badani).

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AKBARKlMA.

the SJliAhinahab improper actions of his came to light. H.M. Jinnat Afibiyini used to call him Ma|fthib*i-Manifiq (the hypocritical com- panion), as has already been mentioned.

(^At this time he spent part of his worthless days in the society of Abo-al-M^aili, and in evil plottings, and another part in the Eastern Districts as one of the erfl companiomi of ‘AlT-QulI Khftn.) He made his son ‘All Qnli’s mwArddr (Sealer), and as the measure of his life was nearly fall he came with evil intentions from there to Delhi. Bairftm ^an imprisoned him and then sent him off to Mecca in company of trqsitwcrthy men. He had come oat of his lodging [qadmgdk),^ and was proceeding on his way, when his business was settled and his foot (qadtn) went down to extinction. Na$ir-ul-Malk was the cause of this. By skilful management he brought Bairftm Shia to have two pieces of paper, on one of which v9«s written ’’ Death ** and on the other " Release " These were to be spread^ out, and whichever of them should come oat and fall face upwards should be regarded as the Divine Command, and acted upon accordingly. Fate favoured his design, and immediately persons were sent and he was brought to punishment.

Among the improper things which occured this year was the hlaying of ^hw&ja Jalftlu-d-din^ Bujfiq. The brief account of this is that he was Pftdshfth Qull, «.6., he was the king’s slave and did not go out of his way to pay homage to other men. Now the great men of the world look to the establishment of their own position, and like Ovei^one to court and flatter them. Consequently many grandees of the empire did not like him. Moreover he had the fault of levity and

I Qiadmgdk. 1 think this merely were made into a ball and then openc

means his lodging, M., the place of out. M*utamid Khin says they wei

his feet; bat the word also means a put under a (oli^paAnamad and that th

privy. It is likewise possible that it one first drawn out was acted npoi

means the place in Delhi where there (The takhya/immad was perhaps

was a footprint of the prophet. pillow or cushion, but Blochmann,

Such a.Qadm Qhmif is described in translates it as ** wooden coverlet."

Syed Ahmad’s A|&r Sanidid, p. 99» > See translation, p. 142, para. 2

No. 91. It was built in FirSi Bhth’s The name Pidshih Quit " wai

time 709 A.H. or 1310 and is, or was, one assumed by JaUln-d-dhi to shov

opposite totbePnrlDa Qil%. See also that he was wholly devoted to Hum

Harconrt’s Guide to Delhi, p. 140. lylln.

• The Lucknow editor says they

CHAPTLR XVII

I0»

of making joke», which pcrhapi is the worst of oflhnces in the ejpai of the great. He uttered pleasantries about the leaders of the age, and under the guise of witticisms— which the ignorant euN agreeable faeeliousoeas— be said things which were far from being proper, to that ihtfc was no one who did not carry in hit side a wound from the thombrake of hie jesting. At this time when Gbaznin had tvn entrusted to him on the recommendation of Muhammad Quif ^In Barlaa, deeigning persons got their opportunity and both emhittered Mun’im KMn’t mind, and revied hts old desire of being revenged upon him (In indie too they stirred op BaMm’ m|io to kill him, and so were the cause of still further troubling Bairim’s mind. Where is that far seeing and good man who regards his naaster’s welfare and does not for bis private ends make utefual servants the target for the arrows of revenge, and who easts out of view his own lose or gain and ejterts himself in bringing forward men of ability? When the H^waja heard that mun’im lyifn had given up hie intention of going to india and that be was meditating revenge, he fell into great perplexity. He could not go to India fcr the Lotd of the Age was behind the screen of insouciance, and Bairam l^in waa very powerful. Considering that in the time of H.M lablnbUnr Jinnat Ashiyani cn account of some improper expression which bad been conveyed to Bairam ^an tin latter bad taken the opportunity of finding JaUlo-d>din alone in the bath and bad treated him with great ignominy, and in his anger had not had respect to H.M. Jahanbani; now that bh status was so high, and that the Lord of the Age was under the veil of iokttention, how could he go before him? And what accusations the evil hearted and oppressive would produce I Nor could he prevail upon himself to go to Kabul and see Munim I^in who affimted to be welNdisposed to* wards him. Disloyality too was in Jelilu>d*din’s estimation the wont of faults, and so he could not endure to torn away from the dominioa enjoined with eternity to another country. MunTm Kbln sent a number of people to give him confidence, and after having induced him to come by promises and agreement he put him in prison. After that they at his instigation lanced his eyes several times but as his fate bad not arrived, the brightness of bis honest eyes was not dimmed. After sometime when he was let go on the supposition that he was blind, he proceeded to Banga^ and under the guidance of a Bangaohi was on his way to icdia, so that be might by whatever

Il« AKBARNAMA

mwiw veic pouibi*, convey himself to the threshold of dominion; and that whatever nnavoidable otder might issue from his enemies (Baitim and others) he might at kssi be under the foot of his master. When Mun’im fUten heard of this be sent off some swift inquisitors. They caught him and bis younger brother Jalalu-d-dm Ma/aud, and Mun’im Khin bound and imprisoned them. He was thinking how to get rid of them. At last he one might sent people to them and spilt the blood of these loyalists for bis own shameful private ends ! Baitim Khin too had drawn up and sent an order for putting them to death. H.M. the SliihiiMbih who in order to test the powerful, and for other reason was under the veil of inattention, was inwardly indignant on hearing of this proceeding, but left the retribution for it, as well as for other matters, to God the Creator and Adomer of the worl<!, and in this said nothing. May Almighty God long preserve this e;(hibition of endurance in order that he may govern spiritually anr* temporally.

OHAPTBR XTin

II

CHAPTER XVm

B.M. THE gS^NSHAH’S JNa.TNATION POR ELEPHANTS, AND THE EIOHITNQ OF RAOINO ELEPHANTS.

The ftr*ieein|, icreeo<choo(ing mind of H.M. the ^Shinsliib. which was constantly weaving the disguise of insouciance, and left political and financial matters to the lovers thereof, and daily drew a fresh veil over the face of his dominion conjoined with eternity, and thereby test at the boastful lovers of world gave its attention to camei>ridiog and to camel fights at the time that he was adorning the veil in Kabul. For in that country theta was no mind practised horse-riding and the hunting with dop. When India was made Illustrious by his blessed advent he gave special attention to elephants, which are wonderful animals both in form and in ways. If in respect of size I liken them to a mountain in order to describe them to those who have not seen them, I do not ^ succeed in my attempt, for who account taken to their beauty of form, and where is there swisenessT Of if I liken their speed and fury to the wind, how is their wrath depicted at the time of their overthrowing the firm-footed on the field of battle? If I compare them for fotsight, intelligence, and sagarity to the horse the real thing is not ssid. .A separate volume would be

required to describe their ferocity, their revenp, and

their wonders deeds. Such a work might be written by a uge without the adornments of fine writing. Eloquence and fluency alone ate not suflBcient for soch a great subject being treated of in ita

entirety. In addition to true wisdom there must be along life

spent in the company of experienced man and have learnt the ways of wondrous looking mighty formed, highly intelligent, mountain demolishing, horseman throwing, army confounding (animal), and thereby acquiring knowledge of the marvellous, awe-inspiring, astonishment producing, creature-

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vdth all this, there must also be the beholding of his wrath and his gentlenesa, and of witnessing his wondrous actions. Then perhaps a little out of much can be written about him, so that the brevity of the account may not cause regret in the heart. Why 8lM>old I, who have not these opportunities, make a long discourse and indulge in word-ornamentation f Why should I turn back from the purpose which I have in this noble volume f Assuredly it is better to be contented with what I have said of those wondrous creatures and that I increase the splendour of my own subject’ !

When the sacred glance of H.M. the Sbshinahnh fell upon this wondrous animal, he recognised it as worthy of his attention and prepared a fresh screen for himself. In fact the world-adorning Deity decreed the commencement* of the beautifying of this unique one of the threshold of greatness (t.#. Akbar), and converted the subject-matter of the fear and terror of the supearaiid^ creature-wor- shippers into current coin, so that t^^y might not break the chain them to this spiritual and temporal Kliedive, and that they might not indulge in vain thoughts and might not proceed beyond their measure. For the adepts in this art and the teachers thereof were unable to tame the ferocity (of the elephant), while this Divine athletn subdued it by his courage. Evidently* it was proper to take notice of him I This also was for the wise and the pious the beginning of the perceiving and understanding of the works of this chosen one of Gold For deeds which could not oome within the mould of speech, and which could not be weighed in the balance of reason were displayed by this enthroned one. Ridings upon meuft, men-killing, driver- throwing elephants, the sight of whom melted the gall-bladder of the iron-liverod ones of this, art were exhibited by this holy personality. When a mast and vicious elephant had killed its driver, and committed several other murders, so that it was a terror to the city, this assisted of heaven and pro-

’ There is a great deal abr..> iitg Ihem from presuming too much

elephants in the Ain Blochmaiiii. Ur oa his insouciaoee and breaking

^ fgg, their allegiance.

^ A.F. niwtns that Ood saada * Thia is sarcasm. The ducks now

Akbar’s control ovsr elepbaola a saw there was somalliing in the ugly means of showing to the rulgar duckling.

Akbar’t real power, and Jius prevent-

lit

tected by God came, as be was walking between the garden and the courtyard, placed bis foot on tbe elephant’s tusk and smilingly took bis seat and set tbe elephant to fight with

most and quarrelsome elephants. In tbe very thick of the fighting when he saw that the driver of the other elephant had lost control of the animal, that Lion of God leapt from his own elephant to the other. Then did the pious receive the

collyrium of illumination! For it was impossible to approach this animal without God’s protection, much less^ to ride it, and again to control it with severity, and to engage it in fight

with the exoteric and the esoteric became submissive (Lit came into the condition of having the ring in their ears). It did not occur to anyone that he would saddle the elephant, and that he would arrange other tools and things in order that he might ride. He put a rope round the elephant’s neck, as

an ornament to him, and sitting near his neck twisted his foot into that rope. What shall I say?— the same thing as I said at first. I can’t describe the affair. If the superficial reader thinks that in my deicription I have turued aside from the long highway of purpose into space, tbe intelligent and judicious will perceive that I have not deviated one foot from the way, and that I am hastening forward. But of the aggregate of instances of the Divine protection which aroused tbe spiritual and the worldly from tbe slumber of negligence and produced wonder in some and regret in others for their want of i:ompithension in past times, while they increased the understauding of another section and made it praise its own insight, there was this which occurred at Delhi when tbe holy mind was diverting itself with elephant-riding. One day he mounted tbe elephant called Lakhna, which was an exhibitor of terrific rage, at a time when it was at the height of its ferocity, evil nature and man>killing and made it engage with’ an elephant like itself, so tbe proudest were surprised. Tbe elephant Lakhna, on which H.M. was riding, was victorious and was madly pursuing tbe other when suddenly its foot, which resembled a great pillar, fell into a deep ditch, and in its furious, condition, add when the fumes of wrath were circulating in its brain, it made great struggles and movements. At this time an athlete who was riding on the elephant’s rump, for the rule is that a lion-hearted, skilful man rides crapper on these mountaiu forms, and such a one is called in

IM

akbarmama

Hind} Bhoi,* could not sit the tkyhigh reariogi of the elephant, and fell to the ground. Then, when cries awoke on every side, and the hearts of the foyal melted within them, the body personality was also moved from its place, and his skybrushiog foot became fixed in the rope of the elephant’s neck, which in Hindi is called Kalawa* H.M. with a heart which can throw the noose of courage on the heavens, and a palm which had God’s help in its fingers firmly seirxd the the rope, and having hold of the strong cable of this Divine protec- tion remained strong of heart and serene in soul. In that tumult and uproar which produce and earthquake in the terrere, and a riot in time, and while elephant with his great strength was extricating his feet from the abyss, and was making marvellous struggles and inclining from side to side to the ground, and while on one hand there were the cries of the people, and on the other the efiorts of the elephant for getting rid of H.h<*s sacred personality, a number of interpid, loyal and alert men came and released H.M. from the elephant. The disturbed heart of the world was appeased and the oommoved life of the age became stationary again. I do not know if this beauty under the aspect of terror displayed itself without tbs intention of this choosen one In order that the far-reaching thoughts of the wicked might be shortened by seeing such (divine) guardianship, or whether that spiritual and temporal Khedive, that king of the visible and invisible, knowingly and designedly exhibited such glory, so that by one splendid act might be manifested the blinds of weak-sighted malevolcnts, and the illumination of the loyal. In a short time, when H.M. had pot himself in order, the elephant by his own eflforts brought out his foot from the hole and to be riotous. H.M. with the same open view, and serene soul again mounted the elephant and proceeded, encompassed by the Divine protection, to his fixed abode. Bairam Khan Khan Khnnan on bearing of the circumstances, which threw into agitation thetvanquil souls of devotees, came to prostrate himself at the throqe, and it» gratitude for the safely of the royal person, and to avert the evil eye, distributed great largesses to the world. The cherubim of the Court of heaven and the members of the holly assembly raised the

1 .

Blocjunann 126

2. Bloohmann 127 Xota. Appareotly tha word it really Persian.

CIUITKII Xf III.

115

liah<1s of supplication and implored from a bounteous God enduring dominion and the perfecting of humanity by the fostering care of this great lord of horizons I

Let it not be concealed from inquirers that the first elephant which H.M. the gbilhin^sh rode was called Dilsaiiklir. It was sent along with other elephants by Baird m {^fin to H.M.

JahanbunI Jinnat 2gbiy&Qi as part of the plunder of MSciwdra. H.M. Jinnat Af^iyan! presented that elephant in Lahore to H.M. tlie Sbi^hinfi^uhj and as his elephant-riding had not advanced so far ns that he could ride alone on grand elephants^ he used to ride this one, which was perfectly quiet. And there was an elephant called Faiijhiddr (scattering the army?) which at the •very first time iie rode aloiie without the help This too was an elephant

which H.M. Jahnnbani Jinnat A^iyani had presented to him. One day when H.M. Jahunban! Jinnat AshiyanI was coming from Mftci* 76 wara to Sihrind^ H.M. the Qh^diinshuh rode on that elephant as far as Sihrind. The first mast elephant that H.M. the Sfiahinsbfth rode was called Damudar, which H.M. had presented to Bairftm Khfin* When H.M. the was going from Delhi to Sallmgarha, which

was on tho bank of the J umna, that elephant was tied under a tree by the roadside. As it possessed the virtue of steadiness the driver was, even in the height of its mast condition, taking cooked rice in his hand and putting it into tho elepl.ant’s mouth. H.M.^was pleased with the good behaviour of the elephant, and went up to it, and getting upon a female elephant which they had tied by its side, mounted upon the neck of Damudar. The first mast elephant which H.M. the §hah mounted upon, and engaged in battle with another most elephant, wa.s called Jhalpa. This was during the siege of Mankot. After battle had been waged between these two monsters for along time the contest ended, like a game of chess,’ in a draw, and they were separated. At that auspicious time H.M’s age had reached fourteen years. After this, tho power of H.M. in riding mast elephants rose to such a pitch that that victory ^supported one would unhesitatingly mount on a moAi elephant which experienced drivers despairingly declined to ride (h7. placed the back of the hand on the ground of helplessness). And

• FlI, elephant used to he the name of the rook at chess, .and is nuw thuL of the bishop.

lie

akbarnAma.

he would lead it against mast elephants, and without exaggeration he rodo more than a hundred times on mast elephants which had killed their drivers and were men-slavers^ and were capable of smiling a city or perturbing an array, and engaged them in fighting. May Almighty God preserve this eternally-aided one for cycles and epochs on the throne of success and of fulfilment of the desires of mortals !

Among the dominion-increasing events of this time there was this, that Khwaja ‘ Abdulla, son of Muhammad

Zakaririh the son of Kl^wfija Dost Khawand, on whose forehead was iho jewel of orthodox}’, along with other high-minded Khwajas, who had their jugir in the town of Talundi^ and Mlrza Hasan of Tirmiz, and Qara/ Bahadur of Kashgliar, were appointed io proceed Rajah Kapur Cand, who had shut himself up in the fort of Jam u.* These good servants marched according to proper regulations and displayed full zeal and loyalty. By the help of victorious dominion they fought a great battle and won a great victory. They obiainetl much plunder, and the jewel of their good service and right action was tested.

1 Jarrett If. 320. Seo T.A. 393. irhere C/amTan, which is not far ofi’, is described as a llhw&jah fief.

^ fn Kashmir; but hold at that town by a Rajput family whose

domains extended into Sialkot. TalQndl was not far from Jam mb. for which see Jarrett II. 3^ and note.

CBAPTIB XIX.

CHAPTER XIX.

H.M* THK SSlHINagAn^S PR00REB6 TO AoBA, AND OTHER OCCUBBBNCX8.

When pleasant region of Delhi had been for six months 76 an abode of justice and peace owing to the stay there of H.M. tlie And its affairs had been arranged according to the instructions of inspiration^, the world-adorning mind^ which is a ray from the world-lighting splendour of the sun^ and a light derived from the fountains of eternal lights resolved that the sublime standards should proceed to Agra, which for air and water makes Bagdad asham- ed of the Tigris, and Egypt of the Nile, and his ocean-seaitering mind decided on travelling by boat and on the river Jumna. The fluviatile officers prepared vessels and boats, and outside and iuside the planks were beautified by silks. On the day of Ightsd 26 Mihr, Divine month, corresponding to Sunday 26 Zf-hajja, (9th October, 1558) diat ocean-hearted ^Shins^ih and that ocean without a bound embarked, and imparted th% dignity of the circumambient ocean to a petty piece of water, ‘fhe great officers, the couriers and others who had made preparations for the journey also embarked. It seemed as if the river was in fSte ; or as if the tulip and the rose had raised their heads from the water. With all kinds of joy ana pleasure they set out towards Agra. On that pleasant journey they engaged in fishing and in water- fowljng. And the sublime reunion, which was another river brimful of grand jewels, became by the effect of the movemort of the boat-shaped flagons billowy with gifts and munificance, till at. length on 17 Aban, Divine month, corresponding to’Sujiday 17 Muharrum 966«»30th October the croscent-moou of the standardH of the emerged from

the ascension point of the horizon of the city of Agra, andmado that fortuiKito and auspicious city the centre of the circle of the throne and the ascension point of the tiglif of fortune. U.M^ihe Shahinshsh gave celest raiiK to the citadel, which was known by the name of Badalgm li.a, by his alighting there. Abodes wore

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axbiknIma.

distributed to the gprandees. Fortune took up her dwelling ufid auapioioulinees laid her foundation in that rose-garden. In a short space of time this city became, bj the blessLag of the sublime adrent, the rosy cheek of the seven climes. It is a city of temperate heat and cold, its climate harmonises with the constitution, for trees and fruits its soil is like aod’Iriq. The river Jumna, which has few

like it for the lightnoM and digestibility of its water, flows through it On either side the servants of fortune’s threshold erected plea- sant homes and made chaming gardens which come not within the mould of description. With all grandeur and glory it became once more the abode of the Caliphate, and the centre of the Sultanate.

77 As the auspicious constellations regard with favourable aspects the fortunate horoscope of the Shfthinibah, and results corresponding thereto must show themselves, predestined victories, and the un- veiling of the brides of aspirations displayed themselves in tkeir order. Every hope which promised to arise either by dint of struggle and labour, or without effort or striving, was fulfilled in divers ways. Among these was the happy augpury which occurred after the com- ing to Agr% via., the facile conquest of the fort of Gwftliar. It has already been briefly stated that Qiyfl Kb^n and an army of gallant men had gone to beseige it But as that strong fortress is for strength and solidity a masterpiece of the wise of former times, and a wondrous memorial of skilful ancients, so, that to take it by force it impossible, and could only be thrown open by the daily-increasing prestige of suoh a roaster of Fortune, the enterprise had not ad* vanced in spite of the endeavours of the world-conquering com- batants. At this time, when Agra became the seat of the standards of victory, Habib ’AH Sb&n and MaqfCid ’AH Sultan and a number of others were appointed to assist Qlyft Onn. Bahabal Khfin did not neglect the smallest point in the maintaining of the fort A number of guides to fortune who were his well-wishers gave him sound advice to the effect that though the fort was strong, and supplied with munitions, yet nothing could prevail against Divine help and celestial fortune, especially when no protector remained to back him up. As the remark was very just he accepted the counsel, and in Bahman, Divine month, corraspcvcHng to Rabi’-al-Ikhir, HajT Muhammad Kban SistanT went of the garrison and

composed his (Bahabil’s) disturbed mind, and brought him to serve

CHAPTER XXX

11*

H.M. tbe S^ihiniliiUi. That aiupieiotH one recofsiied that to aaaka over the keya of the fort to the imperial aervaota was to open the gatea of bia own wishea. That strong fort came into the poiseasion of tbe heroes of fortune. H.M. treated him with great kindness and gave him presents, robe of honour And a flef. In fact it wu by payment of promises of kindness that so many great works were accomplished. A new article of faith was added, viz., belief in tbe troth and rectitude of that mine of the greatness of collective ho* manity. A fresh support was given to those wandering in the desert of astonishment. All were convinced that whatever was determined in this world-protecting court would be fulfilled without fail. Nor would any room be given for evil-doing by any shortsighted 76 nnd narrow-minded person. Tbe wild denizens of the wilderness of un- soeiability obtained confidence and found direction to the pleasant abode of society, for this is a court where, as regards advancement nnd selection, no heed is taken of identity, or diffinence of race. Whoever hu a clear oonseienoe, and a sincere heart, and a grateful soul, and ability, and knows the value of instruction, escapes ftom the furnace of pnnishment and receives princely favours.

Of the events which occurred during this fortunate year was tbe engaging in battle of Kamil ^in Ohakar, and bis victory. The facts of this beautiful story are that at tbe time when Agra became tbe abode of sovereignty it came to the royal ears an Afghan tribe called the MQrana was stirring np strife in Sarnaj’ which is iisthe province of Malwn. H.M. sent Kamal lUpo Ohakar against them as he showed marks of courage, and was fit for this employ. He went off with a body Of troops and fought a battle. He wu victorious and returned to kiss the threshed. He was rewarded to a robe of honour and received the towns of Karah. Fatchpur,* Hanswab,* and other placu in fief.

Among the occurrencu wu tbe sending of Adbam Kfrin with a body of troops agaiut Hat kafit. Tbe brief account of this is that Hat- klnt, than which there is no stronger place is neu Agra, and tbe

1 Blocbinaitri 4 ri 6 .

2 ,lH.r«*lf wsifi 111

I. .’»! .♦•r

3 JT. )«?. anH Bl.n-h

• -.it’iTi hthI Kai.i^ . 1? srM’iiiM,

‘‘f IvarrHli In il

F«f h|mi -H iiii!<\v»i)i urifii.i; h> I’lie VlllAg#*

ISO

AKfiARMAMA

landboldrrs are of the Bhadauriyah* tribe> etc., aod are distinguished for sense* and courage. They always were in revolt against the Sultans of India. As Bairam Khin was always suspicious of Adbam Kbbn. he thought to give him this terriory in jagTr, m that in this way he might be . removed from Court, while at the tame time the rebels of that quarter would receive punishment, and thus two good objects be carried out at once. Accordingly he was appointed to this Jagfr and despatched. Bahhdur Khan. I^an Jahin, Saiyid Mahmud Barha, ShSh Qulf I^in Mahram, sadiq ^an, Ismail Quit lOian, Marram ^ban, Amfr Khan and a number of horoes were inscribed in this army. By God’s help they subdued the country, and the sediti* ous received fitting punishment.

One of the events of this year was the arrival at Court of S^lh Muhammad Qil&ti, to whom the governorship of Qandahar had been entrused by Bairim Khan It has already been recorded that when Shlh Muhammad Qilat? had worsted Bahadur

^in, the brother of the Khan Zaman, by entering into engagements with the ruler of Persia, and by bringing an army from, there, he had not stood bv bis promises. Consequently the ruler of Persia appointed his brother’s son, Sultan Hussain M., the son of Bahram M. and his nephew’s guardian, Hussain Beg Icai( Ufthll Istajlu, and Wali I^allfa SbimliT to take Qandahar. ^ah 79 relying on the bi ;lrets of the ShkhinsJ^ah’s fortune, exerted hi* to hold the fort, and the siege was protracted.

At length some Rustam like heroes sallied out one night from the New Gate and attacked the batteries of Wali ^allfa §bamlu. They wounded him and killed many. After a long discussion Sultan Hussain M.retired from the foot of the fort without having accom plished bis purpose. The ruler of Persia was vexed and sent the said Mirze, Alf Qulf Sultan the Governor of ShTraz, and Wall ^alifi ShBmIu with a large force to get possession of Qandahar by every means possible. “Alf Qulf Sultan, who had boaste dmuch about this affair, made great efforts to take the fort, but became bv a

] See Elliot’s Supplemental Glossary, the Bhadaurya tribe and of Haikant. The Bhadauryss are a

Beames, 1859, Vol.1,25 for an account of branch of the Chauhan Purjputs. See also Blechmann. 488.

2 lluitiiyarr. Some MSS. have bisyarT nufiibers^ which seemR piefetable.

CHAPTER XIX

121

musket ball* a traveller to the region of non-existence. A division arose in the army. Though no outward assistance came from the Khedive of the Age, the Divine aid helped from time to time, and confounded such large forces. Sultan Hussain M, who could neither venture to return nor judge it right to remain, spent his days in a distracted manner and encamped round the fort. Meanwhile Shah Muhammad Qilati sent a representation to Court, explain the state of the case, and in reply a command was issued to him to the eflect that H.M. Jahanbani Jinnat Ashiyani used to say that when he bad conquered India be would give Qandabar to the Shah. It was not right to fight with these men, and to carry matters so far. The fort should be delivered to the Shah’s servants, and he, Shah Muhammad should, after making apologies, repair to Court. I laud the gentleness and humanity which were here displayed in such a high degree; and the observance of right and the adherence-to obligations which were so conspicuous! In accordance with the lofty order Shah Muhammad delivered over Qandabar to Sultan Hussain M, and proceeded to the Court, and this year bad the bliss of service, and was the recipient of royal favours.

One of the strange occurences was Shah Quii Khan Mabrams becoming a jogi and hermit. There was a boy with him named Qabiil Khan who knew bow to’dance and whom he loved. As H.M. did not approve of ibis kind of conduct in any of bis servants^ for though it may be pure, yet there are improprieties mix^d up with it which sensible men well know, be prohibited it. Shah QuIi could not give up the practice, and so it was ordered that the boy should be taken from him and made over to guards. Shah Quii Khan owing to the burden of humanity gave way to anguish and set fire to bis name and fame. He put on the dress of jogi, and sought retire- ment, Bairam Khan recited an ode to comfort him and tried to amend him. He came back to bis allegiance to the Sbahinshah. and was ashamed of what he had done; and he was treated with endless favours.

1. The text hie trUu-benduq which eeeme noneenee. The Lucknow edU iion end eomk M.8.8. heve itr-i-ben- duq which ie pbreee for e musket- bell end I edopt thii rtedieg.

2. As Blochmenn remerks 409, th< Meesir II, 638, points out tbet this eccount ditters from thet in the Ae-lem-erei.

122

AiCBAlVllU.

One of the wonderful felicities that befel the holy personality during this time was that the Khedive was engaged in hunting at 80 Mandhikar, which is six from Agra, when a cUa pursned a fawn. He canght it in his month and was carrying it off when the mother, being moved by hei* affection, made a fierce attack on him. The cita which was exulting in the prey it had taken, fell to the ground in dis- grace; in appearance it was frmn the blow of the mother, in reality it was from the gracionsness of the Qhfthinghth, and the gazelle escap- ed from the claws of death and scoured the plain along with its moUier. Though the holy heart wished to remain veiled (lit. to adorn the curtain), yet the divine contrivance was revealing his world- adorning beauty. During this dominion-increasing time H.M. the Shthin^lh always wore in Agra the garb of indifference, and was testing the men of the age. He was continually engaged in hunting deer with the cita, and in elephant-fights, and such other external matters which the superficial man regards as matters of insouciance, while the wise recognise them as the veil of world-adorning beauty. The incomparble Deity day by day made the light of the sun of fortune of His own chosen one more and more resplendent, and what H.M. regarded as a veil of his beauty was converted by the Creator into exhibitions of his beauty, so that day by day the majesty of’ that Khedive of the age’ was exalted. The kingly might and majesty were continually unveiling themselves without any external insignia. The specialities and detaiU of such actions cannot be committed to books and records. The dust-seated mote, Abul Fa^l, who has come in haste and is putting together an abridged account of the acts of this Khedive of tlio age, by questioning bit by bit those acquainted with them, is somewhat surprised at the eloquent and able men of this domi- nion-conjoined with eternity. For, if the lord of the world remained und^r a veil, and did not, for the instruction of mankind, dictate an account of his wondrous deeds, and glorious state, what negligence took possession of these able and connoisseurs, so that they have not collec- ted the holy occurrences of this Ood-given dominion T Moreover where have I the ill-fated one, who have neither trunk nor leaf of outward growth and have to carry out royal orders, and who know that unstint- ed service is my reasonable devotion, and so spend my time in discor- dant oc^Mipations, the leisure to record tilings in detail? Yes, truly, if God grant nieS’jMicient life iu the service of His Majesty, I shall

CBAPTIB XIX.

128

r^ite the wondrons’^e of mj spiritnal ud tempofnd king, aMf under this guise pay my devotiona to God I In abort, although the ruler of the age was apending hia days under the veil of indiilerenoe, yet every day men of g^niua and talent, loyal combatants deTOted heroes, sages, and other men of skill were coming from the quarters of the earth m troops and were gaining their desires. The court of the king became the shadow of the Divine Oonrt, every section suo- ceeded above its wishes and became part of the army of fortune; and the garden of human hearts blossomed out in various colours, and gladness and joy went on increasing/

124

AkKAIWlVi,

CHAPTER XX

Branmiko op thi rouvra Divihb tbab psom thb saobbi) *<‘nE68ioM or THI QbIbimibIh, to wit, thb tiah. ‘ill or THI niiT orcLi.

Thinks bo to Qneqoslled bounty^ and to anreasing excelle’nce that the tUrd year of the Divine Era has happily come to sn <»nd, and that time has come for the beginning of the ftaf9Aiyear. On Sunday 2 Jatntda-el«skbiH 966 (12^ March 15t(9) lAie light of Akbar* and the great light shed their rsdistice on^the house of exaltation. The Tisilile and iavifible world obtained splendour; the gates of joy wore opened before mortals^ the things of delight displayed brilliancy before the eyes of mankind, the orb (kaukava) of the Sulfan of spring (the sun) inflamed the world and took possession thereof; the sound of the army joI King Rose opene<^ the ears of time and the terrene; the New Year** boontTofthe q>int of vegetation breathed on the bodies and moulds of t^rr^tnais : €he liberality of spring bestowed brain-nonrishing odours and perfnmee on the horizons; the vernal breeze taught the nurs- lings of the garden the tripping gait’ of the partridge and the stately step of ike pheasant, the atmosphere gave to earth’s fixtures the ascension of fire, and the mobility of water. The brown covering of earth was cnanged into a satin and brocade* Carpet, without woof or warp, of verdure and* roses ; tbc throats of the birds of the garden threw discredit on the fiue-breathing flute, the beak of the night- ingale buffeted Pan’s’ pipes, the tulip laughed at the bill of the parrot, and. the verdure at tli’e tail of the peacock, the violet touched

^ The^raoiiqUAJcbarlsayaFridsy-

• A. F. plays on the double mean-* ing of Akbir the great light and also the light of Akbar.

’ jiMhoa^ but probably jalwl, mean- ing gait, is meant for the partridge as famed for its elegant motion.

• aJc$uf\ eaid to be a black satin woiu by princes.

mMqdr, also the name of a fabu- lous (P) bird whose bill is perforated. Compare for these hyperboles I, p. 20, 1. 9, and Errata,

C0APTIB n.

125

the eyes of beholder# with the eollyrium of viaion, the narcissus re- mained in open-eyed^ a dmiration of Divine power, lilies* and and hy- acinths* nnveiled the m ystcries of white and black, tulips and sweet- smelling flowers becarwe skilled exponents of the truths of God and of existence.*^

Verse.

From PiA^dise ctfme a cup* to the tulip From Bifwftn came a greeting to the rose The^r^ was glory of the garden-beauties ISach cheek shone like a lamp.

Under each calyx there was a fragrant bud Like a swart amulet on the arm of the beloved i The lily put forth her silent tongue*

Every moment she sought a draught The dew shed silver on the grasSes’s heads The zephyr shook down a couch of flowers At each fount the duck was inserting his bill.

Like golden shears in a piece of silk.

On every branch the birds were organists.

The rose-bush tossed her head at every note The early-waking nightingale sang love-ditties And quickened the ardour of the wine-bibbers.

The 9h&hin|(hih by adorning the world i Added another spring to Spring.

In this fortnnate year, which was the ornamental border of the book of fortune, the world-conquering genius ordained that a proper army should be appointed to the eastern districts to take Lucknow and the territories appertaining thereto from ‘All Qull and to

awaken him from his neglectful sleep. ^*If he betook himself to ways of auspiciousness, and made loyalty his‘ travelling-gear, and

^ According to the Lucknow edi. tion the narcissus is generall;^ com- pared to k half -shut eye. Here wonder makes it fnll-ejred.

• B seems to mean any white flower.

• In the list of flowers given in the

Ain the hyacinth (sambaX) is described as dark-red in colour.

• Befeiring of ouorso to the shape of the flower.

• The leaves of the lily are oo»- pared to tongnsa.

126

AKBABHilM.

sent tbt oamv^l-drivei^s son, who was the gronnd-work ot his arso- ganoe and negligence to Conrt, or drove hir^ away from his pro- eenooi and made obedience and enbniission tg ihe lord of the world and of mortals the ground nrork of his own for sne, he would certain- ly have been compassed .with rOyal iayours. and a hould march with the army of fortune of the sublime dynasty to Jaunpur^ and chastise the Af|j^nS| who still carried in their brains the vap^onrs of sedition^ and make a place for himself there, his former good sei^oe would be approved of and his present follies would be passed o^er and he would receive help and support/^ An order was issued that vie* torius troops should preoeed to their fiefs, and make their prepara- tions and assist ‘Ali QuU ^in. Shoold that ill-fated and intoxi- cated roan not recognise the amount of &vour that was shown to him, then to punish him and to put him down would be regarded as the ground-work of the administration of the world, and the orna- ment of the worship of the Creator^ On account of these considera- tions, Qiy4 Oiing, l^uSaiu Shtn Jalftir, Muhammad Khtn

Jalilr, ShUham Kbihi Jaliir, Muhammad iQiSii SistAni, Oalma SblQ« KamAl ^iin Ohakkar, and a number of other loyal heroes were despatched. And a firman was issued that he (^AU Qul!) sbould make over liucknow to the royal servants and proceed to Court. ^Abdullah £hAn tJsbek; who had charge of KtlpT, was exalted by a royal command and directed to take part in this enterprise and to act with loyalty. As the veil over ^Ali Quli’ Sh&n was uot yet fully rent, and some days were waucing until the veil sho^il^ be removed he on hearing tho command, made over Lnckqow and its territories to the Jalilfs and other officers, and snntedthe girdle of courage on himself for the con<|uest of Jaunpur ibrAhTm’, who has already ,been mentioned, had at the time when Mubjlra% Kb An was killed, and Ilimu disappeared, made the convulsive uiovcmonts of a slaughtered animal, and was ‘Qow in JaunpO]:> ‘AH Quli took from him Jaunpur without a battle,^ and a wide tract of country came into li is possession by ihn good fortune of the SbAhii^^hAh: He dispkiyed

t This is Ibrihim SUr. Ail Qulfs victories are described by Bac^Wh Lowe, 18. See also for details Ibrihlm, Ranking A48 andi ihi. Ife was put to death iu 975 A.H. (1567).

’ bejafhg, but perhapR it should be bajang, see Elliot V. 259, and BadSft- Ilf, Lowe, 18. RadAlfiil represents the Afghin Sultin Bahldur as hit upponen

CHAPTBB XX.

127

these acts of valour^ and one deed which waa ostensibly good was the sending away of If this had been done from the bottom

of his heart he would have sent him to Court. At last in some way or other he separated that groundwork of sedition from himself, and after giving demonstrations of loyalty sent representations and pre- eer.ts to the sublime Court.

One of the instructive occurrences which might be a guide to those astray in the wilderness of denial, and which occurred in this year was the killing of the camel-driver’s son As the Creator is surety for the administration of the sovereignty of this Khedive of the horizons, the superintendents of fate were at work, in spite of the. enthroned one of the Caliphate’s being under the veil of insouciance, and sent the opponents of dominion-conjoined with eternity to the abyss of destruction, and gave every one tlieii appropriate punish- ment. At one time they bestowed power and victory on the imperial servants, as for instance in the victory over Himu and the capture of the Fort of MSnkot, etc. At another time they struck the enemies with shame and sent them to the wilderness of vagabondage, as in the ruin of M. Sulaimfin. At another time they stirred up strife among the black -though ted opponents, so that they attacked each other and reached the abode of annihilation, as in the catastrophe of this son. The details of his descent to nothing-

prosS |v],iK*h was a great Qf good fortune,. urr as follows: When

All Quli Khfin showed a of submission and cheat in gly

put him away from bim^f for a time, tliat low wreich went on spend- ing his days in that ne^ibourhood in arrogance, until oimday he went to the town of Siiharpur* which was in the fief of ^Abdu-r-rahmftn H’ ir, the swpof Muyld Beg DqUlai, who had been a favourite courtier ^ Jahanbani, Jinnat ‘Ashi^ani. This camel-driver’s son in

the begimiiiig of his infatuated career had held the relation of being the beloved of ‘Abdu-r-rahm§n and according to the wicked ways of Transoxiana, which are neither consuming nur melting, neither love nor friendship, they took the path of shamolessnoss and immodesty, and played the game of affeQtion with one another. On account of this relation gjt^ftham came to his house, and fell to remembering Arftm Jftn, and asked that she might be resumed tq.him.

A purgana in tbo Faifibid district^of Oudh.

m

AKBARNAMA

(The story of Aram Jan is this) She was a prostitute, and ‘Ali Quii |,ban, from love to her, which had its sources in lust, surrendered his futile hear to that street-walker, who was the embraced of thousaads and married her. He put her in the rank of his wives, and had the shameleesness to bring that slut to the drinking-bouts which be bad with Shaham Beg in order that she might recite and sing, and become the groundwork of strife. At last §haham Beg by degrees fell in love with her, or rather came to lust after her, and as ‘Ali Ouli Khan was overcome by sensuality, he acted as §b>itam’s servant, and made his lands into three portions, keeping one for him self, and giving two to that clown’s son, and waiting upon him One night that intoxicated wretch brought forward bis wishes, and ‘Ali 84 Quli Oan was so wanting in self-respect as to make over to him bis own wedded wife, ^aham Beg for a time enjoyed his lust, and then when his heart grew cold he in his folly made over that wanton whom he had adnlterously carried off, to *Abdu-r-rahman Beg in the same way that ite had received her. Abdu-r-rahmun made her his wife, and kept her secluded. When ^hiabam Beg was^ his guest, he remembered in drunkenness and infatuation that Aram Jan and showed restlessness (be-arami). fudging of *Abdu-r-rabmin as of ‘Ali Quli I^han he expected that Aram Jan would be returned to_ him ‘Abdu-r-rahmin Beg bad self-respect and refused to do this ^Ijaham Beg who was inflamed with wine, and was nabituated to insolence and depotism, got angry. He at once forgot the claims of friendship. Such is the degree of stability of a connexion founded upon lust !

In fine, §babam Beg proceded to violence and bound ‘Abdu-r-rah- man Beg took the prostitute away from his bouse to a neighbouring garden and there celebrated a singing and dnnking parly. Meanwhile Muyld Beg, the brother of Abdu-r-rahmin Beg, heard of this, and having armed himself went to the door of the garden, where that low wretch was. The men tried to stop him and a fight took place. Suddenly, in the confusion, an arrow reached that miscreant and the bird of his soul was released from the narrow cage of bis body. ‘Abdu-r-rahman obtained deliverance from his bonds, and turning to flee he with all baste betook himself to the world protecting Court. There he put* up to sale this proper action.

I’ttroUhi vltiH Hits i.^ followed I think, means -‘lor the same price ’*

aeii^iun iKiliumi tpidr which and is intended to can}’ on the meta-

CHAPTER XX

l»

which in his case was but the result of> an accident, as the preamble of good service and having attained the same price as if he bad been the cause of the occurrence, he was made the recipient of favours and was ranked and welcomed among his peers.*

When ‘Air Qulf ^in beard of the occurrence be rent the collar of patience and cast the dust of sorrow upon his head. He pursued Abdu-r-rahman Beg and came as far as the Ganges. When it appeared that be bad already crossed, he returned in despair, and conveyed tbe carease of that camel-drivcr’s son to Jaunpur, and hurried it on the edge of a tank and erected a lofty building over it. Thus without the efforts of the loyalists ail this disturbance subsided. Assuredly, whoever rebels against one who has been made great by God, and a ruler whom the inhabitants of the visible and inviiible world hasten to obey strikes with his own hand the dagger of death into his botom, and his own action as suflScient for his suppression so that the occurrence may be the groundwork of increased awaken- 8S ing 85 of the enlightened and fortunate. Such instances are to be found in the career of the Khedive of the world, and a few of them will be mentioned in their proper places.

One of the haipy occurrences of this year was tbe arranging of tbe marriage of Adham I^n. The succinct account of tbit is that the favour of the ShShinsj^ib which was bestowed on tbe cupola of chastity, Maham Anagar and her children, directed itself towards the marriage of Adham Khan, who was Maham Anaga’s younger son, and after inquiry and consideration the daughter of Baqi* ^an of Baqian* who for a long time was M. Hindai’s secretary fnarwanfe) was betrothed to Inm. lo a short time preparations for a feast were made and the marriage took place. Tbe lofty disposition of tbe Shihin^ah made Ibis feast the occasion of thousand favours.

phor. The “preperactlsh. in the iLiUing of Shaham,

1. Kaif maittifaq axubawhair amid. '

2. The story of ShSham Beg and Aram Jdn is told at length by Bade* niti, Lowe 13 et seq. but the chrono- gram at p 17 gives a wrong date. 1 aYn decidedly of opinion, however, that seh three in Badannis p.24.1.10, is a mistake for sitta siv, and that saqat which properly means rauti* lated sliould ho translated *salved/’

AND Not substraoted. This would give 966 the proper date.

3. He is mentioned in A.N.T. 201, as Baqi Muhammad.

4. The text has Baqalati, but the variant Baqian in rlearW right. It is a division of Baikal and lies 8.E. of it and 8. Qundux. It is mentioned in A.N. 1.383 and 288.

lao

ACfiABMilU.

CHAPTER XXL

TbI nirlUSOMllBNT or THB Ni9IB-Dl.-ll1}I,K PiB Mn^AlMAO SsiN V

BaibIm KbIk.

As the world caraTanseru is a aoarce of warning to the far- righted spectator, whaterer appears in it has thousands of designs and equities in deposit and is an expression of Divine power. It behoves the seer to see this. In the hall of justice of the True Judge whioh is in the market-place full of noise and evil (the world) no good fortune is destroyed and no one is brought from the heaven of honour to the earth of ignominy so long as he does not abandon recti- tude hnd take the road of wrong. Accordingly, at this time, when the capre of BairSm QMui’s fortune was nearly full, there came a rift into his disposition, so that by the agency of short-sighted strifemongera and ill-fated envious ones who are tHa plon sefl with destiny and at war with God, and who from meanness (ui under- standing are grieved at others* joy, and rejoieed at others’ grief and trouble, Bairim Spin’s heart became alienated from Miilla PTr Mn^m- mad. The latter in the abundance of his loyalty and sincerity conti- nued in his devotion and disposed of matters political and finanoiaL He relied upon his rectitude and probity, and did his work without a wrinkle on the brow of hiB heart, or a knot in the eye-brow of his soul. As such a person is inevitably the mark of high and low, and is surrounded by crowds, this makes the hearts of the incompetent bleed with envy, and from their evil imaginations indulge iu ealumuy and slander ; while the minds of the great on account of press of busi- ness, and want of leisure for investigation, become confused by the bussing of su<jh fly-like creatures. Rr Muhammad ©fin was also the asylum and refuge of mankind, and onviers by profession felt their blood boil and girded themselves up to be tale-bearers and stirerrs- np of strife. Balr&m ^an’s day was near its close, and he let fall from his hand the thread of deliberation, which is fitted to be the 86 comptroller of men, and put himself into the hands of the envious, and grew suspicious of Pir Maljammad’s lofty actions. Without the

CHAPTER XXI

Itl

latter’s having done anything which merited dismissal, he, at the instigation of enviers by profession, and on the statements of nntme and interested persons flung off an honest man who had put his trust in him.

II Just at this time there was the incident of the Nisir>ul>mulk’s falling ill for some days, and of the Khan-Khinan*s paying him a visit. The Turkish slave, who was the doorkeeper, ignorantly said: “I’il announce (your arrival). The Khan-jUianan was put out by this treatment, and when Mulla Pir Muhammad knew of it he came out and made a thousand apologies). At the same time only a few of the Khan-Khanln’s suite were allowed to enter with him. The frown which for some time bad been behind bis brow came out, and be meditated something against the Nisir-ul-mulk. The envious waiters upon events got their opportunity and made remarks, especially Shaikh Gadaf. After two or three days ly^waja AmTnu’d-dln Mahmud, Mir Abdulla Bakhshl, Khwaja Muhammad Hussain Bakhshl and some servants were sent to Nasirul-mulk with the message: ‘’You were wearing the dress of a poor scholar when you came to Qandabar. As you appeared simple and honest, and did good service you were raised to high ofiice by me, and from being a Mulla you became a leadfr of armies As your capacity was small you easily became intoxicated and got out of band after one cup. We feat lest some great mis- chiefs may be committed by you which it will be diflSdult to remedy. It is better that for some time you should draw in your feet under the blanket of disappointment, and sit down in a Corner. You will now make over your standard, drum and other insignia of distinction and of your exaltation, and betake yourself to the amending of your dis- position, for this is good both for yourself, and for the world. There- after whatever we shall determine with regard to you; will be carried out.”

As soon as Pir Muhammad I^an beard this message he, being a man of independent mind, made over with an open brow the parat pbernalia of office, and with a blithe heart accepted retirement. Some days afterwards, Bairam I^an, at the instigation of some evil disposed persons, resolved upon imprisoning him in a fortress. With this idea he sent the Mulla along with a number of men to Biana. There, at the intercession of men who bejd a medium between well- wishing and enmity, he got permission to go to the Hijaz, and set off

182

AKBASHlllA.

.for Oujrjit. When he came to Radhanpur’ Fat^ Kbnn Baluc iratclp ed over him for a time, and strove to do him honour. At that timo letters came from M. Sbarafn-din Husain and Adham bidding 87 him stay at whatever place he had reached^ and to await events. He returned from, there and toblr up his abode at the-valley of Jhain* near Kantambhur, and fprtified tliat defile. When Bairam ^fin heard of this he sent Sh^h Quli Mahi%m, IQ^aram Kl^an and a body of troops to seize him. When this force approached, there was. an engagement. When night came on, Pir Mulj^mmad l^fin evacuated the place and went off with a small following. His goods fell into the hands of those who had been sent on the expedition.

In short Bairam j^an, on account of his own carelessness and the instigation of envious, short-sighted men put aside this honest and able servant, and with his own hand struck with a hatchet the foot of his fortune. As H.M. the Sh^hindhah had made over the whole business of (Sovereignty to Bairam gjjian and was remaining behind a veil and testing the characters of men, he left to God the retribution of this evil deed which had its origin in wicked designs, and in the plenitude of his wisdom said nothing openly, and merely watched the spectacle of the world. Bairam Sh&n appointed, as vaMl in succession to Pfr Muhammad {[ban, H&ji Mubammad Khan SistanT, who was an old servant of his. But though HajI Muhammad was the nomioal holder of the office, the i^eal Vakil was ^aikh Gadni who was the Sadr. In all political and financial matters Bairfim Kh^n did nothing without consulting him, and the latter being unhinged by the man-throwing wine of the world did not consider the poor and weak. Arrogance, which casts down old fortunes ; what then must happen to newly-made ones f— was assumed by him and was the cause of his own fall and of that of his patron. The effects of this were soon seen, as will be related in its place.

One of the events of this year was the sending Habib ‘All to conquer Rantambhur, which was a fortress famous for its height and

^ In Gujrit, Path KhSn was in the service of the king of GujrSt. See Bayley’s Gujrat, pp. 16 and 489.

« Jarret II, 275. It is in JaipSr, RSjputiiia.

^ BadSQnT, Lowe 25, gives a differ- ent account of this affair, and he calls JSjhir SangrSm. NifSmu-d- din calls him Hsjl. Elliot Y., 260.

CHAPTER XXI

MS

solidity. Id the time of the Afghan supremacy Salim l^an had trusted this fort to his slave Jajhar ^an. When the drum of the Shahin$liahs fortune beat high this ill fated slave saw that the main tenance of the fort was beyond his power and with, the evil intention of preventing its falling into the hands of the imperial servants, sold the fort to Rai Surjan,) who was a servant of Rana Udai Singh and who was powerful in that neighbourhood. Surjan built houses in the fort, and established himself there. He also forcibly seized the villages round about. At this time the sacred mind turned its attention to the capture of the fort and despatch Hab.b ‘All ^hiua ll 88 and other leaders. The force girded the loins of resolution for the capture, and besieged the fort. The flame of battle rote high, and the courage of the foe became like water, but as the Almighty reserv ed the taking of the fort for the supervision of H.M. there happened just at this time the disruption of Bairam Kban. and prudentmen thought other matters more necessary and so did not proceed with the siege).

Among the occurrences of this time is toe Shhhiofbah’s, the dweller under the veil, going to Gwaliar. As the lofty genins of H.M. the Shahinshah is innately devoted to the capture of kingdoms and the chase of hearts, he, during this interval of bis career, was much inclined to hunting with the cita. He made that the veil of his world-adorning beauty. At this time he directed bis progress southwards for the sake of hunting and glorified the territory of Qwaliar by bis presence. While be was hunting, some deer-keepers (ahubanan) and other huntsmen represented that the merchants accompanying Sj^ail^ Muhammad, who was one of the famous Shaikhs of India, bad brought bullocks’ from Gujrat which were un- equalled and fit for the royal hunting equipage. Accordingly an order was issued to bring the bullocks after paying the merchants the price which was agreeable to them. Thereupon it was represented to H.M. that Shaikh Muhammad and bis relatives had better cattle than these, and that if he would pass by bis location bis way back the S^aiyi would certainly for the sake of his own glorification present him with them. Accordingly, with the ostensible object of procuring these animals, but in reality in order to test the Shs’l^’s urbanity, he ‘’ent ‘o his abode. The Shaikh made the dust of the

1. The of Cujrit were and are I’aimuis. Sto UlociMnaim, 140.

134

▲rdarnIma.

royal party tho oye-salve of his glory and iecognised in H.M/a adrent a protection^ against Bairam Khftn’s oppression^ and presented all the cattle which belonged to his people^ together with other gifts and curiosities of GujrAt’ He also tendered various sweet-meats and perfumes. \t the end of the interview he asked H.M. the ShahingtiSh if he had become the disciple of anyone (lit. given the hand of fealty.) H.M. who had placed the hand of trust in God’s hand and was a treasury of the treasuries of spiritual and temporal truths, and sought to conceal his status and spiritual rank, had withheld the hand of his genius from the empty-handed, and Was a spectator of the varied spec- tacle of the universe, formally replied in the negatived • The put out his arm, and laid hold of the sacred hand of that divinely nurtured one, and said, We have taken your hand.” H.M. the Qhah- inshah in the abundance of his courteousness and modesty took no notice, but smiled and departed. H.M. the ghahin^ah often used to relate in his high assemblages that, On that same night we return- ed to our tents and had a wine party and enjoyed ourselves, and laughed over the way to catch bullocks and the ghs^lkh’s dodge of stretching out his arm.”

Verse.

Under their variegated robes they have nooses.

See the long arms of those short-sleeved* ones.

Good God I What was the rank of this boastful simpleton, and what was the degree of the just appreciation, urbanity and gentleness of H.M. the Shahinghah ! For although it was reported universally to H.M. that this Shaikh in general conversation instead of feeling remorse for his misbehaviour gloried in it, he’ took no notice and did not try to correct him I This Shaikh was the younger brother of Shaikh Bahlul who has already been mentioned as having been put to death by

^ The interview apparently took- place after the 8haikh*8 return from Agra and - his having been coldly treated by Bairam.

^ Short sleeves arc a mark of asce- ticism. See Defremery’s Gulistan, Paris 1158, p. 337 note.

^ cue hahahdl an noddda, lit. gave uotLiug as the price thereof, but 1

think it is a phrase, meaning that Akbar ignored tho Shaikh’s pre- sumption, sec Vullers 1. G08a, where bacizc nagiriltan is rendered nihili faccre. 1 canii’jt think that it means, as the Lucknow edition that

Akbar gave nothing in return for the cattle.

CITAPTIE XXI.

185

M. HindEl. Though these two brothers were void of excellencies or leavninSTf ^^^7 various times lived in mountain hermitages and practised incantations with the Divine Names. They made these the proofs of their renown and credibili^, and obtaining^ hj the liielp of easily-deoeiv^ simpletons, the society of princes and amirs, thqr put sainUhip to sale and acquired lands and villages hj fraud. His elder brother was in the servioe of H.M. JahftnbfinI Jinnat lahyi&nl, and as the latter was inclined towards magic he held the Shaikh in reverence. The Shaikh (Bahldl) also used privatelj and when in the company of simple ones to boast of his having relations with H.M. Jah&nbfini of devotion and of teaohership. At the time of the sedition of Shei* Kh&n, as his elder brother had lost his life from his loyalty to H.M. Jah&nbftnf, aiid as people regarded his &mily as appertaining to the enduring dominion (of the imperial family) the Shaikh bad, from fear of being ill-treated by the Afghans, gone to Gujr&t. When the vast country of India had been irradiated by the light of the Shahinghah’s fortune and hhd become a perinhery ofr peace and quiet, the Shaikh came with his sons and grandsons to Agra and presented himself at Court, and was received there with* honour. Shaikh Gadfti, who had an old grudge against him, girded up anew the waist of enmity, and produced before the Hh^n Khsnfin.a treatise which the Shaikh had composed in Qujrit^ and in whicli he ascribed exalta- tions to himself and made strange claims, and thereby attracted to ^g^jnself the minds of the simple. This indisposed the iQiin I^unan towards him, and the Shai^t having managed by the hilp of some B^en to escape from the S3^dn IQianan^s ilUtreattiiMt, vrenf off to Qwft- liftr and became a hermit. On 3 Ardlbihisht, Divine month, of the 8th year corresponding to Monday, 17th Bam^an 970, 10th May 1568,^ he went to the abode of annihilatioi

^ There is a great deal about Mnbammad Ghauy in BadlUnT, vide Lowe, 28, and HI. 4 of Bib. Ind. text. There is also, as the author of the Parbiri Akbarl points out, a long a)6oount of the interview between Akbar and the Shaikh in the Iqbil- nima. According to it^ Muhammad Ghaya is the author of the Jawihiru* -khamsah which in the elaborate

article on Da’waK in ^ughes’a Dict^ of Islam, % 72, col. b, is ascribed to Shaikh AbU-l-Muwnyyid. But per- haps •they are the same person. The treatise of the Shaikh which Oadii showed to Bairim is described bjr Bad&dnT, Lowb, 28. The boastiful tomb «f the Shaikh at GwalUr is well known

186

AXftlBHilU.

Of the ooonrrences of this year there was the Mnding of Bahl* dor ShiOt the brother of ‘All QoU ^th a large army for the oonqaeet of Mtlwa. Let it not be oonoealed that Hilwa, which ie a oonntiy with a good climate, with many springe and foU of oolti* Titian was goremed by filtoji’at |Q>in, who is generally known by tiie people of India as Sqjlwal SlMln* After him, his son Bis Bahi» dnr possessed the oonntry. Daring the tyranny of Salim Shto, Sajiwal Q^in onoe risited his oonrt. After some time he got snspi* 90 oiouB ud went off to Mfllwn withont inking lenye. SalTm JQfin went there with a large nrmj in order to seiae Snj&wal Sh&n# who took refnge with the Bajah of Dongarpnr.^ Sallin Qiln sent men from MAlwa to reapflure himp and by dint of promises got him to oome to him. He then made over the whole Sirktr of M&lwa to men whom he trusted and gave them fiefSp and taking Snjiwal Sihtn along with bim gave him some parganas out of the province After that when Mo^Mcimad S[b&n ^Adll came to power he restored Mftlwa^to Suj§wal he remained governor thereof till the end of his life. After that his son Bftz Bahadur become governor in his room. At this time when the world-conquering mind was engaged in knitting to* gether the dispersions of the world, H.M. turned his attention to the administration of M&lwa. He determined in his mind that if B&z Bah&dur behaved properly he should have the honour of- coming to courts which was the elixir for obtaining .desires; otherwi8e;it would be right to rescue such a fine country from unjust sensualists With these thougnts Bahftdur Sib&n was sent with a number of distinguished officers iu order that the auspicious design might be realisedp and thsi the sympathy for and relief of the oppressedp which appertain to so- vereigntyy might be carried into effect. Bahftdur ^5n went off to conquer the proviuce* but when the army was encamped at Sirlp^ the confusion of Bair&m Shan’s affnirsp of which details will be giveop became known^ and the latjber for his own sake sent and recalled Bahftdur Sh^u and his army. The conquest of the province therefore remained over till another time, as will be related in its proper place.

^ Strl, now Shfthpur, is in old. Delhi and was founded by ‘AlftS-d-dlu Bee Haroonrt’s Guide, p. S. But the text is certainly wrong. Slrl is hard- ly a town, and Delhi lay quite out of the way from Agra to’ Mftlwah.

The variant Seopurl is probably right, that being a town in Gwftllftr I. G. and Jarrett, II, 190. Or it may be Seorha in Bandalkand Soma MSS. have Sipr!.

CifAPTI« ZXII.

187

CHAPTEErXXII.

BtOIKiriVQ Of THl OTH THE JjJM nOM Tfll BACRKO AOOlSSfOH Of TIU StfinmitfAHt vil; THl TIAB AlfilOAD OP *ZB1 f IIIT CTCLf.

Again the ht^rt-expanding spring eame with a tkousana adorn* ments of the worlds and the fifth year lUhi^ from the auspicioni acces- sion of the ^h&hin^nh^ whicli is the year Amardftd^ began with glory and splendonr. In the night known* as Monday^ after four hours and nine minutes, on 13 Jumida-al-akliin 967, 12th March 1660, tho world<>warming sun cast its rays on the sign of Arie and reported to the feeders at the table of the elements the arriyal of the new year. The floWers of fortune bloomed anew and from every leaf there came out afresh before the eyes of the gazers on the garden of sovereignty the diploma of dominion. The market-day of abundance Wal boru for the new-comers to the garden of youth, and the apathetic melan- choly of those in the valley of frenzy (of love) was stirred up to activity.

Verse,

The earth was ot flowers, and the grass-plot of •ose-bushes, 91 The lamp was brightened by the brofze.

The violet twisted* her curl

And made a knot in the heart of the bud.

The irose and tulip oped their luminous veils

Regarding from afar the eye of tlielaarcissasi

At the voice of the francolin and the dance of the pheasant

The cypress grew nimble and rose lo his feet

The carpet of flowers was spread on the garden

Lovers came out into the fields.

^ Sit’i-mjiXfra Igiam Ttada. This rosy also mean, gave a sidelong or downward glance or gesture. But I think it has here the liters) raeaniug of twisting and is conuucUd with the tying of a knot in the next line.

18

t Urf%. I do not feel sure of what is meant by thrf> word here. But A F. probably mentis that the day is eallod Monday in common parlance. Of. the nse of hayruyed in’p. 8 of text, 6 linss from foot

188

AnASMlMA.

CHAPTER XXIII.

HUNTIMa-lXPSDmOH Of H.M. THI SfiiHINaBlH AND THE BEHOYAL Of THE VEIL f BOM THE ACTIONS Of BaIBIM SffAN.

In this fortunate year^ which was the ornamental border of beauty and the beginning of the remoyal of the screen over this aggpreg^te of the works of the embroiderers for eternity, the gpirden of Reason came into flower, and the bud of contrivance opened. For the expectant world this year was the beginning of the attainment of desires. This day gave the revolving sky the good news of the results of its motion and enabled it to obtain reposev It was the commencement of the locating of their aspirations in the bosom of the celestials. For terrestrials the flower of success came forth from the lap of hope and took root. Among these things was the circumstance that Bai- rSm ^An, who regarded himself as the unique of the age in regard to courage, administrative abilities, devotion and sincerity^ and who 111 consequence of a crowd of flatterers had got the belief that the affairs of India could not be managed without him, took, from the bad advice of shortsighted as80ciate^> pafcFn 0/ destruction, and did shameful deeds, such as should not have come from him.

It is an old rule that when the wonder-working Creator for reasons known to Him, or for considerations which may be partially followed by a sage, casts anyone into enduring affliction, He begins by making him the source of certain acts which do not bear the cachet of well-pleasingnesa to Qod. Accordingly, a man who in this material world makes himself illustrious does not regard Prudence, which is the greatest of Divine gifts, as of no account, but recognises in the following of it the means of pleasing God. And the first thing which it behoves men immersed in business to look to, is that they give little access to flatterers. It is difficult on account of the consti- tution of the world to be clear of them altogether; it is indispensable that they after using circumspection and insight select one or two servfints And intipsates who mey in privacy tell them the truth, which

OHAFTim XXIII.

m

may be rerj bitter^ and in indij^iible by most dispositions. The numbers of flatterers are unlimited, and busy men have not tbecewi^ to distinguish trnth from falsehood and right from wrong, ^le wtaMh of success robs the senses, and ont of a hundred thousand snooessfol men perhaps there may be one who from largeness of oapaoity pre- serves his mental stability. For instance, this great gift and perpe* tual table is the fortune of the Divinely nourished Sbedive of onr age^ so that in proportion as his success and world-conquest increase, the degree of his perspicacity becomes greater, and his progress steadier. And though flatterers in this sublime court attain their desires, yet the wise prince holds firmly the thread of Jiscrimination and pm- dently gives them the go-bye, so that neither is the veil of the repn* tation of these men rent nor has the flatterer any influence. Do yon not know that in former times flatterers have, owing to the insouciance of rulers, ruined houses and families, and what o^ ler evils they have done? Doubtless it is in accordance with eternal decrees that there should be flatterers in the workshop of gover iments, but so also is it that there should be foreseeing wisdom. And thir consists in not letting them interfere with root-questions, and not letting go altogether the Reason which unravels difficulties and is the Sultan of the mala- rial world.

Verse.

There’s both road and well, an eye to see, and th^ sun.

So that man may look in front of his feet,

He has so many lights and yet goes the wrong road I Let him fall and see his own punishment Enemies do not work to one another the ill That folly and passion do to oneself.

Of the improper acts which were done by BairSm IJban In conse- quence of bad company there was the putting to death of the Sh^hin- ^(ih’s own elephant-driver The succinct account of this warning- giving occurrence is as follows: The royal elenhant became picul and beyond the control of the driver and attacked one of Bairam Khfin’s elephants. It struck the other elepTiknt so severely that the entrails came out. BairSm was so enraged that he put the

driver to death. By such an act as this, which yras beyond all bounds, and transgressed both loyalty and respect, be made himself an object

MO

AUJLSaAllm.

of jatriuBfc to men of experience. More strange etill was what happen- ed then one daj one of tiie S^fthin Afih^s private elephants got fna$t 4iii mihed into the Jamna. Bairtm was taking the air in

d boat^ and the elephant, which had got oat of hand, proceeded to- wards his boat. The Sh^i&^n was much alarmed ; bat at last the

driver contrived to master the elephant, and Bairam O&n was saved from the animal^s attack. When this affair >vas reported to H.M. the ShhhinAih he, in order to soothe Bair&m Khan, had the driver bound and sent to him, though he was innocent. The ^an, the time of whose fall was near at hand, pat him to death and paid no heed to the fact that this driver belonged to the altar of his loyalty and alle- giance, and that H.M. had out of pojiteness sent him bound to him. Ali^art from this he did not consider that nothing could be done with iatoaication, especially when it was a brute that was intoxirated, and that too an enormous beast which was specially apt to become fnant, H.M. the flbihiuflhih, who Was a mine of gentteness and wisdom, passed over such improper actions as this, of whioh only a few oat of many have been described, and abode under the veil of indifference. All his genius was turned to this consideration, that those men might take the reins of justice into their hands, even if they could not ad- vance some steps on the road of loyalty, and miglit become travellers on the way of practical wisdom. This faction became intoxicated by power, and being unhelped by sound ideas, it daily became worse. But so long as the wickedness of those oppressors did not exceed all bounds, H.M^s sacred soul was not affected by the mean nature of his allowances, for the kingdom of the Lord of the Age was withheld from him and distributed among his (Bairam Kh&u’s) flatterers, and as H.M. Jah&nbanI Jiuuat, Adiiyinl bad ^iven Bairtim KhSn the name of Atallq, and as H M. (Akbar) often called him l^in BabS, aS it is the custom of young monurchs to call old men B&bft (father), he magnanimously observed the meaning of the phrase and overlooked his improper acts. He was eager abo.’t travelling and hunting, and kept the head of surrender on the ground of well-pleasing (to God), and worshipped the inccuiparable Deity, until, at last, things came be- yond bounds, on account of ill^fsted, maladaroit flatterers such as Wall Beg Zu-al-qadr^ and Shl^ikh GadftI Kambu. He (BairSm) took ruinous

^ Bloclimann 339. He was married to Bairim’s sister.

CBlPIfiE EXHi*

141

ideM into his head, and his crnde thonghts ripened. When the en- lightened mind of B.M. the Sh&hingb&h was aware of the frands of this ungrateful crew he, before they disclosed their eyil intentions, laid his closely-hidden secret before the sincere, and united, such as Maham Anaga, whowas a Inaryel for sense, resource and loyalty* Adham Khan, M. 3haiafa-d-dm Pusain, and a number of other courtiers, and intimated that he would throw oS some of the veils of his world- adorning beauty and would assume sovereignty, and would inflict suitable punishment on Bairam ]^ln and his assemblage of flatter- ers, so that they should awake from their sleep of neglect and long mourn over ihw misconduct. Gtoot God I How could such thoughts enter a human head fore foce of the Supremacy of Bairfim St&n; tile largeness of his army and the tvranny of the lords of opposition 1 But as the worM-adorning Deity wee desirous thet this chosen one should throw off one or two of the hundreds and thousands of the veils of his beauty, and should put another veil over Ids world-rllu- minating countenance, ‘and that he should take hie seat on the throne of command, it was inevitable that at such a time thonghts and in- spirations such as these Aould find their way into his tra«i-worshipping mind. Oh one occasion these oonsidefrations were \AAvtteA at Biana, wliither he had gone for honting, and the servants of fortiftie^B thres- 94 hold, partly on account of vexation at ’the life they led, for these servants of the king were on accouift of the tjfranny of the Bairfim Khan confederacy in indigent circumstances jUst as the king of the Age was, and partly from the glory of a little loyalty, and at, this time of the typhoon and simum of disloyalty, a little loyalty made a great show, engaged in proper Sirhemes, Maham Anaga communicated this close seoKOt to ahihabu-d^din Ahmad ShSn, who was governor of Delhi, and a favourite on account of his judgment, loyalty and truth- fulness. On 8 Farwardin, Divine month, corresponding to Monda 6 20th Jumnda^al-akbiri 967 (19th March. 1660) he left Agra with an intention which involved in it the administration of the world, and was a cause of peace and tranquillity. Ostensibly he went to hunt a Kul (Alighar) and its vicinity, and so crosa^ theJUmna. As ho had no residonco Iw spent that night in the hous of ^akim Zanbil>. As

’ ni.iplimanii HZ In the PidrhSh. account of hi. nephew E.ikTra S;. dr

nkmn.. Itih fmi. T S.17 fKawis, ar. ii._* tr . .

142

AKBARNllU.

Buiriw Kbiii always showed adherence and attention to Abnl-Qftsim the son of M. Kilroran and as the evil thoughts of the faction always put him forwardj he, in accordance with the dictates of reason, sent for him from that side of the Jumna and took him with him on this hiijltiip’^- party in which the game of his design fell into his hands, so that he might not be the staff of the inwardly blind ones of the stage of enmity and rebellion, or a Toucher for the wayfarers in the desert of sedition. Certainly the idea was a good one, and it was carried out in accordance with H.]!J/s inspiration. Next morning he arrived, under the guidance of fortune, at the town of Jalesar.^ and from there he went to Sikandra.‘ Muhammed Baqi BaqUni father-in-law of Ad* ham Kksu’Was there. Idihaoi Aiiaga bed fbr for him and confided the secret to him. That low-minded, mauspicions one sought exclusion from the bliss of meeting (Akbar), and not being content with this he sent news ef the scheme to Bairam Khan ; but as the time of the expiry of Bairftm Q^ftn^s sway was near at hand, and the rulers of the 3hahin- ih&h^s fortune had planned this divine contrivance, Bairam Khan regarded the report as old, idle tales and paid no heed to it. The sublime standards proceeded from there, hunting as they went, to- wards Eul, and as His Highness Miriilm Mahani was in Delhi and .. as in somewhat weak health, he made this his motive and went there. He came to the town of Kb^nah^ ^ alighted at the Serai of Bahan- kil(f). At this stage g^ihaou-d-din Ahmad Khan and his brothers and other relatives met him and had t^e bliss of welcoming him.

They were made the objects of royal favours. From there he proceeded to Delhi and in a fortunate hour on 15 Farwardin, Divine 05 month, corresponding to Tuesday, 28th Jumada-al-a^iri, 27th March 1560, that city received celestial glory by his advent. Mankind

Zambil Beg cameifrom Wilayat (Per- giu) in the beginning of Akbar*s reign, and ’that he was descended from ^ai-ith who was a friend of Muham- mud. See D’Hcrbclot. BSyazTd Mem. 74a mentions HnkTrn Znmbal in his list of the othcers who aeeoinpan- ied Hum ay an to India.

Formerly in the Agra district, Jarrett 11, 183, now in Ftah.

^ Sikandra Rao in Aligarh, Jsrret II, 186 and I.G. Probably it is to this expedition that the story belongs which Akbar told A.F. Jarrett III, 397.

3 Formerly in Aligarh, Jarret IT, 186, now in Bulan dshahr, 30 miles N Aligarh.

CHAPTI* xzin

143

obt*in<>d their dariret and raised shonts of joy io the skies. H.K became by his Obd^given -wisdom the guide of the sinoere, and em- ployed them in proper ooonpations. He issued orders to the special retainers of the titfeshold of fortnne, and to the old members of the family, to the effeet that as Bair&m S3tSn owing to the pressure of wordly affairs had donated from the straight path he had disrega *d- ed him and come to Delhi. Whoever was loyal to H.M., or was intelli- gent and wished tor his own safety, and desired to attain bis desires on reoeiTfpg these commands, proceed to the Court — the pro- tection os munkind — ^for everyone would bo exalted to high ofiBoe.

^,®®pimencemont of the emergence o£ his (our) dominion oonjoined with ®tpuity^ Fortunate waS he who should unito himselt to this daily-inoreaacpg sapremacy . Auong these orders was one sent to Shamsu-d-dln Milhains* d E3^tn ihka. who was in Bhera,^ dirceting Kim oa besoming aeqnainteA with the ^rman to come to IsShore and to make over that dif to Mir ACo^amuad HaW,* and to some himsdf rapidly to Court, fie was aiUo to trtng Mahd! Qbdm S2l>n, for this was the way to fortnne. 3hamstn-d-dn under the gnidaneis of perfect fidelity acted according to the command and hastened to reader servioe. Similarly orders were sent’ to Kabul to MisSron Mun’im Khin . The imperial servants on every side donned the garb of pilgrimage towards this K’aaba of fortnne

When Sb*tmsa-d-dln MntbKumad Qitn Atka entered upon ser- vice he was received with princely favou-^ and the rank of his elevation exceeded the degree# of hope. In conformity with his loyalty he attained to a lofty dignity which he had not even The staadard, dram and titmdn of Bairihn were presented

to him, aod be was entreated with the government of the Phnjab,- Right-minded novices and devoted semors, and experienced men oerae trooping in from all parts to the sublime Court. ^ih4bu-d din Ahmad Si^n from motives of vigilance and precaution engaged in strengthening the fort of Delhi and in repairing the bastions tod walls and took charge of political and financial affairs. In a short

^ lo the S]|fthp&r diatriot of the Punjab. The town is on left bank of the Jhelam.

^ Bloohmann 322 and BadiiUiI III,

287. He was Shamsu-d-dTn’a. blder brother) and was a poet m w^lavu man o£ action. He didd in 283, 1576-7& T. Akbarl, 88i.

144

AKBARMiMA.

titiie the report of the alienaton of the aaored dispoiition from Bairftm I^an was spread far and near. There wae a rift in his sway and men began to separate from him. The first man to leave the Kban-l^finan and to proceed to the throne, and the forerunner on tho path of recti- tode, was Qfyu KhSn Gang. He was an old and able ofiicer. After him men came, onv> by one, and two by two, to the sublimo threshold.

96 Mfihnin Anaga was joined with Sl^ihiba-d-d!n Ahmad Khfin, and being entrusted with the vakalflt represented matters to H.M. Everyone who brought sincerity to the threshold was exalted by fitting and titles and fiefs.

CHAPTIS ZXIT.

CHAPTBB-XXIV.

AwmNtMG Of BAntlK Sslir fHOM the BLIIP Of nOLlOT^ AND HIE siiKnra to rictitt hie iffAiBs^ ahd hie goiro aetbat.

From the Auspioions time when the sablime standards were up- raised in Agra for the purpose of chasing fortune, until the glorious arrival at Delhi, Bairam Khan, in spite of aU his wisdom and disoem- ment, was unaware that the throw of the dioe had been the reTene of his wish and that the scheme of the world had taken anothOT form, and was unconcernedly beating the dmm of power. In the complete intoxication of his pride, if any report of this came to his ears, he did not believe it, and if an honest friend oast a ray of the tmth into his mind, it had no effect, as the wind of arrogance was in his brain, nutil the time when the comforting mandates reached the officers, and the report of the alienation of the sacred mind was bmited abroad, far and near. Ht became certain that the H.M. the Sbi^oindlih’s hunt- ing Was this time of another sort, and he perceived that he had been dismissed, and that H.M. was going to undertake the direction of the Sultsaate He dropped the thread of connsel and beOame oonfoaod. He inquired after M. Abu l-Qaslm.^ Nothing bat sorrow and regret cams into his hands. Of necessity he put his hand to deceit and sent Tarsun Muhammad ^an, HajT Muhammad Shta SisUiu and l^waja Aminu-d-dln Mahmud, who on account of his good service had re- ceiv-ed from the glhahinshah’s court the title of Jah5n, to the

threshold of fortuue, ancl snbmltied a message of submission and sup- plication for various offences and of excuses in order that he might sucoeed bj smoothness of tongue. He did not know that the Ruler of divnlgatiou was concerned with this display of the Lord of the Age in order that he might emerge from the screen and show his beauty in the guise of administering the toit^ne and Urraalnab, so that the expectants of he&ven’s court iil||let witness the reve- lation of power and might arrange for increased exporation, and that

1 That is, he thought about setting up priace Ail d KirarAA’s soil suii AkUr’s cousiu.

146

AnABirlVA.

might hop6 for ipiritokl snd tomponl bliss. When snob is tto due wlmt offset oon fnad end deioeit here or whet fruit oen

yield ezoept meteriel end epiritoel loss?

In shorty when the Miroys errived et conrt tkey heerd the words of wisdom end beoeme eshemed end downoest. Accordingly they mw thet thSir own wel&re wes outside of the reply, hed nothing to do with the reply), end mcreover thf^r were not ellowed to leere the ooort. When Beirfim leemt the stete of effeirs from their l e tt er s, end from the dispersel of his dependentshebeceme estonished, end Ae threed of oonnul wes snepped in his bend. At one time he thonght thet the general stempede bed npt yet occnrred, end thet 97 he wonld quickly conyey himulf there, end put metters right. Again, when he reflected, the consideration of the words, sincerity end dsfuthm, which he hed often teken on his lips, ceme to stop him, end tte idee of fsing under the guise of loyalty did not fit; and more- over he had no stomech for such e proceeding (f). At lest he decided to threw the soerf of loyalty on his shoulder, end to go weeping end wiffing, end burning end melting, to the entraDce-poroh‘ of the Oonrt of honour.

When prudent intelligencers reported the true state of the case to the royal hearing, e number gave it as their opinion that whatever form Beirim Shin’s coming might take, there was danger and deceit involved in it. H.M. should go to Lahore before he arrived, and should not grant him an interview.. They were not prepared for open war, end whet would be the nu of an interview et this stage? If Beirim Shin should o<nne to Lahore, H.M. should go to Kabul. Another number were prepared for war, end did not think the deper- tore of H.M. the flh^hin^sli would be proper. After much discus* rioB, that tiger of the fimsst of dominion end fortune, end thet lord of tim nteienel end spiritual universe put down tiie foot of determina- tion enu decided on war. He seat Tawifi n^^^lnv”*ed Shin end Mfr hbbIb-Ulleh to forbid Beirim (^in to come, an^ not to permit him to approach lunder the guise of friendship, for H.M. wonld not see him under subh ciroumstemioa. (When Batrim Shin found this road, on which he had athstnoed, ol6^, he feU into e long meditation.

CHAPTER XXIV

UT

For to go io fighting order was to act contrary to his repeated avowals. Though Wali Beg and Shaikh Gadai, who were the ring* leaders of disloyalty, ei^ertrd themselves in this direction, and held to the view that he should march quickly, and carry out his object before there should be a general rush, yet from the regard which he had for righteousness he could not decide upon levying war. In reality too he was restrained by the “Stand back” (dur bash) emanating from the daily increasing fortune of H.M. the Shahinshab. His arrogant mind too did not admit the idea that the administration of India could go on without him. Consequently it seemed better that he should act hos- tility under the guise of friendship, so that the writing of eternal in- famy should not be inscribed in bis record. He did not see the world-adorning, intrinsic beauty of H.M., nor was he aware of the guardian courtiers who were adorning the territories of India. For these reasons he did not throw off the veil from his actions. He saw from men’s face that they were going, and so proceeded to give them leave to a part. He bad thoughts of a fine snare. Some- times it occurred to him that as he had sent Bahadur Khan to con- quer Malwah and he had not yet arrived there, he would go with bis followers and join Bahadur Khan, conquer that country and there take his repose and get leisure for bis designs. Sometimes he thought that he would leave Agra ard join Ali Quii Khan by way of Sambal and come into the country of the Aghan and collect ji force there. Sometimes he fpoke of a asceticism, and would say that a wish for abandonment and seclusion had seized him by the collar, in order that be might spend the remainder of bis life in holy places. Now that H.M. was applying himself to the management of afiairs, what better opportunity could be have for carrying into effect his long- cherished wish or for asking leave from the court? In this way perhaps all his desires would be fulfilled. At last having determined upon this plan he turned back Bahadur Khan, who bad gone towards Malwah. and gave him leave to kiss the threshold of the sublime CourA In giving men leave he took this into consideration, that if they svere dispoKd to be loyal and of one opinion with himself, it was well that inch men should be in the royal forces. And if they want- ed to septmie from him, hit giving them leave, apart from the fact that to have such men with him would not help hit affairs, would be a meant of bis acquiring a good name, and of convincing ali that he had

AKBAHKAMA

US

the ioteotion of retiremeot. At last, after much talk and little ioteot, for he spoke of pilgrimage (haj) but inwardly he though of crooked- ness (haj) he began by sending Iskandar Argban*s son to GAzi ^an Tanur, in order that he might go and stir up strife in the imperial territories He also sent secret letters to various quarters, and has tened towards Alway in order that he might take his family and proceed to the Panjab. If things did not turn out according to his plan, he would of necessity make preparations for a rule suitable to the time of contest.

when this evil design became known to H.M. in as much as disposition of this great one of the horizons is one of much kindness and gentleness, he did not approve of the disgrace of Bairam [yiin and sent him a firman full of kindness and graciousness. In that wisdom increasing exhortation, an exact copy of which has seen by me, there were the following amon other expression.

9$

**you having taken counsel wiib a faction, which has been the source of this troublci and being without consideration of final consequence, have at their instigation and misdirection came forth and been the cause of putting the provinces in to disorder. You have given Iskaodar8 son and Ghazf K. leave to depart so that they make distur- bances in the country. And you have sent a letter to Mabdiqasim Khan along with his diwan Mubarak, taking him that you are com- ing to Lahore and bidding bis guard the fort and to make it over to any one else. You have also sent a message to Tfitar ^an Parj Bhiya and you have sent instruction in all directions for making com- motions. You have also proceeded to Alwarwith the design of going from there to Lahore. Though we are certain that as much as you arc perfectly loyal,, you never of your own record assented to any of these acts not were the author of the, and that a faction has been the cause of these errors and has brought logtters so far, yet you yourself said ihat it was impossible that after forty year service with all that loyality and devotion, and after receiving such honours and favours of this glorious family had been famous throughout the earth for loyalty and fidelty, intot hat of a rebel, and not be ashamed before one’s God.

I. AbdU’ialiman son of IvkanUar he. ^ikandar SO -

perhape Tanwar Vhat is strong boil«;d.

CR4PT1R Till

\AB

Am you are s«U dear m> as, m spite of these troubles >fid improper and unseemly actions,, and we wish your welfare, it appears to us right that, seeing that our meeting is in the knot of delay, ahd if we bestow ou. you a proyinoe in these territories, whither you may go designing^ people will again say things to me which will caose us in- creased grief, you should adhere to the resolution of going to vbe sac« red* places, which you have intimated to us by a petition, and for which you haVe asked leave to depart. And send persons to convey the presents for these places which you l^ave left; in Sihrind and Lahore. After that, when you shall have, by the divine guidance and assisfture, attained this blessing and have turned year face towards the pilgiitnage of service, we shaU under these ciroumstanoes gjraiit yon a favourable interview such as your heart may desire. And we shall bo mindful of your former services and show you more and more favour. And as it is by the infamy of that gang that thihgs have come to such a length, and that your good name has be^ made a bad one among the people, and as we do not wish that /on should have a bad name, beware lest after yon have set your foot od the road you turn aside from the right path at the words of designing men I And as by our prestige you have attained the heightof earthly desires may you also by oar directions become a partaker in final bliss.’’

Bair&m t^an wlio from foolishness and deficiency in practical Wisdom had a boundless relhince on himself and who had been de* ceived by the sen8e*n»bbing wine of success and of flatterers, did not find the road in consequence of this noble missive which was worthy of being the bracelet-amulet of the wise, and ihe charmed necklace of the fortunate. How shall I say that be went all the faster in the wrong i)iith? Maham Anaga in her great loyalty aud wisdom took charge of affairs and made gtihflbu-d-din Ai^ad Khan and lOiwSja Jahan her tools, and exerted herself to soothe those who came, and to hharten every out

Among the occurronoei was this, that Maham Anaga for the sake of the welfare of the kingdom and for the better-ordering *of the supeHicial and inexperienced; devised the appoimting oi Bahadhr

f This refers to Shaikh Gadai Wall

Beg and others.

• Not necessarily Mecca. Bairlm

had prepared au exceedingiy coSUjf banner for Masjihad. Bad^^i^M, Low 3 ^.

IN

AXAunrliu

Ae brotker of ‘^1! Quli Shfin# to the lofty office of Yalcil, and made a reference to tbit eSeotto the seat of royalty.) H.M. paid re. gard to the neokwity of the time and affected^ to clothe him with this glorious robe which does not suit eyeiy form. Though ph>feBBion- ally wise and eipsrieiioed men who did not get to the bottom of the ailair’said mnch abonl ilus> and in appearance they were in the rights for perfect ci^aoity, ooaq>lete experience, great integrity, ample un- derstanding and ertreme dSigenoe are required for this great post; and in addition to these qualities there is need of complete indepen- dence, so that the holder put aside his own loss or gain and engage #iih all his strength in farthering his master’s work. Should the {let- ting to death of his own father be required for his benefactor’a Bar- rice he should not recede but exert himself to bring it abouti And together with all this^ which constitates a great gift, he should be at peace with all men. FendkonldtheyaUloftheLordof theAge,whom the world-adoming Deity has brought out fiom among thousands of thousands of men, andhasentmeted to him so many hnman beings, and has made over to him the edncation of so meny different raoee and religious sects, not possees such notes (tiiiida), how shall the wodd be governed T And how shall opposing creeds, and diverse faiths, suoh as imve spning from the Divine wisdom, have repose f But in reality the words of those men arose from ignorance, lor this appointment was an imaginary (laud’adr) one, and made for the eatisfaotion of the su{>eiAcial, and, apart from this, the intention was to put down com- motiim, for all the foolish Turks, suoh as Qiyft Shan Sultan

Husain Jalfilr, Muhammad Amm Diwana, were in league with bhn (Bahftdur), and were attacking ghihftbn-d-dln Ahmad Shi^n, Shwftja Jahan, and such like men. The world-adoming mind exal- ted him to the office of YakTl, in order to axtingi^^ the flamee of^ those malcontents. Qiyd Shatf on account of his oAd good services

t borrowed, or factitious, is often called Begl. It is tms

ffilse hair. that 8blbibu-d-dfn who was a Psrsian

• Bayisld 7£o describea QtyS Beg from NUhlipar was also relslsd to

Jasn, who seems to be this QlyaK. Mihsm Anaga, but this was by

ss a rslation of IClham Anaga. Beg marriage. Bahftdur was an Usbeg,

was 1 ^ Turkish title, and this and and the TJsbegs regard themselves as

oMif^ M indications point to Mihsm Turks.

lAhgh having been a Tufk. She

CHAPTKR XXTT.

161

WAS giyen Bahraich and dismissed thither. Sultan ^usahr Kb&a and a number of others were imprisoned for some days, and then released after punishment. Mohammad Amm Diwfina fled and became a yaga- bond. W^hen the stone of separation fell among this eyil crew Bahftdur KhAu was giyen the fief of Etawah and dismissed. And in those days, though Bahadur Khan had the name of Vakfl, yet in reality the business was transacted by Maham Anaga. *0 ye worshippers of forma, what do you behold ? For this noble work, wisdom and cour age were necessary, and in truth Mfiham Anaga possessed these two qualities in perfection.

Verse

Many a woman treads manfully wisdom’s path.

152

AKBAtVlMA

CHAPTER XXV.

March op the gsAErNSHin’e army of por.rrNK from Delhi to t’Ut

DOWN THE SEDITION OF BaIRAM KjfAN, AND OTHER DOM1NION-INCREA8INO KVENTi^.

When the world-adorning Creatoi* wills tliat the Klicdivc of the Age shall come forth from the veil <>1 coi i i almcMit aiul display fiis world-decking beauty, assuredly He darkens the judgment and the fortune of the wise of the age ^Yho engage in opposition to such a great one. Accordingly, the schemes of Bairiim Khhn and his crowd of wise men by profession came (o nought. In a helpless condition he came out from Agra, the capital, on the day of Anirrin the 30th Farwardm, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday 12 Rajab (6th April 1560), and proceeded towards Alwar. When he came to the city of Biaiia he took ofiE the chains of Sb^h Abri-aDM’afdi and Muhammad Amin Dlwana- who had been cowfined in the fort of Bulna in order to suppress their sedition-mengering, and set them at liberty. Though he professed to tell them to resort to tlie sublime court, yet his object in releasing such experienced troublers was nothing but to give them the opportunity for sedition. Wlien the news of Bairam Khan^s having left Agra reached the royal he«r- ing, and it appeared that his intention was to proceed iu his evil eoursc towards the Punjab, the universe-adorning mind determined that the world-traversing standards should advance from Delhi and establish themselves at Nagor, so that Bairam Khan might not be able, to plant his foot in that ‘region. Tlie road would thus be blocked if he in his vain imagination thought of entering the Punjab. Accordingly on the day of Azar 9 A rdibaliisht. Divine month, corresponding to Friday 22 Rajab (I8lh Api ily, the world-conquering army marched from Delhi. As the vigilance and caution of (he Shahinshuh wore unwavering, ho was not contented with giving siicit excellent admonitions as have been already described, but on the first stage out from that place he sent Mir Abdu-l-latif of Qazw in

OHimB XXT.

IM

who was distingpiished for knowledge and fidelity, that e might guide Bairftm ,^an by righteous exhortations. The gist of his words was as follows: “Your services and your fidelity to this great family are known to m<‘mkind. As owiag to our tender age, we genre oar attention to promenaaing and hunting, we did not oast our glance on political and financial affairs, and aU the business of sovereignty was entrusted by us to your excellent capacity and knowledge. Now that we have applied oar own mind to the affairs of government, and the adminst ration of justice, it is right that this sage well-wisher (Bairam), who evor boasted of his sincerity and devotion, should re- oogpiise a Divine gift in this truth, and offer up endless thankt for it.

He should for a time gather up his skirts from business and turn his attention to the bliss of pib^rimago of which he was always desirous, and with regard to which he was constantly, in public and in private, expressing his great longing to obtain such a boon. We shall grant him whatever place and whatever extent of land he may wish for in India, so that his servants may remit him the proceeds, harvest by harvest and vear by year.*’ On 13 Ardibibi?Jit, Divine month pf the above-mentioned year (22nd April) corresi^^nding to Tuesday 26 Rajab, the standards of glory were planted at tae town of JhajharJ

In the meanwhile Shah Abu-ahM^aftll, who was a repository of strife and seditiofi|. arrived with his evil ideas * at the sublime conrt, in order thit, aa he oonld not do anything outside, he might effect something <nder the disguise of service T who* ever cherishes evil thoughts against God’s chosen one, is his own ill-wisher, a:id bin affairs worsen daily. In order to refresh my narrative I shall here give a short account of Abii-al-M’iali from the time of his escape irom Pahlwan Gulgaz kotwal’s custody in Lahore, already rdoscribed, till now.

Whon Shah Abfl-al-M’a§Ii escaped from Lahore in the first 102 year of the Divine Era by his own craft, and Clio carelessness, or avaricG and treachery of hi?, cu^jtodians, he, by the contrlyauce* of

• Jarrett II, 286, and I.G. It it in the district of liohtB!^

• Nijeamu’d-din, T. A„ p. ti23, in his chapter on Kosbmlr, says tha’.

20

Aba-al-M‘aali went o/t ^ith his cUtUiis Oil lii^ nuklesoD (h«*?houMer^ of ruii’t. Kerishta adds thsu he ^ol- tlcil lUQttera with llCamal Ghukker

154

AKBAHHiVA.

Taimf KftAmiri, who seryed him^ conveyed himself to the xonntiy of the OhahefTs. There he was imprisoned by the landowner Kamfil l^an. By his trickery be managed to escape and arrived at Ni^nibakra, which is a town between Bhipibhar and Bfijanri.^ The EMhmfris who had seceded from GhazI ^ Shanj the mler of Kashmir, came there, and about 300 Moghals, who are always oppor- tnnists and ingrates, joined them. The Kadimiris also to the number of about 700 or 800 men joined him, and this filled Aba-al-M^aall with pride and arrogance. Qhams-l-mulk Cirdara, and Kbwftja HSji,^ who had formerly been in the service of H. M. Jahin- al-bin! Jinnat-Adlly^n! came and infused spirit into them. Danl&t Oak, the ruler of Ka^mfr, who bad been blinded* by GhazT assembled there along with a number of Ka^mTr Sirdars such as Fath Gak, Hasubat and Musubat, the nephews (brothers^ sons) of Danlat Gak, Lohar^ Zhankar, the sister’s son of Daulat Gak, Yusuf Gak, who also had been blinded by ^an, but with-

out effect, owing to the contrivance of the Kashmiris, and Muhammad fQiiin MakrI, the father oi ’Ali ^ho is at present in service ; they proceeded via Pune and Kh&wara* by secret passes, Called in the Kashmir! language Akfideo,^ and arrived at Barab- mula. From there they hastened to NurpOr, and having passed it they fought a battle above the village of Pattan with QbazI Khftn. As ho (Abfi-al-M’aali) had turned his back op the altar of fortune, he was defeated, and returned without having ‘‘ffocted his object and in a wretched condition by the same route as he had set .out, and came to India. He nearly fell into the hands of the

and that ho resolved in imitation of Haidar Mlrza to conquer Kashmir, The expedition was in 965 (1558).

^ The ancient Rajapdrl. See Stein, Ancient Geography of Kashmir, J.A. S.B. for 1899. Extra No., p. 128,

• Both Ni^amu-d-diii and Ferishta give details about this prince in* their histories of Kashmir. They describe AbS*al-M’ail1’s expedition. See T. A. 623, or Ferishta 361.

I Ho was i^aidar Mirza’s Vakil.

See T. R., Ross and Elias, pp. 460 482 and 490.

• See T. A.. 622.

( These names are doubtful .

’’ Probably the KhawarpSra of Jarrett II, 359, 369. Dr. Stein kindly informs me that Kh&wara is the small tract below BaramSla on the left bank of the Jehlam, and that Pattan is Patan.

1 I do not know the meaning of this word.

OHAFTIE XX?.

155

KailiBUnfi; >i> 2 t one of the Ca§^tai^ heroes whowBB with him got off hie horse and occupied a narrow place and shot arrows. He continaed doing so till his qniver was empty) and then the Kag^miris came and finished him off^ while Abu-aUM’aili took adyantage of the opportunity and escaped. He came by the DamaQIkoh and arrived at Sl&lkot« Troubled and in distress he wandered about in disguise from village to village^ and was in quedt of a disturbance.

^t last he came to Dipalpur which was then the fief of Bah&ddr Khan^ brother of A’li Qull ^an, and obtained shelter with one Tulakf a servant of Bahadur l^an and whom he formerly knew. He was long concealed in his houie, and was preparing the methods of a disturbance when Tulak’b wife, on ascount of a cliagust which she had conceived for her husband, went to Baha lur Khan and told him that her huband was keeping Abu>al-M’( ill concealed 108

house, and that they meditated killing him (iah&d(ir). Bah&dfir Shan immediately mounter! horse and catie to the house. He had it surrounded and ho captured Abu-al-M’aili, and put TCQak to death there and thorv He confined ^ah Ab(l«abM^afiU and sent him to Bairam Khan who made him over to Wall Beg in order that he might send him to Gujrat via Bakar. Wall Beg sent hint bjT (hsl route to Gujratin order that he might from tho^c vo the ^^ai. When §JLui’ Abu-al-M aali reached Quir^^^^do in unrulinest and mad ness did improper and committed a munier. Then he

fled troT ^ere and came to the eastern provinces, ai«d Joined •Ali Qoli ]^};Min, thinking that he might by his help stir up a coin^ctinn.

AS tiiiat disloyalist wac nitnseif meditating on sway and Bevmd^ty,he did not give any room to SJjah Abu-al-M’aali, and seut him to Bai-» rftm {Qh&n. He arrived at the town when Bairftm Oan’a affairs were in convulsion. For the sake of apparent loyalty he confined him and sent him to Bfana. At last, at the time when, under malign influ- ences, he was going to Alwar, he released him from Bi&na Port and turned hitn loose on the world, ad has been stated The ghahingbah^s

^ Niflnu-d’din calls this hero a MoghaL He says he gave his horse to Aba-ai-M*aAli. He and Ferishta remark the interesting fact that flhtsi Khsu after, his victory killed

all the Moghals he caught except HSHf. HabshI who bad been reciter to Humlyup, and was spared on account of his elocutionary skill.

166

UCDARNlMA.

Tiotorious standards had reached Jhajhar^ when that headstrong and disrespectful one came in his folly and offered the JcomisA ^ from horseback. H.M. ordered the mad man to be put in chains and to be made over to Sbihftbu-d-din Ahmad Sb^an in order that he might be sent off to the ^ijftz. On this occasion, too, the spiritual and tem- poral Khedive, acting on the advice of old servants, and out cd consi- deration of the times, ordered the release of such a sedition-ihonger. They should have released h^s futile soul from the prison of the bodily elements. Alas, alas I that they should not^ have freed that es- sentially.and innately wicked one from the burden on his neck (hi.*: head). Because his evil soul long remained connected with his body, many wicked deeds of his came to pass. He thus became still more the subject of eternal punishment. I now leave this subject and rstarn to my task.

It is not unknown to the wise and instructed that as Bairam

Khftn worsened so did fortune turn away her face from him. Thougli he ostensibly accepted the admonitions, in his heart he retrograded, and on the day when the imperial camp was established at Jhajhar, the Nftfir-ahmulk Pir Mu^mmad Kbfin Shirwftni arrived and made the dost of t]-o chreshold of fortune the collyrium of his lessoned eyes. The abMQ’Uientioned had not yet reached Gujrat when he heard of the overthrew ot Khan^s fortune. As he was a well-

wisher of the Court he hastily came ‘Wl.d diiL homage. H.M. distin- gndshed him by royal favours and exalted him by the of and the commonication of a standard, and a drum. In consequence of his excellent character, which was innate in him, he wak succesaful both temporally and spiritually.

i Nislmu-dln and BudiSnl say that Abu-1-M*aili wanted to embrace (on salute) Akbar from on horse- baok. This is ‘more likely than that ho wanted to do kdmiflb sfl A. F. says. This was hardly possible from horeebaek. The coming up to Akhar on hoxsebaok was a great liberty. At p. 5176 of vol. I, last line^ A F. tells ns how Hindil as a special favour was al owed to approach HomiySn without dis- •

mounting. The verb used by Ni- s&mu-d-din and Badiitnl is daryd/^ tan, and Dowson and Lowe have rendered this ovartake, think

it only means to salute 0i embrace. In the same sentence in which Nifftmu-d-din uses the word, he has already used the expression mfiUdta- maJt daryqft to describe Husain Qulf Beg’s payment of reepeots.

^ The text wrongly has wm instead of the negative nah.

CHAPTEB XXVI

CHAPTER XXVI

RBTtJRN OF THE ROYAL CAVALCADE FROM JAHJHAR AND TBR SENDINQ OF TROOPS TO ARREST RAIRAM KHAN’S FROOREaS

At H.M’s mind was not at case about Bairam Kbao, pfo- ceediog, and it was not fitting that the Shahiosbah in persow should make the expedition, the world-adorning jniod resolved that Adham Khan Sharaud-d-dtn Hussain Mirza, Pir Muhamntpd Khan Majnun Khan and a large body should be sent to Nagor. If it should appear that he did not intend to go to the Hijaz, but wanted to put H.M. off his guard by this report, and. to proceed to the Panjab, which was a mine of resources, and there become a reservoir of dis- turbance, these brave men were to bind on the girdle of courage inflict punishment on bun, otherwise they were to arranae ‘‘.‘r leaving the imperial domains. Nagor and its territory were given to M. Sbarifu-d-din Hussain. The officers proceeded in a proper fashion to perform this service. Muhammad Sadiq Kbao was sent to put down the sedition of Sikandar Khan’s son ^nd of Ghazi Khan Tanar, whom Bairam Khan had separated from himself. T-’.-.ra he marched out, and who, in conjunction with Mattar 5leo were making a disturbance in the province-of Sambai. He hastened there and. chastised them. The troops having been sent off, the imperial caval- cade set out on its return, and on 28th Ardibini, Oivioe momb, corres- ponding to Wednesday ilth Sh’aban (3rd May) it arrived at Delhi. The gates of justice and benevolence were opened before mankind.

Bairam Kbao was in Sirkar Mewat when the news of the approach of the army was spread in his camp. At once his flourishing circumstances declined, and men separated from him. Except Wall Beg and bis two sons Hussain Quii Beg and Ismail Quli Beg who were related to him, and Shah Quli Khan Mabram, and Hussain Khan and some others, no one remained with him. The soldiers separated from him in crowds and came to Court.

When the fortunate army was coming in that direction, march by march, Bairam Kbao became convinced that it was not possible

1S8

akbamIva.

liim lo rtiBnin long6r« His hsurt turned nwnj from power^ nnd hn sent n petitiaa fall of snppliontion and Turione kinds of eciconaefi He expressed Us regset »t separation, and begged leare to Tiai’t tbs boly shrines. He also sent some elephants, a standard, a

kettledrum and other insignia of office along with Hnsain Qoli Begj who afterwards fCMfred, bj tho^lUnghth’s ffironr, the title of Qiis JahAn, in the^P* ^7 snbmissiTenoss he might be able to ef^eot sometU’S* offloers, who had been appointed to dispose of him, he

IQ g wrote “^^7 do yon give yonrselves tronble; my heart has grown cold l^the woild end the burden thereof. I hare sent my insignia to Conrt.’’ The offiosrs wbre dceeired and returned Basain Qoli eras adtoftiad to do kflOMge in Delhi, and it appeere leerfeetly dear to ewryoiiS that Bsirim KhAn had set off on pilgrimage. At the same time ShsiiHi Gedai the intriguer returned to Court frnstrated and lost. Though he was worthy of punishment ne was treated with faroor. Tei’* sighted courtiers kept their ears open fbr the report that perhaps ihare was some treachery and that snoh wonld raise its head again Inm some quarter, and that it would bo diffionlt to amend it. Jest then a report suddenly sprang ap that he had tamed awf to the fanjad and the dost of oosnmotionsvwse- The evil -mtndad waiter upon erents were pleeaed for a time* 0 He d, my Such rue a gates neviv attain their objeots I

CHAPTER XXTU

CHAPTER XXVll

BAIRAM ^AN’S REBELLION BECOMES MANIFEST: HE FLINGS OFF THE MASK AND GOES TO THE PANJAB

On account of tbe coning of the victorious forces, the (^in- Khanan left the imperial territories and came to Bikanir. Rai Kalyin Mai who was the chief of that country, and bis son Rai Rat Singh, who is now one of tbe devoted servants of the Court, and is ranked among the great officers, came and visited Bair¥m Khin. He bad no place to stay in, and now finding a pleasant residence he remained in that aggreable country. He was looking for opportunity raising a disturbance. As owing to the royal fortune every plan which he bad put together turned away, it behoved him to traverse with blistered feet the stages of suspiciousness and to proceed to the holy places, and thus with a shamed face prostrate himself on the ground of asbamedness. But as be was especially an open>mioded man be was deceived by some miscreants and became overpowered by sorrow and anger. The kind of pride and arrogance increased in his bead. And be in concert with ill-fated, black tbougbted ones went towards tbe Panjab. (He withdrew his hand from every plan, and tak- ing the evil of his face proclaimed himself a repnl. To tbe officers on tbe borders be wrote that be had been going towards the Hijaz, but he had come to know that a faction had spoken words for the purpose of perverting the noble mind of Akbar and bad made him a vagabond. Especially Mibam Anaga, who was a great authority, had wrought this, and was making it her business to ruin him. At present his sole desire was to come and punish those evil-door, and to take leave once more and proceed on the blessed journey. He wrote such whimsical things and summoned men, and sent ^waja Mu^ffar Air, who obtained by the royal favour tbe title of Muzaffar Khan to Derve^* Beg Uzbeg who was one of the great officers of the Panjab and had been educated by him, in order that he might 106

iXMkSXlMk,

tea

bring bj filing bim with hopes. When the news of this <»me to the royal hearing, H.M. oat of his great kindness sent a let- ter of adrioe to BairAm ^in in order that if he wished to be fortonate and happy he might accept these excellent admonitions and exert himself to obtain his own felicity. For the better instr action of the prudent both now and of the fntare I give a copy of this docu> taent.

CHAPTFR XXYITI.

161

OHAPTBK XXVIII.

FibmIn of Jal1lu«i>-d1n u-ad-danitI Axbar PIdshIh OhIz!.

Be it known to the St&n-]|^2n&D that whereas he has been nour- ished and cherished by this sublime family and his drties of good service to this Court have b^en a8certained» and as* H,M. the king Jinnat-Dastgah (Hurnayun) — May God bo bountiful to }^i^B^ on ac- count of the good qualities and sincerity which appeared ip him, be- stowed favours on him, and confided to him the gpreat office of being our guardian (aidliq), and whereas^ afte that king had departed from the defiles of this world to the wide spaces oi the eternal wofld| he (Bairam) with loyalty and sincerity bound upon his waist the girdle of devotion and discharged the offices of prime minister (vakil), we observing his alacrity in that service, and his seemingly good disposi- tions, left to hith the bridle of loosehing and knotting to utmost extent concoivabie. Accordingly, whatever he wished, good or bad, was carried out, and thuo in these five years (fome improper acts of his came to light which disgusted everyone, such as his palronagf of ghaikh 6ad%)‘ so that he made him Sadr, and in spit«» of the office’s requiring consummate ability and knowledge, he^ on account of his own private companion ship ^nd intimacy, cho.-^e him amoYig all the men who were fit for it by capacity and lineage. And in addi- tion to making him Sadr and allowing him to endorse^ decrees Vfith hib scpl he exCTunted him th€ cevon^ony of homage ita9Km), and in spite of his utter ignorance and want of capacity, he gave him ore- cedence in the paradisaical assemblies ovev* all the Saiyids of nobU:

• and Uadaunl | * Sew about Sadrs, Bloihmn

III. D. Akbaii 770 For his i and about tVieir Kealing fnr.u

fatbar Jaina^ set? Kuiikui^ ’ iaal hue. Alx)ut bcal^. .‘ffM* 02 t

465. Fif has\ ‘j brother. ‘Abdul '

who died in 959, A. H., Kanking . •

162

AnAurMrA.

rank and all the distinguished ^Ulama; to whom we paid reverence on aooeant of their rank and qualities. He thus showed in the clearest manner his contempt for the purest and holiest family^ (that of Mubammad) in spite of his boasting of his love «nd affection for that lineage. He gave his protegd^ who was rejected^ and despised by every* one precedence over those who were divinely nurtured, and feeling’ no shame or reverence before the holy spirits of all our ancestors, he advanced him to such a rank that he appeared before us on horseback and took us by the hand ! To his own menial servants, whose condi tions and qualities were well-known, he gave the titles of Sultdn and ^an, tod presented them with flags, kettle-drums, rich flel and productive territories, whilst he with total want of consideration made the ^ans, the princoa, the offlcers, and the trusted servant (yj of H.M. JahtobanI Jinnat whose rank, claims and qualifl

cations are known to everyone, to be ir want of even dry breap Nay, he aimed at the lifo and honour of all of them, and he took no thought tor old* servants and domestics, who had served for years it hopes (of reward) and had become entitled to kindness and favour, and did not provide them with even the smallest offlces which might have been a means of livelihood to them. As for those who in hunts and expeditions had done service and had undergone thousands of laboui* and troubles, he every now and then fabricated lies against them ani thirsted for their blood. He committed various immoderate, and dis proportioned acts. If his own servants committed a hundred faultiT such as murder, theft, highway robbery, plundering, &c., and these were brought to his notice, he from partiality and hypocrisy took no notice of thtm; whereas if a small thing were done by the Con rt- servants or were slanderously alleged against them, he had no hesitation ot imprisO’ii^g them or in putting them to death, or in plundering thert) He also practised ^arigos kinds ot oppression and insults for purpose

^ Oadil’s father was a poet and of high position an Delhi, but all the Kambfls were originally Hindus, Elliot Supp. Glossary I. 304, and so were looked down upon Iby the Sai- yids. Besides, Qadil was a Shiah.

• Seeonto about Aba-al-M*al]|. The Luoknow editor thinks that it was

BairAm who had this honour, bi^ U rather seems to mean that 2^. Gad A got MO high a post that he was es titled to salute from on horscbac or from litter.

^ B^bari, but properly 6dfrl. Th word has nothing to do with Babai

CHAPTIB XXyill.

188

of espial ; and some in their utter baseness had engaged them- selves in his service, and uttered flatteries to him, such as QnlT NiranjT,^ Muhammad ^ Tahir, and Lang Sftrbfln.^ He in his simplicity believed them to be truth-speakers and patronised them, and sup- ported them. For instance, ^h^h QuU behaved in an offensive manner and did not listen to orders, and Muhammad Tahir gave suoh a rude answer that he deserved to have his tonguo cut out or rather to be put to death. He (Bairftm) heard of this and did nothing. Lang Sarban uttered before a number of people and in his presence such rude expressions that he too was deserving of condign punish- ment. He himself knows what was the position and rank of Wat! Beg among the Qizilbashes. Without considering his service, his line- age or his position, and mainly on account of relationship, v^s., his being his (Bairftm^s) brother-in-law,)^ he brought him and put him over the great officers, so that he even gave him precedence over Saiyid Quip Mirza, who is distinguished for the height of his Saiyidship and for his connection with the sovereign He gave Husain Qulf, who has not even fought with a chicken,^ equal position with Iskandar ^an, Abdullah O^in, and Bahadur IQ^ian, and gave him cultivated flefs, while he satisfied the great IQ^ans with waste lands; At these times in many assemblages such deeds were performed by him as to distress and trouble our capacious soul. As wef wished to please him, and regarded him as a sincere well-wisher of our family, and fully relied upon his words and actions, we considered all these un- seemly actions of his as his extreme loyalty and good-will, and knowingly and intentionally passed them over with consummate

• Blochmann 480.

• Blochmann 424.

^ Lang seems to be a tribe. It occurs several timen in BaydzicVs list.

• ddvndd. A good illustration of the fact that ddmdd in Persian does not always m^an son-in-law. Waif Beg bad married Bafram’s sister.

^ Not. I think, the M. Qulf of Blocbmann’s 386.

^ Of. Babar, 31, p. 19, of SJiTraZf edition where Khasrfl Sh^h is describ-

ed as not having the spirit to face a barn door chicken. Apparently this is the officer who afterwards be- came so distinguised as K!han Ja- hail, Blochmann, 329. The contemp- tuous language used regarding him refers to his extreme youth. He could not have been more than 17 or 18 when BaTram promoted him, for BayasTd 71(1 speaks of him as being 10 or 11 in the end of 960.

164

AKBARNlMA.

beneyolenoe. At last it was represented to us that he at the insti gation of the^same gang meditated rebellion, and the separating froir US of the few who remained with us, and of reducing us to solitude. In order to defeat this wickedness wo went from Agra towards Delhii and wrote to him that on account of yarious acts which had come’to light, and of speeches which had been repeated to us, we did loe not hold that he could serve us at this time, and that though we had received many injuries from him, we still continued to regard him as the ^an ^anan, and to style him rmch, and in order to comfort him we took solemn oaths that we had no design against his life, pro- perty or honour. But as we were ourselves giving our attention to affairs of government, it was considered that he should take his own position and submit what he judged proper, and that then we should according to our judgment pass orders thereon. As we had on various occasions represented that the time had come when we should address ourselves to the duties of sovereignty, it was thought that on hearing of this good news he would be pleased, and that he would be firm and con- stant in obedience. But it came to our knowledge that he had utter- ly forgotten the favour which had been shown to him while hold- ing his office, and the claims of our glorious family from their favour and patronage of him during forty years, and from their support of him from his cradle, and had hearkened to the words of that re- bellious crew. They for their own selfish objects wished to enlist him among the rebels, and in this last stage of his life to exclude him from other-world joys and to involve him in eternal disgrace. Ac- cordingly, from perfect devilry, baseness and arrogance, they won him over and have carried him off the (right) road. He has sent a message to the non of Iskandar to come forward in opposition, and has also sent men to Tatar Khan Panj Bhiya to invite him to come into the Daman-i-koh and commit violence there and then come out. He himself had thoughts of Lahore, thinking that there he might lay the foundation of strife, and come into opposition. Into the im- , perial dominions he has introduced dissension and has endeavoured to extinguish by a cold breath the lamp of the dominion of this family which has been kindled by the eternal radiance, and kept alight by the hand of Divine power. Seemingly the veil of pride and arro- gance has blinded the eyes of his understanding, and that he does not know that

CHAPTBE ZZnU.

165

Vert0 ‘

Wko paffs a Ood-lighted lamp,

Sets fire to his own beard.

Since from considering all that sincerity and reliability which were clearly manifested in all his behayionr, it appeared and still ap- pears that these actions originated in wicked n^n and were in reali- ty far from himself ; nor can it be believed that th^y are his own, for he has been nourished and cherished by this great fatmily, and obedience to our orders is for him right and proper, we directed for the sake of demonstration that he should withdraw himself from these abominable proceedings, and that he should arrest and send to Court this lost and abandoned crew who have been the. cause of the destruction of his fortune and honour, and who for their cm Ob- jects support his rebellion and enmity. Asjwe, during these five years, have respected his wishes and have not shown any recusancy, and have not gone beyond his good pleasure in anything that he proposed, whether it was acceptable to us, or inacceptable, he likewise should at once submit to this our order, and not be vexed therewith. When- ever he acts according to this order, we shall clear our heart with regard to him and entirely forgive his crimes and offences. And when- |^q 0 ever he is inclined to serve, and there is occasion for it, we shall sum- mon him tb our service, so that the veil over hiuf may be removed.

And as his services are still appreciated and approved by us, though he has received a thousand favours equal to them, we desire that his name, which has for years been celebrated in all oonntHes and cities for sincerity, devotion, obedience, and reliability, may not become notorious for rebellion, contumacy .and sedition, and that it be not included in the list of the Qarftca^ Qara Bakbts (see ante). 4^oord- ingly we make known to him the duties of obedio^ce. Let him be- ware of cherishing other thoughts, and let him be assured that ii out of ignorance and sliort-thoughtedness he leave the path, and* if pride and arrogance ruin his brain and place him among the secedecs,

i This verse was quoted by AbS- l-makSnun to Sha ibinl in depreca- tion of his own folly. See ]^b1b\i- g-siyir, and Bibar, Erskine 125 and

Vamb^ry’s Hist, of Bokhara, who attributes the remark to Yahia from the mistaken notion that be is identical with A «fl*l-llakirain.

166

AEBABNlKA.

we shall proceed against him with onr victorious troops^ and at- tended by dominion and prestige^ with the determination to put him down, and by the Divine favour we shall abolish him from the earth. There is hope that under these circumstances, when the fortune of our Caliphate is preluding, and his is beginning to retrograde, there will be a great victory, and that he shall be overcome by the army of fortune and put to shame and made a prisoner. Let him not show his folly by thinking that he has bestowed so many favours on his own men during these five years, in order that they might be of use in time of need. In his shortness of thought and ignorance he does not know that fortune is linked to the Divine favour. Whenever that favour does not exist, an unfaithful servant does not succeed. Accord- ingly, it is transparent that most of those who called themselves sons and brothers, and who, he thought, never would separate from him, have under the guidance of auspiciousness separated from him. Those who have remained, are separating, one by one, and coming to Court. Ghradually they will leave him all alone. Under these circumstances, nothing but submission and surrender will avail.

VefBe.

The head must bend and the neck obey

For whatever a just prince does is right.

Finis.

The tQito-Khftnftn, whose decline was near at hand, or rather who was going headlong into the dark night of decline, did not receive instruction from these admonitory words which were cap- able of constituting an auspicious code. Shall I say that they increased his disaffection ? But he who knows, knows that he by his own endeavours hastened down the precipice of dishonour. In short, he went on from the pargana of BikSnir towards the Panjab. When he came near the fort of Tabarhinda,^ which was

In Sirhiud. See Bad&Unl, Rank- ing 69, note 2. According to the Labb-at*TawIrlJ|Jl it is now known as Bithandah, the Bha^aiidah of Jar- rett II. 296. It is evidently the Tiberhind of Rennell’s map, Tieffen-

thaler Yol. 111. map of Hindu- stan, No. 2, and of. the accompanying list or memoir, page 254. It has nothing to do with the Bihand or Waihind of Elliot II. 488, which was on the Indus, and it appears

t^HAPTRR nmi

161

in the fief of ^er’ Mahammad Dlvrlna, he left his son ‘Abdar Ral^m and the rest of his family and his baggage in the fort with afcer Uuhammad^ who was one of his special intimates, and passed on.

Slier Mahammad paid more regard to his real benefactor and sepa- rated from him. He took possession of all the goods and chattels that were loft in Tabarhinda^ and took Bair^m’s family to the Court. Darvesb Muhammad^ Uzbeg imprisoned Mn^aifar ‘Ali, who had come to fetch him, and sent him to Conrt, and he himself bound on the HQ girdle of loyalty. He recognised his own liege lord and withdrew from his fictitious benefactor. When he (Bairftm ?) came near Thftrah^

M. ^Abdulla Moghal put it in a state of defence and prepared for battle. Wali Beg came to Thftrah and was defeated. Bravo ! Whoever tries to extinguish a lamp lighted by God flings into the fire the harvest of his fortune and felicity ! As it was the time of Bairftm Khdu’s fall, whatever he thought to be to his advantage resulted in loss. And as self-interest is a veil over the eye of connsel, he did uoi kiiOW wkxt ‘waa his own gCrod, and regarding causes of awaken- ing as causes of somnolence, he went to the pargana of Jftlandhar.

from Raverty s note, quoted by Rank- ing, that he was unaware that there was a Bathiiidah in the same Sarkar as Thineswar, thtngb considerably to the S.S.W. of it. Though in Sir- kar Sirhind, the place lay a long way to the south, and its site is, I pre- sume, now in the Sirsa district of tha Pan jab. See extract from Major t’oVFlett’s report in 1. G. under article Bhatnair, where Bliatinda is men- tioned. It is noteworthy that Tief- feothaler spt’^lls Bhatindah Tabanda,

l. 13i.

’ B!iiram'8ad«qptedBon,Blochmann 316 and 524. It was perhaps his subsequent rebellion that Ututd ‘•him be called Dlw&na. See account of him and of his death in A.N. II.

m.

^ See later account of him, text II, 263. There A. F. says that Akbar regarded his disloyalty to Bairim with disgust.

^ Bhatinda of Ferifihto.

♦ Ferishtasays howas in Dip&lpQr. We find from BiyasTd’s Memoirs, 99a, that Mugaffar ‘AlT was kept confined in Darvesh Muhammad’s house in Delhi, and that he was released by Akbar on the representations of Afzal S3l<iu (Ehwftja Sultan AXl) and Mun’Tm Sll4n. See J. A. S. B. for 1898. Mufafiar is there called Bairftm’s dlwdn,

^ Jarrett II. 296. “4thas a brick fort on the SiUcj.

168

AKBARNAKA

CHAPTER XXIX

THE DESPATH OF THE SHAN A ZAM SStAHSU-D-DIN MtTHAMMAD KHAN ATKA WITH AN ARMY TO QUELL THE SEDITION OF BAIRAM KHAN. THE EXPEDITION OF H. M. THE SHAHTNSHAH in the same DIRECTION ! THE KINDLING OF THE FIRES OP BATTLE BETWEEN THE ARMY OP FORTUNE AND BAIRAM KHAN. AND THE VICTORY OF THE IMPERIAL SERVANTS.

During that auspicious time when the capital of Delhi was the abode of the sovereign, news were brought of Bairam ^an*s procee- ding from Bilchnlr to the Panjab, and the royal resolution was taken to send an army to block his progress, so that there might he no cloud of disturbance in the province of Lahore. A number of short-thougtcd ones were of opinion that H. M. should go in person to prosecute the war, and another party said that the army of fortune should be despatched thither. H. M. the Sbabin^ah accepted both opinions, and decided that the victorious forces should proceed in advance. And that afterwards, he should go in person. After much discussion^ he approved of Maham Angara maternal solicitude and kept back Adh8nri ^an. ^hamsu-d-dfn Muhammed Khan Atka and his son Yusuf Muhammad Khan Kokalta^, Mahdi Q3sim Khan, Muhammad Qasim Khan of Nishapur, Ali Qulf f^an, Mfr LatTf Hasan Khan, a relation of Sh^ahibu-d-din (l^wc^ perhaps son-in-law), Ahrhad Khan, and s number of other were appointed to the Paniab. in order to prevent the ^an-Khanio from going there. Shamsu-d-din Muhammad lOian and these great officer went towards the Panjab. relying upon the Shahinshah’s daily increasing fortune. After they had started. H. M., as a measure of increased precaution, made arrangements for his own expedition.

When in his perfect foresight H. M. determined to make the expedition he, for the purpose of carrying on the affairs of Slate, exalted [Ojwajah ‘Abdu-I-Majid^ who had been made Sarif-Diwani.

1. Blochmann

366 and Maaair

Possassion a short account

of

I. 77, In a Ms.

of Akbarnaina in my

Asaf KhUn in inserted here

aa^

part of the

CHAPTIR MIS.

109

hj conferring on him the title of Xsaf O^&n^ and he assigned to hin the goyernment of Delhi^ as part of the office of Vizier, He gave him kingly admonitions^ and bade him not to be proud of his owl wisdom and dignity, to remember the favours he had received, and to regard his exaltation as involved in his humility, and to considet H.M.^a grace as the reward of his aervices, and to withhold his eye, his heart, his hand, and his tongue from men^s goods. The IQ^wftjah understood the precious monitions, and illuminated his auspicious forehead by prostrating it on the snblime threshold. He gave his heart to his work and exerted himself sincerely and devotedly.

When the uproar caused by Bairfiin ^Sn’s rebellion arose, an order, consistent with sense and precaution, was given for arresting Husain QuU Beg, and he was made over for some days to the care of Adham Khan. With the consummate humanity which was one of his characteristics’, H.M. informed Adham Shan that he wonld be held responsible if any injury happened to Husain QuU. On 81 Amardftd, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday 20 Zi^al-Q&da, 12th August 1560, H.U. left Delhi to put down the sedition. As it is in accordance with the Divine decree that noble achievements, such as the world could not imagine, should be accomplished merely by their coming within purview it is clear what happens as soon as H.M. gives his personal attention to a matter. There was a fresh instance of this when the faithful men who had been deputed took leave and went to perform their service. They gave no heed to any other considerations, as is the way of old, self-seeking servants, but went firmly on without slackening rein till they came to pargana Dikdftr,^ which is near the pargana of Jfllandhar and lies between the Sutlej and the BTfth, and blocked the path of Bairfim at

text. It Bays he was brought up at Herat, and that m Qandahtr he was iu M. Aikari’s service, and after- wards entered H iimiljnn’s. NiySmu. din and BadlSul say Husain QuU was put in charge of Ayaf, but all the MSS. of the AkbarnSma seem to have Adham Shin.

^ Not on list of Bet Jilandhar

mahals gpven in Jarrett II. 316, but Tiefenthaler 1. 103 has Dakh and BalsSnl where Jarrett has Besill and Khatteh, and an MS. of *AIn in my possession has Dakha or Dikha. The Shulisat TawirTJih has Dardak, which is also a pargana in the Bet Jilandhar, Jarrett II, 110 and 316.

170

AKBABNiMA.

OQplcQr^ which Appertains to Dikdflr. Bairam Kh&n was arranging for the capture of Jftlandhar when he heard, of the approach of Atka Stftn. In his pride he did not heed Atka and was

eager for battle. In his presumption and arrogance he distributed his force into two bodies^ and made the advanced one consist of Wall Beg, 8hSh QuH Khan Mahram, the brothers of Wall Beg, Is- m’iil Qull ^ftn, Husain Khfin, (Tukriya) Y’aqub Suljtfin, Sabz Talkh (?)* and a number of men destined to Be vanquished. Another army was under his own direction and had in ^ront of it nearly fifty famous elephants. On the other side §hamsu‘d-din Muhammad KhSii ar- ranged his forces, and was supported by the Sh^hin^fih’s fortune.

112 He heartened his men and advanced. He himself took charge of the centre, the right wing was commanded by Muhammad Qasini Klian of Nfs^fipur, and the left wing by Mahdl QSsim Khan. ‘Ali Quli of Andarftb, QiyA Khftn Sfiheb Hasan, and other devoted ser- vants formed the vanguard. Parkh Khfin and some brave men form- ed the altam^, and Yusuf Muhammad Khfin Kokaltasb with some gallant heroes took post between the centre and the altain^. As Atka ^ftn was not certain of his men he took oaths and promises from them, and strengthened their hearts before engaging. Though Bairflm had not many men with him, they were of good quali-

ty. He also placed much reliance on the royal army, as many from an evil disposition and double-tonguedness were sending him letters.

When these two forces engaged in the village of Gunacur in the middle of Shahriyiir, Divine month, corresponding to the early part of Ji-al-hajja, 23® August, there were brave feats on both sides.

i- Kot marked. BadaSnT has Phil- laur which is a well-known place S.S.E. Jalandhar. Gfinacur is per- haps the Gancott of Tiefenthaler and- Gangot of Jarrett. The Ikbal- nima has ^ fiy’ Ferifihta says Ma- cfwara, and Khafl Kh Sn Main Bej- wara. The Darbur Akbarl 186n. does not state Blochmann’s remark correctly, see B. 61^1 supplementing 317n. 1. B. says the correct name is G^nficdr and that it lies S.E. Jalan- dhar.

• The text appears corrupt. Per- haps Sabz Malik is l^he true reading, see Vullers II. 207b. Sabz is a possible name and occurs twice in p. 164, vol. Ill A. N. The TalJsh of text may be a mistake for TUla- qSr.

8 This is 1 Zl-al-kajja, but ap- parently A.F. was not quite sure of the date.

oHAFmmz

171

Though ill the flrst encounter the ndvnnoe eorpc of the enenj ^ played such valour that lott of tbt Mldiect of the fortune were put to fight Atkah and any of Ue own foroe, and Yueot Mubammad Khan with a few men stood on the field of battle, and in their astooishnient at the hypocrisy and oowardioi of tlmif men sought help of courage from the sacied soul of the S|^Uii||^ At this time when Bairam Khan*! men had driven olT most of their foes and were pursuing them and Bairam Khan wu advancing with hit own army and exulting in the though of victory, the army of Atka Khin. which had been standing behind a ridge, appeared in sight. Bairam f^an advanced to overthrow him, and in the first place sent forward the elephants, of which the leader was the elephant carrying the travelling litter (tal^t rawan).^ He himself was in the back part of it (the litter). Suddenly the royal fortune and heaven’s help withdrew the veil of conce Iment from the face of success. Between the two armies there wi ^ a rice»bottom* and the elephants came into that bog* and s^uck there. The brave men of the victorious army shot arrows at the drivers, and by the favour of hidden succour one hits the driver of the leading elephant and hangs down from the animars neck. When Bairam Khan saw that such was the condition of the elephants, which were his mainstay, he sought to come out by their rear, leaviqg the rice«bottom on his right, and to get to the dry land and make his attack. .

1. Takht-rswan, a travelling litter, apparently nreaninf that it was Bairam’s pad-elephant. The D. Akbari P iSt, tays Bairam was riding on the elephant, though it may mean the alaphant im- mediataly behind. Perhaps Takht- rawan was the elephant’s name, and Bairam was in the rear of the line of elephanta

2. Shalipaya. Shali is an autumnal rice, white and growing in deep water. It is the aman of Bengal A.F. calls it in the Ain shall mash Icio. See Jarrett 1I.% where dark coloured” should, 1 think

be musky or gragrant. for A.F. says, teat 1.299 that the rice is very white (has safed) and gra grant. Ripeus quickly should be soon cooked** (sud- paz) It is the word shali that is used in Ain 1.389. Jarrett 11.122, where the rice of Benga is described as growing as fast the water rises.

3. Jamjama. This explain the passage supra p- 277 of vol. l.line 5 The mailling there was a quagaure. The Ikbgtnaum say the elephants feet stuck in the de- vouring morass (jamjama ubar.)

ARBARNAMA

iTS

“rte Atka Khin in hit foreaigbt and courage perceived Bairam Min’s maneuvre, and prepared to make the attack, bimseir before it waa carried out. Y&suf Muhammad Khan said, “Most of our men have thrown the dust of disgrace on their heads and gone off, where is the time for fighting 7“ The Atka Khan repiied, “Though 113 men are few, the ShihinShah’s fortune is on our side, and beside who do not think of flying, this is a day of killing or being killed (Jln-fi^inT yn Ja’n sitinT).**. He sent on Yasuf Muhammad Man with a body of brave men, and made ready to fight himself with another body of courageous combatants. At the time when Bairam Man turned back in order to execute his maneuvre, those seekers of renown draw the sword of vengeance from the scabbard of resolut- ion and attacked Bairam Khin’s force. His men thought his retreat was a fight, and fell into confusion, and Bairam Khan was obliged to withdraw, and to retreat in disgrace. By the Divine aid a victory which might be the embroiJery of other victories, showed her face in spite of the want of harmony, and the discouragement and the disgrace of so many men.). The black-fated foe, whether those who had pursued the fugitives, or those who with Bairam Khan were determined on fighting, was dispersed. The victorious troops pursu- ed the retreating army and made the repast of the blood-drinking blade. A number of the wounded and half-dead were levelled with the dust. The heroes pursued the abandoned crew for two kos. Tsmiil Quit Khan was caught alive. Just then news was brought that Wall Beg was wounded and lying hidden in a sugar-cane field. He too was seized, and also Husain Khan’ who had been blinded by an arrow. Yaqub Hamadabr Ahmed Beg and many of the hosti- le laders were caught in the noose of retribution. An immense booty fell into the hands of the imperial servants. Atka IChan was prudent and did not pursue the fugitives very far. It was solely by secret aid that such a victory which was the preamble of other victories, emerged from the bjding place of fortune.

H.M. the Sj^ahins^ali was marching with firm mind, and a con- tented soul. Inwardly he was keeping close to the Divine temple, outwardly he was engaged hunting. Near Sirhind the messengers of

‘I. This i* HuKftin Klinii TuUrTjr*, Mys lie wse wounded with ■ aword lladXuni’t Triend. Hailniini, Lowe 3S. He wee not pernienently hliiidnl

CHAPTER XXIX

m

fortune brought the good newt of victory. The confuted wofld oh* leioed freth repote. the meteriele of prgite end thenktgiving were provided, and the ritet of joy and pleature took the oppet bend. The affairtofthe Sultanate received freth arrangement. The beverage of abundance wat tupplied to the tmall-natared. The thread of un« deritanding fell into the handt of the timple and ignorant Domn nion wat freed from the handt of the proud. The kind of the tiaM wat releated from the opprettive partnertbip of the noO’iecogoiKie of right. The wisdom -of the wite was increated. Dondnion show* ed her face, prestige unveiled her countenance. The noivarae reeeiv* ed fresh moisture. Time and the terren put on freth hauty. The inwardly Mind and the envious descended into the pit of humiliation and scattered the dust of defeat on their heads. The old world grew young. Justice was born, and the administration thereof becanm patent. Oneveil, which the Khedive of the age threw off from bis world-adorning beauty Thou, O heart, tawetl and beheMest whal was the nature of the great of the world and to what height the greatness had arrived One can infer from this that if several veils more beautiful than this were withdrawn from the face of my sub* jects and some special glories were shown, what achievements there would be, and what secrets would be revealed. But it aeems that permission to show them is not granted, or that display does not come within his far-seeing design. May he remain for generatioM in fortune and felicity, for such a Khedive has very rarely come into the world’s possession Abel FazI the writer of this preamUe of fortune utters’ a cry from his Sosom and says, “If 1 were not a dependant and did not wear, the clothes of service I would make some remarke out of my own knowledge. But as I am included among the conformiste I shall not say anything more because the inwardly Mind and pr^u- diced will regard such words as flattery. This apprehension has no place in the house of my understanding for there tainted worldiogs do not come. It is my feelings tbit 1 speak, not my understanding

). nafta-i-msadur barawarda.

2. tabiy’at and fitrat. Jarrett says TIJ. 403, nota, **The difference be- tween and is that the

former .signifies the essential

nature of individual man, the latter the super-induced nooidents of tem- perament which are more under hie control./ Here I think he means to distinguish between his feelings and

AXBARKAMA

»«

VERSE

itrhen thali the envier of light depart

That I may aay that ’tis right to aay

When H.M. wa« eocamped at Sirhiod,> Muo’im Khan who had come from Kabul io obedience to commands, arrived along with other offi- cers such as Muqim Khan, a relative of Tardi Beg Khan, Qasim Khan 1 Mir Bah,KhwaJagi Mohammad Hussain his brother, Khwajah Abdu- Monim, commonly knwn as Khwaja Padsbah-i>Mariz Maulana Abdu-i baqi-Sadi* Malta 2tagar, Payindah Mohammad, Shagun Muhammad, Paridnr, maternal uncle of M. Muhammad Hakim, Abdu-I fath son of Pazi Beg, Mir Muhammad Nishapuri, and many other, including a large number of soldiers. They arrived on 2? Shahri Divine month, correspondiof to Monday 18 Zi-i-hajja, 10 September, and were received with royal favours. Mun’im Khan was appointed to the high office of Vakil and styled Khan Khanan and decorated with a robe of honour, while all the officers received favours proportionate to their rank and merits. At the same delightful at Shamso-d-din Mohammad Kbaw Atka, and the other loyalists who bad done good service and had returned victorious, did homage and were distinguished by favoon. The daqu* dress (pelisse) and the fattabi* dress of Bniram Khan were bestowed on the Atka

hit Hiffi MMOfi tails bim

that hm im qiiilta dneara and unpra* jttdiaad ia Akbar*s favour, his fafci- ings warn bim that be had batter auppram bia santimanta for fear of being anapaet ad of adulation.

1. The T.A. and Badauni say Mun’im wtamva jolnod th# aoiperor at Ladtana, Elliot V. 267 has Jalaxndbar but the Lueknow teat and at least one have Ludiana

2. Kbwaah. This word often means san^in-lafr. Hera it stands for sis- tar’s son, Bloohmann 371

3. Barr in tent, but the variant Bahr ia right.

i. Maria means diseased. Per.

haps be is the Padshah Khawaja of Bloohmann 459

5. Ha was Sadr in Humayun’s tima See ante.

6. He has been mentioned twice in the first volume, originally he waa Kaman’s servant.

7. He was the son of Qaraca.

8. Bee Vullers S.V. who says pannus M.S. laneus villosus. The word is of Arabic origin and means some valu- able kind of dress. The fornn daqu is not given in our Persian dictionaries, but is given by Zonker who explains it as HchUfpels. See B. 333 fl.

9. fattahi. Apparently the robe of vicior>\

175

and he received the title of X’iiim Kl^ln 9cniie wretohee, who bed heea made prisoners on the battle-fl6ld,»eaoh as Wall Beg, hii son Ism^all Quli, Qnsain Sh5ni Ahmad Beg Tmdtomln and others Wire produced with chains on.their feet and neoksi together with ahinidant spoil^ also the standard which was embroidered with gems and incemi- ed for the shrine of Rasavi of the holy Maghthad^ but -had not been sent. The arrival of this standard was looked upon as sue beginning of happy omens for the Qhlhintbbh. Muhammad Qinim Khln NlgbipHnf Aba4-Q|$im> brother of Maullna ‘Abdu-l-Qidh Alf^and and a number of others* who had got leave to gc to Multan before the neWs of Bairftm i^h^n’s rebellion, Mnltan hav- ing been taken from Muhammad Qttli BarlSa and given to

them, were now despatched to Mnltan, Among those trho were captured on the day of battle^ Wall Beg^ who had received severe wounds, died in prison, and his head was sent as a warning to the eastern provinces. The others were kept in prison until they were released by th« intercession of intimate courtiers, and after- wards showed loyalty and obedience and were raised to dignities. The particulars of ‘each of them will be related in its proper place.

Qod be praised! Whoever was more wicked and more seditious (than others) received separately condign punishment, above all, AVali Beg, who was the substratum of sedition and strife, t^ceived such* s punishment as might be an increase of the devotion of the right-seeing a#nd right-acting. Owing to the overthrown fortunes of Bahftdur what might have been a source of instrmetioit end auspicious- 4 SSS became cause of increased wandering and error. When the ^rainless head of Wall Beg was brought by a Tawftcl to pargana ftftwe, which was the Bahidur’s j&gpr, the inward dissension and dis- loyalty of that ingrate were revealed. He inflicted martyrdom on the Tawici ! Several unbecoming actions were exhibited by this dis- loyal one. For’ some days his loving companions induced him to feign madness {lit pointed the way of madness to him). Nay, nay, his re madness was the oommiSsioVi of this shameful aca Afterwards, in truth they brought him from madness to sense, and so saved him. rhe. imperial servants, who doubtless were neither hypocritical nor negligent knowingly concealed so improper an act. Though some in

i Perhaps the meaning is that his friends suspected him of madness.

17 «

AKBAKNiMA.

th«ir Uaok>heartedneM regarded Biieh conduct ’ ns a kind of loyalty, jet to the eyes of investigation is most disloyal. Accordingly, after a IHtJe consideration, they revealed the mystery.

• The concealment, to wit, of Bahidur’s misconduct.

CHAPT1SB XXX.

m

CHA^rER XXX.

ArRITAL op THC SliHIKttAH AT LaHOEI, aVP OTHIB ITBlfTf.

When a great blesfling had been conferred, and the extir* pation of Bairlmtihan was assured, and the Atga Rhftn had been koiioured by a reception H.M. decided to leave the army and to proceed towards Lahore, hunting as he Went. In this way there would be botH the pleasure of hunting, and Lahore would again be made illuatnoui^ by H\M^8 advent. Accordingly the army was left there (Sirnind) under the command of Mun^m ^ftn, and H.M. set out. On the 4th Mihr, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday 26 al ^jja 967, 17th September 1560, he alight- ed in Lahore, and the Atga Xbftn held great feasts* ‘H M. the 3h&hi]i^§h exalted him by royal favours a d made over me choicest 116 parts of the Punjab to him and his bretbrea. During the period of il.M/s stay at Lahore the i’izim fell ill, and H.M. kindly left him there and proceeded to the army whioh had been* placed under Mun^im (Q^Sn. a

17 $

AKBAIViKA.

GHAFTEB XXXI.

ExPftDmON Of THI SSiraWiH to THS SrWiUK MOUDYTAINSi and the OOMPLtTICH Of TBt At FAIB OF BatRAH SjJLH.

When it was asoertaiaod that Bairam S]biftu had gone to R&jah Ganos^ at TalwAiw,* which is a strong place in the midst of the kills, and was. seeking protection there, the spiritual and remporal Khe- dive proceeded towards the SiwAlilcs on 18 Mihr, Divine month, oorreeponding to Tuesday 10 Mu^arrani 063 1st October 1560, under the Divine protection, in order that the affair might concludedf without the ohieaneiy of designing persons, and that the world might obtain tranqoiliilgr. The great camp was in Mfioiwftra swait- ing the arrival of when the Kb^ive of the earth came there,

maeoh by march. Mun’im and the other grandees went out

to welcome him, and were exalted by performing the kwmiih. From theuue they proceeded to carry out their object. On the wa} the Mir Mnndli nnd KbwAja Snltiu ‘AH, who had fled at the time of the affair of Tardl Beg hSliU; nnd had undertaken the journey to the IjHjta, were permitted to kiss the threshold. When the standards had been set up in the SiwAliks, ah army of brave men entered the defiles and pressed forward. Many Hindu troops and their leaders, viz,, hill RajAhs ami Rayfln, opposed their march, and ^ero were several contests between them. There were great onsets oh lioth sides, and Sultan Husain JaUir of the victorious army had ihe good fortune of martyrdom. The RujAhs were defeated and fiv* 1, and many of those ill-omened hill men were made the harvest of the sword.

Whe^n the rumour of the pVjroach of the victorious standards reached Bairam Kh5n hl*swe the tli ink of his latter end and placed

• Niainud-(lin has Gobiiid Clu«pid. The KhuUfat T. has Gonrs zamlu- dar of Dana pur who lived ar Tal- wara Se»; also A. N. 11. 169,

w)i»‘rc* u»* IS dosf ril)ad at zamliidar

of NandS 11 . BSyazId, 9ib, aays

the principal Rajah 4i>f the hills (Siwulik) was called Mai.

’ JarvQtt II. 318.

CHAnn txn.

179

the head of justice in the collar of shame and repentance. He sent Jamil SbiOi a trusted servant^ with a request for pardon of his offences^ and made excuses^ vis., that on account of Tariona oo carrences which were the result of compulsion and not of his free will^ the sweat of shame was on his brow, and the countenance of penitence on the earth ; if H.M. would complete the skirt of fortune by affixing thereto the hem of forgpyeness and would raise from the dust him who had fallen on the road of wretchedness, his was the head of supplication and here was the dust of the threshold. Jamil Shtn arrived at the 3hihiu^ih’s tent and delivered the peti«^ tion. He also stated vivd voce the purport of Bairim’s desires. H.M. the ^ihinslLih on account of his general benevolence, and spe- oial kindness, and in gratitude for. so great a blessing, listened to his unheard of excuses, and, because his noble nature relishes forgive- ness, he with an open brow and an expanding heart drew the line of pardon over all his offences. In order to assure him, he sent Maulini ^Abdullah of Sultinpur with some of his intimates along with Jamil Shin, in order that they might comfort Bairim Khin with the good news of pardon and favour and bring him to kiss the threshold. The deputies performed their office, but, Bairim Shines mind was not consoled. He said that he was ashamed and downcast for what he had done, and was deserving ^f every kind of punishment. His heart was at rest as regarded the graoionsness and glorious kindnesses of the Khedive of the age, but he was in trepidation on account of the Ca|^atal grandees and the other im- perial servants. If Mun’im Khin would come and give him assur- ance and make oaths and vows he could by his instrumentality come forth from the rebels and perform the prostration. Then, having got leave, he could spend the remainder of his life in holy places, and could seek in humiliation and self-abasement the amendment and atone ment of his crimes. As the sea of benefigence was in effervescence this request of ms was also granted. The standards of fortune were pitched in the town of Hajlpur which is near the cUmSn-i-koh, and between the Sat la j and the Biali, and Mun’iin l^hADj Khwftjah Jahan, i@hi*af Haji Muiiainiiiad Khftn Sistani were sent to

assure Bairim Kltin by promises of favour and to bring him to do

^ Jarretc II.

180

AKOAKNillA.

huniage. The envoys went with a few men into those wild defiles where he had taken refuge. There was a rush (or a crowd) of the /ammdirs, ‘and with a chivalry’ which is rooted among

the zaniindirs of India, they stoud determined to sacrifice their lives. The envoys threaded the defiles and entered the fort where Bai- rim Khaa was. As Soon as ^irfim IQian saw Mnn^im he beqame reassured, and knew that the message which they had brought from H.M. the gh&hin^fth was genuine. He came forward hope* fully and embraced him, and showed excessive sha^e. Mun’im Khftn encouraged him by promises and covenants and U)ok him towards the sublime threshold, Rabai^ Zambur and 3bih Qull Mahram laid their hands on fiairsm skirt and wept and lamented,

saying that there was perfidy, and that he should not go. Though Mun’im IQiun and the other envoys soothed them, they were not satisfied. Apparently they were under apprehensions about them- selves. Coii^quently when Muii^im IQifin said to them, You remain I V8 her® night and wait for news, and after that, when your minds are composed, you will come and do homage,’^ they let Bair&m go, and themselves remained behind. Bairftm S3^fin went on to the threshold of fortune. The royal army was waiting in tuo confines of the hills in expectation of events, and tlTe opportunists (waq4*a talabin) were making various remarks when the goodly company (^aizxd^) made their appearance. The royal army raised

^ Apparently this is a reference to of Sultin Biyazid who was HumS’ the practice of johar, ySn’s qurcibegi. He adds that Akr

^ It appears from Bftyszld Ptib that bar was very fond of him and

Bibs ZambQr waa the elder brother that he had no equal among

of Shih Qull. the Caghat&Ts for courage and

® Perhaps this specially refers to beauty. He was killed in the

Bairim. Tfaete is a long descrip* SiwSliks in a sally made by the

tk>D of BairSm’s surrender in Bayi* Hindus from the fort where Bairim

zld, who was present on the occasion, was. The place was a bambu-jungle.

in attendance on Mnn’im Shin. See and as Sul(in ^asain was unsup-

pp. 94a,i et seq. Hs mentions the ported hs was killed. Next, day

death of Snltiii Bubaiii JaliTr, which Bniram sent out a letter to Mun’im

had such nn effe :t on Bairim (Bloch* Khin who, it seems, had also the

mann 3l7 and BadaunT, Lowe 39). name and title of N^amat Lngb

Bayizld ^66 calls liim Sultan Bn- BajazTd gives the contents of tlu

■ain Beg. and spys he was he son letter. In it Bairim refers with

CHAWEH XXXI

181

« fhout and there was general rejoicing. The day was unpropitioua to the sedition-mongers and their faces were blackned. He (Bairim) turned his face towards the sublime court, and in Aban, Divine month corresponding to Muharram 968, he flung a handkerchief round his ncct and made the prostration of shame and contrition. He laid his dust strown head at the sphere-traversing feet of H.M. the Sj^iBshah, partly with pain, partly with shame for his crimes, and partly with joy at his pardon, and wept aloud. H.M. the Shahinshah accepted his eicuses, and with his sacred hand raised Bairam lean’s head from the ground of humiliation and embraced him. He took the cloth (fauta) from his neck and wiped from his face the tears of penitence -nnd the dust of shame. With bis gra- cious lips he inquired about his health and bade him sit on bin right hand, as had been the rule wheq Bairam Khan was prime minister (vakil). He bade Munim Khan sit down beside him, while the other officers took their places according to their rank. With his gracious lips he uttered such words of kindness and favour, that the dust of bashfulness and the mist of shame disappeared from his brow. Yet the word remains true.

Verse

Tbougn the crime be forgiven, shame abideth.

Thereafter he rose up and bestowed on Bairam Kbsn S gloriodk robe which he was wearing over his own breast, and gave ^m per- mission to go to the Hijix. In accordance with vigilance and fore- sight, which are the basis of every act, especially of acts of sov- ereignty, he gave him as companions Tarsun^ Muhammad Khan and Hijf Muhammad Khan Sfstlnl. They were to be his guides to the confines of the empire, and were 1o conduct him safety ever the dangerous roads. They returned from the territory of Nagor.

One day Baiilm lUan reproached Hiji Muhammad Kjlian Sistanf, saying, “No one’s opposition and infidelity hurt me so much as ynarso you forgot all your old obligations.’’ Hfijf Muhammad Khan replied

i*egret to the death of Sultan Hus- sein. He writes: When to my sorrow

• man like Sult&n Hussain was killed yesterday, how can I be pleas- with,^iis unnecessary d|ifari^l. If ^

H.M. and. the nobles wish for a spoonful of my blood. I am ready to give it. (aijl kardam Blochinann 342.

119

IM lltAlHiVA.

^ Yoq in of all the okimi to loyalty whioh H.M. JnhanbinT

Jinnah ‘Aflbijfttil posaeisedi and all his nurture of yon, and all the kindnesses which yon had received from H.M* the Qhshinflbth, showed yourself a rebel and drew the sword^ and then occurred what has occurred. If I have left your society, what is there extrar- ordinary ? and what have 1 done 7 ’’ Bairam Sh&n felt ashamed, and made no rejoinder. I have heard on good authority that Bairim Kb^n continually during that journey felt the paui which these for<;ible words had givei) him.

God be praised I The magnanimity and innate kindness of H.M. the Shihinghfth made an impression on all heart.R. This simple man, who was proud of his courage and his sagacity, awoke from his sleep of negligence and emerged from the whirlpool of rebel* lion. The sincere were exalted and the market of the seditious fell flat. The age received lustre, and mortals wore the face of joy. A letter from the Shfn A^ajsim Atga SbUn has come to light, and as it gives accounts of various events, I give an exact copy of it in this Iqbftlnflma (record of fortune), so that the wise may receive instmc- tjon.

PSTTTIOK or THl LXIST Of LOYAL SSUVAHTS, SVAXSU*!) *1)111 Mv^AlUfAl)

Atoa.

After prayers and expreimions of demotion he represents that when this well-wisher arrived at Delhi, and when your Majesty bestowed royal favours on him and gave him the flag, the kettler drum and the tuman-toff^ qf Bairim £hln and made him governor of the PanjIb, it appeared right that this well-wisher should per- form service corresponding to such favours aud preferment, so that none of the loyal might say anything against his promption. Whcu the news came that the disloyal and seditions had by letters and messages brought Bairim Khih into the neighbourhood of Firiiz- pQr, an order was issued that the pillars of the empire should assemble and should represent what should be done for the welfare of the state. In that meatiug the letter of Bairim SIbfto to Darvesh Muh- ammad IQiln was produced. It was there written, * I am the slave and bondsman of His Majesty, but I wish totaxe vengeance on H.M.’s ffokila,* Each well-wisher stated at that meeting what he thought should be done to baflSe Bairam |^ln. As two days ago the paraphernalia of the saidrKbln’s dignity had been bestowed on

CSAmi R1.

m

this well-wisher, he decided ihet the oooasion for doing good eerriee had arrived. There was mnok talk and discussion among the pil- lars of the empire— «nd both small and great Were gathered there— and this faqir claimsd the right of move {div talhld)} and proposed that the affair ot Bairim ^in should hj Glod^s favour and the nnendii\9 auspices of the king oome to him, and added, that if v-htrever he met him, or came in sight of him he should dacken in his advance, ha would be less than girls or ca(amites% The pillars of empire said ^‘the patting down of Bairftm l&hin is a great un- dertaking. So long as H.M. does not go in person it will not be possible to capture him.^ When the pillars of empire were of this opinion, your servant did hot say ranch, but represented to his Lord tihat Muhammad Qtaiin l^ln and Mahdi Qisim Kbftn had got leave and gone towards Multan and Lahore. It might be that this servant could also go in the employment of a soont of his Lord (muiiidl/s) and report day by day everything that occur- red. This well-wishing serVant^s application was favonrably receiv- ed, and an order was given that he should go, accompanied by the great officers^ and suppress Bairftm IQiftn. An order was also given that a thousand men should be enrolled^ as auxiliaries. He took leave and halted four or five days in the neighlbourhood of Rohtak and in pargona Mdhim,^ but there was no sign of the auxiliaries. On a representation being made to his Lord fif- teen men, out of all the thousand, were sent. As there were many veterans present, the anxieties which are part of war- fare came home to them. As also it was the rainy season, and there was mud and water, there was some delay in marching. Men made use of the Mother as a go between, and told a hundred thousand

• An expression taken from chess or from play with dice. The Iq- balnama uses it -with refereuce to the slave FQlftd’s being told off to assassinate Akbar.

• Ktimak-navlsand.

3 Jarrett, II. 295. Mihim in Ell. Supp. Glossary II. 133.

• Kahna auwdrdn. Apparently the meaning is that they knew what war was, and so were cautious.

^ Wdlida, The petitioner speaks lower down of his regarding M. Anaga as his mother, and so T have no doubt that the reference here is to her and not to Miriam-makHiit. The author of the Dsrbar Akbari has translated the letter, p. 750, and ho takes the passage as referring to Mkharn Aiuiga.

184

tales, such as that the Atga marched^ every day two Icom and did not advance because he was afraid, and that matters would not progress in his hands. He should, be deprived of his fief and allowances. The Mother acted upon what men said| and without giving weight to (my) twenty years^ senrioe and affection represented (to Akbar) whatever they said. Your Majesty knows that this was so. My son ‘Azis Muhammad could not stud men’s words and allusions, and wrote?

Father, men^s words have killed ns. Whatever is your fate will happen. By all means act quickly and dispose of the affair of Bairftm Kbftn.”

This well wisher knew what was designed.* In reliance upon the Divine favour and the king’s fortune he advanced to suppress Bairam Now the affair of Bairdm has been disposed of by your Majesty’s fortune; a number of his attendants and leaders (sultftnftn) have been killed, and all his relations have been ari-estedand brought to court. Ood deliver, us I if things had turned out otherwise, one knows what would have happened. Probably the truth of the case has been represented to you by Bairim Khdn.

After the victory, all the welUwishers who were not present at the battle, and whose services are known to your Majesty, received tenfold presents and favours. As yet no one had asked after the well-wishers who were in the engagement, when Jftn Muhammad Siiltftn Bahasadl, who was two days in JSlandhar fort, was recom- mended and received the title of Shin* Besides him, everyone has received presents and pensions tenfold more than their services. When after all these this well-wisher and his son Tdsuf Muhammad, who wielded his sword in that great battle, had their turn, the favour shown to them was the order of the first day that the name Atga ” should appear on the firman, (i.e., bulletin of victory) I Protector of the world I this well-wisher regards the Bega (Maham Anaga) as a msmer, and says no evil of heV^ May Ood make lawful what I am about to say I This well-wisher took his life in his hand for the behoof of your Majesty, and taking with him his twelve-year® old son encountered Bair&m ^ftn and his ten to twenty relatives,

< By his enemies. elder son, for his younger brother

< The Moafir and Mr. Blochmann *As1z was bom in 949, and con-

have Uken this as referring to YSsuf, seqnently was then 17 or 18 years old.

but this cannot be if YSsuf was the The twelve-year old son must be

CHAPTtR XXZI.

186

servants and sidl&ns. None of the officers came from their

parganas to help me, and the men who were with me acted in a way which Bairam ]^aD has probably represented. In such a manner did they behave to this old servant. All the body-guards (^ercfdn) of Bairam ^in, who were in your Majeaty^s service as spies, ^ have by your Majesty’s favour received titles, and gprants of two or three krors, Ytiauf Muhammad Khtn encountered with the sword Bair&m Khan, and his Q^ans^and Sultans, and year Majesty gave him the title of I^an. The authorities gave him an order for one kror, but it has no assignment (ten).* They gave one kror as a reward to this servant who has been exalted by the title of X’a(im. Out of the whole of it the authorities assigned (only) forty lakhs on FirQzpur. Protector of the world I all the detainers of this welUwisher have for a lifetime been serving with their brothers and sons in expectation (of reward)* And now by your Majesty’s g^od fortune each has been exalted by the title of ^an and Sultan. As the flag, kettle-drum and tuman- togh of Bairftm ^an have been presented to this humble one, and as after the victory over Bairto ShAn his ddqu and }^iVai-i-fattdhi (robe of victory T) and the insignia of his dignity have been granted^ and his rank bestowed upon him, he is hopeful that his ofiice also will be assigned to this humble one.”

Bome younger child that the father took with him, unless, indeed, tweWe years old u colloquial ex])ressioii for a youngster.

^ Meaning that some of Akbar’b servants were really spies for ai-

ram.

• I do not think that Haibat and Sultin are proper names here. I’he MSS. vary.

B tan nanamudand. Perhaps i^ means they have not .shown him I where Yie is to get it, t.f., on what I estate i>r province it has been assign ed. See below, where the petitioner seems to say that only 40 lakhs of his grant had been localised.

186

AlnuniVA.

CflAFTIB XXm

ICuMTH Of m SniBniailH noil m Pavjab to Aoia, hm oabtiko

m UADOW Of fO^TUHA OTCm DlUI, An fROV TVIAOl PIOCBID- nro BT WATBB TO TDV OAflTAL.

When H. M. the SliAliiiidlih had by the might of soering fortune remored one screen from the feee of his actions and had set before himself the management of political and financial ailairs> when the diops of the short-sighted and ill-&ted had been OTerset^ and each one of them had retired to a corner^ ashamed and downcast^ and when the holy soul was by heayenly mds freed from these affairs^ he tnrned his rein towards the capital. His object was that by increase ing his attention to the administration of ja8tice» new yigoor might be given to the perturbed universe, and that certain regulations should be established which should be codes for the use of administra- tors, present and future. As the standards of fortune were pitched at Sihrind the order was issued that the camp should proceed by the direct road to Delhi, while his own cavalcade should, for the purpose of hunting, proceed towards J^pifAr FirQsa. When piff r FIrQza became the seat of the standards, the huntsmen represented that there were in the n^hbourhood jungles containing yss, which in Hind! are called efta, and that the method of catching that ravening animal was one of the most remarkable of the arts of hunting. Accordingly the sacred heart, which is a decorated mansion of sports, mental and physi- cal, turned its attention towards this charming spectacle. An order was given for making the necessary arrangement. In a short time all the a tiparatus was got ready, and sundry pits, which in Hindi are calle odi ^ were dug according to a special plan (of Akbar’s, see Blochitiann 286). Several heads of cita^ were caught there and then, a AKbr c? cavalcade moved towards Delhi. Though before this many a

The spelling is given in the Afn I. top line Apparently it i% s eoniption of the Sanskrit Sdor*

• 9 i^ddalit. necklace, or collar,

but used, like sii^ir, to express nnjnber of elephants or leopsiO^. See Vullers s.t.

CttAPTIB XXXII.

had been collected fo. the royal establishment, this was the €rst time that H.M. hunted them in person. On 11 Xsar,* Divine month corresponding to Saturday 4 Rabi’al-awal 968, 24th November, 1560, the standards were set up in Delhi, and mortals attained the materials of tranquillity.

Among the occurrences of this time was the despatch of a body of troops under the command of Abu-l-fath, brother’s son of Mun‘im Khan to KabuU The short account of this is that at the time when Mun’im Khan came to the foot of the throne under the pressure of the ^ahihatvah’s commands he made over Kabul to his son and appointed his in hi4 own stead. In order to help him and instruct him he left ^idar Muhammad Ay^tabegi. Owing to the incapacity and childishness of both of them things fell ihto disorder When the imperial cavalcade alighted at Delhi, s petition from Q^an came to court disclosing the unsatisfactor character of Q^iidar Muhammad ikhtabegl. Accordingly, on th^ recommendation of Mun’im Khan, Haidar Muhammad was sumuioned to court, and in order to help Ghani KhAn, ShAgiin the son of Qarftca, Darvesh Muhammad, Khwaja Dost, Khwajagi Muhammad ^u8aiD, brother of Muhammad Qasim ^au and a large body of troops werd sent to K&bul under Abir-l-fath’s command.

In short, H.M. the ghahinij^ah after passing some days in Delhi proceeded on the day of X zar 9 Dai, Divine m^nth, correspond- ing to Friday 2 Rabi’-as-sanl, 2l8t December, to Agra, and he made the journey by water. The nobles and pillars of the empire accom- panied him, while the great camp proceeded in the same direction by land, H.M. arrived at Agra on the day of Farwardm 19 Dai, Divine month, corresponding to Monday 12 Rabl’-as-ganI, Slst De- cember. The gardens of the hopes of the sincere bloomed. The wounded ones of the age obtained healing plasters. The market of justice grew brisk. Fortune embraced the truthful, and a time of joy came to the good. The sapling of fortune shot up. The bud of prestige began to expand. The world-adorning mind* of the Si^fibinsi^ah gave its attention to the education of the spiritual and temporal world under the guise of inattention. He took up his abode in the fort, which is the best building in the city. The foundations of delightful dwellings were laid The house of Bai- ram Kban was given to Mun4m Kb^ Kb^n-Kb^nan. All the other

188

AKBABVillA.

128 oonrtien and senrifento commenced to build pleasant houses on both banks of the Jamna^ and so the city became adorned. In the inter* ▼al Mun^im Sb&n ]^§n-Q^anftn gare a royal feast and begged that H.M. would honour it by his presence. His prayer was granted, and his mansion received celestial glory by the radiance of H.M. the SbahingkBh^s advent. The Kban-^anan tendered rare and exquisite presents and stood ready to sacrifice his life for H.M. ( UL stood with the coin of life in his palm).

One of the instructive events which occurred at this time and Was an eye-salve to the fortunately-minded was the killing of H. Ibrahim^ the son of M. Sulaimdn, and the latter’s having recourse to the world-proteoting court. Inasmuch as the truth-founded purpose of the Sbahin^flh is the portico to fortune’s summit, it follows that whoever opposes and contends with him, receives punishment there- for from the superintendents of fate, even though H.M. the §J^ah- inghfih courteously passes such opposition by, and apparently takes no notice of it, and is compelled to take help from his court. For the punishment for raising the head of disaffection, and for letting stream the flag of pride is that such an one receives fitting chastise- ments and is brought into the ignominious abode of want, so that he may awake from the sleep of negligence and be active in ser- vice. The state of M. Sulaiman is an instance of this. In the beginning of the reign he displayed such improper conduct, as hag already been mentioned, and the world-adorning Deity placed the retribution thereof in his bosom, and inflicted so great a defeat upon him, and made him a suppliant of this court. He sent a petition by one of his confidants, who wan distinguished for his knowledge of affairs. At this time the said ambassador had arrived and was waiting to pay homage. He obtained leave for an audience after H.M. had alight- ed at Mun^im ^an’s house and was exalted by performing the prostration. The petition of M. Sulaiman was presented along with appropriate presents. The purport of it was the expression of shame and contrition for past offences, an account of the killing of M. Ibrahim, and a request for assistance against his enemies. The account of the event is briefly this. M. M. Sulaiman and Ibrahim had in the beginning of the reign taken the road of destruction and sown the seed of their own overthrow, though victory had several times shown her face to them in their contests with the Uzbegs, and

Ctf APTIR XXtTT

180

so was a cause of increasing their arrogance. Among these suc- cesses was the falling into their hands of the son^ of ^Abbas Sultan who was continually coming from yisftr and making forays on behalf of Timar S^an who was the ruler of Hisnr, and was his cousin. At length they brought an army against Hisar and capture^^ the outer fort. Timar j^dn shut himself up in the citadel, am was spending his days in stratagems. He was waiting in expecta- tion of assistance from the Uzbegs, who had been summoned from various quarters. As the Mtrzds knew that help was near at hand 12’ they returned from ^i8&r to Badak^^an. In the fifth year of the Divine Era corresponding to 967 of the lunar year, the Mirzas col- lected an army of their servants and Aimaqs and marched against Balkb. The shrewd and far-seeing were not favourable to this ex- pedition, as the march against Balkh was unreasonable. For the army of Ball^ was larger than the army of Badakhs^an, and their military leaders were more numerous. A leaser army may engage with a greater if it have more leaders, but in the Badakhfdk&n army there were only two, viz,, Mirzas Sulaimdn and Ibrahim ; while in the hostile army there were Pir Muhammad IQian, and many princes.

It was therefore not right to make this expedition. Though what the acute said was reasonable, their words did not find admission to the ear of reason, as the Mirzas were drunken with the wine of arrogance. Rather their haughtiness was increased^ and they press- ed on the expedition more than ever. The truth is that the eternal managers wished to punish them for their improper behaviour to H.M, the Shahinshah, so that by becoming intoxicated with in- souciance they might with their own hands throw themselves into the pit of destruction.

When Pir Muhammad Kh’an heard of the enterprise of the Mirzas he sent messengers to call for help, and at the same time sent an experienced ambassador to the Mirzas and proposed an agreement. The ambassador declared that Pir Muhammad l^un

^ We icurii iroin the i<{balnama that iiis name wa.s Sultan,

and that Siilalman treated liini kind- ly and gave Inm his daughter in marriage. Abba.*? Sultan was th<; runaway husba Gulcuhru, a

daughter uf Babar, but this could hardly he her sou. It appears from the M‘iia8|ir I. 43b, that Abhas wa> half-brother of Janl Reg and .son ot Yar Mu(iarnma<i Khan.

190

IKBASKlXA.

would Burreuder IQ^alm and Aibak to the MfrzSa. They sent 1C, Beg Barlas, who was an old and confidential servant^ on an embassy^ and said that if Pfr Mubammad {Qjiin would give them Khnlm and Aibak^ and put peace on a firm foundation, there would be an end of disputes. When they themselves marched out of Badakh- they decided that for two reasons it would not be right to proceed against Balld|. First, because they had sent an ambassador. Second, because they would go and take along with them the Aimaqs^ of Balkb, the hill-country^ of which is towards Khurasan, and gef them into their power. Then the affair of Balkh would easily take shape. If they did not take this course, Pir Muhammad would strength - ^ the fort, and collect troops from all sides. In pursuance of this design and in palpable oblivion of rectitude, they took their route by the foot of the hills, left Balkh behind them and proceeded towards Kburfis§n, and brought under their control the Aimaqs who inhabited the wolds ((aAammfjm).

Meanwhile eame that M. Beg had been killed, and that Pir Muhammad Kchan had collected an army and was preparing for war. The story of this catastrophe is that the MIrzis had on their march to O^urisan advanced to near the Cul-i*Zardak (the brownish

1 Tribes. See Jarrett II. 401n. anH Elphinstone’s Cabul.

^ bald ruylai-u. I think that this must mean hill -country. The ex- pression is used again in the next page of text and is there opposed to pdydn ruyla. The Farhaiig Rash- Idl, however, says that Bala is a name given by Indians to the quar- ter of IrSn and Khurftsan. It seeni-s that the Mlrzas made a very ad- venturous and lengthy expedition, and left their own country, and presumed base of their operations far behind. The southern part of BalJih is hilly, and they marched by the foot of the hills leaving Balkh ou the north, that is, on their right, intending to go westwards to Shu

risin. Apparently they took this course in order to deceive Pir Mu- hammad, for their object in send- ing an ambassador was to gain time, just as his was.’ Balkh they thought they could take afterwards on their return from Kh urasan, and when they had got the assistance of the AimSqs, who presumably were disaffected to the Uzbegs and inclined to side with the Aimlqs in the MIrzis’ army. The words bci-Bahivi canin %dhir, which I have translated, “ in palpable oblivion of rectitude,” are ambiguous. Per- haps they only mean ** palpable blundering.” The Iqbiluima helps us here a little by rendering the phrase by ** an untrue intentiou.”

cHmsB zxxn.

191

desert f) which is known by the name of Sftn’ Carek, and had passed the Caima-i-6ftzaran, and were purposing to go on still fur- ther when the news came that M. Beg had left Pir Muhammad loin’s house after finishing^ a great piece of work, when at a sign from Pir Muhammad Khftn, l^usru^ bad killed him with a sword. (Plr Mnhammad^s view was) what weakness is there in us that we should give up our own territoiy,” and his whole intention in proposing peace was to procwtinate, and to collect his forces. Now that assistance had 12 come he had marched across country and headed the Mirzds. When the MirzSs heard this news they took counsel among themselves. Men of experience said that the proper course was to bend round

1 This is marked on the govern* ment map as Sang Gharak. It lies S.S.W. of Balkh* So far the account is clear, but I do not under- stand the neit clause which says that they had passed the Casma-i- GizarSn, i.«., the washermen’s well, for that lies W.N.W. of Sang Cha- rak, and is marked on the map a little to the east of Sar-i-pul. I think there must be some mistake either in the text or on the part of the author, for it seems evident from what follows that the MTrzas had not got as far as the Oasma-i-Gizar- in when they heard that the Uz- bcgs had come across country (from Balkh) and were there blocking their advance towards ShurXsan. Sulai- mSn tried to force his way through the Uzbcg entrenchment, but failed and turned off and eventually ma- naged to get back to Badakhahan. IbrahTm came up after him and was less fortunate and fell into the enemies’ hands. It would seem that Haram Bcgam, the masterful wife of Sulaimin, was bitter against him for having, as she considered, de- serted her son, for she referred td it

many yean afterwards when speak- ing to her grandson Shibrukh- See

A. N. III. 151, last line. It may be noted here that Sin is given in the

B. Q. and in Ynllers as a town in Kibnl, while Steingass, founding apparently on the Farhang BashldT, says it is in Balkb* The latter says,

** a town or district of Balkk near Cirlt.”

< g^na haria, 1 de

not understand this, and have adopt- ed the reading of several MSS. which is, leota karda, hota kardan, meaning to finish an affair, to abridge it; it is perhaps used here ironi- cally. The unfortunate envoy thought he had cut short or dis- posed of a great piece of business. Possibly, however, guna harda rnuy be used as = hd% gutia karda, as hav- ing upset a great affair, and the ex- pression should be taken along with Pf r Muhammad. Giiiwi may also mean ** after a fashion," and the phrase rendered, " having after a faabion done a great piece of business.’*

• The Iqbalnama has Khusrd Sul-

Ito.

192

AKBARNlVA.

furib iiuda) and make a rapid marck to the shrine^ (Hibftt) of Mi Ruzadftr. The Usbegs would be left behind. If it should come to a fight that too would be adYantagcous. Bat to march on to meet them was in no way expedient. The Mirsfts did not accept this opi* nion and went on to meet the enemy. The Uzbegs with great dexterity strOok the bank* of the Casma^i-Otzaran^ which has a winding oourea* and dug trenches, and oonstructed a wall in front of their position^ and haring lined them with musketeers and arch- ers remained ready for battle. The MTrzts quickly put their troops {nto fighting order and were approaching the spring (sar-t-easma) in ignorance of the fortiftoalion ; M. Snlaimfin coming by the low ground near the rirer^ and 1C. Ibrihim by the upper route. M- Sulaimftn advanced against the enemy but could make no impiession. As he did not know what to do he retreated, and perceived that to go on towards Khnrisdn and its neighbourhood would lead to nothing but his being captured. Then he turned round and by great manage, ment g^t out of the ravines* (jarhd), and passing the enemies’ rear (arga,— the back, the rear, Turk!) went on to the desert (daiii eul) which is on the side of Badakh^An. Many of his men perished M. Ibrahim came to the spring and attacked, but could make no impression. He drew bridle and stopped, and many of his men were killed by bullets and arrows. Muhammad Quli Sb’irhall* ran up to him and said, “What time for standing is this ? Your father has got out. ” The Mlrzi asked his own people what they advised. Many of his warriors said, “It will be very difficult to get out. T)r> t>roper thing is to fight in this very place and see what the result Will be.” Muhammad QuH spoke roughly and said, " It is a

1 1 have not found this plsoe. It t hi mgrple ^ftSda asL Perhaps

may be Zllarat QsfrRt Imlm, or the meaning is that there was a de-

nay be Mazir g^rTf. file or bend in ^he river here which

« It is on acco ^nt of this passage made it suitable for a fortification,

that I think there must be a mis- * Possibly itrefers to the trenches

take in the previous statement that dug by the UzbegS. the Mlrzis had passed the Casma-i- * Apparently he had been with

Gizaran. Possibly, however, A. F. Sulaimln’s force, and perhaps had

may use this expression for the remained behind to point Qut the way.

whole river and not for a particular point on it.

CHiPTBB xnn.

103

fixed principle with military men that waeneyer Boldiers haye gone a bowshot away from the enemy it is difficult to come to close quarters with him again. Why do yon unnecessarily bring the MlrsA into destruction.^’ After much talk the Mirza came out from that place aud proceeded to retreat. He fell into the enemies’ country and many of his men dispersed. He shaved liis head and face and went on with a few men, thinking that in this way they might per- haps get out. When they had gone some way their horses became tired out. They took to their feet and marched for two days more.

Then getting ponies they came to a village in order to get something to eat. Meanwhile the brother of Kul Kftfir recognised the Mlrzi and arrested him with the aid of the villagers and took him before Pir Muhammad ^ ftn. He confined him for some days and spoke of releasing him. The impure wretches of Transoxiana came in num- bers to visit the Mirzt on account of a similarity of disposition.

Pir Muhammad Hjian grew suspicious and hastened to put him to death. The chronogram of this occurrence was Kurfik kuyht (Kur&k 126 killed, 967) Kurftk was the name of an executioner. M. Sulaimin found the chronogram Ko naJiM-i-umed-upidr where^ is the sap- ling* of a father’s hope/’ 967). Two days before this event M. Ibrahim composed an ode {qa^tda) of which the opening lines were—

Verse.

I went to the land of regret like a tulip with a scar’ on heart,

At the resurrection I’ll rise from the clay with a scarred heart !

A wonderful thing was that before this march M. Ibrahim was always troubled about a dream which he had had, and was divided between fear aitd hope. M. Ibrahim used to describe the dre^m as follows: “One night I came to wait upon H.M. JahJinbfini Jinnat Asbiyani. I was gazing on his beautiful countenance, and was in a

^ The Iqbalnama remarks that if the ko be omitted we get the date of Ibr&hfm’a birth also, for he was M when he was killed, and jlco=26. See Ethp* Catalogue 1. 0. L. e.

No. 683. IhrahTm was born 941. It appears from the Haft Iqlim s. w.

made by M. Sulaimln. The* two chronograms, one for 941 and the Other for 967, appeared in an elegy composed by a dear man ^ Alluding I Suppose to the black spot at the bottom of some tulips, or perhaps only to their varied mark*

194

AKBARNlMA.

reverie^ being muck in contemplation of the Divine halo. From time to time a longing to have his features took possession of my heart. One night I saw myself in a dream, possessed of his features, and was rejoicing thereat, but when I put my hand on*my beard and eyebrows, I found that they were all rotten and came to pieces, so that in a short space of time I had no beard, or eyebrows or eye-lashes. I awoke grieving at this, and the sorrow for it will not leave me. It appears that some harm will come to me.^’

When M« Sulaimftn had crossed the ravines (jarhd ) he went towards Badftli^akin by way of Wakhfjb^ and the desert of hlahrnud With a few men he came amongst the people of the Hazarajftt and had to fight. He gave proof of courage and went on attacking, whatever loss he incurred {Icuiita HcuiAta). Two and thirty times they blocked his progress. He personally fought and gained de- liverance. When he reached Badakh^ftn, he got the news of the Mirzi^s mishap. The gates of sorrow were opened on his days. Especially did ^aran Begam, the daughter of SultAn Wftis Qibcaq and mother of the Mfrzi fall into pi*olonged sorrow. She put on blue clothes and wore them as long as she lived. One of the eloquent recited this quatrain —

Ver§e*

Ah, ruby of Badal^l^in, thou has gone from Badakh^ftn, Thou wentest shining from the protection of the sun ;

Thou wert in the world like Sulaimftn^s ring,

Alas, thou hast gone from Sulaimftn’s hand.

Assuredly whoever fails to recognise the power of the lord of the age^ and becomes intoxicated with the heady wine of the world, will see such days. This is the first stage that has been reached. Give ear to me, for among the occurrences I shall describe the down- fall of M. Snlaimftn,^ so thatthe wise may take warning. The brief statement now is, that on the day when Mun’im ]^in. the Kh§n- Khftnftn gave his feast the ambassadors mr^re introduced, ^nd when the protestations, ‘the laments and the apologies for crimes of the Mirzft had been made known, the heart of the Shabinshfth, which

I Sulaimln apparently crossed detour, for Wakhah lies to the N. of

the Ozus and made an immense Faysibid,

CHAPTBR XXXII.

195

is an ocean pf kindness^ accepted the excuseb, and after making kind 127 inquiries he expressed compassion for the Mirzs He used lofty utterances^ and the whole of that joyful day was spent in mental and physical pleasures.

During this auspicious year a large number of aspirants left their homes and came to prostrate themselves at the threshold of fortune, being attracted by the reports of the justice and liberality of the Khe- dive of the age. They succeeded in their objects and made the eulogium of H.M. the Sbahinikah the amulet of their faith and fortune. Among them came the blessed feet of that bowl of knowledge and deposit of truths — f^wftja Abdu-skahid, the son of Khw§ja ‘Abdulla, who is known as Owajagan-i^wftja, who again was the son of Khwaja NSfiru-d-din Ubiidullah, who is known as Khwija Ahrlir’. TO>waja Abdu-^ahid had external accomplishments and also internal gifts.

He obtained the exultation of joining the sublime assembly, which is an auspicious elixir of things temporal and spiritual, and H.M. the gk^bin^^h who was inwardly a student in the Divine school, came forward with reverence and did him honour. That reservoir of instruction, Maulana S’aid‘ Turkiat&nl, who was at the head of the learned men of Transoxiana, and who Had spent a lifetime in tho society of Maull^ft Ahmad Junaid^ also made the acquintance of H.M. the Sb^biush&h. The Mauled also was imbued with inward knowledge. Though he had not plunged so far into the niceties of Divine wisdom, or into physics and mathematics, yet he had at- tained a high rank in those sciences which are enrraai in Trans- oxiana, and had not made his knowledge a cause of trouble and dis- turbance. At this auspicious time, when the management of political and financial affairs and the expansion and contraction of the affairs of the Sultanate were illuminated by the radiancy of H.M.

^ Blochmann 539 and BadaSnT, Loire, 166 and 174; also Nisimu-d- din. The author of the Iqbaluama states that he was bom in hi^ grand- father’s lifetime and two-aud-a-halt years before his death. Bo he must havi) boon bom in 1488 or 87 (Kh wi- jah Ahrir died in 1490) and was pver seventy when he came to Indie

^ Bluclimanii 540; Bada&ul II, 49 and HI 152 He died in Kabul in 970, and Badaaul represents him as returning from India, unapprooi* ated.

1 B;idiftul ard some MSS. of A. N. have

196

▲ebarnAma.

Q^ahinabah’s supervision, various ranks of men and skilful persons of every country came and were successful spiritually and temporally By the felicity of the attention of God’s shadow the transactions of the Sultanate took an upward course. The market of administra- tions became brisk. A lofty foundation was given to faith. The world’s springtime became’ more. adorned. The masters of religion received support. Slanderers lost their trade. Worshippers of the creature received eyes to see with. The morning of auspiciousness oreathed for the worshippers of God. The real world became re- vealed. The outer world acquired splendour.

Among the events of this time was the marriage of M. d-din Husain. The auspicious-minded Sbahinabah, who from out- ward signs knows secrets constantly distinguishes by royal favours and raised to lofty rank a number of persons who come before him, and are noted for good services and loyalty, £nd in whom high lineage adds to tkeir intrinsic merits. By causii^g them to revolve continually in his presence ho observes and studies their character. For the well-founded idea of the SbahinsbSh is, ’’ Perchance a knave has put on tlie garments of the honest and has come into the 128 lists of the elect, and there may occur a fault and a fissure in the pillars of the sovereignty through his wickedness,” It was on the same principle that the sages of old, when they would strip the veil of secrecy from hearts, poured reason-robbing wine into their mouths and made them intoxicated, so that their weak heads gave out from drunkenness whatever secret there was in their minds.

Verse.

Men try man by the test of wine.

And when the intention ‘is right, io give wine of this kind as approved by the dicta of the wise. To overthrow such knavish in- telligence and to test it is befitting to world-adorning religion. In the same manner the principle of this world-adorning gbahin^ali is that when hp desire to know the calibre of anyone’s talents and disposition he primes him with the man-overthrowing wine of the world (t.e., prosperity) and makes him mad with the world’s in- ebriety, and then reads with the eyes of insight the nature of his character. Short-sighted men, whose eyes do not fall on the ob

CHAPTIR XXXII.

197

and arc whirled round in the trough of error shoot out the tongue of reproach sayings Why was such confidence reposed without inquiry ? ’’ While they who know the degrees of perfection recog- nise in this practice tlio use of the mirror of characters and eulo- gise such testing. An instance of this testing is M. §harafu d-din Husain, who was of very exalted lineage, and whom H.M. looked upon with the eyo of promoting, and to whom he gave lofty rank in order that he might bo a prop of the Sultanate. As the high con- nections and the reputation of the Mirza wore visible to all the world, some of the imperial servants, who only looked to external rank, judged him to be sound inwardly as well as externally, and gave him in marriage the cupola of chastity, the holy fruit of the Sultanate, BaUi^l^ Bflnu Bogain, who was H.M. the Shahinsbdh’s pure sister. By this alliance the position of the Mirza was enor- nously exaltod. Soon afterwards he obtained leave to go to Sarkfir Niger which was his fief.

One of the occurrences of this year was the sending M. Qarft Bahidur Khan, the brother’ of M. Gaidar Gurgin, to conquer Ka^- mir As it is a proper part of the rules of the administration of justice and of world-sway that whenever a ruler engages in his own pleasures, and spends his time in gratifying his lusts, and does not attend to the cherishing of his subjects and to symphathising with the oppressed, and to overthrowing the oppressors, the Lord of the Age, to whom Almighty God has given power and made him the governor of the terrene and terrestrials, should for the sake of thanksgiving to God, strive to uproot that tyrant, and to make over the inhabitants of his country to the prudent and just-minded, and should consider that as the preamble of elect devotion ; so, acting upon this principle, an order was issued this year that a force be put under the command of M. Qarft Bahidur, a relative of M. Gaidar, and one who was ac- quainted with the country, and that he be sent to conquer Kashmir,

• She had previously been mar- ried to M. Ibrihlm, whose death oc- curred in the previous year.

• The word harcidar is used here loosely. He really was Gaidar’s cousin. From an incidental remark of Gulbadan Begam, to the effect

that Gulcahra was in QarS Khan’s house when her brother Hind&l died, it seems probable that Gulcahra had been married to Qar& Bahidttr. This might ac count in part for his get- tuig this command.

akbirnIma.

IS8

inasmiich as the distnrbances by intriguiDgKaabmiris, and the injustice of Qrhftzl Kban^ the ruler of Kashmir, had been brought to the royal ears. A large body of men were nominated to asgfist Qarft Bahftdur. At this time Ghftzl Khftn, the son of Kaci Cak, was the ruler of Eadl* mir, for the government thereof had come to him after his father. But the truth is that he was the son of Husain Cak the brother of Kftol Cak. When the measure’ of l^usain Cak^s days was filled, Kiel Cak, either swayed by lust, or influenced by political considerations, took to himself his pregnant wife. Two or three months after the marriage Ghftzi ]^ftn was bom.^

As QarS Bahftdur was not skilful nor laborious he proceeded on his service after long delay, and arrived at Rajaun ‘in the height of the hot season. Na^rat Khfin, Fatah Cak, nephew of Daulat Cak, Lohar, Ankarf, NajI Rlnft, the brother of ^ Idi Rinft, Yusuf Cak, son of RamakI Cak, and K^wftja ^djl came and joined him. As they saw that the army was not well constituted, Na^rat K^ftn, Fata^ Cak, Lohar and Ankari^ fled to Ka^nur. The army remained for three months in Lftl! Khokar, near Bimbhar, waiting for the comii^g of the auxiliaries. As the leaders of the force were old servants, they took the longer time in arriving* It is not by such slowness ard heavi* ness that the entrance into Kagkmlr is to be effected, for the roads of that country are of such a nature that if the ruler get news a few days before of the approach of strangers and seize the passes, it would be difficult, or rather impossible, for an army adorned with thousands of Rustams to get possession of the country*

^ftn, who heard of the coming of the army, and some months had passed meanwhile, so strongly fortified the roads and passes that there could be no idea of getting through them. He also sent^ his infantry down from the hills. M. QarS Bahidur, after fighting for some days near Rajauri, was defeated and turned back. It was not solely the strength of the Ka^mlris that effected this. The season of ague, the beginning of the rains and the non*arrival of the auxiliary (orce were the principal causes of the defeat. A wonderful fight

• A similar account is given by Nizamu-d-dln in his account of Kasli* mIr, and he gives details oi: Ghiz! Khsn 8 reign.

^ The T. A., p. 620 Seems to call

him the son of SahS. At p. 624 Lohar is called Deo Harl.

® The T. A. says, he himself stay- ed at NaurSzkot and sent on his infantry.

CHAPTBE XXXIl.

199

occurred on this occasion. On one side were musketeers, and on the other archers. Though the royal soldiers were few in number, yet by heavenly, aid they did great things and gave proof of their cour- age. Kucak Bahadur, a Rustam- hearted man, specially distinguished himself. At last, as the thing was an impossibility and as the super- intendents of fortune had reserved the conquest of this delightful cowtry for another time when the world-cherishing 3h&hin§h&b should throw off the veil over his world adorniag beauty and under- take the managoment of atfairs without the partnership of the de- structive and coutumacioiis, they did oot on this occasion gather together the materials of victory, t^arft Bahadur made sucl! arrange- ments as he could and came to the fort of Daira’ near Rajauri. Kucak Bahftdur was wounded with an arrow. He became a prisoner and was brought before KhAn. As the Kashnuvi& bad^sean his valour, G^kzl Kh&n received him with kindness and made him over to the physicians. But as remedies were of no avail he took the path of annihilation.^ Next day Qar& Bahftdur arrived at Nauri^ahra. At this time of increasing dominion H.M. the gh&hin^fth in accord- ance with the suitability of the time was engaged in Agra, the capital, in rendering thanks for the glorious favours of God and ifnder the disguise of inattention to the affairs of the sovereignty, for every day the notes of fortune and felicity were coming hito evidence. In every direction countries were being conquered, and the news of victories was arriving. From all quarters the lords of sincerity were congregating in crowds. Dominion was increasing, and fortune was adorning. Understanding was becoming far-sighted, and men were becoming devoted. What place in that holy festival could be held by such news as that of what had happenea to Qarft Bahftdur f And what dust’ of loss could it i*aise in that sublime sanctuary ?

Among the occurrences was the coming of the news that Bai- rftm I^ftn had passed away.J As the holy personality is a fountain

^ There is the variant Dfttara, and several MBS. have Dftnra, so it may be the Danaor marked in Dr. Stein’s map, eee J. A. 8. B. for 1899 as N. E. of Bajapftrft.

• But tiM defeat was a very seri-

ous one. The T.A. tells ua Qarft Bahftdur had a large army and nine elephants, and that 500 Moguk were killed. The T. A. gives particulars of Qhftzl Shsn’s reign. See also Jarrett II. 380.

200

AKBARNlMA.

of generosity and kumanity he expressed regret at this event in spite of the things that had taken place> and of which a few out of many have been related. I do not know if this event was the retribution of past deeds, or if bis mind was still polluted by evil thoughts, or if his prayer had been answered, or whether the favour of God refeased that good man from the heavy burden of shame. In truth Bairftm |^aa was in reality a good man, and of excellent qualities. Qb account of bad company, which is the worst evil for mortals, his excellencies were first perceived by him, and his infatuation was increased by excessive flattery. For, whenever one fixes his eye on his own goodnesses and abilities there becomes a brisk market of flatterers in the antechamber of his heart. And he takes every flat- tery that reaches him to be true, and become.^ a self- worshipper, and a self-adorner. Consequently, when the time came, the true beauty of the Lord of the Age remained hidden from Bairftm Kh&ii, because it was screened by the tender age and the absence of practice in political matters. While searching for the defects of others he did not consider his own. But the house of flatterers did not do him so much harm as did his honest but inexperienced and short-sighted friends. At length, as he in reality belonged to the band of the aus- picious of mind and awakened of fortune, he by good guidance did not end in rebellion and contumacy, and lived to repent. By the blessing of service and the grace of pardon he attained to happiness, and the king of the world became pleased with him and was gra- cious. He set off on a pilgrimage to the glorious places, with honour, accompanied by his family, and provided with goods. When he arrived at the city of Pattan, which ib the nearest city of Gujrat, and used formerly to be called Nahrw§la, he stayed for some days in that delightful neighbourhood in order to take repose. At that time the governor^ of the city was Musi ^ftn Fuladi, and he was firmly established there. A number of Afghans had assembled round him, and were disturbers of the country. Among them was Mubiirak £hftn Lohflm, whose father had been killed in the battle of Mftciw&ra when Bair§m Kh&n was in command. A desire for re- venge took possession of that mad Afghan, and he resolved to kill

I Jarrett II. 262, aud Bayley’s Gujrat, 26.

• On behalf of the king of Gujrat. See Baylev’s Gujrat, 463.

CHAPTHE JXXU.

201

Bairftm Khan, Moreover* a Kaibtnlri wife of SelTm Khfin, the son of Sher Khan, and her daugliter by him, were in the caravan, and were intending to go to the Ilija/ along with Bairain Khan. It had also been arranged that Bairam Khan should marry his son to the daughter ; this too was displeasing to the Afghans.

While Bairftm Khfln was in Pattan he was continually visiting its gardens, &c., and one day he went on the great pond,* which is a delightful excursion, and has within it a pavilion^ which can be reached by boat. At the time when he disembarked and was about to mount his equipage, that ignorant, unrighteous one and 30 or 40 other Afghan wretches came to the bank of the pond to attack Biliram Khdn. It appeared as if they had come to pay their respects to him, and so he called them to him. When tliat villain went up to him he incontinently drew his dagger and struck Bairam Khan on the back witli such force that the point came out at his breast. Another wretch struck him on the head with a sword and finished

1 li socmjs probal)lc* that Islam Shali’s wife joined Bairam at Pattan, and that his stay there was partly on her arcount. Pattan was full of At’ghAnsi, and Islam ^ah*s wife may have come there with HajT Kfean Alwari. Probably it was he and Mu- sa who disliked the marriage-

proposal, for. it thoy did not connive at Bairim’s murder, tluy seem to have taken no stops to protect him or his faimily. It is BadauiiT. Lowe, 40, who tells us that Hajl Khan was at Pattan when Bairam came tlicre. He says that l^aji Khlin and Musi treated Bairam with respect and hospitality, hut this feeling may have elninged afterwards, and certainly the Afghiin govcrtior seems to have been very remiss in providing for the safety of Bairim’s family.

The passage in KUiot 26b, de- scribing the Kinamand temple, is not in the Lucknow edition, nor in a MS. in my posaeBBion.

• Known os the Sahasnak or Sahaslnng. The word renlly i> Sahais- ralinga, i.r , the thousand lingam- temples. The lake was made by Siildlia Bajah Jai Singha who be longed to the So];nij^liT or rhiinkya dynasty and reigned from 1094-1143 A.D. The Bombay (Jazetteer, Vol. I, Part T, 1/9, says; • Tho remain.s of the Sahasralinga lake at Anahilapnra show that it must have. been a work of surprizing size ami richness wvll deserving its title of Mnhdsarah or great lake.’’ See also Haylcy’sGujrat, p. 35.

3 a bower or nest. C:-

Spenser’s ; “ It was a chosen plot of fertile land amongst wide wa^Ts set like a little nest. ’’ ‘I he Bengalis call such a jdaee a laliunghi. Apparently there i.s no word in Englisli exactly corresponding to this, though “ water- pavilion” may give the idea.

202

AKBARNlMA.

hifn. In such a condition did he, foi’tunate in his end, depaii from this world with the words Allah Akbar (God is great) on his lips. Ha had the bliss of martyrdom which was ever his wish, and for which he asked in his morning prayera and for which he sought he prayers of the men of God. One day, in the very midst of his authority, one of the simple-minded Saiyids’ said, as he rose up to quit his levee, that he would 8<ay the Fitiha^ with the intention that the Naw&b should obtain martyrdom ; Bairilm Kh^n smiled and said, ** My good Sir (Mir) v^hy this commotion, and why this regret, we wish for martyrdom, hut not in such a hurry.’*

Ill fine, his companions were disconcerted and confused at this and dispersed, and Bairdm Khan lay in the dust and in his blood till some faquirs and poor men lifted up his bloody corpse and committed it to earth in the precincts of the tomb of Shai|^ Hisam^’ who was one of the great Shaikhs of his time. On the day* of Bad 22 Bahman, Divine month, corresponding to Friday 14th Jum§da-al-awal 968, 31st January 1561, this catastrophe occur- red. ^Qisim ArslAn made the following chronogram : —

Verse.

132 When Bairfttn donned the pilgrim’s dress to visit the K^ftaba His martyrdom by the way fulfilloiF his object.

1 The I, 380, explains thi^

hy saying that the Saiyid had heard of Bair Ain’s practice of sliaving and bathing every Wednesday in pros- pect of martyrdom. Wodnesdny i.s \ lucky day, and Ba Trim’s practice might have to do with this and also have a reference to tlic Ai^|iy- CSrsambha, a Mas.alman festival which celebrates the last time (the last Wodnebday of Safar) tliat Muhammad batli d. S<‘e Uughc.s’ Diet of Islam, 2.

8 Tlie hrst cliaptt r of the Qtirin. Tlje phru<f " •’ny rhi; j’uiih ” is iisetl figiM’atively for entering upon an undertaking. Baduunf. Lowe, 229 IJUlC.

^ The Iqbiliiimsi he was a

disciple of Ni?fnniu-d-dTn Anliya.

Hijf *Airif Qanduhutd was present at the murder, andtelK us in his his- tory that he completed the pilgrim- age.

• Firishta says (Beveridge’s Hist, of India 1. 124) the assassination took place in the morning, but Badifinl .says it wa.s ;ii the time of evening prayer. This is more likely. Ihiirnm had ( vidciitly been spending tl«c day at tfic ni^lman or i.slot.

• Bhjehman OOf*. Ikulauni JII, 17b.

® Kdr tamtlm also has the mean- ing of was killed, ” fit. “ his business was done. ’ Itodi’inf 11, 46, has a diffenenr reading.

CHAPTIt zzzn.

208

An invisible angel uttered this bturonognun

Shahid ilkud MuJ^mmad Bairdm.

(Muhammad Bairftm became a marfyr, 968).

Afterwards the body was removed to Mashhad by the ezerikms of Husain QulT the lE^ftn Jahftn and buried there. On the

occasion of this strange catastrophe the vagabonds of Bsttan plun* dered Bairftm IQ^ftn’s camp^ and left nothing undone in the way of insolence. The horror of the murder produced great affliction among the people of the deceased. Muhammad Amfn Dlwftna^ Bftbft! Zambnr and !^wftja Mulk bnpught away ‘Abdu-r«rahim, Baj- rftm ^ftn^s heir^ and who was then four years old^ from the scene of the catastrophe along with his mother and some servants, and went off to Ahmadftbftd. A crowd of Afghan wretches quickly followed them, and the unfortunate sufferers had to fight he whole of their way through to Ahmadft)ftd. They stayed thei ) four months, and then Muhammad Amm Diwftna and some servrnts took the proper course and set off for the mankind-protecting ocart, taking with them Abdu-r-rahim. Before they had kissed the thresholdi news of Bairftm E3)tftn’s death had reached H.M. the ^bfthindlfth, and a gracious order was issued for the attendance of * Abdn-r-ra^fm. This order reached Jftlor’^ at the time of friendlessness and orphanage and was healing for broken hopes. The purport of the ordcAr was that he should come to Court and be reared by the 9hfthing]ifth. Beveral true men such as Bfibai Zambftr, Yftdgftr Husain,’ brought that new fruit of loyality to Agra in the middle of the sixth divine year, corresponding to the beginning of 969, September 1561, and sub- mitted him to the testing eye of H.M., and exalted him by pros- tration on the threshold. H.M. the Sbfthingi^fth, in spite of evil- speakers and evil -thinkers received that child of lustrous forehead, in the lines of whose brow there were the notes of nobleness and

^ It seems that the body was first removed to Delhi and that it was taken to Mashhad in 985, 1577. It would be interesting to know if the tomb is still recognisable there. I may here remark that the best bio- graphy of Bairftm Sh>n wfttsk I

have seen is that contained in the Darbar Akbari, pp. 157-196. The important letter from Bairftm quoted there at p. 183 comes from Khft^ Shftn I, 147.

• A town in Jodhpftr.

^ Bloohmanni 437 and 51dL

204

tratihj with inborn Inn^^resB, and reared him in the shadow of his own supervision. In a short time he was distinguished bj the title of MfraS Sh&n* Day by day his good mannew and nobility of nature revealed themselves^ and he attained to lofty eminenoe. He • was raised to the very highest rank^ that of Shta-Sk^an. An account of this will be given in its proper place.

In the end of this year^ beginning in fortune tad ending in }oj, The cupola of chastity Mtham Anaga^ who was linked to H.ll. the l^&hmQbAh by real and ostensible tise^ and te whose knowledge and perspicacity the bridle for opening and olocing all affairs^ poU- tioal and financial, was, through the blessings of the sablime regard to business, entrusted at this time, formed the design of marrying^ her elder son Bftql iSnhammad Qiin. As one daughter of Biql

^ Perhaps this is the marriage re- not, it was probably only a patrony- (erred ^ by BadSSnl, Lowe 69, and mic. The name of the book he

describe by him as having begun wrote, IrshAd-i-QifI, seems to show

^n a m^a or temporary marriage. that he was a lawyer. 1 think BadiUnfs prejndioes led Hm to re- too that it is nearly certain that the

gard this connection ae fomioation Sbsikh Buda in question is the

(see his views about such marriages, Bhsikh Buda of the Aflrdi-af-osrdr Lowe, 212) but he does not call it B. M. 6r. 216, p. 4736. The Sha ikh

adultery as the translator has done. Buda there described belonged to a

It was this marriage of Bftql family which had at one time been

which led to the discreditable affair settled at Radauti in Oude; after-

ot Akbar’s taking to himself the wife wards they went to Qh^hftbftd near

of Abd-ul«Wftsi At that time Delhi, and finidly to Gangob. See

Akbar was only a lad of 18 or 19. Per- Jarrett III, 874, account of Ql^ikh

haps the Fa|ima mentioned by Ba- *Abdal QadSs; and also BadftQnl

dftUnlwasthe mother of ghwftjab lIl,60,accountofBuknu-d-4lu where

M’aasssni’s wife, The flhaikh Bnda Gangoh is described as near Thftnesar.

who is mentiotied by Badftibil as The Shaikh Buda of the Mlrftt-al*

Fatima’ 8 father-in-law is probably the asrftr was the son of Matafi^m

^liAikh Buda who is referred to by Shaikh Muhammad, grandson of

him at I, 498. He is described there I Bhsikh ‘Aftrif and great-grandson as and as living in Behlr. of MakhfiVm Shftikh Ahmad h bd-al*

Dr. Banking, p. 621, has translated haq who is described at p. 4(86 of

the word yMh as physician, which of the MS. as having been a ^ft6T6.

course is its ordinary meaning. But g]ptikb Buda had a son called

it means a judge or critic, or Pir. The Bihftr referred to by Ba- a phyficiaii of the and per- dftftnl I, 408, as Shaikh Buda’s resi-

hapi this is the meaning here. If dence, is probably one of ’the places

CHAPTltt Hill.

ao5

BaqUni had been married to Adhaoa Qiiiii she wished that the other daughter should be united to her elder sou and that she might ISS prepare a delightful banquet in view of the holy adrent (of Akbtf),

With this design she obtained leare from the sublinie Courts and engaged herself in arranging this joy-giving festival. The marriafs- feast was adjusted according to the rules of magnificent spirils, and alert and skilful attendants on the sublime threshold iqppbed their arts to the fitting up of the premises and to the dispostkm of the entertainment. At the petition of this focCunate and approved aar* vant H.M. the Shthinsbah in his abundant gpraoe and fevotr bestowed the light of his presence on that pioture-galleiy of dalighA Every day there was a new arrangement of the festival, and aU aed sundry partook of excellence and joy.

Among the melancholy occurrences of this time was the appearaaoe in H.M. the Qbthinibih’^s holy person of some obstruction^ (fdhm eand) from pustules. The sincere loyalists and the anperfioial oognos- cynt i were grieved, but it was not hidden from the acute and fer- sighted that the great Physician, upon whose will depend health and sickness, and of whose justice and equity, sorrow and joy are the manifestations, doth, for the purposes of prosperity and wisdom, make that servant whom he shall raise to high rank and bring to the garden of eternal joy, and make successf nl both in temporal and in spiritual matters, subject in the first instance to things repagnant in their nature. The design of this is to increase Tnlcihfnlnees^ or to avert the evil eye, so that in recompense thenfore ne smiy aso^ on the steps ot desires and be filled with eternal joy. In aoeori with this wise design, the equable body of H.M. the SbihinAtb became at this time somewhat heated, and his holy temperament deelined from the centre of equability. What shall I say of how the hearts

of that name in uuae, but it may be the town of Behir in Behir.

The ihrase bamdt^kibr which Hr. Lowe has translated ** daughters of tbs nobles " probably nieans daughters of tbs taints or great shaikhs. Thb is why the Delhi piri are represented as warning Akbar against such proceedings by

cansing him to be shot at. Abdu-l- Wis*u whose wife Akbar took, was apparently Shrikh Buda’s son .

< Perhaps the meaning is that iba pustules remained under the skin. When they broke out roliof followed. Apparently it was a case of ehioken* pox.

AXBIlBVIiU.

206

of tho fMthfal blad^ rad how their liTer® melted f The shopkeeper spirits of bosiness-men beoame disturbed. After some dajs some pimpleSj which were like rue^ to the disease, came out on the surface of the skin^ and Almig^hty God decreed, as was fitting, the preser- ‘vition of that great one whom He himself had formed. In a short tfpaCe of time that commotion died down, and that note of loss was erased, and there was complete health. The sick world beoame well, and the troubled minds of the good were refreshed. For the sake of thanksgiving for the Divine bounty, there were gifts and largesses. Want departed from the country of the poor, longing subsided in the hearts of the supplicants. The imperial servants showered gifts in proportion to their condition Ikud loyalty, and were bestowers of joy on mankind.

i Sipand, ** Herb of grace.** BadaSnl, Banking, 476 note.

CHAPTKl XlXllI.

207

CHAPTER XXXIIl.

COHQUIST Of MaIWA.

Worship Mid deyotion are iucumbeut on eyery class of the sons of Adam, and the wordhip which befits the honsehold of soyereignty, and the thanksgiying which is prescribed for the princely dispensers of justice is that they be continually meditating the tranquillity of 134 their subjects ; that they apply their royal energies to tlie raising up of the injured and oppressed ; and that they free the heads of those distressed ones from theimavy burden of tyrants and trouhlors. First, let them take proper mmiaras for appointing right-thinking, right- speaking intelliganears. If the collecting of sne a band cause delay, let them, by the strength of their understanding and foresight, appoint individuals who have no mutual acquaintance, and let them by this excellent means learn the characters of high and low. Secondly let them bring to bear that steady contemplation which has in it a divine illumination, and let them observe* right reason both in their wrath and in their levity. Thirdly, let them by ^every method which their lofty intelligence may suggest practise extensive views and wide sagacity, and give power and influence to men of talent who have partaken of the sweet waters of sincerity, and let them increase their authority and preserve their own dignity. Let them not take microscopic views on great occasions, and let them treat every mem- ber of the tribe of the disloyal according to his deserts. Let them, after warning, inflict suitable chastisement on the seditious and intrigu- ing who have uplifted the head of troubling and who for the sake of their own lusts regard corruptions as emendations. And as mighty princes maintain such principles within their own territories ; so, too, do they in other countries exercise such administration of justice and build their world-conquests upon this foundation so that their gloty and their dominions increase day by day. As these world-adorning qualities are not acquisitions, but are innate in the holy personality of the Sbikinfiltih, he at this auspicious time, when he was becoiaiwfl pivmjjit ]uc ^ and was opening the gate ol joy for nianxmd, gavo

208

inAinriirA.

Aome measure of attention to the aflaim of sovereigniy and took to bestowing light and justice on the darkened world.

When the iaotis of the oppression of the people of Malwa and of the iujustioes of Bdz BahftdQr^ of whom an abridged descripti m has already been given, were brought to the y^fthindliVs notice, is justice demanded that an army should be prepared and dispatched against that intoxicated, right-disregarding one, and that the classes of humanity in that country, who are a grave trust from Qod, should be delivered from the evils of the time Stringent orders were issued to those charged with the administration of affairs to make ready a large army commanded by brave and loyal officers and to employ it in this lofty service. In a short space of time the administrators prepared an army in accordance with these orders. In the end of the fifth tlfthi year, and beginning^ of 968, Pir Muhammad Sbftn, ‘Abdullah IQtin, Qiyft h^§n Kang; ghfth Muhammad l^ftn Qanda- hiri, ‘Aldil his son, Sftdiq ]^An, Habib Quli Qaidar ^Ali ](Qh&n, Mulljiammad QuU Toqbli, Q!y§ Sbila Sal^ib (the beauti-

iSSfuIt), Mfrak Bahfldur, Samlnji Khfin, Payanda Muhammad ]G^in Mogfaal. Muhammad ^wftja Ku^tlglr^ (the wrestler), Mihr ^Ali Silduz, MTram Ar|^un, Shih Fanli, and other sincere heroes and devoted men were appointed under the command of Adham Shiu to proceed southwards and display justice and liberality, and to . be balm for the wounds of the oppre^^sed ones of Malwa. If the ruler of that country should awake from his negligent slumbers and be prepared to amend his ways, he was to be made hopeful of the royal clemency and to be exalted by kissing the lofty threshold, so that he might be treated in accordance with his behaviour. If his foot was slippery f^‘om the wine of insouciance and could not convey him swiftly on the highway of obedience and service, punishment was io be broa|^ht home to him (lit: be placed in his bosom) so that he might be a esson to other stiffnecked ones. The victorious troops

Muhddl. But there muet be eome for the fifth Iliiif year ended Ml Marcn, 1561, and 968 began in f^yi»tember, 1560, and in the neit Chapter we find the beginning of the ttxih lUhf year corresponding to the 24th of the sixth month of 96&

Firiahta, in his account of Malwa, says the Mpedition took place in the end of 968. Perhaps for muhadi we should read maMoi, ** equal to.”

• Several MSS. and the IqbllnSma have kaffir.

i MArm tsmi.

tM

tightly honnd the strap ot eonrag* ancording to’ the rules of aarrioe and set forth to conquer, placing their feet aright on this highway. They du1 not march so fast that the oamp-baaaar could not keep pace with them, nor did tl^ey go so slowly that anyone could sup* pose they were sparing themselves.

Feres.

He’s no traveller ^ who whiles goes fast and whiles goes slow. He’s a traveller who goes slowly and steadily.

I llnhrS. Often applied in » religious sense ; a pilgrim.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Bionririiiu of »■ mxth tias fiom thi sacabd accissiox, viz., thi IlIkT tbab SiAHBnrOE of thi fibst cycli.

At thii time of Bmiling foitane the standard of the prooession of iho New Tear ebone forth spiritnally and physically, and tue flag of the new spring-morning reflected mirrorwise the cotrntenance of dominion and tortnne. After 9 hours, 59 minutes of what is com* dsonly ^ called the night of Wednesday, but which wasTeally Tuesday, M Jamida-al-aUliri 968 of the lunar year, 10 March 1561, the great Mght and Illuminator of the uniyerse oast its rays on the glorious mansion of the Ram and came into the increasing realms of the Rllihindtih, and the sixth year from the holy accession, viz., the Ilfthf year, Qhnhriydr began. The troops of flowers displayed their efful- gence, and the odours of the gardens insinuated themselres into the brain of joy,

Feris.i

The night-wandering winds brought back the aepbyr from the stream.

The New Year clouds again unfurled the flags from the hills.

The former came swiftly like messengers of good tidings.

The latter were like jewel-laden elephants moving in line.

Hail the fragrance ta which the perfumer (‘Attftr) has no part.

Olorions the broideir whose embroiderer lb hid,

ne heavenly bodies gave the good pews ofi peace and tran- qinllity from tbe prolongation of the shade ot daily-iucreasing

i This may ezplam text, p. B, six liass from foot. A.F. ocante his days fnm midnight.

^ The Iiuoknow edition has an use- ful note on these lines. The night wind

is represented as bringing hack the breezes of morning, and the clouds fire described as coming from the hilhcountry and as resembling ele- phants.

GHAFTIB XXMlf. til

•OTtreigntj* The moremente of the spheree eoiiTejed to tine bbA terrene the nemi of the conqneete of new territoriee.

When the TictoriouB troops^ who hed girded up their loiiie for the conquest of Malwe, approached that country and aBoertBined tlie infatuation and arrogance of Btz Bahftder^ who had exaraeed hie power with highhandedneae and tyranny, th^ drew up th^ir fanln in proper array. Adham Shin and Pfr Muhammad Shin were in the centre, ^Abdullah Shin and a number of others were on the right wing, Qiyi Shin Kung and others were on the left. The ranguaid was commanded by Sbib Muhammad Shin of Qandahiir and Sidiq Shin.

From innate insouciance Bis Bahidir did not conoem himself with public a&irs. Wine, which experts hare prescribed, in small quantities and at fixed times, in consideration of the arrangement and composition of their bodily elements,, for certain temperamentt and constitutions, was made by ibis man, who was immersed in bestial pleasures, a cause of increased folly, and he was oontinnally indulging in it, without distinguishing night from day or day from night, and was continually using it* Music and melody which the wise and farsighted have employed at times of lassitude and depree* sion, such as arise from the press of business and the burthen of humanity, as a means of ligbeenhig the mind and of cheerfulness, were regarded by this scoundrel ^ as a serious business, and he spent Upon them all his precious hours — ^for which no exchange is possible. In the arrogance of infatuation he wrought works of inauspiciousaess, and regarded not what has been said.

Verse,

Obserre some secrecy in your meetings Lest the watchman come in with Bword*play.

When the army of fortune came near to Sftrangpfir, which was the fooVs paradise of this drunkard, he awoke in some measum l^om his insensate slumbers and came out from Sirangpfir, crapulous and wine-stained and took post three kos beyond it. He put his army in

i A,F. doforibes BAs BsbldAr as thing and adds that he had 400 musi-

su unrivalled singer. Blochmann oians in his service.

1113. The Iqbilnima says the same

AZBiJUtlMA,

U2

wder Mkd prepared for battle. He gilded the centre {qatb) ^ with the base copper of hia peraonality, and Selim IQ^in KhaU)el, the goremor of Raiein and Cianderi, commanded the right wing. Adam* pommanded the left wing. Tij Sbin ShMft-kb«l and SOfi who had the rapoura of audacity in their braine commanded the tangnard. The armies faced one another at the distance of two or three kos, and the braves on both sides were oontinnally ooaung ont and en- countering. They put the observance of the mles of wariness into tile charge of men of skiil whOe they themselves displayed intrepidity in combat. Every day a troop of galluit and oi^pable men headed by an experienced Icyalist, who possessed both abundant sense and abundant courage, proceeded to the flanks of the enemy and stopped the egress and ngreas of the rebels, and especially of the conveyers of grain who in the lang^uage of India are called Banjira. They made &e position of the enemy difficult. One day it was the turn of 8bUi Mi^mmmad IQ^in Qandahiri, $ftdiq Sbto, Payanda Mu^m- mad Mo|^, g^ih Fanii, Mihr ‘Ali Silduz, Saminj! IQiin,

and Mut^mad Sbwija Knibtigir. They set ont after one watch of the night and losing their way they got on the other side of a body of the enemy and came near their stations. Of necessity a fight took place ; and there was a fierce hand-to-hand engagement. When news of this was brought to the imperiid camp, ‘Abdullah Khtn, Qiyi Shin Kang and a number of others galloped up and took part in the fight. Though at first Adam came out and fought like a Bnstnm and repulsed the victorious aibiy, yet ^Idiq liJiisu and a number of others skilfully took possession of a ravine * and remained 187 firm. The imperial troops came ap and discomfited the enemy. A hand-to-hand fight took place between Qiyi KlMiii wd Selim Qjiin, and the former was victorious, 8idiq ^Min and Qiya Khin joined their forces and repulsed Biz Bahidur who had driven off the troops is front of him.

A watch and somewhat more of the day had passed when the breeze of victory blew from the vent of fortune and the bud of

^ A.F. pons on this word which •bo means matrix and substance.

• The Iqbilnima cells him Bis Bahid&r’s Le.^ mother’s bro-

ther.

• jforl rd ffiri/h Apporcutly this means taking po8M*siiiuii of ii fisHiirc in the ground, flio Iqbiluinui Iiim darpetik before ginij’ta.

ns

oopquest bloomed on the roeebush of hope. Owing to the Qbll>iBASIte fortnae nod thwezoellent qnnlitiM of the Khedire of tho ago a one Tietoiy was gained, anoh as might be the embrmdeix of great ■nbeeases. Bla BahidOr, irine>sthined and disgraced, hastened oft towards ]S[bandefb and Barhinp&r. All his goods and ohattels, his teniglio, and his singing and dancing women, who were the material of his pleasnres and the decoration of his life. Ml into the hands of the Tiotors. The wretch, when he was about to face the ▼iotoriona troops, had in accordance with the Indian onstom placed oonfidential men in charge (ft his wires and ooncnbines and had arranged that if th^ got sore tidings of his defeat they were to pnt all of them to the sword that they might not fall into stoangers hands. When the fohn of Bis Bahidhr’s defeat appeared in the mirror of resnlts Ihose deril-bom ones acted according to the arrangement and with the water of the sword wiped out some of those fairy-framed puppets from the page of life. With the knife of injostioe they erased frOm the world’s folio the life-records of those innocents. Some were wounded and yet retained a breath of life, and for many the turn of slaughter had not come, when the Tioterions troops hastily’ marched into the oily. The villains had not time to lay huids <m these inno- cent women. Hie chief of them was BOpiuati, renowned throngh- ont the world for her beauty and charm. Bla Bahldhr was deeply attached to her and used to pour out his heart in Hindi poems de- scriptive of his love. A monster who Lad been left in ohaii^ of her uplifted the sword (ft wrong and inflicted aereral severe wounds her. Just then the army of fortune arrived and brought out that half-slaughtered lovely ^ one. When Bis Bahidflr had fled Adham 10^ came in all haste and excitement to SirangpOr to seise the buried and other treasures, and the seraglio with its singers and dancers whose beauty and melody were oelebratad thronghont the world, and whose heart-ravishing oharma were sung of in the streets fad markets. He took possess i on <ft all Bis Bahldir’s property, inelnding his concubines and dancing girls, and sent people to seiweh for Bflpmati. When this strain* reaohed her ear her faithful Mood

2n jAif nimUtitmiL The Iqbil. nima.iajs that nbo was at first at her own request conveyed to the house of

her q>iritaal adviser, ghaikh ‘Umar.

• A.F. ironically calls itnoffisia, is., a soft, musical melody.

su

iKBARNAMA

becune aglow, and frmn love to Biz Bahldur she* bravely quaffed ibe cup of deadly poieou and carried her honour to the hidden chambers of annihiintton !*

When Adham Khin ha4 become victories by the good fortune of the S^ingjiih tei innate infatuation increased, and the cap of bis pride was set away by the wind of arrogance, that is, by his folloy and ignorance. His brain deteriorated and whatever Pir 138 Mohammad K( ia n- his disinterested preacher, said to him in the way of advice was unheeded. He personalty returned thanks to Ood for so great a victory,* and performed the rites of thanks giving (i. e. the distrihotion of alms, etc. to the extent of his ability. Tn order to gratify the imperial officers he inaugurated a great feast and made presents according to his own pleasure to all the servants of fortune’s threshold who were in his company. Thereafter the whole of the conquered territory was parcelled out. Sarangpor and some select paracanat were assigned to Adham ^an who was the ostensible leader. Maodn and Ujjain were assigned to the real leader, Pir Muhammed ^an. Sarkar Hindia was given tn Qiynl^an. and Mandesur and its appurtenants to Sadiq ^an. Abdullah Khan Moghal returned to his flat of Kalpr. Adham Khin reserved for himself all the rate and exquisite articles as well as the stores and buried treasures of their country which were the collections of ages, and many of the famous dancing aids and beauties whose loveliness and grace were bruited about in all the nine heavens, as urell as many singers and musicians, and occupied himself with delights and plea- sures. He set apart some elephants out of the spoils of fortune and sent them to the world-protecting Court along with the reports of the victory.

1. The story of RQnipatr is told with greeter detail by Firi^te in his ac- count of the fulers of Malwa, Luck- now edison 274 of the 5th part Bloch- mann. p. 429 says that both Baz Bshadiir and Rumpati are buried in one tomb in th* middle of a tank in TTjjain. But thle seems doiiblful Bee Dorn. Hielory of the Afghans. V. 17.)

See also for picture of Rumpati fs palace, etc. Captain Barnes’s ac- count of Dhar, Mandu and Bom. Branch R.A.S. X.Xl app. 155,371 339 etc.

2. Badaiini was present at the victory and describes the cruelties of Pit Muhammad. He seems to have been in attendance on his friend Mir Air- Bildas. Lowe. 42.

215

Among the gloriono Tiotoriee which mnde this jenr fllnitrione was that won by Qiln Zamln orer the Af|^ana. Though All Qul! Shin Zamin had no portion of the aweet-waters of loyalty — ^nay^ did not understand hia own loss or gain and was always regfardleas of the Sbihinibih’s kindness and favour and was swiftly careering in the whirlpool ot error, yet as the veil over his actions had not been withdrawn, and he was giving himself out as one of the oflScers of eternal dominion he was, by the blessing of daily^increasing fortune successful in all his undertakings. At the time when Bairftm Shin had left the scene the black*hearted and short-sighted Afghans thought they had their opportunity and exalted the son of Mubflriz Shin, commonly known as ^Adall, and gave him the name of 3ber Khftn. They gathered themselvea together and determined to march against IQ^in Zamin and abolish him. }&in Zamin was aware of their designs and set aboiit strengthening the fort of Jaunpur. He sent information to the neighbouring officers and, with the exception of Sikandar ^kn Uzbeg, he collected them all together, viz., Bahidur Khin, Ibrihim l^in Uzbeg, Majnun Khin Qiq^il, 3biham Khin Jaliir, Mir ‘All Akbar, Kamil Khin Gakhar and others. As the enemy was very strong, and had nearly 20,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry, and 500 elephants, it was not judged prudent to advance and engage them. The Af^j^an wretches thought the respite was to their advantage and marched with a large force, and a complete equipment against Jaunpur, and encamped beside the Oumti on whose bank the city is situated. On the third day they, being drunk with the wine of presumption, crossed the river with their forces 189 in battle-order, ghor Khin and Fatah Khin and a large body of troops proceeded towards the mosque of Suljtan ][j[u8ain Sharqi.

They sent off on the right a large detachment under the command of Y’aqub Khin, Fattu, Saiyid Sulaitiiau, ^ellm Khin Kharwar, and Jan’har Kh2o towards the Lai Darwiza, and dospatched Hasan Kh^u Bargotl, and Adam the son of Fatah Khin with a number of vain- glorious blackguards to the left towards the hand ^ of Shiikh B^hlul.

KJis u Zamin kept his men in hand according to rules and tactics

I This embankment is described in | Shaikh Bahlil who is apparently the Jaunpiruima ed. 1899, p. 76. It | the confidential friend of Humijin was N E- tbf ^dtv and was pst up by who was put to death by Hindi!.

216

Anmliu.

mi 6 made ready for baUl6. Brave men who liad their hearte in thetr hands and were ready to saorifioe life f^r hononr eame forth on every dde and enga^ted in hand-to-hand oom|iata Ghrand heroes fell upon Qaaan ^in Baogoti and he jhose the disgrace of fleeing « before the hair-splitting archers. At this moment Sber Shfn came np with a body of brave men who wiire eager for battle and fooght valiantly. He drove off fhe viotoia Into the oity laaies. The black-hearted A^^us thought they had won a victory and turned off in another direction. Meanwhile Skin Zaitt^ took the lead with a number of determined men and retrieved tie defeat. He assailed the enemy in the rear with arvewe and destroyed the futile success of the Affjjjum. By the Divine eidj which* sup- ports the eternal dominion^ a great victory eoen declared itself Much booty and many noted elephants fell into the hands of the im) rial servants. When partisans of the gloriops dominion who are not pure of heart or poaa os s o d of right dispositions can rear such viotoriona standards, merely from their being oonnected therewith, how can the extent o{ the victories of the sincere and loyal be reckoned up f

CBAPTtB XlXr.

217

CHAPTEBXZX7.

Birn uum or m SvARmniH to Maiwa, ns oisrnra ns nmnoi* DisnuBurnio sBiooir om nn umb , aid ns BiniiB TO m CAmAL.

Whenotor the world-sdorning Doity estobltdiSB the pfllen of so Muptoions ope He totellj snbrerto his opponente. He orertfarows those who begin by showing whent, but who sell bnrley,’ together with the open end seeret foee, end in order thnt the rule “ the most impor- tnnt end then the next most importent* " mny be obserred, he begins by trampling in the dost of oontempt the openly end inwnrdly .«r- verse end sends them m ontoMts to the renlm of Annihilation. Then HedespatohM the inwardly worthless to the abyss of rain and so oleansos the world of tiioee who with Tolpine trickery oome in the gnise of loyalists and do the work of enemies. In brief, when God the world*adorner made snoh a riotory fell to Ali Qnll lot

He increased the stock of his infataation. He did not send to oonrt 140 the spoils of this oelestial riotory, which was a gift of God. The world-oonqaering mind of the QbihinAib wished toTisit the eastern provinoes so that the Kbln Zamln’s infatuation mi^t not become But as be knew that the oorreotion of Adham ^In, who after the Mtlwa rictory was beoome seditions, wae the most important matter, he determined on Tisltingand regulating that province which was one of the glorious gifU of God.. The excellent idea of the king, who in the beginning of things ever looks to the termination, and his far-sightedness which in the commencement of oases considers how they may be happfly ended, demanded that he should, in the first gallop the steed of intention towards Mllwa so that the ac- tions of that evil-doer might not be irremediable. He was occu- pied with these thoughts when §ldiq Sbto came to Court and told

i X proverbial expression for de- ceivers.

• alahamn falahamn. An A»bic phrase me^oing that when there are

many things of great importance to be done we mast first take the moel important of the most impor- tant.

SIS

AKBAR KAXA

the feel stele of effairs. This coefirmed His Mejestjr ia his lesoln- tion, end the oflkers were ordered to meke the necessery errenge* meots for the expeditioo. It wes his inoate kindness which inrfin fui h)s heart to the amendments of Adham f^an. The desire to see that delightful country and to arrange its affairs became fixed in his far-seeing mind. He left Mun’im ^in Kban-Khanau. Khwgja Jahin and a number of others in Agra and without informing the great officers and Eyes of the State he went off with a band of special attendants in an auspicious hour of the day of Sarosb 17 Ardibihisht, Divine month, corresponding to Sunday 1 1th Sh’aban 968,27th April 1561.

In passing near the fort of Rantambhur, of which Rai Sarjan was the governor, he did not think of taking it but continued bis advance. Rai Sarjan, when he beard of the approach of the victori- ous cavalcade, sent suitable presents by able officers and paid the homage of submission. When be halted near the fort of Oagraun> which is one of the strong forts of Malwa, it transpired that Biz Bahadur had made it over to one of his confidants and that it had not yet been captured. It was also reported to his Majesty that Adbam I^an intended to take it in person. One day while Hit Majesty was encamped there, the conquering heroes had been ordered to invest the fort (lit. to inboop that bezel of strength). When the governor became aware that the ^khinsUh was casting the shadow of conquest over the fort he, inasmuch as he was able and for-seeing made the keys of the fort the adminicle of his safety and became exalted, by kissing the ground. He was honoured by royal favours. His Majesty loft lytUdln in charge of that strong fort and went on in the end of the same day. He travelled rapidly ail night and in the morning, which is the time of expanding hearts, and augmenting life, he arrived in the neighbourhood of Sarangpur. He made the long march (from Agra), in which there were so many ascents and descents, in sixteen days and planted his darkness-dis- pelling standards in the district of Saraiigpur on the day of Babman 2 Khardid. Divine iqontb, corresponding to Tuesday the 27 ^’abin (13th May).

I. Ill tha RXjputXna State of Jha- | and the Rhjputana Oasattaar II. IXwXr. Saa I.Q., Jarrattll, 209 > 90S.

CHAPTER XXV

ait

One of the wonderful things was that on the same day Adham Khfa had marched out from Saraogpur with the intention of taking the fort of Gagraun» and had advanced two or three kos. He had no knowledge of the Shlhioshihs expedition. Thohgh Maham Anaga had sent off swift couriers to inform him of the eipedition and to enable him to make proper preparations for service, yet the rapidity of His Majesty was such as dream-messengers could net keep pane with what then could be done by hanMding couriers? Adhnai Khin had arranged his forces and was tranquilly proceeding towards Agraun when the world lighting gilded balls (kaokaba) were seen in the distance. Although but few of the victo^ooa trodps were on that night in attendance on His Majesty’s stirrup, yet throughout the whole of those plain and deserts there srere, by reason of the armies of the Divine favour, such a press and aggregation of soldiers of the invisible world, and horsemen of the heavenl^ land, that they appeared to the eyes of the companions to be beyc id count. Some Adham KhSn’s soldiers, who had gone ahead t f him, suddenly came upon the royal escort. When their glance fe I upon His Majesty they involuntarily threw themselves from their horse and did homage. Adham |^an was amazed when he saw bis men so confused and flinging themselves off their horses. ’’Good God, to whom are they paying such reverence?’ In this astonishment be urged to his horse, and came nearer. When his eye feH on the worldillumi- nating beauty of His Majesty the ^abinshih he^ became confounded, and like a bewildered moth dismounted and did homage. He placed the face of servitude in the dust of supplication and was alted by kissing the stirrup. As the rule of kindness to servants and of ignoring their faults is innate in His Majesty, he received Adbam Khan with favour and dismounted there for a while in order that the latter might be re-assured and also that the other followers who had come with Adham might obtain the bliss of doing homage. Then he remounted proceeded to Sarangpur. By at)«iHllPg at Adham Khan’s quarters in that city he made them the envy o f hea- ven’s mate. Adham IGian stood on the carpet of servitude and brought forward things rate and beautiful, but he had not compre- hended the extent of His Majesty’s nurturing care and kindness, and had raised his foot above bis degree, the enlightened soul, which is a divine and trulh-reveaiing chalice, did not open out towards him.

no

AKBABVilU.

]>eToti<m*« Iftw u tliat when them is msterisl absenoe then >* nal and spiritual pnsenoe, and that dne nspeot and revmrence ar* •tfll paid to one’s master and that one’s private wishes an forgottei* in the jdeasing of one’s benefactor. What am I saying T Devotion is a priceless jewel. It does not deck eveiy head, nor is imparted every heart. Whither had oalonlation gone f And what had beoome of bnsihess considerations T What sort of dexterity is it to trick oQt the booth of disguise and dissimnlation in the faoe of snob fostering and kindness f Assnndly, he who oat of wiokedness plays the game of deceit on the board of honest men casts the dost of destraotion into the cnp‘ of his name and fame I When Adham Shin was maR- ing his hypooritioal fawnings the aoate mind of the Qhihiniblh felt no pleason, and whatever Adham did was not approved of by th e hdysonl. Among other things he had produced clothes in order that His Majesty, as he had come off a dnsty ride, might put on fresh attire. Bnt as Adham’s behaviour had not cleansed the fine dust on the skirt of the pure and holy soul His Majesty disdained tiie gar- ments of hypocrisy. Adham Shin stumbled into the net of agita* ti<m and confusion. In the abundance of his distress he sought the tid of each one of the favoured courtiers, and displaced hnmiliatioa ad seU-effacement. At length His Majesty, who is a mine of gentle- aes* end pity, took compassion on his misery, uid, yielding to he own magnanimity, be favoured his servant by putting on the fresh clothes which be had brought He also spoke pleasantly to him As on that day his chaste ladies had remained behind and had not come with the cavalcade. His Majesty slept that night on the roof of Axlhara Khln’s.hoase. That evil, inauspicious wretch was lying in ambusb ana was waiting for his opportunity, as perhaps the glance of the holy one might fall bn his harem, and so the villain mi^t make this a pretext and slay him. His Majesty’s holy mind which is a spiritual rose-garden Was void of such thoughts, and as he had made long march he indulged in a long repose. Adham lOFfn’s ill«omtyiiea liarem-houBe was a thing of which that wise and obasto one oevei thoughtt the Divine protection ever watches over that spiritual and material cynosore^ that black-hearted and ill-fated one had no power or pretext (tor injuring him) and the

^ KSsa-i-sir. The cup of the heed, t.f, the skull.

ATMnt of nol «ii4 spiritual •oroioigiity proteotad him in hia lonelineaa.

Next day Mlham Anaga brought the sanlna which had remain- ed behind and arranged a great* entertainment. Adham Shin was roused from the eleep of negligence by that able dame and recog- nised the supreme honour of the adrent of the Khedive of the world. He tendered gifta and prepared a feast. He produced before His Majesty whatever had come into his hands from Bis Bahidur’s estate^ whether moveable or immovable, as well as all the wives, dancing girls and courtezans. His Majesty in accordance with his general benevolence accepted them, and presented him with some of them. He stayed four days in Sarangpur and on the day of Shardid Khardid, Divine month, corresponding to Saturday, 2 Bamfin (17th Miy, 1561), he set out on his return to Agra. At the first stage, which was in the district of Sirangpur and was called Patincor, Adham Khhn gave way to evil thoughts and disgraced himself foi ever and ever. As Maham Anaga was dear to that appreciator of service, and connoisseur of jewels he winked at the affair and said nothing. The details are briefly as follows . As folly and blindness of heart were the confirmed qualities of Adham Kb^u he intrigued with his mother’s servauui who waited in the rqyal harem, and spirited away from the Shihindifih’s enclosures two special beauties frciiii among Biz Bahidur’s women and who had been recently exhibited to His Majesty. He indulged in the vain thought that as everyone was at this time engrossed with preparations for departure no ouc would follow up this trail. From this foolish idea ho elected iv place such a blot on his fortune’s forehead. He l)ecame marked with an eternal curse and was disgraced for ever. When this scandalous proceeding came to the royal hearing an order was given to stop the march for this day and to send off swift messengers to search for the lost ones. Abie men undertook the service, and by making proper search they caught both of them and brought them back. Mftham perceived that if these two women were introduced to Eis Majesty the veil over her acts would be raised, and her son’s treachery be revealed, ohe therefore caused these two innocent ones to be put to death for a severed head makes no sound.” The Khedive of the age overlooked this gross outrage, as the veil was not vet lemoved from his world-illuminating countenance, and regarded tue done as

knAumtitA.

■ok done. I load tiio oooMi«drinldag mgttitf whioh ia ito •bondiak ■ieotion and plenitndo of wiidom oaa regard eaoh ahookiiig orimee ■« nnocnmiitt^ I

From the time when the newa of the arriTil of the eablime oaralaade reached tho offioere of Mllwa ereiyone of them oame from hie fief and carried the eonntenaaoe of eiaceritjr to the princely threeheld. On the day when the tente whre pitched onteide of Sirangpftr Rr Mnfnmmad’SbIn, QiyI QMhit ^bib ‘All Sbkn and other olBoere oame and were exalted by doing homaga Hie Majeety the flliihinihlh dietingniehed eaoh of tiiem by faroore and exalted thair rank. Adham SlMbi> Fir Mn^ammad Shin and the other Milwa oiBcera obtained leave after doing oboi^oe and went to their 144 fiefe. The royal oavaicade proceeded tewarde the centre of eover* eignty. Hie liajeofy went on, stage by stage, banting and shooting, bat alao going on rapidly. When his orescent. standards oast their raids on the territory appertaining to the fort of Narwar, a tiger ‘ eaoh as might terrify the leopard* of heaven oame out of the foreat with five oabe and on to the track by whioh the cavalcade waa pro- ceeding. His ICajaafy the who had the strength of the

lion of God in his arms and the coat of mail of the Divine protec- tion on his breast, went alone and without hesitation in front of .that iron-clawed,* fiery-natared’ wild animal. When the spectators beheld this the hair on their bodies stood erect and sweat distilled from their pores. His Majesty with swift foot and alert arm attacked the brute and killed it by one stroke of his sword.

Verse.

‘Gainst him whom God defends Who is there that dares contend If ha assail a tiger or other beast of prey He easily stripe their sidns from their bodies.

The Twiant tatsfl. a lion, is supported by several MSS. and is • probably correct for the tabor is de- scribed as an animal whioh fights with the leopard. See Lane’s Diet. 8.v.

• jwlowj-t-pawWa. Perhana •A.F.

means the constellation Le% or he may mean that of the lynx or of the cameleopard.

• Lit. iron-haired, but tha Luck- now ed. no doubt rightly exphfius tho expression as referring to thedlaws.

CHApnH nzv.

228

The wild beast, so great and terrible, fell bleeding to the dust before the strengfth of his arm and the might of his conrage, and a shout arose on all sides. This was the first beast of prey which His Majesty personally attacked. Its cubs ^ were killed by the swords and arrows of a number of brare men who were in atten. dance on the sublime stirmp.

Among the excellent occarrences that happened during this journey was the designating of the Mir Manlhi Mu^mmad Afghar by the title of A ^raf Kbta*

In fine, Agra was made fortunate by His Majesty’s arrival on the day of Dibidln^ 28 Khar^td, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday, 19 Ramfin, 968 (4th June, 1561), and the gates of joy were opened for mankind. This giaat expedition was completed in one month and seven days. The going’ took sixteen days, four were spent in Sirangpilr, and seventeen were occupied in returning. In it the degrees of courage were fulfilled, and the stages of wisdom revealed. The dues of grace and kindness were paid, and breadth of capacity and greatness of soul were manifested.

^ Here again the word w htihar in several MSS.

^ It rather detracts from the iwilt- nes8 of Akbar’s march to Sirangpar

to find that Msham Anaga and the other wom’en-folk were only a day behind him. Hi% halt at Gigraun may have enabled them to come up.

CHAPTKR XXXVl

Sift

CHAPTER XXXVI

ACCOUNT op THE STRANGE STORY AND OF THE WONDERFUL, AD- VENTURE WHICH HAPPENED TO HIS MAJESTY THE SHIHIN§^XH.

Tht great Vicariate demands that just rulers should without ostenta- tion of personal motives enter into affairs to the full extent of human poster and should not delegate them to another. For scrutinising Inteilcot onijr emplojFes lieutenants and agents in those affairs of human concemment. to which it cannot personally attend. Most seenlar rulers confine their attention to the choice of a Lieutenant and then delegate the care of moitails to others and give themselves upto pleasure. His Majesty the ^Ihinshlh from his abundant wisdom and universal benevolence derivesltis satisfaction to an extent) which the human capacity qannot comprehend from the soothing of mankind and personally takes part in most matters of business. And, as one of the Chief duties of sovereignty is to know the condition of the people, and as of all worldly pursuits this is the one in which corruption is most patent, for it is a pursuit which has chief to deal with the mean, the low and the base who are specially addicted to mischief, covetousness and lying — for how are truth, honesty ahd dls-interestedness to be expected in low-natured subjects of inquity who such qualities are at present dare rare in the great? His Majesty mostly uses in this work bis own sublime genius, and gives to his special attention. And although

the kindly office require that the holy personality of sovereigns should be guarded in a thousand iron fortresses, y*l Khedive of our age relies ou the Divine protection; and after asking support from godly ascetics he many times goes out in a mode which no known aqd a dress which no one recognizes and makes perambula- tions. He gets information about hidden matters and so arranges for the adtiinistratiou of human affairs. By the influei^ of Desert-traversing knowers of God who are a note of the Diving protection, he is protected from the dangerous of such journies, as he is guarded from other penis.

CHAPTER XXVI

ttS

VERSE

For protection a devish’s oldtkirt

Is stronger than hundreds of Alexander’s Walla.

Now that tbit preface has been let forth give ear to me with a mind unstained by the fog of capriciousneit. In the town of Bah- raicb it the grave’ of Salar Mat’aud Ghazi who was one of the martyrs of the armies of Ghaznin. It is a custom* in India for the people to make flags of various colours and convey them along with numerous presents to that place. Accordingly > a large wntingent starts from Agra for this renezvous and keeps* awake for several nights in the neighbourhood of the city. There it a great concourse, and both the good and the bad assemble there. Abul FazI, the writer of this auspicious record, one day heard from the sacred lips of His Majesty the §hahioi|ih that one night when there was a very large assemblage of this kind neat Agra he according to his excellent habit crossed over to it under a special diguise. He was contemplating the various sorts of humanity when “suddenly a vagabond recognised me and said so to others. When I became aware of this I without the least delay or hesitation rolled my eyes and squinted and to made a wonder- ful change in my appearance. In a sense that they could not image 1 was a spectator and was observing* the ways of destiny. When those good folks looked at me they, on account of the change in my appear- ance could not recognise me, and said to one anpther. These are not;, the eyes and features of the kind*. 1 quietly came away from them aq(l went to my palace’’.

146

1 . Ho was sistor’s son of Mahmud.

2. The festival is still kept up. I.O. art Bahraich and Beale’s Oriental Dictionary. M’ataM was killed in

3. See Oude Gazetter,

4. AhiytTcand sbab mTkanand.

The use of ahiya is not given in our Persian dictionaries but ocoars in Hed House and in Zer»ker, and jn Dozys.v.hai. From what foBows it appears that the city referred to IS Agra and not Bahraich.

4. *abTir ba Injl iUiflq uftfd. Ap- 20

parently the meeting was on the other side of the JaniAna and Akbar crossed over to go to it. Pilgrims going from Agra to Babraich would naturally begin by crossing the Jamuna. The Bahraich fair is held on the first Sunday in the month of Jaistha, so Akbar’s adven- ture occured in. May, probably. !>. These words are used again by A.F. on jp.150. mine line*.. from foot, in speaking Akbar’s habit -of coni^mplr ting the outer world.

226

akbabnIma.

telling the atory liia Majesty imitated the disguise he had assaued^ and BO made our wonder the greater. In faot it was a very strange performance.

One of the blessed influences of the sublime Khedive at this time was that which occurred while he was hunting in the neighbour- hood of Agra. A jackal attacked a fawn and the weak was about to be injured by the strong. The fawn^s mother saw what had hap- pened and fell into the net of perturbation. She summoned up her courage and ran to the place, and boldly assailed the jackal several times. He had a bad time, and flung himself into a pond and so made water his foHveas. When the ray of His Majesty^s atfeution was directed to this a shout arose from among the spectators. At this time, while the standards were pitched at Agra, though i ap- pearance he inclined to various forms of sport and especially to the hunting with leopards, which is one of God^s wonders, and made them the veil of his beauty, yet he constantly engaged in State affairs, in the conquering of countries, in promoting and exalting the loyal, and in casting down the evilminded and the insincere, and in testing every ones merits, and in furthering and checking those according thereto. He did not leave untouched the smallest minu- tiae of business. At length the news arrived of the infatuation of the Kbtn Zamin, and ha tomed the rein of his intent towards the hnnting of that country and determined to nroceed thither.

OHAFTBR XXXYll

tn

CHAPTER XXXVII

EXPEDITION OF THE ^AHINgpAH’S TO THE EASTERN PROVINCES, THE SUBMISSION OF THE 5pAN ZAMAN, AND THE RETURN TO AORA.

It b not bifltlen from the far-seeing, who understand the pulse of the age, and comprehend the character of the multiform world, . and who contemplate its entrancing banquet, that success, victory over opponents, the collection of able assistants, and the accumula- tion of the world’s goods produce increase humbleness in a nature which is allied to real nobility and which is innately good and well-intentioned and is continually persuing the daily record of its actimis. For such an one they are the materials of increased watchfulness and for returning thanks to his benefactor. And as he knows that fidelity and good service are the constituents of thanks- giving, he goes on developing single-heartedness. He becomea both more humble toward the Greater and more complaisant to the crea- ture. He both augments his loyalty and service to his Master and HT also is from appreciation of performances more amiable towards servants. But he who has no part in humanity except the outer form, and no share in nobility except in name shows effects the contrary of all these. With a little reputation and distinction he places his real rank in the alcove of oblivion, and he, in the first place, ignores his duties towards the author of his being. Secondly, be assumes airs of grandour aed hauteur with bis benefactor and master; who is his quasi-God, and lets destructive thoughts pass into his mind. Thirdly, be behaves arrogantly towards bis comrades and equals and conducts bims in an intoxicated fashion. Fourthly he shows himself oppressive and tyrannical towards all mankind.

The unhappy wretch thinks in his folly that he is constructing the materials of his own greatness, but the wise know that he is dressing the arena of his own ruin. The case of ’AIT Qulf j^an, commonly known by the name of Khan Zaman. is a repeated illus- tration of these truths. Physical courage, in which thousands of unreasoning brutes are victorious rivals, was made by him a motive for self-exaltation.

228

ACHAtKlJCA.

•nd increased arrogaaoe, and he^aioribed to himself his sncoess, which was a ray from the fortune of the Khedive of the Age, and so made it a cause of increased infatuation. Accordingly, a hint has alrejady been given of his intoxicated ways.

The pride of this wicked man increased when the son of ‘Adll, who had gathered round him a number of vagaband Afghans, had been defeated by him, and. the veil over his actions was nearly alto- gether withdrawn. The perfect reason and great affection of the Sb&hinilkih impelled him to proceed to that province on the pretext of hunting. The words which passed from his lips were, ‘* If any portion of goodness remain in that evil nature, and he awake from the slumber of negligence and hasten to do homage 1 shall draw a line of forgiveness over his offences and come back, for he is a plant which we have grown, and the noblest quality of princes is tho ac- ceptance of exonaes, and the forgiveness of faults, for man that is bom of woman is a confection of intoxicants and restorations. If auspiciousness does not guide him, and he does not show an appre- ciation of the bliss of serrice he will be disposed of before his dis- ease shall have become chronic, and its remedy difficult, and the inhabitants of that country will be delivered from the hands of several oppressors.^^ In accordance with these administrative ideas the sub- lime cortege proceeded under the Divine aid to the en stern cities on the day of ^ahrayur 4 Amardid, Divine month, corresponding to h nursday the 4th Zi-1-Qada 968 (17th July, 1561). The protec- tion of Agra was committed to M^nina-d-dln Abmad Kban ^ Faran- khudi. Muuim Khin Kbankhiofto^ Khwija Jabin and many servants of the threshold of fortune attended His Majesty^ He marched stage by stage, diffusing the light of bis justice ; in appearance be was hunting, but inwardly he was with his God.

When the camp arrived at the territory of Kftlpl, ^Abdullah ^An Uzbeg made a petition through the courtiers in waiting that the spiritual and temporal leader would cast a glance of favour on the lowly and^ eternally glorify by bis advent the hovel of this attendant : should His Majesty do me this honour what impropriety would there be in the Sun of fortune’s cherishing a mote.’^ That world of urbanity granted his petition and enlightened his lodging

^ Biochmsun, 434.

CHirTBl XZXVll.

220

bj tha holy light of hit splendoar. ^Abdallah paid the respects 148 of obedience. The whole of that day His Majesty held high festiral in his honsoi which was dtupied on the banks of tbe Jamna, and spent the time in joy and delight. From thence be turned his rein towards Elarra^ which is on the Ganges. As the suburbs of that city became the place of his encam|>inent he turned his attention to hunt- ing in the neighbourhood . It chanced that he spent seyeral days in that delightful land. The Hban Zamin and his brother Bahidur |[hin, as the time of their rending the veil had not yet coma, awoke from the slumber of negligence and proceeded to do hoioage. They are exalted by doing so and presented the yarieties of the country by way of pei^kaii. They tendered noted elephants such as Uilsankar^ Pulta, Dalil {?), Sab-dilia and Jag- Mohan (world-fascination), eyery me of which was a heaven in his world, and they *«^th shame and pentance made the dust of the threshold the oollyrium of their /es. His Majesty the Sh&binshih in conseqeenoe of his iight-i founded principles treated their past evil acts as unacted and reward- ed them’ by special favours. With his truth-interpreting tongue he said that the wondrous tree of humanity ^ns the precious nursling of God. How unpleasant it is to uproot powers and grasses (agl/dr- nabdti). It may be jndged ^ then what will be the result of uprooting such a tree (as man) He accepted the of their shame and sub mission as an intercessor for their acts end made the ocean of his fo) giveness boil over I ^

At this time ‘Abdu-l-MajId was sent off with a

number of warriorH towards P^nnah^ against Rajah R&m ^Cand. If he behaved properly, and seised and sent to court (ih&zi bJ^in Tanuri and a number of broken men who had gone to that country, and if he himself bound on the girdle of obedience and good service, they were to return after having treated him in a conciliatory fashion.

As it was the rainy season, the Rajah was obstinate and the holy warriors returned and went to their iiefs. After His Majesty had spent twenty days in Karra, and his mind had become tranquil about

^ The literal meauing to be,

** it is clear what fruit will be yield* ed by the uprooting of such a tree. Perhaps, as the Lucknoy editor says, Akbar wisb*^ to contraat flowers

which will bloom again with the tree of man which will uever yield fruit again.

• Pata in text, but corrected in £rrsU. See Blochxnann 967 and 61b.

230

AKBARNAMA

the affairs of that country the noise of a return to the capital rever- bearted. The two brothers waited on the stirrup for three stages and took leave after receiving countless favours. His Majesty the Shahinshah traversed much territory in ten days, and on the day of Mihr 16 Shahrayur, Divine month, corresponding to Friday, 17th Zi-1-bajja, 968 (29th August, 1S61), he alighted at Agra. He com- pleted this auspicious expedition in one month and fourteen days. He was fourteen days in goving and he halted twenty days, and in returning be took ten days. When the shade of His Majesty the Sbahinshah*s glorious umbrella fell upon the metropolitan district the noble spirits went out to welcome him and to show their loyalty. Everyone received favours in accordance with his merits. There was a new daily market of justice, and a new springtime for the world. Time and time’s creatures gained fresh joy. The culimination of service was revealed^ to the imperial servants in the districts and borders of the dominions. From every quarter men donned the pilgrim garb of honour and came to kiss the threshold of fortune.

In the end of Abac, Divine month, of this year, corresponding to the beginning of Rabialawwal 969 , November, 1561, Shamsu- d-din Muhammad Khan Ataga, who had been distinguished by the title of A’azine Khan, came from the Panjab and did hommage. He fulfilled* the destined worship in the guise of serving his spiritual and temporal master. He presented splendid gifts, such as were befitting his loyalty, and was exalted by the glorious favours of the Shahinshah. He undertook the management of afiairs, political and financial, and disposed of matters relating to the army and to the civil population according to bis own sound judgment. Maham Anaga, who from her excellent services, abundant wisdom and exceeding devotion regarded herself as the substantive prime minister, was displeased at this. Mun’im Khan Khan-Khanan too, who was the ostensible vakil and sat on the masnad as such, was inwardly grieved at/ this. Where were the judiciousness, (he independence of mind and the disinclination for wordly affairs which would have regarded the

I. Apjmronrly the th»* provincial oUiceiH had on oppor- Miiiity o( Akbar aiid «o bad

the liead (nr jtartectioii) of service, Sir-i-kli raveAfed fcii Lherii

2. The meaning seems to be I hat S)i«‘iiiisiiUd-did performed the obligatory duty of going on pilgrimage by appearing bi for*’ Akbur.

OlAPm llt f IL

381

preMnoe of on# wbo took up and placed on his head the* burden of the world’s business as a great gift from God and as something to be thankful for, so that when the ^in A’a^im in his straightness and lojaltf undertook the serrice of the Skthin^ilh, Mun’im Shin and M&ham Anaga should have looked upon him as a providential helper and have rendered thanks for the boon from the bottom of their hearts, instead of being so grieved and vexed f For in the antechamber of right-dealing the true principle and that which is approved by the wise is that one should hold oneself fettered to external work until another who can take charge of it makes his ap- pearance, and the office of pleasing the master by the management of affairs shall have been entrusted to him by acts and not by words. When one is given to understand by the tongue of actions that his service has been entrusted to another and that a servant who is chief manager has arrived on the scene, it is folly to be vexed ; and such conduct is to allow oneself to be overcome of his desires Rather it is to overset oneself, and to damage oneself by one’s own hand.

One of the ennobling events in the gb^hin^ah’s fortune winch in this year applied collyrium to the eyes of the simple-minded aspirants after auspiciousness was that CunAr, which is an impreg- nable fortress, came into the possession of the imperial servants Certainly it has seldom come into the hands of princes by force of arms or by abundance of stratagem. For on acc6unt of its height and strength the hand of the external foe cannot reach it, and owing to plenty of food and water those inside are not dependent on the outer world. The brief account of this event is that when ‘Adili’s son became a vagraat in the wilderness of ruin the fort of Cunftr, which had been his abode, came into the hands of one Fattu ^ who belonged to his clan (kbdfa iftel). He regarded this inaccessible fort as his refuge and laboured to strengthen it. When the standards of fortune returned from the town of Karra and were sot down at Agra, ^Abdul Majid ifaf appointed to take the fort.

As Fattu had some proper feelings, and some good sense die per- ceived that the day of the Afghans’ defeat had arrived, and so sent a number of people to express his submissiveness. He humbly

I Blochmatm 502 and 531. The Iqbilniraa saya he had the title of Fata^ Maainad ‘AilT.

m

AnABHAMA.

rcpmwnted to the world-protecting court tl^ if SImoUi ^ Mn^iaiamiid weiw to teke him hy the hand and bring him to kiss the threshold €if fortune he would assuredly deliver the fort with a contented mind ic th ) imperial servants and wbuld hind himself to the tMuidle-straps of 4e- ShflHinflihih^s fortune His petition was accepted and the abaiUl went^ tM ‘aijcordance with a lofty command, and brought hiin by princely kindnesses to perform homage* The. forehead of his auspiciousness was brightened by his proStnMng himself at the court ot the refuge of the world. His Majesty exalted him by favours and fpsve him the rank of an AmTr. Hasan ‘All ES^in Tnrkaman was ap- pointed to the charge of the fortress.

Among tue occurrences of this time was His Majesty the Shflh- inshah’s mounting the elephant Hawii and engaging it in a fight. The life-giving and world-adorning Creator was daily exalting his degrees of greatness by new methods and new lights and was mak- ing the ‘Spiritual and physical perfections of this sole one of nuity^s Court perceptible to tho superficial and short-sighted. The Age’s Khedive was contented with rendering thanks inwardly anJ con- tinued to wear a veil over his actions. Whenever owing to a Divine decree a veil might be removed from his world-adorning beauty. His Majesty by the might or uib own far-seeing meditation fashioned some other vet more beautiful and wonderful veils. He was at once a spectator of the system of Divine decrees, and an administrator of the world according to the ue«^t laws. Secretiy he was testing the sincerity, the large-mandedness, and business-capabilities of men ; ostensibly, he was prosecuting hunting and elephant-fights which the iurnorant regard as a kind of neglect of the duties of sovereigDly. but which the wise regard as the cream ot practical skill. In those very amnsetnents which led the superficial into this error there ap- peared certain actions which involuntarily brought such superficial- isU into the highway of devotion and made them travellers on the path of true knowledge. Among them is the following extraordi- nary occurrence. ‘The story of this instructive affair, and of this

’ This is Muhummutl ^aus nf Gwaliar, and ho i% so railed in the Ifpi&bi.in.n. He was dim nearly 80 fAmru old, and he died iu the follow-

ing year. See Badaunl aiid also the rery good and full account iu the Darbar AkliarT, p. 776.

CBAPTIB XXXyil.

288

ppener of reMon’a enr its au followa. The alephanj? Hawfti ’ was a fDi^h’^7 aniuia^ and reckoned among the special elephants. In passionateness^ fierceness and wickedness he was a match for th^ world. Strong and experienced drivers who had spent a long life in riding similar elephants mounted him with difficulty^ so what could tney do in the way of making him fight ? That royal cavalier of 151 brilkvery^s plain and tiger-hunter of audacity^s forest one day with- out hesitation mounted this elephant, in the very height of its fero- city, on the poloKground which he had made for his pleasure outside of the fort of Agra, and executed wonderful manoeuvres. After that he pit^d hjm against the elephant Ran Bftglia which nearly approached him iu his qualities. The loyal and the exporien/ied who were present were in a state such as had never happened to them before.

As the courtiers who were witnesses of this dangerous scene were disturbed by its continuance and were unable to remonstrate, it all at once occiirr«»d to them that a remedy might be found if the Ataga IQ^fin who was the prime minister were brought, and it he by prayers and entreaties could withdraw His Majesty from this dread- ful occupation, the contemplation of which turned the gall-bladder of the- -1^-hearted to water. When the distracted Atagr arrived and saw the state of affairs he dropped from his hand the thread of endurance and bared his head. He cried and lamented like oppressed suppliants for justice. Great and smali ^ised hands of entreaty and implored from God the safety of that sacred person which is the principle of peace and tranquillity for mankind. Wliei: His Majesty perceived the Ataga Khan’s perturbation he said to him. You roust not make all this lamentation, and if you don’t stop ril at once throw myself down from the elephant.” When the Ataga Khan saw that His Majesty was bent upon the business he. at once obeyed and from deference outwardly composed liis agitated miiul. The lion-hearted ghSkinshah calmly went on with his terri- tying pursuit until the elephant Hawai by the strength of a liidden arm, and tbe Divine fortune, got the victory over his opponent. Ban Baglia let fall the strong cable of steadfastne.ss and turned to llee. Hawai looked neither behind nor before and disregarded heights

30

‘ ‘riiis was the name of Jfemli’s ele])hant.

234

AKBARNAM

aod hollows and went like the wind in pursuit .of the fugitive. His Majesty, a rock of firmness, continued to sit steadily asid to watch the ways of destiny. After running a long way the elephant came to the edge of the river Jamna, and to the head of the great bridge of boats. Dal Begha in his confusion went on to the bridge and Hawai with the tiger of fortune’s jungle on his back came upon the bridge behind him. Owing to the great weight of thoaa two moun* tain forms the pontoons were sometimes subnmrged and sometimes lifted up. The royal servants flung themselves into the water on both sides of the bridge and went on swimming until the elephants had bra verted the whole of the bridge and got to the other tide. At this time when the spectators were looking on at the wonderful affair, the Khedive of the age in a moment restrained Hawai who was like fire in djtpotition and like wind in swiftness. Ran Bagharan off, carrying bis life. Now life, too, tame to the world and distraught bearu were composed. Some thoughted, short sighted ones imagined that perhaps there was some drunken-ness in the brain of Ruler of time and terrestrials, and that this performance was the result thereof. They immediately recoiled from Ibis baseless idea and perceived that His Majesty was a wondrous portrayer of the arts of reason who was bringing into evidence a specimen from the wondrous inner gallery and was summoning the astray in the wilderness of ignorance to the king’s highway of knowledge. He was giving eyes to the blind, and was anointing the eyes of the seeing with impearled* collyrium. Several times when ibis fortunate writer has bad the privilege of private conversation with His Majesty the ^ibinshah he has heard from bis holy lips that ”our knowingly and intention? ally imounting on mast, murderous elephants when they have a moment previous brought their drivers under their feet and killed them, and when they have slain many a man, has this for its cause and motive that if I have knowingly taken a skep which is disploss- ihg to God or have knowingly made an aspiration which was not

‘i’lio itieuiltitrK* is thait when the 1 1 pi Hints got clear of the bridge I lie svrinaners got open it mid so ti»»s.sed over. In the Clerks MS • it tlie Vit’toriu and Albert Museum

South Keiusiiigton, there is a Bt viking picture of Akbur on ihe elephant Hawai.

Surma-i-jawahir. A mixed w.th pearl-dust Siuingass.

CHAPTER XXXVn

•ocordiog to Hit pleatuie, may that elephant flnith nt, for wt ouinot support the burden of life under God’s ditpleasuio." Good God, what an insight is thisi tnd what a calculation with oneself? In fine, at all times, whether that of holy privacy, or that of engrossment in business, in time of battle, and in time of banquet he is ever regards fnl of the real, guiding thread, and while be is outwardly with the creature, and inwardly with the Creator, he is at one and the same moment the arranger of the sections of the outward and inward and acts as the leader of both those great parties, and while deriving pleasure from both of these pleasant products adorns the throne both of the spiritual an<t the temporal universe.

Among the events was Adham Iran’s arrival at Court. At the time when Agra was being made illustrious by th . ^ahinslilb’s pre* sence, the idea took shape in the world-adorning nirror of his mind that the government of Malwa should be comm’ tted to Pfr Mubam« mad ^io ^hirwanf, and that Adham IGitn should do service at Court. Orders were issued to this effect and Adham KUn obeyed them and proceeded thither, after making over Malwa to Pft Mohammad Khih. He travelled rapidly and soon arrived, and was the recipient of royal favours. Maham Anaga’s heart, whidi was distressed by the separation from her honoured son, was thereby comforted, while PTr Muhammad l^an was relieved of the burden of a colleague, and realised his hopes, and the people generally were freed from injustice and gained peace ao(^ tranquility. Adham T^ffn too was restrained from folly and thus guarded against destruction Furthermore the determination to improve him became fixed in the holy mipd. At this time the lord of the universe in accordance with bis noble ways were continually outwardly engaged in hunting while inwardly be walked with God and was employed in the capturing of souls. He laid grand foundations for every work, and arranged good regulations in matters of administration. In spite of bis youth which is a time when next rulers follow their inclinations without self- introspection. His Majesty made bis prime years a means of acquiring Divine knowledge, and was never for a moment neglectful of this. Prosperity, enthronisation, the cherish* ing of friends, and the consuming of enemies, every one of which was a sense-robbing cup for former princes or rather a drinking to the lees of icfaiuation, became in the holy personality of His

236

AKBARHlKA

Majesty the ^fthingi^ah a cause df increased knowledge, of augmented wisdom, of abundant prudence and watchfulness. In virtue of the Uivine purposes, and the irresistible decrees of the incomparable Deity, many of the world-adorning excellencies of this spiritual ahd temporal prince were concealed even from his own acuteness. I have heard this many times in the days of my childhood from my honoured father when I was engaged in acquiring knowledge. He (too) was a fou^lissn of blessings and an assemblage of spiritual and material perfections and one who spent his days in the hermitage of retire- ment. And I learnt this also by myself when J camo to liavo the Mias of serving him who is the elixir of the capabilities of the masters ol wisdom. By reason of this fact, to wit, that his world - illuminating spiritual beauty was hidden from himself, he would seek from others what he should have sought for iu himself and which he should have brought for the use of mankind and so been a guide to those wandering in the wilderness of error. Continually he made the pain of seeking after God, which is also capable of becoming perfect health, the hem of his heart, and kept the mobility of his holy soul. Hunting, which is a bracelet on the arm of joy, was made by him a constituent of the pain of search and made him tra- verse alone city and country. In his abundant carefulness he sought for truth among the dust-stained denizens of the fields of irrefleC’ tKto— and most of the really great study it under this disguise — •nd consorted with every sort of wearers of patched garments •eoh as jogts, sanydsia and qalandars, and other solitary sitters in the dust, and insouciant recluses. From their outward ways and eonversation he got at their real natures. Similarly he inquired •fter the Truth from tho learned, and the distinguished who were bonad by the chain of science and reputation# and who trick out the petty shops of schools and colleges. He recognised the adul- torateness and false metal of the impostors among these classes but infolded these things in his own wide capacity. He put the dust of concealment over those deceitful Satans and did not lay bare the repuw^n of those ministers of the truth. In spite of these results there was no falling-off or slackening in this world-king’s quest, ^ther he increased his endeavours and was more restless than over in his search for physicians of the soul who might be guides on tho path of attainment.

CRAFTSB XZXYIT.

287

Verse.

For years the heart seeks from us the cup of Jam^d It seeks from an alien what itself possesses.

If a commentary were to be written in this style> a separate book would be necessary so that I might depict what I have learnt from the beginning of my service. It is better then that I return 154 from this world, and proceed with my record of this hero of the agps.

One night His Majesty went ofP to Fathpur to hunt and passed pear by Mandhftkar whicb is a village on iho nr«.y from Agra to Fathpur. A number of Indian Tninstrels were singing enchanting ditties about the glories and virtues of the great l^wfija, ^wftja M’umu-d-din, may his grave be hallowed ! who sleeps in Bazrat Ajmir. Often had his perfections and miracles been the theme of discourse in the holy assemblies. His Majesty who was a seeker after Truth and who in his zealous quests sought for union with travellers on the road of holiness, and showed a desire for enlighten- ment, conceived a strong inclination to visit the !^w§ja^s shrine.

The attraction of a pilgrimage thither seized his collar.

238

AXBABKIJIA.

CHAPTER XXXVni.

Bbibf account of SbwAja M^uiNu-D-uiN CiSTi : May his

OBATS BX ‘HOLT.

The Khwija came from SCstan^and they^vrite him Sijzi-^ H<hich is the Arabic for Si^T. His honoured fcihor who was ’named Kli’irAj<i Hasan and who Was a contented husbhndman died when he in his fifteenth year. Shaikh Ibrahim* Majziib of Qanduz’s attention was drawn to him and by the blessing of his glance the pains of inquiry seized the Khwaja/s SQul, and cut away outward ties. He hastened to Samarqand and Bokhara and for a timei ap- plied himself to the acquisition of knowledge. Prom diere he’ went to and there he graw up. In IfBrun which is A depen*

dency of Ni^apun he nia^le the acquaintande of i^aikh Osman Hlxuni and became his disciple. For twenty years he practised strenuous austeiitics in the Shaikh’s* company, and undertook journeys, and sojourninga in strange lands. Pe became acquainted ‘irith many saints of the time, lauch as ghaij^.‘Najmu-d-dln K.ihri. In short, ho is one of the great men of the Cist* order. He is three removes from Khwaja Maudud Cistland nme from Ibrahim Adham.

i W rongly prm^ed in text as Sin- jaii. The mistake is corrected in the Errata. A.F.’s account should be compared ivith the *J3afIua-al aiiiiya of DAra Shikoh, his sister TahAriara Begam’s life of the saint (B..M ’ HS. Or. 250), the long bio- grapliy ut the end of . Firi&hta’s history, the ShasiDa-al-ayfiya, and Dorn’s history of the Afghans, Part II, book 3, p. 2., and also with A.F’s account in the Ain, Jarrett III. 361.

• Soe the story in Jahanara Begam’t blograohy.

• The text say.s there were two •persons between the saint and Maudud, t.c., he was three removes froin him, and eight between liim and Ibrlhlm Adham. Firi^ta says that Osman, M*ulnu-d-dln’s teacher was disciple of ^a.il Sharif, who again was disciple of Khwaja Mau- dud. But there is some mistake about the saint’s being only eight removes from Ibrfthlm Adham. The latter died some 365 years before M’ulnu-d-din’s birth and according to Firiflhta, Meven saints interveued.

CHAFTIB ZXZVIII.

m

Before M’aizzu-d-dln^ the son of Sftm, came from G^aznin to India/ he took leave from his Pir and came to that country. He estab- lished himself in Ajmir, where Eai Pithorft, the ruler of India, resided. Certainly the [Qiwaja was a lord of austerities and spiritual con- flicts and had waged great wars with his carnal spirit. Though many miracles are related of him what miracle can be more glorious than the contest with the desires of this carnal spine ?irhich is the father of excesses ? Khwftja Qutbu-d-dln Ushi of Andij&n became, in Bagdad, in the mc^nth of Rajab 522,^ in the mosque of Imflm Abu-i-lais ^ of Samarkand and in the presence of Shaikh Sh^hftba- (1-din Sahrawardi, of Shaikh Uhadu-d-din of Rirman and of a number of other saints, the disciple of ^wftja M’uinu-d-dln, Shaikh Farid Shakrganj, who is buried in Patan,^ is a disciple pf this Qiitbu-d-din, and Shaikh NizSnm-d-dIn Auliya, who was the ^5! I^ir of Amir Khusru, gave his hand of discipleship to Shaikh Farid.

In short, man y of the perfect master^ have risen up from under the skirts of the Khwaja^s ^ teaching. J^^tay God sanctify their souls 1

I He took Delhi in 1193.

There is liome mistake here though all the MSS. seem to have 522. Muimi-d-dln was not born till oV (114-2) as A.F. himself in- torins us in the Ain, and Qutbu-d- diii was not born till 685. In the km we are told that Qutbu-d-din l)ccamc Muinu-d-din’s disciple at tlic age of 18, which would give 603 as the year. In Dorn’s account he is said to have been 25 when he became a disciple. Firighta says the initia- tion took place at Isy)ahan though some say it was in Ushi^nd when Qutbu-d-din was 20. The Kh azlna- al-agfiya also 8ay.s on the authority of Farid Ganjshakr that the ini- tiation took place in Ispahan, Vol. I, 25S. At p. 267 in the account of yutbu-d-dlii it says he w’as 17 years old. Probably A.F. wrote 622 for 602 by mistake, or his copyists have

misread hij^. pg]j jg in FarghSuB some miles Andijan. The Sair- al-iqtab, Newr^i Kishore’s ed., p. 144, describes t^e inil^iation as taking place in Abfi Laig’s mosque in Bagdad.

^ See D’Herb^iot b.v. Abou Laith Candi.

♦ This is Patan or Pir i^ntan near Multan. See Beale.

^ M-uInu-d-dIn is regarded aa^the proto-.saint of India. Akbar pre- sented an immense .Aookiiig-pot to his shrine which is said to be still in use. Dara Shikoh’s account of the saint is interesting as he refers to his own birth in Ajmir and expresses a fervent hope — not to be fulfilled, alas — that his subsequent career would be blessed. His sister Jahin- ara terminates his biography by an account of a visit that her father and she paid to the shrine.

240

akbarkAma.

CHAPTER XX2L1X.

His Majbstt^s visit to AjmIb, and his mabbiaoe with BiHA«i Mal’s dauqhteb.

As tho Slifthin^ali^s holy soul searches after knowera of the Truth and is inquisitive about reputations founded on reality, he termined on the very hunting-ground to pursue spiritual game, and though his followers urged that he should not go to remote placet, and spoke of the dangers of them aadi the numbers of retractofy persons there, he did not give lieed to them, for his mind was set upon going, and only became niore deterrai\ied to make the expeJi* tion. On the day of QbAhriyur 4 Bahman, Divine month, corres- ponding to Wednesday 8th Ja<uida-al-awwal (14th January, 1562), he set off to Ajmlr with ^ attendants who belonged to the hunt- ing-party. An order issued that Maham Anaga shoidd

convey the seraglio to Ajmir by way of Mewat, and in actfordanee with it she hastened tl)ither. When His Majesty reached the vilii <?e of Kalavali (?) ^ Khan, who as an intimate courtier had

means of speaking ^ represented the factp of tlie loyalty of

Rajah Biharl Mai ^i^o was hea^l of the Kaewiha clan which L. a distinguished ^^tbe of Rajputs. The Rajah, he said, wai eminent for wisdom and valour and had always been loyal to the subtune family and had done excellent sesVioe. He had in Delhi kisqed the thriBshoId and had conducted himseif as one of those who were lirmly bo.und to the sublime saddle-straps. For a long time ho had been apprelicusiv^* on account of his bad treatment by dfn Husain MirzA and bad taken refuge in the folds of the faijls. If a ray from ^he sun of the ShAb were to lall \ipon him and he wore raised from the dust and so freed from the tribulations of tho vigc, perchance bis services woujd bo a]) proved of by the holy glance which is an elixir of uuspiciousness.

• ‘ have not fouxid this placu. V’erhap^ ii is Karnnij, iht Caroli Tiefent haler ]. 172.

CHAPTIE XXXXZ.

The brief ddUUi of the oppreMon theK be hfuirnffered aie tlytt when Mewftt was made Mnhaoi .d efin HhseiwHlF ieF> be

ivlentet to lake possesr^ion ef the jbwti of Amber which is in Mtrwtr dild was the seat of Rajah Bihar! Mai’s ancestors. At this Iwe

the scm of Puran Mai, the Rajah’s elder brother, out of wicked* ness and because he wanted the chiefship for himself came and paid As leepecis to the MirzS and raised tronbles. The Mirzft led aa i36ay against Rajah Bihftr! Mai and as the times Were unfaToorable ilrid the Rajah had not a large force he pame to terms. A $zed Contribution was Ud upon him, and his sea Xaganntth, Raj Singh, the son of Askaran, and Kangftr the sou of Jegmal, who were the Rajah’s brothers’ sons, were taken as hostagsa« who in Hindi are sailed oi} The Mirza then went off to Ajmir and NSgor, and this year it was his filed intention to collect troops and to extirpate the family.

When the *1^e of the loyalty of this old famdy had been com- ranientod to Bis Majesty he gracionsly gave permission for the introduction of flie Rajah. When the’ cavalcade reached Deosa * 166 most of the inhabitants fled from fear. Ills Majesty said, We have iebrother intention than to do good to ail mankind. What can be the reason of the flight of those people ? Apparently these rustics of the valley of desolation have drawn an inference a from the op- pression they have undergone from Sb^^rifii-d-dm ^nsain and so hive run away.” At the clo.so of the day Jaimal thn son of Rupsi, hajah Bi lift ri Mai’s brother and the headman of this district^ came stid was iii trod need by the courtiers and did homage. ThCy repre- sented that the son of tho headman was coming into servioe. His Majesty said : His coming cannot be taken into account, Rflps! must I’ecoguisc our adv’ont as a great gift of God and himself come and his tho threshold." Of necessity Rupsi came in person aim made the cost of foi tune’s threshold the antiutony of the eye of anspicious- nflS. He was exalted by royal favours. Next day when the village

‘ ^ See Wilson » (Hos.-iary. IVr- vps Uie meaning i.^ nut ih:-.: a tribute ^‘aSi laid upon the Htijnli. but that a price >va8 yet upon the heady of his hewH.

• /ViJ Th. Dilusaof the Bajpotana (Jazetteer 11. i5d and of the I.O. It waa once the capital of the State.

31

241

AKBAWaMa.

of Singinlr ^ waB made the camping ground Ga|^tai Oftu intro dnoed Bajah Bihiri Mai together with many of his relations and leading men of hia clan* Rajah Bhagwant Das^ the Bajah’s eldest aon^ was exoepted as he had been left in charge of the families. His Majeaty with hie discerning glance read devotion and sincerity ‘in the behaviour of the Bajah and hie relatives. He captured his heart by kindneas and exalted his rank. The Bajah from right- thinkitr and elevated fortune considered that he should bring himself of the ruck of landholders and make himself one of the dist iV guished ones of the Court. In order to effect this purpose ue thought of a special alliance, to wit that he should by means of those who had the right of entree introduce his eldest daughter, in whos forehead shone the lights of chastity and intellect, among the atten dants on the glorious pavilion. Inasmuch as graciousness is natura to Hia Majesty the gbAhinibah his petition was accepted and HiS Majesty sent him off from this station along with Ca^atai Khftu in order that he might arrange for this alliance, which is the ma terial of the eternal glory of the family, and quickly bring bis daughter.

One of the dominion-increasing events of this time and which was an instance of the daily increasing distribution of justice by the ^fthinobfth, and a cause of tranquillising a crowd of th(^ torri tied inhabitants of the district, ivas the punishment of a loopart*- keeper (citabdn). The brief account oi this is that as the tib&hin* ikih made the hunting with the cita one of the veils of his world adorning beauty and showed a strob); passion for it and uftom indulg ed in it, one of tbe Utahans waxed proud in his ignorance and fc^rcibly took eff a/ man^s pair of shoes and appropriated them. Th^ owner was lamenting, and accidentally his cries came to His Ma- jesty’s ears’and the truth was discovered. The redresser r f injusUj ic4 as soon as he heard of the tyranny, ordered that the a tab should be seined and brought to him. An order was issued for cuttin^ 157 off his feet, and this was a warning to meu of the >\m*ld, aud i lesson in wisdom to the savages^ of the fields of beedlossucss. 1 became known in the country and afterwards no one thought f

t A town in Jaipur 7 miles S.W. of the capital.

• This clause refers to the wiltl* people of the country.

CHAPTER XHXIX.

24S

running away or becoming a vagabond* Paace and tranquillity ap- peal ed in the country. When the standards were pitched at Simbar 3harifu-d-dln Husain Mirza had the bliss of doing homage, and brought suitable gifts. His Majesty the demanded

Jagannath, Raj Singh and Kang^r^ whom the Mirxi bad laKen as Postages, ia erde/ that Ea jab Bihiii Mai v^htbe entirely free from tpprehensions. The Mlrzft agreed to surrender theia> off the

time of doing so by subterfuges. JHii Majesty thought the excuses were genuine and waited in expectation of the arrival of the hos- tages. At this stage Adham l^an came from behind and joined the camp. From here the expedition went with all possible speed Ajmir and arrived at that bliss-eon^erring city in an auspicious hour. The visit to the illustrious ehitice of his holiness the ^wftja was performed, and the persons in charge of that sacred city were the recipients of fortune. Mftham A saga brought the ladies by way of Mewat and had the bliss of acco!* iishing her service. His Ma- jesty decided that the return-journey siionld be quickly under- takea^ Sbarafu-d-dln Husain Mirza, whom the task of taking Mirtiui had been eutrusted ignorantly osted that in N^rder to his iccotfipliAhing this work His Maje.sty Should go thither to hunt. When lie was convinced that this plan was impracticable he fell into the notion that His Majesty would rems^n encamped at Ajmir for some days. But a.s the holy heart waib bent upon returning to the capital all the* officers >vho held Jdjlrs in the neighbourhood such as Tarsun Muhammad Khan, §]iAh Budftg^ Kb&n, h^s son

• Abdu-l-Matlab, Kharram Khan, Muhammad Qusain ai^d’

a number more were appointed to assist the Mirzft, and His Ma- jesty moved towards Agra. A stringent order was issued for the production of the hostages and when tUe camp had been pitched at Sftinbhar the Mir/S brouglit before H. Majesty Jagannath, Rftj Singh, and Kangar. Rajah Biharl Mah4 m the sincerity of hia ifspoAtien mede the acca^ivg^mBnta for the marriege in ihe moat admirable manner and brought his fortunate daughter to this station and placed her among the ladies of the harem. For the purpose oi tlic marriage-feast the imperial cavalcade halted for a day m Sambhap, the same place leave to repart Wu.8 given to d-diu Husain, and His Majesty set off rapidly on his march. When

244

AKBABMiM*

hp came near Rantanhhur,* Bajab Bihirf Mai and aii iriti children and other relatires were exalted by doing homage. Min Singh, the son of 156 Rajah Bhagwant Das, the heir of Rajah Bihiri Mai was then exalted hy the auspicious ray of H s Majesty’s glance, and was made a per- manent servant. Rajah Bihiri Mai wished that His Majesty the Sb^hin^ah ahniild honour I house by visiting it se thftt the prornotion (rf his famil/s glory might ottain completion. As His Majesty was fixed in his intention of rejoining Agra, and was in a great hurry the fulfilment of this wish was put off to another time. The Rajah was encompassed with favours and given leave to depart. Rajah Bhag- want Singh, Min Singh, and a number of their officers and relatives attached themselves to the stirrup of fortune and proceeded on to the capital. The long distance was accomplished in less^han three days and on the day of Isfandirmaz 5, Isfandirmaz, Divine month, corres- ponding to Friday 8 Jamidia-al-akhri His Majesty arrived alone {nau/atul) at the capital. The city received celestial exaltation by the halo of the advent, an-i the eyes of the spectators gained the glory of stars from the rays of his. The camp proceeded in his wake, stage by stage, and all, ’ ** and low, uU’Cred congratulations and

thanks to God for the ad ent. The Khedive of the age sate on the mcumul of rule, and undei took tho discharge of the intricacies of administration. As the da ly-increasing fortune glorifies the state tvciy new day coiiter.s a .’<pc. dal blessing. Wonderful regulations were promulgated. As the prino pies of the rule of the Lord of tho Age wo.ro good, tho results appca];ed in the return of a tinio of auspici- ousness. Lveiy class obtained a. career suitable to its condition, and worldly aspirants had their desires gratified.

Rsntambliur i.^ probably correct a» it is ill Jaipur.

• riu’ l.iu’kiiow oil. has Rati iipftr

and Blochmaini, 329 has Ratiia , but

CHAPTSR XL.

245

CHAPTJER XL.

Beginning of the 8Ev«:nth Ilahi tsar from the Accession, ru;,

THE YEAR MiHB OF THE FIRST CYCLE.

This time which was the beginning of the spring* time of the spiritual king was the beginning of the earthly spring (Rabr). There was a spiritual as well as a physical banquet of joy. The Great Light, the lamp of the universe, entered his liouso of exalta- tion (Aries) Avith a thousand blessings and felicities after the elapse of three hours and forty-nine minutes of Wednesday the 5th Rajab, 969 (11th March, 1562). The force of vegetation was set in motion, the door of abundance was opened anew before the world. The irocession of King Rose (Shasril-ugul) arrived after his orbicular course and he displayed liis 8plendoui>on his garden-throne. The lirds of the meadow and the garden upraised the strains of B&rbad And Nagisa " (Nakl-sa). The vernal clouds washed and cleansed the cruits to tin) armies of fragrant plants.

Verse} ^

The heart of the flower with the tongue of verdure Gave thanks to God for springes balminess In the production of living forms

The stars became dyers and embroiderers The branches were necklaces full of pearls The buds like the musk-bags of the deer.

Prom the sun’s bounteous entry and blissful enthronemer.t he physical axu3 spiritual world received special prosperity, and

t 5 Bajab was Akbar’s birthday d oo I suppose that dans the s]n ritual king, but |>er- ps the words here mean spiritual antry aK they Jo at the top cf the

• Two musicians of Khusrfl* Parvei. See Mr. Browne’s paper, R.A.S.J. for 1899, p. 64.

• The note of the LiU’know ed. on these verses should be oousulted.

249

AKBARXAMA

things outward harmonized with things inward. The youth of wisdom and wakefulness received discipline, and the yerrMihr, the 7th of the Ilahf era began. The hand of Divine power withdrew the veil from fortune’s couptenance. The hope of the right-seeing, right-acting members of creation’s workshop is that the most high God will make the Shahinshah’s holy personality, prosperous outwardly and’ inwardly for a length of time and will year by year grant him a fund of increased life and fortune so that the world may remaiq, protected from the animosities and conflicts of a variety of rulers, and may be illuminated by the justice and equity of this unique one of horizons who is worthy of universal empire. So may the true arrangement of the links in the chain of things human and Divine be revealed, and the great religion, which consists in binding the multitudes of the inhabited world on the thread of unity, be ad- vanced!) May dominions grow and knowledge increase, concord be established, sincerity become current, the dust-stainedones of the plains of heedlessness who are throughout the world under an obscur- ing veil come forth into the fields pf discrimination, so that aptitu- de have an open market and the seekers after things pure and genuine receive into their hands the coin of their desire 1

One of the glorious boons of his Majesty the ghahins^ah which shone forth in this auspicious year was the abolition of enslave-ment. The victorious troops which came into the wide territories of India used in their tyranny to make prisoners of the wives and children and other relatives of the people of India, and used to enjoy them or sell them His Majesty the Shahin^ah, out of his through recognition of and worship of God, and from his abundant foresight and right thinking gave orders that no soldier of the victorious armies should in any part of his donjinions act in this manner. Although a number of savage natures who were ignorant of the world should make their fastnesses a subject of pride and come forth to do battle, and then be defeated by virtue of the emperor’s daily increasing empire, still their families must be protected from (be onset of the world-conquering armies. No soldier, high or low, was to enslave them, but was to permit them to go freely to their homes and relations. It was for excellent reasons that His Majesty gave his attention to this subject, although the binding, killing or striking the haughty, and the chastising the stifT-oecke are part of

CHAPTER XI

MT

the straggle for empire — aod this is e point about which both sound jurists and innovatprs* are agreed— yet it is outside Pf the canons of justice to regard the chastisement of women and innocent children as the chastisement of the contumacious. If the husbands have taken the path of insolence, how is it the fault of the wives, and if the fathers have chosen the road of opposition what fault have the children committed ? Moreover the wive» and innocent children of such factions are not munitions of war? In addition to these sound reasons there was the fact that many covetous and blind- hearted persons* from vain imaginings or unjust thoughts, or merely 160 out of cupidity attacked villages and estates and plundered them, and when questioned about it said a thousand things and behaved with neglect and indifference. But when final orders were passed to the abolition of this practice, no tribe was afterwards oppressed by wicked persons on suspicion of sedition. As the purposes of the Shahin^hh were entirely right and just, the blissful result ensued that the wild and rebellious inhabitants of portions of India placed the ring of devotion in the ear of obedience, and became the materials of world-empire. Both was religion set in order, for its essence is the distribution of justice, and things temporal were regulated, for their perfection lies in the obedience of mankind.

One of the glorious events was the capture of tbe fortress of Mirtha* by the imperial troops. God be praised the Almighty has given to the occupier of the throne of the Caliphate such excellen- cies that they cannot be contained within tbe mould of thought or come within the measure of judgment. A fortunate one who is sustained by a real relationship (to Akbar) i e., a genuine sinceri- ty accomplishes in the most perfect manner whatever he undertakes, and succeeds with ease in enterprises which yield with difficulty to the ruler of the world. Do you not perceive that when tbe outward — and selected who have no share in the blissful abode of loyalty, under take enterprises the Almighty God bath regard to this outward

1- Text nauayin, but the true reading seems to be nawam t)ie plural of namus.

2, A.F, was probably <h inking of Bueh expeditions as those of Hussain

Tukriah which are a<imiringly de- scribed by his friend BadayBnr.

3. Mirtra. In Jodhpur R.G. II, 231 and Tod *s Hsjistan.

246

AfBAHrllfl

relationship to his elect one, and makes them successful ? Theoaseir Husain ^Trzi^s capturing the fort of Mirtha, whioh occurred in the beginning of this auspicious year, is a proof of this. The particulars of this delightful event are as follows : It has . already been recorded that when His Majesty the Sh^hin^ah was returning from holy Ajmir he sent Muhammad ^arafu-d’dln Husain to take this fort and to make the conquest of the territory. A number of great officers were sent with him as auxiliaries. At, that time Mirtha was in the possession of Rai Mflldeo who was jna of the most powerful of Indian rajahs. He made overlhe fort to Jagmal/ who was one of hie leading men, and left with him Deo Dfts a Rajpnt who was famed for his valour with a chosen body of 500 Rajputs to assist Jagtxal, and guard the fort Wheii the standards left the blessed country of AjmJr and spread ihcii^ glorxokF shade over Agra, Muhammad ^arafu-d-din Husain who had recently had the bliss of kissing the stirrup ariid who was buttressed by the eternal fortune of the Shahinshdh, led, accompanied by other officers, an army thither and set before his genius the task of conquering that country. When the army of victory arrivec? at the town the soldiers travel-stained as they were and with their swift coursers all in a sweat donned the armour, of endeavour and upreared the flag of daring and without hesitation advanced to the foot of the fortress. The garrison crept into the fort of fear and did not venture to come out. Meanwhile four champion horsemen of the army, advanced the foot of boldnes^ and discharged some arrows against the gate of ^he fortress. Suddenly the Rajputs became restless under the discharge of arrov^s and came out on the walls. They made the battlement their shields and discharged confusedly bricks, stones, arrows ahd bullets, and also boiling pitch. Two of the horsemen obtained martyrdom and the other two came bad wounded. Muhammad §tarafu-d-din Husain and the other officer saw wisdom in proceeding slowly and so they established them selves in the city of Mirtha and put stations here and there. They applied thought and deliberation to the business of taking the fort and cautiously invested it. They erected batteries according to proper rules, and drove- mines on’ various sides of the fort. The

^ Called by IVifamu-d-dln JaTmal

CBAFTXE XU

249

garrison opposed them and every day there were not engagements. Occasionally^ they patched their opportunity and made sallies, and after showing their valour again withdrew themselves. At lei gth, a mine, which had ’ been carried up to under the tower was hlled with gunpowder and set fire to. The tower fell to pieces like cotton when it is carded and a great breach was made. The heroes of fortune’s army got an open road f<^ battle and mshed on* The Rajputs washed their hands of life* and made a hot resistance There was a great shock of battle, and all day long there was a brisk market of war. Both sidcft gave proof of courage. The holy warriors quaffed the goblet of martyrdom and gained eternal life, and many of the foe drank the bloody water of death and became intoxica ted by tlie cup of destruction. When the veil of night intervened, every one went back to his battery and during the night by 0 cnetny repaired the brt)ach. But a fort which has been opened by the might of fortune otflinot be closed again by the craft of rebels, coon tlio garrison were in straits and the fort became their jail, ‘riiougli a number came down and begged for an asylum, and tried to get out, yet Muhammad gjiarafu-d-dm did not consent. After much coming and going, and consultation of the oflBcers it was agreed that they should come out after leaving behind all the( property . As accepting the petitions of supplicants is a part of the rules of conquest the heroes of the victorious army withdrAv in accordance with the stipulations. Next day Jagnial came out and carried off half his life. Deo DSs from ill-fatedness and a darkened mind set his mind upon dying and perversely sot fire to his property j Like a snake curled up and emerging from an inner fire he came ‘>ut of the fort, and audaciously came in front of the army with 4 or 600 fhorse. The Rajputs such as Jaimal and Lonkaran, who were among 163 the victorious soldiers and had an old quarrel with the garrison, said to Muhammad g]^arafu-d-dln Husain that these mon had broken the compact and had burnt tlioir goods. The agreeci.ent was that they eKould come out after leaving their goods. As their part •of the Compact did not stand good it was far from ioresight to let such evU-mmded, wick^ meu escape when they had been conquered. Mu- hdrumad Si^arafu-d-dfn approved of this view and arew up his foi’ces.

He himself was in the centre. Siah Budfigh S^an, his son *Abdu-l- Matlab and Muhammad ^usain ^ai^h were on the left wing,

32

250

AKBABHlXA.

and Jaimal, Lonkaran^ Suja .and other Rajputs were on the right. They followed after Deo Dfta. When he became aware of the advance of the victorious army he out of utter daring turned his rein and fell upon the centre. A great fight took place which boro on its face a mark of the story of Rustam, or rather it was one which rolled up those old pages and placed them in the alcove of obli- vion. The end was tha* Deo Dfis fell from his horse and was assailed by a number who cut him to pieces. The victorious troops returned with success and glory. Some saia that Deo Das came out of this battle, wounded ; and some ten or twelve years afterwards a person appeared in a jogi’s dress and assumed this name. Some acknow- ledged him, and many rejected him. He lived for a while and then was killed in some adventure. In short, the other Rajputs escaped half*dead from that battle-field, and the fortress of Mirtha together with all its territory came into the possession of th’ imperial servants, and was included among the dominions.

Verse,

Heavea^s eye neW saw nor shall see during its existenc Such victories as the QljAh Jah&n achieved Every victory whooo result is fixed by heaven Ib when looked at, the preamble to others.

cHAms jai.

S51

CHAPTER XLL

Thc battle of Pabonkh^ whioh His Majbbtt thb SffABiViliv

PIB80NALLT CONDUCTED.

The Almighty intlicts punishment on every evil-doer at oerlain times and ocoasions in accordance with His anpreme wisdom. The wise become acquainted in some measure with this mystery and increase their wisdoip. The foolish fall into the briny desert of error and having their heads turned by vain imaginings beooiM more foolish. It is like the effect of world-illuminatinf; day wlnoh to the flound eye is a cause of increased vision. First, it produces reoogni- non of the various Divine favour ‘•x‘0)’»‘^ly, it intlames the spirit of thanksgiving and makes thin more acti . e and more searching. To owl-like natures which have defective vision it is a cause of in* creased blindness, and makes them ignoble and obscurer. Highti which is day^s defect, helps the vision of low, mean, owl-like natures and keeps them under the screen of imperfect sight. In brief> the inhabitants of the hamlets of the town of Sakit,^ which is about thirty kos from Agra, had not their equals for refractoriness and ingratitude. Especially eight villages of that pargana, whioh were known by the name of Athgarha® were for insolence, robbery, manslaughter, boldness and turbulence such that the eye of the world had not seen their like. For they were both ruffians* and occupiers

I On the Isan in the MaiiipSrl district 9 kos S. of Sakit. Pro- ceedings, A.S.B. for 1874, p. 104,

• III the Etah district S.-E. Agra, [t used to be in the Kanauj Sarkar, Jarrett II. 183. It was notorious for its robbers dowu to recent times.

• Called by Blochma^in Athgah, 324 note. Ill his index spelt Ath- gurh. Tho text hasAthkaiilh ^4^^- See Proceedings J.c. Afost AISS. seem Imve Kira, and so has

thc Iqbilnima, but at least one MS. has Athkhlra, and ae khlra means hamlet in Hindustani, this is probably the true reading. *‘The ruins of thc Paroukh fort situated ,ri tho iT’iiist of a khera a mouud) arc i«till visible."

• Apparently A. F. puns <m tho double meatiitig of qalb which si^ii- lieH inversion and adulterate, and aUo is used tj SbMil 4 roKgh or iiiucccssiblo pUca.

of rongh plaoes, and they liyed by audacity which the ignorant call tnanlinees. The officers of the quarter were oontiunally com^ lining of their wickedness. At last the Sh^hiniblh went towards that Tillage for the sake of hunting. At that time thepargana was in the fief of Kbwftja IbrihTm Badakhshi.* A brihman of the name of Hipa obtained an interview through the huLtsmen and re- presented the oppression practised by those stubborn ones, stating they had killed his innocent son and plundered his property. The spiritual and temporal king, who made hunting a means of inquiring into such matters, became indignant on hearing the victim’s com- plaint and announced that . he would next, morning proceed there and chastise the evil-doers. At dawn he went off to hunt, at- tended by a few men, and sent off a party ahead. He reached the village at morning. Those who had gone on ahoad came and ro]X)rtod that the rebels had heard of thn Bh^hinahth’s coming and had fled« The flame of majestio justice rose higher, and an order was given that the jeopardisers of their lives should follow them up to whatever defiles the recalcitrants had gone, and that he himself was coming on in reliance upon Ood. HisMajofity prof ceeded to do so and put his horse at the gallop. On the way Qarttftqe ohiel hnntsman came and reported that he followed the fugitives had killed one who resisted and had bound another and brought him. As he had not orders to proceed further he had turned back 164 His Majesty urged on bis horse the faster, and after 1 ( watches of the day had passed he arrived at another village which was called Paronkh. The scouts reported that the men of the other village had fled and taken refuge here. When His Majesty approached this village, one of the inhabitants came out and paid his respeotS and denied that the recalcitrants had come there. His Majesty in his mapaanimity sent again someone to guid<. those lost ones into the right path. As the life-cup of those who wore drunken from the goblet of contumacy was full, and the wheel oil retribution for their offences foi so many years had revolved they fortified their

^ Blochmaan *135. For inscription on a mosqae built by him at Sakit \ii. April 1548. see Proceedings, A.dJB. lx., p. lOA

• Bloclirnann 616. Qai’Atar| ap« pears iti Du) azld’s list 77a as the slave of one Ibrahim,

CHAPTlft tU-

358

Tillage and stood ptwared for turbide^c^ ^nd war. It is a fixed rule that the number of horse and foot which accompany His Majesty on hunting parties should not exceed one thousand men. On that night when the ordet had been passed for pursuing the fugitives the heroes and riskers of iheir lives had dispersed in aU directions. Nearly two hundred men waited on the royal stifmp, and two hundred elephants had also followed and come up. The number of the rebels was more than four thousand. His Majesty the ^^hin- ^fth indicated to the brave sacrificers of their lives that they should gain the victory, spiritually and physically. A hot engagement followed, but as the enemy was numerous and the loyalists waiting on the royal stirrup possessed but a small share of his good fottune, the work did not advance. Suddenly his holy glance perceived that a number of his men had on account of the strong wind, and of the lire which had arisen in differcnt^ldes of the village, taken shelter Under the trees and were looking out for a safe comer. The royal wralMwblazed forth. Though it was a case for showing severity to those men he from his innate graciousness winked at their mis- coni^ct and advanced in person on the elephant Dilsankftr. As there was much fire in front of the village, and it was hard for the elephant to go forward they took the mountain-foi n round by the back of the village i

His Majesty told me the story with liis own holy lips in this fash- ion ; When the elephant had been driven into thf* narrow places of the village I saw a yellow cuirass appearing on a roof. Dastam Khftn had such a cuirass and 1 tlip ht it was his. 1 urged on the elephant and got near the roof. Meanwhile them was a rain of sticks and stones and arrows. The Divine pi*otection (which is the ^fthinsiti^ah’B coat of mail and whi^h ever watches over him) became more and more marked. AVhen I got close u]> I saw that the mail-clad man was Muqbil Klian,‘ and that he liod gone up and was wrestling with one of the stiff-r.ecked ones, and trying throw him off the roof. A number of iniruiy spirits had run to help,, and to finish Muqbil Khan.’ ‘Just then His Majesty the pushed on the

^ IJlorhrnaun 408. hay^zld calls 143a. Soe a reference to him in

him MaqljQl Khan and dosoribes Badayftn!, Lowe 122.

him as a rhrhi oi Akbav. Mem.

SS4

4XBABKA1U

elophttit ftnd at the same titne he called to the men to get op on the roof. Banda ^Ali j} the • qOrbegi of Man’iiK Kbftn and elder brother of Soltln ^Ali Kbildftr, ran up on the roof.— The wretches fled. The opponent was quickly disposed of. At th s time the elephant’s fore- foot went into a grftin-pit and Jnjhftr Khfa Faajdfir who was on the elephant and behind His Majesty fell on the top of the latter. His Majesty by his diyine strength brought the elephant out of that ab;^) ftnd tried to get on to the house where the rebels had fortified themselves. At this time none of the attendants was present except Rajah Bhagwant Dus and Rajah Badicand.* As His Majesty suffered from thirst Rajah Bhagwant Das served him with his own Supply. By chance in the same lane where his Majesty the 3bfthingtflh was Advancing towards ficwiy, a Hindu drew his sword and struck with it. The blow fell upon the iron ling which is placed on elephants’ tusks for strength and for shoVv iha clash made sparks fly ont^ and the elephant in a rage doubled up the swordsman and trod him under foot. Just then a boy of fifteen, in his agitation flung himself from a roof on to the elephant. Jujhar ^fin wanted to kill him, but His Majesty in his mercifulness did not permit him to do so. Wheh they came near the louse they saw that the special fanjddrs ^ had come and were standing in astonishment at the amounj^ of the work. His Majesty advanced and drove the elephant against the gi’tc. A Rajput was shooting arrows. Seven hit the Qhfthin^fih’s shield. He used to say that five went through and through the shield to the extent of three and five fingers and that two stopped in the shield without traversing it. The Divine protection was another shield which protected him. ^Alftwal EbSn faujdftr did not recognise His Majesty and called out from a distance, commending him and saying ; ** Who are you, that I may praise you to His Majesty.” His Majesty showed* him his face and made that lucky one utter thanksgivings. At this time Tfttar Khftn * cried out My king,

1 Blochmann 499.

» B’lOchmaun 404. Ho ^vas Rajah of Msgarkot.

Superiutendents of elephants, 8)ochmai)ul2G.

Rutl^udra a» niqdb hardwarda and B. renders this lifted his visor/*

and adds ** politely thanked ‘* Atftwal for his good intentions.

^ He was a native of Khurasan and his proper name was Khwkja T4hir Muhammad.

CHAPTER XU

SM

where are you going in this rain of arrows.’* Jajhar f^tn rebuked him saying “What time is this for crying out and mentioning names?** At last His Majesty the ^ahins^ah broke down the wall and entered the dwelling. Three or four other elephants joined in this work and a large number of the audacious rebels were killed. Many shut themselves up in the house. In accordance with orders the root of the house was broken and fire flung in. The breath of these illfated ones was con- verted into smoke. Nearly a thousand of them were sent to the abode of annihilation by the fire of the Divine anger There was less than a watch of day remaining when this pious work was completed. The eyes of a great many rebels and sedition- mongers were opened.^

An account of SaUit and a free ! of the attack hut is evidently tranilation of thla chapter by wrong as Fath^mr Sikri was not Mr. Blochmann appears in the Pro- built then. But possibly the ceedinga. A.8.B. 1, c. Local tradition | legend is only wrong as regards gtvaa anotber account of the cause | the place whence the crown-jewels

■ were stolen.

AK9ARNAMA

3M

CHAPTER XLH

The appointment op ‘abdulla-hkhan uzbeq

TO THE TERRITORY OF MALWA.

When the Almighty Creator wills that the worldadorning beauty of one of His elect should be impressed on the minds of mankind^ He gives him daily-incrrasing dominion and also provides in His uni« versal mercy that the generality of mankind who have neither for- reaching views nor far-seeing eyes may be brought into the right way and for this purpose. He causes dissatisfaction to arise in parts of the imperial domains, and then grants that this be composed by the elect one8 excellent arrangements. Of necessity mankind do not assign such g result to use and wont, and acknowledge the wondrous wisdom and farsightedness. There was a fresh illustration of these remarks in the drowning of Pfr Muhammad I^an, in Baz Bahadurs r^aining his way^ and in the second settlement of the province of Malwa. The account of this fortunate (the resettlement) is as follows. When Adham kkbttn came to Agra in accordance with the ^ahin? yiabs directions, the imperial messengers brought the news that Baz Bahadur had come to the neighbourhood of ^was^ and was collect- ing troops. Pfr Muhammad ^an, who was daring to rashness and whose courage surpassed his judgement prepared a force and went off there. Baz Bahadur little account of Pir Muhammad and came out to meet him, and gave battle. After a short struggle he was defeated and abundant booty fell into the hands of conquerors. Pi7 Muhammad lUian went on from there to take Bijagarh.> ‘Itimad ^an a servant of Baz Bahadur was in command there and he exerted himself to strengthen the fort. As it is in itself a paragon for loftiness and solidity the

I. 1 liav^e not found this place iinldis it is Awaii which is inontion- Sd in the Ain as in 8arkir Bijugarh.

2. Now in ruint. See It G. Thii of course is not the Bij&garh of WaiTen Hasting*s time.

CHAPTKE ZUl.

S67

siege drew out to a long period. The etploit-Ioving heroes siieh as Jai Diwflna, Yflr ^Alt Dftim KokalU^^, Mau)^^§ MohtaAam, Mulk Muhammad and MlrzS Afiq displayed a0(8 of valour aud made assaults upon the gate. One day Muhainmad Mir Kitib made a strong attack and was the subject of universal commendation. At laet one morning very early Khusru 9^ in, the head of Pir Hoham* mad’s servants fiiced scaling-ladders and got above the fort. Two hundred other heroes advanced at the true dawn. As the blackness of their overthrow had arrived, the garrison were negligent and asleep. The morning breeze of victory had begun to blow when the eneniy took to fighting. A battle took place and the heroes fought well. Wheh the garrison got into difficulties they cried out for quarter and dispersed. At this t. to ‘Itimftd j^ln was coming forward with one companion and crying out for quarter and asking to be taken to Pir Muhammad If^hiiT) An arrow reached him and he went to non-existence. When ‘Itimad companion saw this

he drew his afford, and after fighting as long as he could he man* fully died. A large number became the harvest of the sword.

The leavings of the sword obtained quarter and brought out their lives from the whirlpool. An immense booty fell into the hands of the imperial servants. Pir Muhammad ]:^|iAn waited there some days, to put the foft in order and then went on towards ^ultlnpQr. After a short contest it was include with In the Isipsiill domains. From thence he returned to Bnisrach. There he learned the Bis Bahidui had taken refuge with Mlrln Mubirik ruler of

Sbandeshi and that Mirin was adding his troops to Biz Bahldir’a Pir Muhammad. Khfp put the superfluous baggage of the army into 167 the fort and took one thousand bravamen with him and made a rapid march so’ that he might suddenly come to Isir and Burhinpur and dispose of the collected enemy. He crossed the Narbada and marched forty kos in one night. Within two kos of Isir there was a fort, and in it there were war-elephants. The little fort was qaiekly taken possession of, and the elephants were made part of the booty. Mtrin had sent a force from XsTr to defend the little fori. Pir Muhammad Kh«n had taken the fortlet, and was pro- ceeding towards “Burh^lupur, which is in l^indea and is the residence of tho ruler, when suddenly the dust of the enemy’s army was seen in the distauce. Pir Muhammad detached IQ^usru 9bth and

IKBABMlMA.

U8

Tlr ilf Biluo to dispose of the enemy. They soon dispersed the foe md pat many to the sword and then returned. Next morning they reached Barhanpur and committed much plundering there. An abandant supply of goods and money fell into the hands of each man. Mirftn remained in the fort of Asir, and Pir Muhammad Khan judged it advisable to return.

Meanwhile news came that Bftz Bahftdur had approached with the army of Kh^ndes which he had taken with him with the in* tention of attacking Bijftgarh. When he came there he learnt that Pir Muhammad ^Sn had moved swiftly with a small force and had gone to attack A sir and Burhftnpur. He was much disturbed and went off to that province. Just at the time when the men were loaded with booty and were returning^ and a number of them had got separated^ the news came that Bftz Bahadur was close at hand. Pir Muhammad Kban took counsel with men of experience. Most of them agreed that it was not a proper time to fight^ for they had made great exertions ’ and gained victories and every one was laden with booty. The proper thing was to avoid fighting and to cross the Narbada. They could recruit themselves at Handia and collect fresh men and then set to work . As his fate had arrived Pir Mn* bammad Kbftn did not listen to the honest words of the wen of experience, and set hia heart upon fighting. His comrades did not juippqrt hinu tod after a little iTghting did not stand firm. Y§r All Biles ®®W5ed Pir Muhammad Kban’s rein and forced him from the field as there was no use in staying longer. When they came to the bank of the Narbada it was near evening. Though his companions ^id that the enemy wm far off, and that th^ should remain that Big]^ where they were, y^^ the inevitable moment had aiTived, the mcfsengers of death made him restless and induced him to Bwiii^ his horse across the Narbada. The bridle of reflection fell froir hia hand, and the reasonable words of the right thinking found no nlaoe in his reason’s ear. Mounted as he was, he flung kimself with confusion into the sweftings of the Narbada dar dh Narhada),

• hardadXm, Lit. we

kAvemadeirreat drop®, • e. epiUmuch.

See for illuBtretions of phrase, Vul* lers and the Bihir-i-Ajam.

CHAPTER XUT.

25 )

It chanced that a string of mules* was then crossing rapidly.

They came i^r the horse and kicked it on the side. Plr Muham- 168 mad’s horse^ as well as his sense, departed from their place. He fell from his horse into the water, and his comrades who were close by, did not in their wickedness exert themselves to draw «him out of that whirlpool of destruction. He was drowned and went to the ooean of annihilation, either as a retribution for the oppression which he had Committed in this expedition, or for his conduct in Tardr Beg OSn’S battle, or for Some other deed known to t)ie knower of secrets.* By heaven’s decree so loyal, able, and gallant a man anderwt^nt snch a fate.

Ver$i.

Where destiny is powerful The stronger is all the weaker When the day of darkness shows its face Two worid’Seeing eyes make a gloom.

Thus in spite of his power and greatness, he strayed away from deliberation and with his own feet fell into the whirlpool of de- struction. Qiya lO^Sn Kang, 3h5h Muhammad Qilati, Habib ‘AU Kh5n, and a number of other officers who had fiefs in the province gave up heart and went off to the world-protecting bourt. Harh of them received punishment suitable to his deserts, and Biz Bahidur became possessed of Malwa. The world-conquering fortune of the ghfthinshSh saw that the proper course was to appoint a high officer who should possess excellent sense as well as abundant courage, and perfect energy togetnor with judicial calm. Therefore

^ nod, paklu uadan

is figuratively used for to contend with/’ and perhaps this is all that is meant here. The text has ostor, mule, but the variant, nshtar, oamel, IS supported by mnny MSS.

• A.F. could not be expected to suggest that Ffr Muhammad’s death WM dne to this having plotted against Bairim. But the author of

the Darbtr AkbarY remarks how all BairAm’s opponents — Shsmsu-d-dln. Hiham Anaga, Adham Kh in and Plr Muhammad perished within a year after Balvlm’s fall The Rau^t-at Tlhirln states that Fir Muhammad’s real name was MaulauA Jalalu-din, that he was a ajhaikhirtda of ShirwAn. and that he came to Qaudabar in 9^7.

260

AVBABHlMA^

‘Abdullah Kbftn Uzbeg, who was ranked among the magfnanimons riskers of their lives, and who had been formerly in that country, and was familiar with its nature, was nominated for the conquest of Malwa. The order was given that he should have the power of life ^ and* death.

Khwfija M’ulnu-d-dln Ahmad FarankbQdl, who was distinguished among the viziers of the diwdn-i-biyutdt for his rectitude and ability, was raised to the rank of a lO^ln and sent with him in order that he might regulate the province and might inquire into the position of the iftgirdars and d<^fine thn exchequer-lands. A large number of persons were sent with him for this important work. The order was given that after the military had cleared that delightful pro- vince of the weeds and rubbish of enemies, ‘Abdullah ^ftn should rem’^in there and devote himself to ruling the country, and that M’uTn Kkftn should hearten the peasantry, the farmers and the . other in- habitants, both high and low, by the influence of the S^fthinatah’s graciousness. He was to remedy the absenteeism which might have occurred on account of the marchings and counter-marchings of the troops, and with the help of the officers and other royal servants who had been appointed for this service he was to allot the fiefs according to the rules of eternal dominion. After finishing this work he was to return to court. In accordance with this order ‘Abdullah Kh«n, attended by high officers, and with a suitable force, set his face in the beginning of this year for the conquest of Malwa.

169 When B4z Bahidur became aware of this expedition, he abandoned firmness and found that the power of resistance was not within his capacity. Before the standards of fortune’s army could cast the shade of peace and tranquillity over those lands, he left Malwa and his ambitions and fled to a place of safety.

The dread onset of the Sbfthinskah’s fortune, and the majestic might of his armies and the promptitude of his expeditions are not (mere) loud noises such as that great princes should not be disturbed or terrified by them. What wonder then at the flinching of rulers like Biz Bahftdur. Without the sword’s becoming a thunderbolt of evil or the arrow’s pouring a rain of calamity, the victorious army entered Malwa. A number of brave men, out of foresight, pursued

1 I think this it what it meant by the phrase amur^i^»ld$ai u ddr u gir.

CnAPTCR XLIL

261

B&z Bahftilur and put to death manj of his soldiers. He threw himself into the tree-clad defiles ana spent his days in vagabondism.

For some time he took shelter with IUa§ Udai Singh. When the fame of the Sbfthin^fth’s clemency was spread about^ he at last by good guidance left the abode of alienation and came to the restful abode of the sublime threshold, and was exalted by royal favours.

This will be recorded in its proper place. In short, the country of Malwa came again into the possession of the imperial servants. ‘Abdullah Khin in accordance with orders went to the city of Mandu, which was the capital of the princes of Malwa, and settled himself on the pillow of rule. The cities, towns, and villages were distributed among the officers according to their rank. The imperial .servants went to Ujjain^ S^angpur and other fiefs and opened out the trappings [rahl] of repose. M’uin Kb&n after putting the country in order and alloting the fiefs proceeded to court. He harried along tho high- way of loyalty and enjoyed the bliss of service. He was the recip- ient of power and fame.

Among the occurrences was that Kajah (jlanes]^, tho Zamindar of Nandun ‘ — a Panjab territory in the hill-country between the OLth and Sutlej-^had the folly to attack Jftn Muhammad ^ Bahasudl, the jagirdar of pargana Blrka in that neighbourhood. As he was funda- mentally had, he had not the happiness of success. On the contrary he lost hfs honour and his estates by this affair. All his goods were plundered, and his wife, who was fainod for her beauty, fell into the hands of the plunderers. As she had ornaments and j^vols no trace of her could be found, and probably some narrow-eyed reprobates coveted her property and killed her as if, forsooth,^ the incompar- able Deity had sent them this provision as a recoiapenso for the con- duct of the invader. When tlio news came to tho officers of the Panj&b, the b^an KilSn, Qutbu-d-din Muhammad KliSn and a number of others went against him and inflicted suitable punish- ment. He became a vagabond, and then by tho interposition of 170

I Jarrott II. 317.

• This officer took part \i\ the war in Bengal against» the Afghans, and ifi several limes mentioned hv Baya- zTd. p. 13 Ib. Bchusad is a village in Afghanistan.

3 uJiamdtid. I presume that A.F is writing ironically and ropreseniitjg what might bo supposed to Ik? the murderers’ excuses to them selves. Ayiruid means a guest, but it may licre mean an invader.

202

akbarnIma.

Raiah ToJar Mai he presented himself at coart and was favourably received. His career ended in good service.

One of the events was the arrival of the amhassador of 3hfth yahmJlsp Safavi the ruler of IPersia. It ia au old custom that power- ful potentates should, for the sake of gathering spiritual and temporal blessings and for acooinplishing spiritual and temporal objects, seek to associate with fortunate pripces, and that if owing to a Qod-given destiny, a connection has already been established, they eeert them- selves to strengthen the pillars thereof and finish off the thread of their own fortune with this wondrous ornament. Accordingly the noble Shfth whose justice made glad ’the heart of Persia,

sent, in accordance with the choice oonneetion which had prevailed from former times between the snblime family (Akbar’s) and the dynasty sprang from holiness, his cousin Saiyid Beg, the son of M^afUih^Begi who the father) held the office of prime minister {vakit), to convey condolences for the unavoidable event of His Majesty Jahtnbftnl Jinnat Xsliiyinl and to congratulate the Shfihin- ghilh on his accession. He also sent presents such as fiery Arab- coursers, and swift stoeds from ‘Irftq and Turkey, delicate cloths, and wonderful cariosities. When the ambassadors came near the capital, His Majesty ordered that several distinguished officers should go out to welcome him and should conduct him to a suitable residence. He also sent fourteen lac» of daryuv, which are equal to seven hundred Persian tomans, together with other thin*g8 for his maintenance. After some days, and when he was rested after the fatigues of the journey, he obtained an audience and the privilege of making Jcomiii and was honoured by kissing the carpet. After communicating the ahfth’s prayers for his prosperity, he presented with the two hands of respect and laid upon the edge of the throne a letter which from commencement to conclusion was decked witli tho writings of love and sincerity. He also properly arranged the presents and laid them before His Majesty. His Majesty tho Tuade most kind

and gracious inquiries after the Shah’s health, and distinguished ihe ambassador by countless favours.

i Jaubar, Stewart 75, speaks of M’afCm Beg an«l who was TahmSap’s

HumAySn’s haring boon betrothed niece. If she was this ambassador’s

while in Persia to a daughter of si.stei^ shf would be T.iliinaHp’scousiu.

CHimft luit

268

CUAFTEB XlAU.

Copt or thi lettie^ or wt luasriious fisiH.

Ferra,

A greeting likd tbe favonn of the glorious Ood,

A greeting like the qualities of the prophet Mu^mmad^

A gpwting radiant with the light of truth,

A greeting fragrant with the. otto of cons tan cj.

A greeting like rain dropping on the rose

And trickling from thence to the leaves of the hyacinth,

Grioi-dispeliing like the rose of the garden,

Joy-increasing liko the faces of friends

Its fragrance equable like the gardens of paradise

Resting the soul and soothing the heart.

This gift of a greeting which out of perfect sincerity renews the bond of hereditary love and affection, and this present of

1 This letter is wanting in the Lucknow edition and in most MSS. It is undoubtedly genuine, but 1 doubt if A,F. inserted it in bis history. If he had, he would surely have prefaced it by some tnch re< mark as, **Hero follows an cxaict copy,” as in the other instances where he copies letters, and we should asd have found it in most MSS. BSdStluT refers to it, and says he will hereafter give a copy, but ap- parently he never did It appears in the two collections of letters MSS. B.M. Add. 7()88. pp. ll Vj 1 Itvi and Or. 3482, p. l09a. I have com- pared these copies with the One in the text, and found some verbal

differences. The letter is wriUea in a very high-flown .itylc, and is diffl- cult to translate. The only points of interest in it are its indications of good feeling on Xi^hmisp’s part, and tlie rtfereitre to Bairatn whose dis- grace and doath was cither

ignorant of. or chose to ignore. A note to U’xt States that in their M5S. the ^ond line of the ver.sei has Alm’uyld “The Helper” instead of Mii^ammail. B.M. MS. Add. 7t>88 transposes the'7th and dth linei^ and hs« ” Sadness-smiting like th# face of friends” (cf. Proverb.s .xxvii. 17), and Mirth-incrcasing like the roses of the garden.”

2G4

ItBAEMlMA,

oongratnlations and benedictions, which in their utter truth and trans^ parenoy have made our mutual ties and our affinities of love and fondness to be renowned throughout the world, are dedicated and presented from the country of love and singleness, along with caravans of rejoicings and longings, to the exalted one, who is the asylum of sovereignty’ and glory, repository of vicegcrency and of the adminis- ti*ation of justice, flower of the garden of sultanhood and success, Iiimiuous lamp of the sublime dynasty of Timur Kh^n, pearl of fortune’s and dominion’s casket, royal pearl of greatness’s and glory’s mansion, fresh fruit of glory and dignity’s garden, goodly tree of the garden of the desires of just princes, adorner of the throne of salj^anship and kingship, exhibitor of the endless mysteries of God, a the grantor and attaiuer of desires, glorious monarch

of an illnstrious house.

Quatrain.

Star of a happy Sign, light of a fortunate Ascendant, Enthroned grantor aud attainor of desires,

Spite of the long reigns of princes, none hath reached AVhut he hath attained to in early youth.

llie aided with glorious aids from God, — glory of sultanhood, magnificence, honour, justice, vicegcrency, love, sway and exalta- tion — Ahfi-l-fath Jalfilu-d-din Muhammad Akbar IVuldiah, placed by G»»d on the hereditary throne of sovereignty wiili all honour and dignity, unsurpassed adherent of God’s Word and extirpator of polytheists. Verily the relations of conc(»rd and amity which existed between ourselves and His Miijusty tlic pardoned king — May the Almigldy place him in the highest Paradise ! are fixed and cortifie<I, aiul the marks thereof arc visible to mankind. At tliis time, the notes of victory aud fortune, and tlie news of the success ami glory of that grantor and grantee of doircs which have ])et?n brought to our hearing by messengers from that conutiy are the eanse oi varied uplifting^ of oarheai*ts. As a cousovjueuco of thorough sympaihyaml companionship our desire increases that that asylum of sovereignty and gl’^ry may acquire tlie coustitueiits of .sncce«,s ami joy ; and onr Urm Jk»pc i- that his riuliahcos may extend liiglicr and higher ciii-li

CHAPTIB XLIIT.

2G5

daji and oaat light upon ^1 mankind. Nor shall it bo concealed from the mirror of his enlightened heart, that from the date when a covenant of love and friendship and of conodrd and brotherhood vras made between ourselves and the deceased monarch, our loving heart was continually directed towards the exaltation of the glory of that great prince, and that we employed our utmost eif crgifs in nd- Cancing his position and dignity in every respect. Accordingly this Cas been manifest to mankind. To speak without arrogance, as the reb’ng of brotherhood and princely honour demand, we have respected in our heart the brotherly relations which existed •between ns and the doeeaaed asylum of brotherhood, and have discharged tbo duties thereof according to onr abilities and leisure in conformity with the principle that deeds are impledgod to opportunities. But in accordance with the decree of the all-powerful King — may His 17a power be glorified — and the designs of mortal# cannot’ bo arranged or carried out without His Will, nor is the arrangement of the world’s workshop possible or conceivable without Um ordtu>— the aforesaid pardoned monarch conveyed the garnisliing of eternity from the strait of the perishable worUJ to the ample mansions of immortality, and so wishes and lonppngs have remained under tho veil of concealment Subsequently, when by the fai^ur of God— may His gloTion# name be praised, — the lamp of the eyes of the pm ti- ^ tho lofty lineage, or rather of the commonalty, and the spirits * of the lovers and friends of that grand family have been brightened by tho cmargifig light of that quintessence of stKanhood and sayereignty, and the throne of tho sultanate and of success has been ennobled by tho anroole (f^z) of that hononred son (Akbar), we testify be the honour of Cod— and Ho is a sutticiont Witness — that from that day in acenr Isnce with our ardent, hereditary love we have always felt drawn towards that light of the eyes of tin* Cali- pl ate and have held firmly to those ancient bonds of brotherhood And it has dlwaye been the fixed thought of our hearts that wo

1 yU.>| 1 think j

there is a misreading here. Tlu- CDpies in the two letter- books omit ih# word hahimmat and Add. | 7d89 has

154

y U^l (Jj that is,

he (Akbar) was the nf M,* * yc!^ of the wnitSr# upon nitd of tlio (lynsRty, nay of all the lovrre and tliorcof.

266

AZBABVilU.

aboold send one of our officers to that fortunate region in order that he might convey oar regrets for the king clothed with forgivenesg and our congratulations and our blessings to the anspicions and felicitous one for his away and sovereignty. By chance, various* hindrances have occurred, one after the other, which have caused delay in the execption of this project. When the hindrances had been removed, the keenness of the desire showed itself and we had been for some days engaged in sending an officer when the dignified and auspicious 8 h»h‘ Qhari SnltSn, the envoy of the asylum of justice and control, workshop of rule, glory of great officers, and grand governors, splendour of justice, dominion and fortune, the faithful Bairim M^n, arrived at the world-protecting court. He commauicated the representationa of Bincerity and respect,

and renewed on behalf of the light of the eyes of the Caliphate and sitter on the kingly throne the pillars of hereditary affection and conveyed his sentiments of sincerity and friendship. During the time that he stayed with us he was honoured by being present at several assemblages and was the recipient of various favours. So much so was this that wa out of respect to your dignity raised him to the lofty rank of an Amir and Soltan, and then suffered him to depart after bestowing on him royal favours and presents. We now send as our ambassador Saiyid Beg, the successor of Saiyids and rulers, son of M’af um Beg the repository of aaiyidah ip cknd

fortune, laboratory of orders, prop of dominion, Ac., Ac., Mir Dlwftn, and who on account of his lineage* is distinguished among our great officers and intimates, in order that be may convey our condolences for the late king, and our congratulations on the acces- sion of the asylum of sovereignty, and may consolidate the founda- tions of hereditary love and friendship so that henceforth the re- voliftionary hand of time may not reach the edge thereof, nor fear of rift or rupture enter the heart’s core of any creature. We expect that 80 long as the reservoir of saiyidship abides then you will look graciously upon him and show him a little favour. Do not detain him long, but permit him to depart and to return to this country.

^ Probably the Sh^h Sh^Q u nasab, both by ability and

of Dlochmann 443. lineage.”

^ The otiier copies have ba

CHAPTER XLfn.

267

A.nd over Tnoiston the gardens of old love and affection with the Qloud-droppings of fragrant words, and hereafter do not neglect to send messages and letter v and to announce events, eooditions, Ac., as the relationship of love^demands.

Verse}

0 God, grant that this nursling of foiiune’s garden.

This shimog light of an anspicions Sisnoit

Maj enjoy life and vigour

And be firmly seated on felicity^s throne ;

May his heart’s d68ire8 be fulfilled igr evcles.

May his station be on the summit of soocess,

May the desires of throne and fortnne oovioidej May he pit)tper in hts fortune and his thiohe.

V Thi«’ verso MMS not occur in Add. 7688, and apparenHj is ast pail sf iht:

268

AKBARNJLMA.

CHAPTER XLIV.

The ponishment of Adham KhAn by the justice of the Q^ahinsbAh.

When the world-adoming Deity wills the bestowal of greatness on an unique one and exalts bim to the high office of sovereignty He, in the first place, gives him far-seeing reason to be over his nn varnished counsellor. After that He bestows on him wide forbear- ance so that he may bear the brunt of so many of the world’s dis- agreeables and that he may, by the help thereof, refrain from drop- ping the thread of deliberation when he beholds such evils. Then he gives him the priceless jewel of justice, so that he can place the familiar friend and the stranger in the same balance and can comprehend the affairs of creation’s workshop (the world) without being weighted by personal onsiderations, and can establish a source of instruction within his holy soul Many sages who have made no enter to testing knowledge have yet at the time for action become timid owing to the want of a wide understanding and lot go the reins of carefulness and so liave fallen off in the arena of examination. When know ledge and endurance are suitably developed the marks of justice are evolved, without anxiety or delay, from the just temperameni Thanks bo to God ! These glorious excellencies and splendid qualities aie innate and constitutional in His Majesty the Sbahinsbali anvj Ejeing from the plenteous house of Divine wisdom, uucontaminated by outward teaching or the decoration of human instruction. But that knower of the Creator’s secrets keeps himself, for his own desigoa and reasons, under the veil of concealment, and spends his life in the garb of obscurity. Nor is he content with ever so many veils, but is always fashioning others in order that acute observer cannot penetrate them. But the Divine decree is paramount, and when God wills that mankind should become acquainted with his intrinsic beauty, what avails the screen f Of necessity his face must be unveiled and his beauty adorn the world so that those who are afar off from fortune’s neighbourhood may reach the

CBIPTIE XUT.

260

palaco of devotion and have the chief seate in the court of 174 acknowledgment.^ What happened in Agra, the capitali is an example of the majesty and extensiveness of the jostice of His Majesty the Sh&hins^&h.

The account of this affair is that Adham the younger sou of the cupola of chastity M&ham Anaga, had neither understanding nor good conditions. He was intoxicated by youth and prosperity and was continually envious ot Shamsu-d-din Muhammad the Ataga Sbftn* Mun*im the ^an«£hftn&n> ftlso suffered much from

this malady and used to throw out dark hints such as the generality could not comprehend and instigate Adham Kbftn to strife and intrigue. At length on the day of Isfandiyii 5 Ehurdfid^ Divine month, corresponding to Saturday, 12 Bamzftn, 969, 16th May, 1562, when the equability of Ardibihiibt was still prevailing, an extras ordinary occurrence, which was far from equability, took place. On a court-d^j Mun’iia Sbtn, Khin 8 bib 3 b»n 4-din

Ahmad and other magnates were sitting in the royal, hall and transacting public business, when Adham Ebftn suddenly entered in a riotous manner and. attended by others more riotous than himself.

The members of the assembly rose up to do h&s honour and the Ataga JQihn rose half^^up. Immediately upon entering Adham ^&n put his hand to his dagger and went towards the Ata^!^fln. Then be angrily signed to his servant Sbusham TJzbeg and the other desperadoes who had come with their loins girt up for strife saying : ** Why do you stand still The wioked SbQdimni drew his dagger and inflicted a dangerous nround on the breast of that chief- Sitter on the pillow of auspieioiisness. The Ataga Qb^fin was thoroughly amazed and ran towards the door of the hall. Imme- diately thereon Shadft Bardi came and struck him twice with a sword. That great man was martyred in the court-yard^ f$akn) of

1 A.F. means that owing to Gk>d*8 having revealed the greatness of Akbar, persons living at a distance hare been able to become distin gnithed loyalists^ which I have rendered acknowledgment, may also mean acceptance.

t The T. All! 0076 says gh^msu-d- din ran and fall on a heap of lime (akdk) which bad hisa eoUected for building purpeassb aid that when Akbar saw the body, it was lying on the lime. This would help to ssake it visible.

270

iXBARKiVl.

tlie hall of audience. A loud cry arose in tJie palace on account of this outrage, and general horror was exhibited in that glorious abode. That doomed one in spite of his past audacity presumptu- ously advanced towards the sacred harem— to ti^hich may there be no access for the wicked — with evil intentions. His Majesty the Shfthinshfth had gone to sleep in the auspicious palaco, but his fortune was awake. That blaok-fated one went up, sword in hand from the hall to the terrace (fwjfa) which went round the palaco {qa^r) on all four ^des, and was of the height of a man and a half. Be tried to go inside, but Ni^amat the eunuch, who was standing near the entrance {darhdr), immediately shut the door and bolted it. And though the presumptno is she, who was hastening to his death, spoke roughly to. Ni^amat and bade him open the door, the latter did not do #0. Those standing by the threshold had not the grace to inflict the punishment of his deed on that presumptnouf^ and furious one at tpe begininqi of hwi doinga when he assailed the Ataga Khan. And giiall I say of their dumbfoandednesa and cowardice when after forming such vain thoughts he tried to ^ter behind the curtains of fortune! Why did they not shed, his blood ? Why did they uot| bvel him with ignominy’s dust f If they had not courage for that, why did they not make a general rash aad Surround him f Even then, how can I suppose that among those present in the palace there was no one wbo was loyal T Apparently there was a design in the perfunctoriness of those people, t^i., that the perfect couragd and justice of His Majesty the Shflhin§b2h might be impressed on the minds of great and small| of the wise and the foolish I

In short. His Majesty was awakened by the dreadful clamonr and called for an explanation. As none of the women (par^idn, Hi veiled oMs) knew of the affair ho put his head outside of the palace-waU and asked wbM; was tho matter. Safiq ^ f}dkih~ucdr mansah who was one of the old Siervants of the palikse mentioned the

^ Baflq is probably the valet men* tioned in Jauhar, 110, in whose presence Akbar, then a boy of 13, consent to undress and bathe. It :.ppeais from BaySzId, see his list 75a, that ^flq was a house-born

servant of Akbar ‘s grcai-aui*t Sh^nsida Begam. Tho expression ^dhih car nuiMah^ ** owner of four offices,” may mean that he had servsd four generations.

CQJLPTfB XLIV;,

271

facts. When His Majesty heard the horrible tale ho was amazed and made farther inquiries. Raflq pointed to the blood-stained corpse and repeated his statement. When His Majesty the gt^fth saw the body he became nobly indignant. From a Divine inspiration he did not come cut by the door where that demented wretch was standing and meditating evil, but by another way. As he was coming out, a servant of the seraglio put into his hands, without his asking for it, the special ^ scimetar. His Majesty took the scimetar and went on. When he had passed over one side of the terrace and had turned into another he saw that villain, and there issued from his holy lips the words Son of a * fool why have you killed our Ataga? That presumptuous wretch hastened to seize His Majesty^s hands and to say “ Inquire and deign not deli- berate I There has been (only) a little* inquiry" (talftsh). What reproach shall I make about the spectators of this convicted liar | amount of reproach or contempt will fit their case I

Baylzld 10.^ aays Akbar wrap- ped hia Iwngx round hia loins and came out. He saw the body and asked whose it was (it must have been dark then) and Baflq tojd him.

• There were thirty ohasiaher and one was sent daily (the text says monthly) to ih^ harem, the old one being returned. Blochmann 109.

^ Bacha^i-lada, Lada mwiB also a bitch, and Blochtnaiin has so trans- lated it. See also Elliot VT where the whole account is translated. A note to my MS. of the Iqbil- nSma suggests that lada was a nick- name- of Adham’s father. Bay&zld says Akbar called Adham gandu, i.e., catamite. His words are p. 1056. flafirat 6a ualdn Hindu$tanJ far- mudand he ai kandu (i.e., gdndU) cara Atkah mdrd ka^d. See Bahar- Ajam s.v«

t This is a difficult passage, and Profester Dowson has disposed of it by simply omitting it. Some light is afforded by the gloss of the author of the IqbithSma. He makes Adham beg Akbar to investigate as to who was the person who really killed Shamsu-d-dfn. (It will be remembered that Adham did not himself strike him, Perhaps he wanted to take advantage of this, 4nd it is curious that we are no- where told what became of the actual murderers Ehdftham Uzbeg and Shudk Bird!. Then the author of the Iqbftlnima gives the reflection of A.F. on the pusillanimity of the spectators wno allowed Adham to approach Akbar and to make false excuses to him. The words " there was a little inquiry andM tala^ S&iii present a difficulty. 1 have taken them as nart of Adhaeik

272

AOAQNllfA.

At last His Majesty the Sh&hinsliSh withdrew his hands from his own sword and freed them from the grasp of that wicked one, and stretched out his arm to take Adham Khan’s sword. Just then that outcast for all eternity withdrew his hand from His Majesty and turned it to his own sword. His Majesty withdrew his hand therefrom and struck him such a blow on the faco witli his fist that that wicked monster turned a summersault ^ and fell down insensible. Farhat* aiid Sangram Husnak had tlio good fortune to be

present. His Majesty angrily said to them, “ Why do you stand gaping there ? Hind this madman.’^ They two and a number of others obeyed tho order and bound him. The righteous order was given that the fellow who had outstepped * his place should be flung headlong from the top of the terrace. Those shortsighted men out of consideration (for Adham), than which inconsideration would have 176 been a thousand times better, did not throw him down properly, and he remained half-alive. The order was given bo bring him up aga4i and this time they dragged him up by the hair and in accordam with orders flung him headlong so that his nock was broken, and his brains destroyed. In this way that blood-thirsty profligate underwent retribution for his actions. The fist of the Divih© ^ihlete of the world had made such a mark that those who did not know the facts thought that it was a mace-wound. Mun’im Khan Khftn Khanan and ghihubu-d-din Ahmad Khan, who were there, fled from

speech. It is possible that is the Mongol word idldih and means, “ ^SHere wm a little scrimmage (or confusiouf.” The word hirdfat in the phrase Nd^irdn4-hirafat darya- fai ra has no meaning here, and I have taken the word to be Jgiurdfai for which Ihcire is the support of one or two MSS. Darydfia I have taken along with this and rendered it convicted." For l^urdfai see Lane s.v. See Darhar Akbari, p. 763.

^ Tho IqbalnAma he’ he turned like a pigeon."

Bldichmatin 440, Day&zid calls

him Mihtar Sakhal and says that Humayan gave him the title of Farhad Khan.

• Apparently Akhar’s idea in having Adham Kh^u thrown over the terrace was to carry out the madnn principle of retaliation. Adham bad stepped up to a place where ho had no business to he, and so bis punishment was the being thrust hook again. Anrangzlb in- flicted a siictilar punishment on his daughter’s lover. The T. Alfl says the terrace or verandah (aioraii) was 12 yards high.

CBAPTtB XLnr.

278

the Hts Majesty’s wraihj and disappeared. When Tasaf Muham- mad Khiln, the eldest son of the Ata^dr Khftni heard of the fate of his honoured father, he armed himself and his olan and lay in wait for Adham ^An and MAham Anapa. Be did not know that the spiri- tual and temporal SkadiTt had executed juBticej and had not had heard to MAham Anaga’e poelticm, but aad in the judgment-hall of orereign wrath inflicted condign punishment on the murderer who was taken in the fact.

When the truth about the sublime justice of His Majesty the ShshinskAh — which was higher than human nature-^became im- pressed upon men’s minds they were greatly supported. Oppressors hid themselves in the night of contempt while the oppressed had a daily market of joy. A lamp of knowledge was placed on the path at the ignorant so that they confessed the spiritual and temporal greatness of the lord of the terrene and of terrestrials and were gpiided to the highway of devotion. The Ataga clan was still watching for Adham EhAn and the other relatives of MAham Anaga. They thought that the rumour (of Adham’s death) was false ana were waiting to take vengeance. But as it was bruited abroad, they repre- sented through some courtiers that when such justice had been done, the body of the blackhearted villain might be shown to them so that their minds might be set at rest and a balm be^ applied to their wounded feelings. His Majesty approved of their request, and ^aikh Muhammad Qb^^^navl went as their delegate and saw the body. The agitation of this loyal olan subsided, and they expressed thousands upon thousands of praises and thanksgivings. Mankind was at once delivered from the disturbance of makebates and reposed iii security. In truth, if the rejoicing of celestials for this greakactof justice could be added to the panegyrises of mortals a little of the dues of gratitude might be paid. Wha ^hen

have the Mtoms of the human race to give thanks for ^ once a great punishment whereby the visible world refreshed, and also a public lesson by whose blessing the da*^^^ tenement of hearts was irradiated by the light of sincerity and at once a sighlrgiving medicine for the thoroughly blind over whose 17B sy es there was a film, and a codyrium of illumin for tha blear oyed— atonce the foot of research for the lame on®s of loyalty’s land and a staff of zeal for the slow-footed ones on the park ot devoiioh*

85

n*

at oaoe an iron fortren for the army of the lost of heart, and a wake* fU Mtohman for the family of impatience I

In line,’ Hii Majesty retired into the harem after performint such an act of justice. Miham Anaga, who was lying in bed ill in her own boose, eame to bear that Adbam Khan committed so great an act of violenoe, and that His Majesty bad imprisoned him Maternal love raised her lip and brought her to visit His Majesty in order that she might perhaps procure her son’s release. When His Majesty saw her. he said : “Adham ^an killed our Auga, we have inflicted retaliation upon him.** That wise one of the age meekly said : “You did well,” hot she was not certain that her son had undergone capital ponishmept. Just then BTbT* Najiba Begam, the mother of Dastam Khan, came from Adham Khan’s house and told Maham Singh Anaga what bad h^pened. She asked how they had killed him and the reply was, ‘Tbere is the mark of the blow of a mace on the face i I ftonH know anything more.’ But that- mark wes from His Majesty the ^^nins^ahl fist and had been made by dlvinelyaided power at the begtnaiog of the occurrence. When Miham Anaga knew for certain that her son had been put to death, she by virtue of her w’sdom preserved her respect for His Majesty and did not complain or lament, but she became inwardly wounded by a thousand fatal blows. The colour left her face, and she wanted to visit the body. His Majesty the Sblhinshlh in regard to her long service spoke com rotting words to her and consold be somewhat, but did not allow her to go there in order that she might not beholed herr son in such a con- dition. In acccrdance with orders the two bodies were sent to Delhi that day. He addressed lofty monitions and beart*effecting exhortations to that wise old woman and permitted her to go to her son’s house neat day. The wise mourner went and expressed her resignation, and subAitled the Divine decree. Then she came to her own house and set g(ief and indulged in lamenting and weeping: The illness from

1. Bayasid says^Akbar went to her house and told her^what had occurred.

2. There is the variat Takht Begam,

and Baylsid has Tul^ta or Bcgi at the name of Dastam Khaii^s mother. Probably

the word is To^hta. See Vambery Hist, of Bokhara 179 note. It would’ aeem from ToUta’s state- ment that by this time the body had been carried to Adhani Khln’s house.

oHArm xuv

tT6

which the wu auffimcg grew words, and the pillars of health were shaken. FoAy days after this bccnnence, viz, .in Trir, Divine month, corresponding to Sb«wwal she went to the ucred abode of non*ezisfenoe. His Majesty’s loving heart was much affected by the fate of, this cnpola of chastity, and he expressed great sorrow.

The body also was sent with much respect to Delhi, and hit Majesty ‘personally escorted it for some paces. All the state officers and the great ones of the sublime family paid tbe dues of respect ind regret.

In accordance with orders a lofty^ building was erected over the tombs of Mabam Anaga and Adham |^an. Similar mourning was made for the Ataga Kh an. Tbe hearts of his brethren and children were toothed, and the wounds of the whole clan were healed. H M. devoted great attention to the educating of this faithful band and 178 to the furthering of their advancement.

Verse

If you grieve thus for any one Many will be inclined to die.

On the day after the catastrophe of the A* azim and

Adham ^an His Majesty heard of the flight of Mun’im l^an and ^ahabu-d-din Ahmad f^an. He made allowance for their irreflection and shortsightedness, and sent off Atbraf lOian with comforting words to them so that be might set their minds at rest and bring them back to conrS. By tbe bounty of the Shahinrtah’s favour tbe seat of their shame was changed into tbe face’drops (abrii) of

This is the building ei Delhi known ee the Bhul-hhulyan end described snd figured in Seiyid Ahmed’s Ajser-ijseneditl p.80 it is now used

ee e dSk bungalow. Seiyid Ahmad also has an account and illustration of ^amsu-d-din*s tomb in Delhi, p. 44 L.C.

CHAPTER XLV

THE PROMOTION OP T’TIMAD*^ liBAN AND THE CONglONMENT TO HIM OP THE MANAGEMENT OP THE CROWN-LANDS

From tbe time when, in accordance with the decree of Divine wisdom, this catastrophe occurred H.M. the Sti^hinshih perceived the spirit of the age and the nature of mankind and gave his attention to the affairs of State. In consequence the tenen and tbe terrestrials entered on a new phase. Though the daily market of those who had been pushed forward by their self-conceit fell flat, yet sincere inquires who on account of the injustice of the great were in the corner or contempt, took to coming forward in consequence of the ^ahiqsAh’s brilliant perspicacity. An instance of this is the reputation obtained by the eunuch I’timad ]^ao> The account of bis great advancement is as follows. The officers in their ignorance, fatuity or dishonesty attended to the enrichment of their own households and collected treasure for their own purposes, while neglecting to collect tbe Sbahinsbah’s revenues. Still less did they try to increase those. H.M. the ^abinshah. either because he was wearing a veil, or because he bad no listener at band, said nothing about this, and did not prescribe any regulations on tbe subject. Though tbe household* officers bad to endure losses and hardship, H.M. put off the solution of their difficulties till another season of contemplated with open brow and a cheerful mind the spectacle of the methods of destiny. At this time when a stone fell on the glass of great men’s reputations, and some prudent and serviceable men can

Blotrhnnann 13 and 488 Badftunr, Lower ^3, and Maaeir 1,88 2. Bayasid I02a tells how wheii all the grandees were in the hull of audi. ence in attendance on Maham Anaga, Akhar had a pressing want for Rs. 18

and sent an eunuch for the money Khwaja »Tahan professvd to be uii* able to supply the coin, and Maham gbt over the difficulty by sending Tal^ta Bogi to her Turki waiting woman fetch what was wanted,

CHAPTER XLV

277

forward ^hwaja PhBI Malik, ail eunuch became on account of his abilities the object of the Shkhins^ah^s favourable glance. He had on account of integrity been distinguished during the rule of Salim I^an, the son of Shcr KhSn the Afghan, by the title of Muha- mmad ^an, and by this affair (that of Adham Khan) he had been enrolled among the imperial servants, and bad done good service.

He came to understand the holy disposition of the Shahin^an, and represented in a proper manner hts views about the collection. i73 and augmentation of the revenues. H.M. recognised his value and gave him encouragement. He conferred upon him the title of I’tirofd ^an and made over to him all the royal revenues, which were in the hands of embezzlers. He by excellent management carried into effect all that the Sbahiostfah had meditated with regard to the collection of the revenues. This work began in the middle of this year. The arms of unrighteous robbers were shortened, and blacks hearted self pteasers went aside and placed their feet in the skirt of retirement. The clean hearted and devisers of good things came forward, and the revenues, which are the foundation of sovereignty, and the basis of dominion, and the source of military, strength, Vere put upon a footing which was worthy of the dominion which is linked with eternity. What wondrous rules and regulations, each of them fit to be a code for mankind*! prosperity, came forth daily from the Lord of the Age! A few out of the many, to wit, those which occurred to the holy intellect with regard to finatcial matters, were carried into effect by Ttimad Kh&n. What wonderful things there were which did not become manifest ! How could the most important of all concerns be brought forward 7 If (Other) similar recipients of orders bad comprehended the ^Ahin^ah’s ideas and endeavoured to carry them out, in a short time the suiface of the inhabited world would have come in to the possession of the royal servents. But the world is in the contemplation of the Shahinshab’s genius an extremely contemptible affair. He does not deem it worthy of his complete attention, and always keeps bis soul attached to the pleasing of God. If the recipients of this firmans poss essed one thousand part of his intellect this petty business which the superficial regard as so momentous >sould be disposed of with a little attention. Apparently

Text iSehiM, but the varient Pbai is preferable.

278

AKBiftVAMA.

there are considerations of the Divine designs involved in this state of things (the non-conqnest of the whole world).

One of the occurrences was the flight of Mon ‘im and his

arrest and reconveyance to court. There BTt ’two strange things in man’s constitution. One is his passion,^ ^^ch have neither eyes nor discernment. The other is far-teeing reason which understands busi- ness. Most men arOi from iireflection, overcome of wrong notions, and depose reason which is the regulator of right-thinking; and obey their passions. And so by one act of carelessness a man does to himself what his enemies could not effect by hundreds of tricks^ The absurd conduct of Muu’im Khin the ]|3^in-Khftnftn is an instance of this. In spite of the royal favours and of his attainment to lofty state, among which were his being summoned from Kabul and receiving the title of Kbhn-Shftnftn, his obtaining the post and fdll

powers, he did not comprehend this graciousness. He left them Ml out of sight, and guided only by the fear that he was suspected of having kindled the flames in the matter of the’Khin^ 2’ajsim and 180 Adham KJj^ftn, he could not find it in his head to remain steady. Accordingly he had fled on that very, day. Although his motive (for instigating Adham ^ftn) was thaC he in bis ignorance had believed that after this affair the binding and loosing nf the transactions of the sublime family, and the control of all matters political and finan- cial would be in his hands without association with anybody else, yet this idea did not take shape. Melancholy took possession of him, and he formed the improper resolution of leaving the world-protect- ing court which is the native country of the auspicious ones of the seven climes, and of going to that abode of pleasure— Kabul, where his son Gh&nl Kh^n was governor, and of there enjoying himself. Accordingly in Mirdfld, Divine month, he left the capital and tool the road by the base of the hills. Muhammad Qftsim Mir Bahr accom^ panied him. When H.M. heard of this, he did not take it seriously, and said that Mun^im Kh&n had not gone anywhere and would soon come back. Though busybodies hinted, or openly said that the pipperty should be confiscated, be out of magnanimity refused to to the suggestions of slanderers. He said, if it be granted that Adhgm has gone to Kabul, that too is our territory, apd h6

is B servant of our court. Fear, and not disloyalty haslc^ h’lin to fletif he does not come we shall send his property atKsAi)

CH^PTIft ZLT.

279

No one moat meddle with hia honaehold. By fate it happened that after traveraing for aiz daya hilla and deaerta the fagitivea came to the pargana of SarQt^ #hioh -was in the fief of Mir Mohammad Mangti!* Qftaim A1I Slatini, Mir Manahl’a aervant, waa the Qbiqdir of that pargana. He heard that two king# oflicera were paaaing throngh and that they appeared to be alarmed. He with the aid of aome of the yillagers blocked their road and arreated them^ willing or nnwill* ing. Saiyid Mohammad Birha« who on account of hia good aerricea waa one of the great oflicera and had a fief in that neighboiirhood, heard of thia event and brought Mnn’im Shtn to hia own houae. He recogniaed hia opportunityi and treated him with gentleneaa and i^eapect, and conveyed him honourably and in hia own company to the ^fthinab^h. H.M., contrary to the ezpectationa of petty worldlings and to the wiahea of the iil« i ntentioned» of whom the age ia never free^ treated him with boundleaa favours ana gave him the office of waUf and the title of Hia troubled aoni wan oomfdrieil and

the atrife-mongera retired to a comer. Mankind received another soothment. Why should not this be sof He placed on the head of one on whom men ezpeoted Uie aword c5f punkhaent to fall| a crown of gotemment.

Among the occurrencea was ihc coming of Tin Sent to the holy court. The brief account ot this ia as follows. Inaamuch as the lioiy perBonaluy H.M. tne Shthinabah is a congeries of degrees^ Bpintual and temporal, and a collection of divine and terrestrial .ez- ceiionces, ao that when matters are diacuaaed the master of each science imagines that the holy personality has devoted hia whole attention to hia particular subject, and that all hia intelleot has been ezpended on it, the knowledge which H.M. has of the niceties of music, as of other aoieucea, ia, whether of the melodies of Persia, or the various songs of India, both as regards theory and ezecUtion unique for all -time. As the fame of TSu Sen, who was the foremost of tlie age among the kalftwants * of Ci waliftr came^to the royal hearag.

i In SarkSr Saharanpur, Jarrett 291. TheT. Alfi says, 68^ that MunSm left Agra by croMing the J am I la, and that ho broloeT down the bridge belli ttd him.

I Blotb mane 406 and 0126. There

ia also information about Tftii Son in: the Archaeological Report on GwSliar. See also BadiSnl II, Lowe 346. .

• A Hindi word meaning ‘^befttng- ing to a noble family/’ but applied specially to mtitticianS.

260 AEOAKNllfA.

and it was reported that he meditated| going into retirement and that he was spending his days in attendance cn Blm ^ Gand the Rajah of Pannah,* H.M. ordered that he should be enrolled among the oonrt’mnsioians. Jalftl QMhi * Qflro!, who was a faronrite serrant, was sent with a graoioos order to the Rajah for the purpose of bring- ing Ttn Sen. The Rajah received the royal message and recognised the sending of the envoy as an honour, and sent back with him suit- able presents of elephants of fame and valnabm jewels, and he also gave Tin Sen suitable instruments and made liim the cheek-mole of his gifts. In this year Tin Sen did homage and Veoeived exaltation. H.M. the Sbtkiniblh was pleased and poured* gifte of money into the lap of his hopes. His eap of honour was exalted above all others. As he had an upright nature and an aeoeptable dispoeition he was cherished by a long service nnd assooiation with H.M., and great developments were made by him in mnsio and in oomposi- tions.*

1 Bloohmann 400.

• Blochmaim 425 n. 2. I. Q. XI,

48. It is in Bandalkhand, Central ^ India.

• Blochnumn, 475.

• .The IqbilnSma aays Akbar gave Tin See at his first assembly a kror

of dams equal to two lakhs of npis or 6,000 Persiaa loman$. He adds that several thousands of his compositions are still extant, and that many of them are named after Akbar.

• MaifimXn 5o*taa.

CHAPTER XLVl

CHAPTER XLVI

BBOINNINQ OF THE EIGHTH DIVINE YEAR FROM THE HOLY ACCESSION OF THE SHABIN^AH, vi*., THE YEAR ABAN OF THE FIRST CYCLE.

At this time, when the ever vernsi mind of H. M. the ^ihin- shah was occupying itself tStlh the delights of melody, and was giv- ing joy to the lovers of this art, the song of the coming of the new year rose high and delightome. Pleasare eipressed itself thus by pantoffliine.

Verse.

*Tis the time when the garden breathes of joy A hundred songsters strike on the ear of spring from the fire of the rose kindled by the morning breeze Blood is made to boil in the veins of the garden birds.

Composite natures proceeded to develope by the life* cherising bounty of the earth, the strains of the birds of the gaMieo insinuated.theinaelves into the ears of the flowers. Time’s cup>beatcrs poured charges of joy into the lips of the age, the half intoxicated nightingales began to beat with their beaks the chords df pleasure.

Verse.

On every branch the birds made on organ The rose bush was elevated by melody Owing to that sense-ravishing melody The musician silenced his own music.

After nine hoars and thirty-eight minutes of Thursday. 1 5th Rajab 070. 10th March 1563, the sun eniercd his mansion of exalta- tion and the Divine year Abin, which is the 8tb from the accession, began, and the terrenca and terrestri<ils received new joy. Inehe beginning of this year ^waja 1 ‘Abdu-|-Majid Asafkban obtained a victory over Rajah Ram Cand and Qhazi lyian Tannhrr, and, the

1 Blochmiknii, 360.

akbarmama

!»

if f’l’u The eccouat of this eioelleat

had b^o yho on account of his abilities

join* the Swnrrf f ^ ***** taken his place among those who

domains «f n. *”"’“«) had obtained as bis fief the ample to take Dotseu’ r^»” *** **^ ’ ’’ “ exertions was about

flm her„?Z:"‘’^^r’’‘’‘:’* -«• country near his own. A1 the famouii » • advice to Ram Chaad» who was among

“‘’i** forefathers had ruled ove* wl and^ f!"”’®’,’’ ^“^^0 ‘»’‘«e him doff hi. esp of Sl^nriSuUrSi « ‘“f “« “i «r. ««* come into the

wfJL lrrt i ^ “•* P**** of rebellion and-had token

dinted bv tbe’i?K» ^hand, whose forehead had not yet been irra- aea •uipmiousnesa, turned • deaf ear to these advi-

Md .tlMn^T“K^ ”!;?““** •*** ‘“creased his pride

KM- “®®‘ *■ ‘llfitedness he made ready for war. Asaf

gj*” r " b, <h. p„.d^ ,te mJ

•S^i?KS.’‘T“ 11“-* •’“Ip”’"- Ho It*M MM 0 «t

^***’®" “** ’•’• force of Rsjputs and the brave m«t0^^^th sides Wished their band, of their live, and fought a

Verse

The brave fought with bow and arrow All strove with spear and sword ^0 *orld was full of. diamond pointed darts The wind was from dust and blood vermilion settering.

kha’n ***^ ’’“‘“rious and Gbix.

Ism clnH r “? ®“’ «•* ••ord ^jab

was the strln^r^^fi^r***.!!”** ’’ B““<»hu’ which

gest fort in that country. Immense spoil fell into the hands

193

I. Elliot IV 4fW, n.2. This note seye thet there ie a great confusion about the country of Bhais, and that Bandhu is BandrTgarh (not in tho 1. O. under that nanie). It also refers

to the supp. Glossary II. j <|4 There we are told that the Sarkar is that entered in the Am, te t I, 4a0 under the name ol Bhelgliora JatreU II. I6i».

CSAPTSt ZLTl.

of the victors. At this time« Skt the interooMion of fem^as Rejehi ^ who had obtained favour by long service^ an order was iseved that Rajah R&m Cand had put the ring of serTitode in hie ear, and had done homage ; he was now inolnded among the servants of th# threshold, and his territories were not to be interfered with. In consequence of these orders Xfaf Sbin returned te his fief.

A Possibly Blrbeh who had bfwn in the Bajah’s sarvioa was an intscoessor.

284

4KiAtllAM«.

GHAPTBR XLVII.

AppoiKTHwit Of MnKqi KbIn SBlM-SviNlH to Kabci akd what VOLLOWID THBBIOVI

Ab the Sbihin^li’B World-adorning mind wu always directed towards the ]nana4rem0iit of Kabnl and was ingnisitiTe abont’the affairs thereof, he now heard that FafU ^ Beg, the brother of Khftn, had joined with Amir Bibus, gbih Will Atka, ‘Ali Jf u^u^mad Asp, Seonj Sidhi Mihl, Khwijah Kb&f Malik and’ a number of^ others in reporting to the cupola ol onastity, Mih COcak Begam the mother of Mubammad ^akkn, the immoderate conduct of GJianl and

had used all their endeayouri to remove him from Kabul, the abode of pleasure. He therefore appointed Mun’im £b^u to be tiie guard- ian of M. Mubamiuad Qaldm and sent him to KibuL The details of this aiw aa*followg. Though Faail Beg^s eyes were deprived of sight, yet id chicanery aDd,strile«>ii 6 agering his whole body was an eye. He was always disturbed and dissatisfied about bis nephew’s rule, and in truth ]Qiin,“Mun^si f^ftn’s son, was without dis^ cretion or good sense. In addHoti tp thia. the intoxication of antho- rity had cast him down from the pillui’ of moderaticou Bvil oom

panionsbip ^ wetst iH of humattiiy, was dragging him do^, with thcieeM^ of ruin, from the height of auspiciotisneBs to the depth of misery. At last that faction made the noble lady, the Begam, one of their party. In the beginning of ^abriy^rB Divine month, of the seventh year, Qhan! Kb^u had gone towards Zama,^ to visit the melon-fields. They strengthened the city and shut the gate of the citadel against him. He equipped a force aud came over against the Delhi gate and halted on the ndge of the Siib Sang. But be could ^ nol effect hla object. Xama-Kbo’n. XdbiSdi Kotwaionan orrt bassy, thinking that perhaps he might by dralc and stratagem effect

^ qu. ZaimSnl W. of Kabul. Res teit I. 322.

^ Biyazid and Ni|lin-u-d*dln have Fa^ill.

OHAPTEE XI.VII.

285

OB0iliuig». The persons above named replied that Qhetli IQiiin had not been i^pointed to the government by H.M. the 9h&hindlih| and (ligt the people had been brought into straits fay his tyranny and immoderation. The proper thing now for . him wsa to go of in safety. If he wanted to have again the government of this oonniry he should go lo Court and have his oonduot tested, and should bring an order from the Diwtn of the Caliphate, so that it might be acted upon. During these parleys his men took to deserting him. When he had halted there a long time and had perceived that he would not bo able to enter the city and that he was nearly being captured, he, by the advice of Hamza *Arab and MTr Ma^Tgu<d-dTn of N]dit|Mir, went towards JaUlabAd. All hie property in the cit/ was plundered. The cause of the courage of the Kabutia ie ‘this matter was the affair of Tulak Quem.

The brief account of this is tfaat Chani Kfasn^ in whom youthful presumption and intoxication were added to innate wickedness, thought that bis advantage consisted in others^ loss. Ho behaved with qaarvelsomeneas and levity and did not pay respect to men^s position. Hie manners were bad, and insolent. One of his ittrions was the arresting without cause Tulak Khtn Qucin^ who was famous for his valour and an intimate courtier of H.M* Jahflnb&ni Jinnat J^J^iyinl. He put tfm and a number of his relatives into confine- ment.

Verse,

Not everyone who does evil does you evil Cortes lie does that evil ’to himself.

At length some prudent persons interposed and released him. After this affront Tulaq went to the village of Mftmi Kbitun

which was his fiief. There he wrapped the foot of courage in the skirt of patience and sought for an opportunity of revenge. Maan- .while a caravan was coming from Balkh. GhanI KIlAq heard of its arrival at Cirikirtn and went out with a few men to meet it and to inf.ko a choice of the goods, giving out that he was going to visit Khwtja Sihyftrin, which is ah euebantiog spot. There he inaugu. rated a drunken feast and played the melody of Self-indulgence. When TQlak Khtoi w,ho was, in season and out of season, meditating

286

AEBARNillA.

reveDgOi heard of his expedition, he recognised the advantage of the onoerianitj and harried after him with a number of his kinsfolk and servants. At midnight he came upon who had

given away his sense to wine and his body to slumber, and caught his prey. He arrested him and Shagdn the son of Qarftca and pat them into confinement; He also emptied his wrathful heart by reproaches. Thinking that as he had the governor as his prisoner he might also seize the city, he turned back ‘from there, and having won over the militia of Kabul he halted at Khwftjah BivaiJl which is within two kos of Kabul. FafU Beg and Abu-bfath, his son, 186 and (Shan! men prepared for war. Tulak iQ^ian perceived

that his enterprise would not succeed, and that he would not get hold of the city. He contented himself with a portion of his object and proposed peace and a division of territory. FafTl Beg considered this proposal advantageous on account of his wish to release his brother’s son, and sent the chief man of the city to Tulak. He made over to him the territory from M’amura-i-pai-Minar to the limits of and Bimifln, which, was about a fifth of Kabul. In this way he extinguished the flames of disturbance and rescued (IbMi Shin from his clutches.

Verse*

0 Sage/ copeiider the work of fate

You will 9X last’ get the result of your actions

Yoiir safety consists in not injuring anyone

There is a brisk market of recompense for well-doing.

(^Skn\ l^an did not make Kabul an abode of kindness but left the register of the treaty and agreements in the niche of forgetful- ness. He proceeded against Tulak with all his forces. Tulak did not SM it advisable to remain in Kabul and went off with his rela- tions and m^n to the world-protecting court, and took the high road to India. ObMi KlMiQ followed him with a large force. As Tdlak Khlin had not power to resist he took to flight. Near the village of Zhila, which is a ford of the Qhorband* river, the Kabul army came

Perhaps the lines hre an

extract from QakTili Sanif’s poems.

• Appartntlj TSlak most have re-

treated. The Iqhilnlma says Ghent came up with TUlaq at Tictlar which is a ford of tfie Qkorhahd river.

CHAmK XLTIl.

287

np^iriih hiiDi and a battle ensned. At laM T&lak Sbin with hit ann IsCaod^r and a few of his kinsmen and seryants manfnllj made their way through so large a force. Bnl>Ji Qftcfn, Maskfn QQofn and others of his servants were killed. Ghan! Shin, returned from there sncr^essful apd came to KabuL ihere he spread ont the carpet of tyr- rany and oelf-glorificatibn^ and lengthened the arm of oppression over the citizens. And though he knew the disorganised state of If. Mohammad Hakim’s affairs he paid no attention to them. The Mir z&’s men and the rest of the people of Eftbnl were distressed by thisi and joined with Fa$il Beg and his son Abn-l-tatb to suppress him.

By chance at this time the melon-flelds of the village of MamQra were in perfection, and a desire to visit the melon-fields took posses- sion of him. He forgot what has been said —

Verse.

Eat ^ the melons, what businese have you with their beds.

As the time of his downfall had arrived, he went off to visit th# melon-fields and staya-d the night there. Abu-l-fath Beg and other known men of the city took the opportunity and brCnght in M..)f uhammad ^aklm over the Iron Gate, and beat drums, and blew trumpets. A great uproar arose of high and low. Qhani Shin on getting the news came in a confused state and with the few men who were with him towards the city. When he arrived there he saw that thi| chess-board had been arranged after a new faahion^and that the gates of concord were closed, while those of hostility wore open, and that he conid not advance. Should he come nearer it wae 186 probable that his companions, who had their families in the city, would leave him alone, or rather would seize him and take him along with them. In an astonished and distracted state of mind.he pitched kis tent on the side of theBlIh Sang and halted there. The garri- son fired guns at him, and as fate would have it a ball struck the thliik.When Shin saw this he go^ •^rrtnetf ana we 4 t • off to

*1 This is a proverb. See Bee- bsok. Section I., p. II, No. 100. ,

^ Badism, Lowe, 54^’ isyi tbat Qhsnl Shiu met with no snccess In India on soeount of his unfilial con- duct, and that he went to JaunpSr and

died there. The Maa|ir I. 645 says he Went to Aidil Shlh of Bljiplr and died shortly afterwaijls. ‘ BiyS- sfd also speaks of his having gone to Bfjlplr.

288

axbabmIma.

India mth a hundred brands of disgrace and with the uprooting tbonsands of longings for bis home and family and the gofemment of K&bul. Alter Qh^nl Sb&ii had departed, the cupola of ohasiity, the noble lady Mfih Cdcak Begam, nndertook the aflairi of Kibol and appointed FafTl Beg as the Vakfl of M. Mat»mwiad 9<^k!m. As he was blind, his son Abu-l-fat^ managed affairs as his father^s Naib, and as the latter had neither magnanimity nor far*reaching rea- son he did not attend to justice in distributing the and the dis- posal of business, and conducted himself foolishly. The worst of all WM that he took the select fiefs for himself and his friends, and alloied inferior ones for the Mlrzi^s household, and practised extra- ordinary oppressions on his own acoount Among these things was his giying Qbnsnin to M. IQ^ifr Khkn who was one of the chiefs of the Hazaras, and his arresting Bftbils Beg and making him orer tils his chs^ge. He also took all the other property of Bibfis and squandered it. Whoever does not possess sound reason, by the light of which he can direct his actions, nor a seeing eye whereby he may be warned by observing the conduct of others, nor right-thinking companionship, whose words he may follow, will assuredly receive in this world of retribution due punishment. Accordingly, when two months of this state of affairs had passed, the Mirsi^s honoured mother and the old servants could not endure the oppression and bound up the loins of revolt. A number of them, such as Wall Atka, *AIi Mnhsmmad Aspi Hiram, a relation of ghfth Wall, H^a|um Eabnli, Blyfindllk, ‘Id! Sarmast and many others conspired against Fafil Beg’s son, and waited for an opportunity. One night they called him out of his house for this purpose and had a drinking party in a teni ’t’hich they had erected in the courtyard of the Gahal Situn (forty pillars) Diwftn-kbina. The enps oironlated, and the drinking of bumpers went on from evening till night. Meanwhile AbQ-bfath Several tiiues prepared to leave. Hie members of the party prevent- ed him by drUnken flettertm from going out. This^ doomed drunk- ard was unaware that it wae the last day of hie fortune. When timb had oome to the end of night and sleep had overpowered him, the party which had oonipired to shed hie blood drew tbeir swords

^ liidatar os sofis-eudM-vdae* ing the iMt day of snjthing., Set rSm, Ssog-andSsI is s phrsss msen- YullerSilf. v.

CHAFTBB XLTII.

and entered the tent. They dew him and Mfram BahAdur a r^latiTe ef 91|ih Wfdi^ out off hia head and placed it on a apear. Hie body was flpng down from the oitadeli and there was a great uproar in Kabul. When Fafil Beg beard of the fate of Abn-l*fai]|^ he wae diamayedi and having with the aid of Muhammad SanjSr, the soa pf SbMBr KbAn Haiftra^ and whose son Sikandar was Fafirs son-in- law^ collected hia goods^ he wished to go to the encamj^ments of the Haziraa. He set out with this intention, bat some of the MlrzA’s servants hearing of it went after him. They canght hiln ai?3 brought him to the fort and put him to death. After-that 9haU Wall Atka became the genml manager of KabuU In hia icily he took to him- self the title of ^Aldil QbAh and gave Haidar Q&aim Kohbar the post of {Q^an’KbAn&n, and to Q^wAjah Malik, the eunuch, the title of «%hlA| KbAn. In hia presumption and fdlly he assigned titles which kings give to their friends. By his own effosAa he arranged for his Aeatruction. In a short time the Begam suspected him nf aiming at Rebellion and sent him to the abode of annihilation Sho assumed khc management of the affairs of Kabul and for considerations of propriety chose as the Mirra’s Vakil, ^idar QAsitu Kohbar, whose Ancestors had been officers under H.M. Qetl Sitnm Firdua MaWAni, And U.M. JahAnbani Jinnat AffbijAnl. We have made a long digres- sion for the purpose of animating our discourse.

In fine, when the news ot the expulsion of Gb^^oi Khan and of the confused state of affairs in Kabo! was brought to the sublime court, it occurred to the acute and farseeing mind of H.M. the SliAhingbAh tha^ Mmi’iui Khan was very anxious to be in Kabul. Ivc resolved to appoint him ihe goardlAi^ of M. HA/klm and i^j bond him to ICabul in order that he might both avenge his own son, and also ameliorate the condition of the KabuliS; and also tliat he might better appreciate the favour and clemency of the SbAhinfbah. In accordance with this wise decision Mun^im Khaja> who had been sent against the Hajah ^ of the Meos, was recalled trom £ca^ah and dispatched an this

2M

ICtAMlttA.

toporUni Mnrioe* Iboy ofioert, saoh m Mutiammad Qall ^ K>ifi BirlAfl, Qbddar Ma^mmad Sb&n Atka Begf, Qbfth ^^iMdn Sbin Nikadarf, Bl>wn the brother of SliihAba-d-dfii A^med Kbta,

Tidmor* KbAn Ikka and a number of brare and distinguished men were also appointed. As Mnn’im Sbftn did not appreciate what a blessing H Jd. was, and did not comprehend the estent of his faroars, and did not properly know the Kftballs, he regarded this appoint- ment as a great gain and went* off to Kabnl in all haste as soon as he got learc< de marched rapidly and arrived at JalftlftbAd. He did not make snob halts that the auxiliary forces ooald join him, nor was there any sign Muhammad Qutt BMln Birlas who was gover- nor of Multfln and had a large force. When the Begam heard of the coming of Mun^im Shftn she took counsel with the Kfibul officers and decided that the soldiers and Aimftqs should be collected and that* they should take the MirsA with them and go forth to meet Mun’im

CHAPTftE XLVlf.

til

Shin so tbat they might make war in the Lam^lnit If they were TiotorioiiWnothiiig could be better, and if they were defeated they could join the Mahmaod and SbeUl tribes, and from them could 1S8 go and wait upon H.M. the Sbthindtdh, and eabmit themselYes to his protection. Otherwise the bhbln-KbfinJIn would by Tarions pnnish- nents take vengeance for his brother, his son and his nephew.

When Mnn^im Shan arrived at Deh^Qbni&mln^ there came news that IdI Sanaast had come to JalfilSbad and was fortifying it Tai» mnr Ikka and Sbwtjah Kil§n and a force were tent there against ^Idf. He made the fort strong and came oot to fight. Next day the Ehla-]B[hdnin marched to besiege Jalilftbftd. Meanwhile the news arrived that M. Hakim and tke army of Kftbul had come. Jabir Bardf Beg, who had been an officer of H.M. Firdus Makinf, and had become a dervish, and who was travelling with the army, was sent to the Mlra& in order that, perhaps, the affair might be settled without a battle. If this could not be done, it was decided that the battle ahokld take place next day, as the star was in front.^ Talmur Ikka

• BEyasfd. p. 1081 gives Taawal Ml another name of this village.

S Bayasid, p. 1086, says that Jabar Bardi had lived in Badikh&hUn after abecoming a dervish, and that he had igone to India to offer hii condolences the death of HnmiySn, and wao how ntaming home with the army. Be was sent off to treat with M. Bakim from near Cir Blgh, i>s., Bigh i^afi It seems to me that (there is a eonfnsion between the Bighi-Wafft and the Bigh-i-^afi. Bibar, 141 and 291, makes them ap- parently two distinct gardens, and in this he is followed hy Abnl Fafl. Bat if they were distinct they were near one another, for AdTnapur and Jalilibid were not far apart. Bay i- sTd calls the Gir Bigh garden the Bighi-^fi» bnt the description of it seems to agree with Bibar’s ac-

count of the Bigb-i-Wafi. IBsre was a hill (balandl) in both.

• BayizTd says, p. 108d, that when he was in his quarters at Deb^Ohnli* min, and a number of people were disenssing the affairs of Kabul and the coming of M. ^aklm, they took an omen from and that the

verse which came np was ibis first line of an ode–

8itira-i-bad rakhehld n raih maj- lie §l^ud — “The evil star was shining and there was the moon of the assem- bly.’* See Bozensweig’s Bufift p. 628, ode 127. The star referred to in the text is, I presume, the con- stellation of the Eight Star!, i.e., I believe, Virgo. Hammer Purgstall has a note on this constellation in his translation of the MohTt of Sidi ‘Ali, J.A.S.B. VI. 807 and 808 note.

m

came from the vanguard and reported that the enemy were few in nambor and that they shonld not postpone fighting till to-morrow, for perhaps the enemy would gto off in the night, and the affair would be protracted. The S3!^&n-S^inan- from his own eagernessj and the instigation of Gaidar Muhammad Sbfin, both of whom loved Kabul and were proud of their courage, took the course of engaging. Mean* while Khw^‘ah Kilfin, who commanded the vanguard, was killed. M. Qasan, who was on the left ^ wing, did not move from his place, and the Qftqob^ls and others, who were on the right wing, also did not do their duty. Abu-l-M’a&H ‘ topd, to whom the Kabulis had given the Atle of Bumf ^Sb^n, had arranged fireworks (grenades P) all round kis horse, and a ball (fir) from them struck Calma Hisari and killed him. k^As men had lost^ heart on account of the death of Owdjah Kilsif) they flung way their reins and did not keep their feet firm in the stirrup. The battle took place near Carbagh ^ by the shnne. {muqim) of Khwagah Rustam. As a retribution for his failure to appreciate the favours which had been shown to him, and in punishment of his presumption, which is the worst of human faults, defeat fell upon Mun^im IQiSiii. A number showed faithlessness and joined the Kabulis. All Mun^im Khan’s baggage was plundered. Bfiyazid

1 Abiding to Bajisld, ^A8an wa. on thSf right wing, and tha QSqsiltls on the left. He says they went off to the rear towards Jalillbid. The battle was fought near CSr-Bigh which is mar^ced on the map as ■everal miles above JalSUbid aifd on the ether side of the (iabul river.

• BaySsId describes him as a slafe of 8bah Ni’amatullali, the’son-in-law of l8m*aT> Bardi Oh&h Ism’all 1?) and says he had c^me to Kabul as a merchant aud was skilled in making fireworks. The Eh^u-Khsuan had taken notice of him before his depar- ture for India and had left him with his son Ghanl BayScId ex-

plains the passage about Ab-ul- Maall’s having fireworks round his

horse. His words are, **he had nr ranged combustible materials round his horse {dargird^i^a$plj^ud) so that when the horse galloped they caugh| fire and went off against the enemy. On© arrow (fir, perhaps here a bullet) struck the horse of Calma Bis&rl. The latter dismounted and was killed.

8 We have here again the phrase’

dil 6a{ ddda hudand,

• BaytzTd, p. 109, says that pre- vious to the battle be had been told to select a spot for a camp, and that be chose one between the stream of Eh^^ia Bustam, which is a shrine (fsisdr) and the stream 0«I) of CSrbIgh.

• Here A. f, for the first ipiotes Bayaifd naro:. Tb«

CHAPTER XLVIl

293

Wbo wii one of Mun*iin Khio’s coafideotial followers, states that he had tMrty lakhs of rupees with him in specie and goods, and that they were carried off. If the euemy had not beeo engaged with the spoil Mun’im Khan himself would have beeo seized.

Mun’im Uan came^ with loss of every thing to Bikram (Peshawar) and stayed there for some days, seeking what he should do. At last he sent Yari Tawacit with a petition to Court and repre- sented that he had not the face to come to the sublime threshold. m He hoped that he would be allowed to go to Mecca, in order that he might in that holy and cleanse himself of his offences end then come and kiss the threshold. As by his evil star he had not understood the amount of the King’s graciousness he had seen what he had seen. If the king was not disposed to be so gracious to him as to give him leave he hoped that a fief in the Panjab might be gra- nted to him for some time, as be was without any property, that so he might acquire some thing and then come and present himself. When he had sect off the petition he could not remain* in Bikram.

He went off from there to the Indus. Then from fear of his enemies he crossed the Indus and came to the country of Ghakkars where he had repose. He stayed some in that country, and Saltan Adam be- haved with humanity to him. The ^an-^anan was in a distracted state, and cold neither travel for settle down. He spent his days in a confussion manner. When H.M. the ^abinjhah^ beard of his condition contrary to the ideas of superficial worldings, sent gracious.

AKBARRAMA

m

ofdfiB and bf weighty adoioaitioit and by acts of clemaney relieved bin from hb dietres*. In reply to hb petition be aaid, with reference to the flef in the Panjab. that he had not taken away hb former flefe which were not inferior to Panjab flefe, tncb as HTsir Firnza, Sarkir Etawab, ^aiiibfld, jjfahpur, Kalinur, Jalandhar. Andari.* etc. If there waa to he no eip^ition against the Ohakkars. there was no neoeasity for hb being in Lahore. He ahonld now come to Court aa aoon as he bad received thia order. When Munim Khan became aware of the royal favour he proceded to Court. Accordingly he arrived there in the middle of the eighth year of the Divine Era. and in the end of 970. The S}ihhinshaha favoura* overwhelmed (magJinor) him in the aea of graciousneaa. and made him luxuriant (Mamur) on the continent of kindsensea. The dust of shame and the mist of melancholy were wiped from his countenance, and he received special, royal favours. Mun’im ^an came to know the perfect qualities of the ShahinsjAh, and the black thoughts of going to Kabul depart* ed from bis heart. He became of one head and one mind and girded up the loins of zeal for the service of Shihingjiah. The holy heart of the Shihinshkh wished M un’im ^in to be with him. while he from ignorance and unthankfulness did not respond. At last he understood his own good, and with a hundred supplication, became devotedly attached to the threshold of fortune. The auspi* cious star of his fortune rose higher day by day and be attained to high positions.

One of the occurrences was that the joyous heart, of H. M. the Shabinsbab turned towards hunting, and he went to the neighbour* hood of Mathura with a select party. The hunting was successful. One day that tigerhunter bunted seven tigers. Five were levelled with the dust by arrow and bullet, and one that repository of cour age caught alive and so was the subject of a thousand wonderings. The other was caught by the united efforts of a number of bahadurs. In the same hunt he joined worship with pleasure and became distributor of justice. It was brought to bis notice that for a long

1. TSoro was an Aiidari or liidri in the Sarkar of Saharnnpur, Jarrett If. 291, but perhaps Aiidari-Karnlkl ia means. See Badauiii.TT.7l

Thia passage ia partially translated in Elliot. ¥1.29.

OHAPTBR tLVUl.

295

it was the custom in India for t« e rulers to take sums from the people who came to sacred spots to orship^ proportionate to their rank and wealth. This (worship) was called Ka^ma.^ The ghihin- ibfth in his wisdom and tolerance remitted all these taxes which amounted to crores. He looked upon such grasping of property as blameable and issued orders forbidding the levy thereof throughout his dominiona In former times^ from the nn worthiness of some, and from cupidity and bigotry, men showed such an evil desire towards the worshippers of God. H.M. often said tha.t although the folly of a sect might be clear, yet as they had no c onv^ction that they were on the wrong path, to demand money from them, and to put a stumbling- block in the way of what they had made a means of approach to the sublime threshold of Unity and considered as the worship of the reator, was disapproved by the discriminating intellect and was a mark of not doing the will of God.

When he had turned away his mind from hunting he resolved so make the journey of eighteen * ko8 on foot, and to arrive in one at the capital. He and some select attendants pnt the foot of conrmge on the road, Yusaf Muhammad Kb^n Kokalta(Ai> Mfras Koka, Saif KhSn, Min Akbar,* Hak!m-al-Mulk,

Dastam Shimftl Ma^lab Kb4n and others being of the

party. But among these, none except Mir ^All Akbar, (lak!m-al’ mulk,* and gbim&l IQjiSn were able to keep pace with him.

^ KarmT in text, but the word is the Sanskrit karma or karman, a religious act or the acquiring of merit.

^ The distance from Mathura to Agra is about thirty miles, and appa- rently the hunting-ground must have been beyond Mathura, for A. F., text 11, p. 200, speaks of that city as being 15 or 16 hot from Agra.

t Blochmann, 382. t A physician from Gil in on the Caspian. Blochmann 642 and Ba^S- U) III. 161, who gives him a good charticter. He wont to Mecca in 988 or 989 and died there. His name wos ^hamsu-d-dln.

akbahnaiu

SM

CHAPTER XLVIU

CONOUBST OF THE COUNTRY OF THE OAKH4RA8 OWING TO THE VALOUR OF THE IMPERIAL TROOPS

At the lower and elemental world is regulated by the beneficence of the holy and heavenly world (and the proof of this wondlous fact is that the political and’financial administration of great princes is bound up with reactitude of intention, and correct thinking which are ancillary to the heavenly world), to every asylum of fortune who is not carried out of hit sphere by eaternal pomp and material grand* our and who exercise himself in the cultivation of hearts and addresses his geniuf to the soothment of high and low, and who al- ways innate auspiciousnest carries into effect his designs at far at possible, and who recognises that he is the watchman for humanity has his actions advanced and made successful by God, and day by day, the marks of hit Increasing greatness displayto every- one whilist his opponents are troubled even by their own friends, and after passing through various distreases are cast down into the abyss of annihilation. On the other hand, if the internal nature of anyone, which it a sample of the kingdom of heaven, is corrupted by the evil thoughts of lust and sensuality, the result will be. the opposite of the above. The lamp of his dominion will, like burning grass, endure for but a short time, and the sapling of his fortune will soon fall like the shade of a tree. Though the wise of heart and not- such prefaces, yet u the object of this book of Divine praise is to guide the generality, it does have recourse to past times and to far-away places in order to apply a slave to the eyes of the dim- visioned and the short-sighted, of whom the world, for various pur- poses is always full. The sublime actions of the Khedive of the age are (for them) a written apologue.

To resume, there was in this blessed year a cause of increased discernment to the perceptive, of seeing to the short-sighted, viz., the conquest of the country of the Gakhars. Their country is be- tween the Indus and the Beas, in the folds of the mountains, and

cBAmB Bfun.

W

MnoBg hillocks and oavenuu Though in formor ifmt tk# mlart of India had attempted with large armie. and abandeet opeipmtnt to eetabliBh tranqoillitj there, they had not eucceedod, iuaamach as they had no skill beyond that of outward show, and as they had not a good intention. The knot was not nntied by their efforts, as has already been related. Now that the world had received grace and ornament from the excellent intention and pure acts of H.M. the h, and that the celestials and terrestrials had gained spiritual and temporal welfare from his acistence, this great undertaking, which had not been effected by former rulers of India, was admirably parried out by the fortune of the Shkhinfih^h. The country came into the possession of the imperial servants. The account of this great boon is that as tne Gakhar clan was always boasting of iti\ loyalty and singleness of heart, that mine of clemency and liberality (Akbar) last nought but eyes of favour upon their country. Though with riSference to the oourteeies of service it is most proper that the greai qien of the land should, if they cannot always be in attendance, occa- VLonally obtain the anspiciousness of kissing tb« threshold, Sul^dn Adam and the headman of the country who had been encompassed by the Qbpkhinshfh’s favours, did not at all perform these duties. However,

H.M. preserved the recollection of tKe small ^ service which Sultin Adadi had performed, and so passed over luch offences. When after- wards the throne of world-sway was plemed by ^ the radiance of H.M. the ShihimQ^fth, Kam ftl KhSn in baerdance with thet, former services and devotion ot ais family which were graven on his heart, brought the connienanoe of supplication to the lofty oonrt, and by kissing the th4 0 «hold gave a new foundation to the pillar of heredi- tary devotion, and showed himself to be an adherent of the victorious stirrup. The ray of favour fell upon him, and he ree^fsed appro- 192 priate fiefs. At the time of the struggle between tlielihftn ZamSn and the son of ^Adll, he held fiefs in the Sirkar of Lucl^uow and in parganas Hanswah * and FathpQr,* etc. Also, in accordance with orders, he brought a considerable force with him and took part in the service. He distinguished himself in that man-testing war, and when his merits were reported by truth-tellers to IJ.M., more favour

• Tho delivering up of M. Kam- * In the province of Allahabad,

rin Jarrett IC. 168.

38

298

was shown to him and he became the object of increased confidence. Accordingly H.M. was pleased to say^ ^^Eamftl Khftn has done his dnty^ now is the time for us to show him favour^ whatever desire he may have shall be gratified.^^ At this auspicions time Kam&I Khfto represented through H.M.^s intimates that the 3hfihin^fth had shown liim favour above his deserts. It was his hope now in consequenoe of his affection for his native country that he might obtain from the royal grace the possession of his father^s territories. ^For since mis^ fortnues came upon him, *and he was imprisoned by Salim hiO

ancestral lands had been in the possession of his uncle Adam* From this uncle (‘am) he had suffered a thousand vexations (g&am)^

The brief account of this affair is that Sultftn Sftrang waged brave war with Sher EbdOi but at last he and his son Kamil KHn were made prisoners. Sirang was put ^ to death and Kamil Khin was ms prisoned in Owlliir fort* Bat in spite of such disaste their country could not be conquered and the clan was governed by Sultin Adam, the brother of Sultin Sirang. When gher {Chin died and Salim turn arrived, be too made great efforts to take the

country, but was unsuccessful. One of the wonderful things wai that Salim Khin ordered that all the prisoners in GwiUir fort should be put to death, and that for this purpose a pit should be dug ander the prison and filled with gunpowder and set on fire. There was an explosion, the buildiixg was destroyed and the prisoners w<»re blown to pieces; Kama! - Khen was inside, but fate sheltered him from this calamity In the corner where he was, not a breath of the fire reached him. When Salim heard of this Divine protection he took an bofh (of fidelity) from him and released him. From that time Suit Adam, his uncle, was in full possession of the country while Ksak ’ Khftn passed his days in frustration. At last, in the beginningi^- H.M. the Qbilhinghih’s reign, he bound himself to the saddle-strate of eternal dominion and trod the path of devotion.

When he bad represented his misfortunes and had begged for his old native land, a world-obeyed order was issued from the ascen- sion-point of justice that the country of the Gakhars which SulUn 193 Sirang had held, and which was now possessed by Sul^tn Adam, should bo divided into two portions, and that SuUan Adam should

4 Tho Xobsqit HS/M that ho wa.s ilaysd sUve.

CBAITIB SLnu.

S99

hmre one of them «nd Kamil Sbln tlw other. Orders to this effect were tssned to the Kbin KOao Ifir ^ Mabammad Shl<» and to Mahdi Qisini Shin, Qntba-d’din Mohammad Olo, Qbaitf KblD> Jin Muhammad Shin BahsfldT, Bajah Kaplr Deo, and Bajah Bim Caad who (all f) held fiefs in the Panjab. If Sul^ Adam did not aobmit to these orders, the aray was to maroh from the.Flaniab Hgainst his territoij and ponish him for his oontnmat^ so that all •arage rosties might reodTO warning. When Kamil Shin obiuned the highest point of his hopes he left the soblime threshold and oame to the Panjab. The great ofRoero oommniiieated to Sa]|ln Adam il.M.’s commands. He and his son Laghharl, who managed all his ether’s affairs, tnmed away their heads from obedience to the world* adorning order, and proffered exooses whioh were worse than their offence. They would not agree to descend seen a little from their sorrowed sorereignty or to Kamil SStlo’s obtaining his inheritance. The officers ont of preoantion reported the state of the ease to the oort. Again an oi^er of jnstioe ‘inscribed with (he majestic sign* manoal (fttg&ra) oame directing that thoogh Adam had at the ootset broken the bond of obedience, yet as he was the subject of royal brours he would be allowed to keep the half of his territory if he piade over the other half to his Wother’s son. If he still remained OBoalcitrant they were to chastise him and confirm Kamil KlMbi in the whole of the territory. As his refractoriness had been shown, the army marched and entered the Gakhar territory.^ Adam stuck So his folly and prepared to resist. A great battle took place in the ricinity’ of the town of Hilln.* As con rage and activity are implintr ed in the natare of the GakharSy there nms fighting and cgipagey bet as the imperial armies are always aided by CT^dy the flasXing of the victorious swords scoured the rust of the oppressvbrs’ b ttlefield, and thfise wild beast-like savages traversed the desert of defeat. By the good fortune of the Sbfthindlihy a victory whioh might fittingly be the embroidery of great victories was wouy and Seltin Adam was

< The text has a conjunction after Kilin, but this is a mistake and con- trary to the variants. blTr Muhd. and (he KiUn are one and the name person. He wai Sbauisu-d din’s elder

brother and a poet, BIoehinaini*9Mp and BadiSnT HI. 287.

• I have not fonnd this place. Ths IqbilnSma hie Sflan,

IKBAftHAMA.

300

maUPe prisoner. His son LasLknn fled and went to the hill-connirjf of Kashmir. For some time he was a vagabond^ and then he too was oaptnred. The whole country of the Gakhars^ which none of the xtiiers of India had conquered/ was bj sublime inspiration subdued by . a few of the imperial servants. In accordance with the sacred order the great ofiicera gave the whole of the Gakhar country 104Eamftl Kh&ni ud confirmed him therein. They returned after making over Sultin Adam and hia son to him. Because Kamftl was firm and constant in his obedience to the sublime court he ob- tained a fortune which had not even entered into his dreams. He lent Laibkari to a place from which there is no coming back, and he imprisoned Sul(ln Adam and kept him under surveillance to the end of hia days. If they had submitted their necks to the royal com- mands, which are always visitations from heaven, they would noi have been caught by these misfortunes. And if they had been con- tented with half of the territory, they would not have been afflicted with the loss of the whole. By their disgraceful disobedience to the royal orders, which are a mirror of the Divine orders, they gave up to destruction their lives^ their estates and their homes.*

Among the occurrences was the coming from Etiybi^Ar of Skwija M’nin,* son of Shwftja Ebfi BvA Mabrnfid, and hia ‘cissing the SklihindLih’s carpet. God be praased . Owing to the daily-increasing fortune of the Shibin^ah, just as the conquest of countries, the cultivation of lands, the safety of the roads, the lowering of prices were manifested year by year, month by month, week by week, and day by day, so did crowds of people-^Turks, Tajiks, soldiers, mer- chants, mullas, dervishes and others come from the seven dimer and rth the forehead of suppfication on the world’s threshold, and obtain success spirit al and temporal. Among these there came from the bounds of Kn gfaf^r the essence of saints, Kb^aja M’uln. He was the

^ See BlHot Y. 178 ei sag. friend and helper Sul(in Adam, Kiiamu-d dTn s account ot the con- especially as Adam was, sccording to

quest of the Gakhar country. It the A. K. 11. 83, Sirang’s elder

eloasly resembles A. F.’s narrative, brother.

and it looks a» if both were derived ^ bee his biography in the Maasir

from one source. Ill- 232, where it forms part of the

t One does not see why Akbar need biography of Sh^^ida-d-din. H’ulii have interfered with his father’s died in Cambay on hit way to Msecs*

ORAPTBR XLVIII.

aoi

son of Sbwija Sl^awind Mf^mud^ wHo was the son of Shwija ^Abdnllati who is known as the.Shwijajin -^wija, and who was the direst son of the repository of direction Nftsira-ddm Sbwftja XJbaid llah.^ Shwftja l^ftwind ^ Ma]j;Lmnd was distingnished among his brothers and the rest of the family for excellences and for purity of moriJs* Tji the time of his youth, after the acquisition of the ordinary soienoes, he set down his feet on the path of exile and travelled over ^Irlq and SSlLnrftsin and came to After acquiring medical sciencesdn

the school of the Idamed of the age, Maulini Jalilu-d-dln Daww|n!/ he went to Samarqand, and then at the time of the disturbances in Transoxiana he went to ^urkistin an^ Mo^^ulistin. At the time of the rising of the sun of the fortune of H.M. Get! SetinI firdds Makftnl (Bftbar> he came from Turfin ^ to Kftdyjiar. From there he came to Agra in order to participate in that monarch’s asseniblieo, and here he was highly honoured, and given the chief seat at the meetings. At the time of the expulsion from India he qame to Kabul and stayed there. He had two sons. One ynm Khwija Qisim, and the other was Khwtja M^uin. The latter went to ^

lifetime of his honoured father/ and was there treated with respeqt. ’ Abdu-rBaahldKhti^# the son of Sultftn S’aid Kb tn, presented theSbwi- jawith rudl^ftns-i sangri yagbab, commonly known as sang-i-yagAds

I SeeShssina-al-Agfiyi, 1. 597 and I. 582, tec* life cftAs iather

• This ii ihe famous Kh^tja Ah* rSr of Samarqand.

^ See his biography in the T,R., 395, etc. He is eowetiifiea called Sh^dja NSra. He is also mentioned by Bi- ler. He was a son by the first wife of his father.

^ Dawwftn it a district in Persia, KasirSn. Jarrett 111. and n. 1,

^ In Eastern TurkisUft, or Uiglin- Miau T. B., 112; See also Tarkand Mission Report, p. 49. It is the east- ernmost part of Klshghar.

• Blochmann ^22 has RUdkhdna- i-nasheb. Budfe^diki means a river- bed, and aocording to the T. AlH

B.M.MS.,Or.465^p. 9095,.whatMW got was Che prodnee of the river, ets., the jadt or jasper. The passage m the T. Alfl seems to be the soufbetst A. F.a account of M’uln, and is so curious that it desenres to be transla- ted here. Aitcor mentiOnifig that Khwija Shiwind died in Salmi sad ^at his son Ma!n went off to Klah- ^ar during the father’s lifetime, if says, Or. 465, 6995 : He wss highly honoured by Abdullah Shin* and the produce of the river-bed (UgiM- fUdkkdm) where 9tmg»i-pu^i is pro- duced (I take sang-i-puikt, whiok also oocorred in the MS. of the Akbar- dimausedby M. Quatremere, seeNoCsi et Extreits, XIV. 1, 476, note, quoted

802

(tbe rivet of jasper or jade). When the Shwtja heard that the iepu> tation of his son, 3]|arfnd-dlu ^nsain, had risen verjr high, he this lS5 year made the intention of pilgrimage (^j) a means of visiting the (Aaaia) of the sacred threshold (Akbar^s court) and proceeded to* wards India. 3hftrafa*d-d!n ^asain hastened frlm his fief of Nagor

by VulloVs 8.V. yasbnit to be amiaUke forpsanff-i‘lfashb), waa made over to him. As the SLwSjasSda waa well acquainted with the science of living (ilm-i-maish) he kept anch a grip of the Mng-i-puiit that no one with* out the fiSkwija’a leave could see the atone even in hia dreams, and if it waa found among the merchants* loads, they were ruined (tabbdr-u aam mlrc^. I am not sure of the reading or the translation). In ac- cordance with the Shw&jaB orders, traders conveyed the to

China and to other places where there waa a demand for it, and brought back olothsand other goods. In this way the Khwftja collected much property and did not spend a single dinar. Mlrzft 8h arafa-d»dln Qusain, his son, came to India on account of his fa* ther*8 excessive stinginess and kissed tbe heabold. By the exertions of Adham mother, Sha-

rafaddin obtained much influence, and gradually he waa advanced to tbs government of Nigor. He also conquered Mirtha. When he heard of hia father’s coming from Turkis* tan, he went to Lahore to meet him.’* Bloohmaan’a naobeb aeema to be a mistake for yaabb, which is what the Maafirhaa. The chief authority on the stone jaabh or yaabm appears to be Abul Bemusat, see his Researches ap- pended to his bistoryof Khotan, Paris, 1820. In anote to p. 281 he givesthe

etymology of jade from tho Spanish ijoda, which has been ascribed to Max Mflller. One of tho supposed proper- ties of yaabm was that it was a protection against lightning. There is also an account of ynshb or jasper in the Mines de 1* Orient, VI. 138. The Rild](bina-i-sang-i*ya^b or yaabm is probably tbe Karakash Val- ley described by Stoliezka, p. 464 of the Report of the Yarkand Mission. There are two rivers,— one theOurang- kiabt ftnd the other the Kar&kiabi’-^ohd they are so called because one yields white jade, and the other black jade. They flow northwards from Khotan and join the Tirim river. Dr, Stol- iezka was informed that there was another rich locality for jade south of Khotan, and that most of tho jade the.f^ VTAdr said to be obtained from boulders in the river-bed. (qu. the rndk ^ ina of A. F. ?)

The Maatir’s account of Eb^ija Mn1n, which occurs in Vol. III. 232, and is part of the biography of his son Sharafu-d-dln, is very full and gives some particulars which are notin A.F. Like the T. Alfl, 609k, it represents M’ufn as having been received by •Abdulla Khan The Maaf ir adds that be left Kaahghar in the time of Abu-l bbair. M’uTn went off to Mecca after his son’s flight, but died at Cambay* 0 nd his body was lost when the ship Fatabl foundered.

CHAFIIK UTin.

bo meet him, and went with him to oonrt. When the latter eeaie near the territory of Agra many offioera went, in aooordanee with an intimation from H.M., to meet him, and when he came near the city, H.M., the Shihindtih went to meet him. By thia aot of reapeot he made the O^wlja for ever glorions. He brought him with all honour to the capital, and gave him honourable qnartemi treated him with faroiire such as kings show to denrishes. The Sh^jn presented rare merchandise from Shita (China) aird ifiJigbar For a long time father and son were eneompassed with favours.

One of the warning oconrreuoes was the absconding of If. Qhnrafn-d’din Bnsain.frem the Court. It is an old custom for the divinely great and for acute rulers to attach to themselves the hearts of dervishes and of the sons of dervishes. And they have exhibited this tendency, which is both an intoxicant which destroys men, and also a refreshing wine, sometimes out of regard to the ancestors of such men, and sometimes as a means of testing their real nature. If the matter be looked into with the eye of justice, it will be evident to the prudent and awakened-hearted, that the favour shown by the gj^ihin^th to thia fathec and son exhibited both those motives. Ao» cordingly, the concomitants of H.M;’s fortune withdrew in a short time the veil from the face of M. gharafu-d-din igiusain’s actions^ sjtd his real worthlessness and unsubstantiality became to mankind. W hen God, the world-protector, wills to, cleanse the site of the eternal dominion from the evil and black-hearted, and to deck jt With the sincere and loyal, a state of things spontaneously arises which could not be produced by a thousand planoin^ The hypo- crites depart from the threshold of fortune by the efforts of their »wn feeb sod fhil into destruction. Such was the evilly-ending ease of M. Sharafu-d-d!n ^usaiu, who by influence of the man-throwing wine of the world did not remain firm of foot, but left his plsTW, and into whoso head there entered thoughts of madness and melancholy. On 23rd Mihr, Divine Month, October 1562, he out of snspioions and from internal wickedness, to which his nature Was prone, fled from the holy threshold, which is the refuge of the great of the seven climes, and hastened to Ajmlr and Nigor whioh were* his jdghSn, Several found the ohron ogremof thia event to he dl^sb l^afr (970m 5th October, 1562).

When this disnacefol event was reported to KM., he expressed

i304

iKBARKliri.

complete safprise and amazetnent. Though he inquired the reason of it from his Sliaraf a-ddiii^8 confidants and companions, nothing appear ed except internal wickedness and an injured brain. ‘He frequently^ 19B remarked that he had had the intention of educating him, but that hii narrow capacity could not stand this, and that he had quickly gone off and that in this way his real nature had been tested. Thereafter H.M- the 8h&hiii|^2h determined that one of his trusty servants should bii ^pointed io the province of Nftgor, lest the infatuated son of a Khwa ]ah should, at the instigation of flatterers, stir up strife there, and should alieigkte the hearts at the inhabitants. As to raise the position of the loyal is to exalt the standards of dominion, and to cast dowt^ the faction of the ingrates and the strife-mon’^trs is to preserve the general puhHo. who are a trusi from Ood, and i Ijo to leave the black hearted a lamp of gnidanca for the highway, H.M. the Shfihin^S* exalted ]l[^usain QuU Beg, the son of \7ali Beg 2u-al-qadir, who waf an honoured servant and distinguished for acuteness and serviceabbl qualities, to the rank of ftnd made over ko him the jdgir of M*

8diarafud-d!n ^usain ; and having given him valuable instrnotions he sent him to Nftgor, which was the Mirzft’s seat and refuge. A nombcr of loyalists such as Ism^ail Quli ]S[bftQi the brother of ^usaii) Qoli, Mubumad Sftdig fOiftn Muhammad Quli ToqbftT, Mirak Bahftdur fjul ‘others were appoiuted to assist him. HM. observed that for getfulness and mistakes were constituents of humanity, aod that ttie Mirzft should awake from his sleep of negligence, and be ashamed of his conduct, he was to be treated with royal favours and brought bach io Guurt. Buk if he were minded to be ungrateful, and to have evil inteutions, he was to be punished lo that his treatment might be « warning to others. Sbftn sent hiS family to the foci of

Hftjfprir ^ and prepared for this important service, and proceeded to wards Nftgor. WheHthe fortune-helped army arrived, the Mirzft hal not timu to arrai^e the strife which he meditated. Of necessity he made pv^r the fort of Ajn»ir to Tarkllftn Diwftna, who was one of his irnsted aeiwants, and went off to Jalaur which he had’ brought int bis possession, and’there waited for his opportunity. The imperial for oes approachi^ Ajmir and besieged the fort,, in order that they might

A Fkobsbly Hsy Tpdr Sftrlyina in the Bet Jalandhar Doftb, Jarrelt II. 3le.

CHAPTER ILVin.

make ihe way cle^ for a further adranoe. Tarjijlln Diwiiia actco wisely, and having made a treaty he was enlisted in the royal army, lyiasain QuU IQ^An made over the fort to trusty men, and marcliod onwards. Qbarafu-d-dln ^usain Mirzft, who had turned his back on fakith and fortune, could not resolve upon standing his ground, and left the iniperial domains. The Qountry was cleared from his mist, and the fort of Mirtha, which was the strongest in the territory, and which Jaimal held with the approval of the MirssA also fell into the bands of ^usain Quli fQ^ln. In accordance with H.M/s orders it was made over to Jagmat.

When the minds of the imperial servants were at rest about* the 187 business of M. SbRfefu’d din ^usain, they addressed themselves to the taking of the fort of Jodhpur which was the strongest fort in that country. Let it not be concealed that this fort was the capi- tal of Rai Mildeo, who was one of the great Rajahs of India, both in rank and position, and for the number of his servants, and the extent of his territories. When ho departed from the fortress of life, liis younger son Candar Son sObceedod him and held this fort. ‘J’he officers went to besiege it, and RAm Kai, the elder son of liai Maldeo, came and joined the army of fortune, and after that he was exalted by saluting the sublime threshold, which is the kissiug-spot of the exalted ones of the horizons. M’u%nu-d*dln Ahmad RhAn Parsn^Odi and MozaffAr Moghul and a number of others were sent to assist l[juaain Qull l^ari. By the Divine aid the fort was soon conquered.

A One of the occurrences was the promotion of Kbwflja Mo^affar *All Tarbatl ^ to the rank of KbAn, and the bestowal on him of the

< Blochtnanu 348. It is stated there that Tarbat is the name of a trif)e iu ShnrAsAn. There is also a town of that namb which is likewtae called Tarbat-i-^aidar. There is an account of Mofaffar’s introduction to Akbar in Bayixld, 99a. There we are told that he was released from conBnement at the instanco of Afsal S]&Aii, who represented to BayAsid that he and Mofaffar came from the same part of the country. Bayazid mentioned

39

the matter to Munim KhAn. ](}usaiii QulT, Bafrim’s sister’s son, objected to Mosaffar’s release, saying that ho was an informer {cugMul), and a scotindrol, and that lie had, when in Bair Am EhAn’a service, done much harm to the servatits of Go<l (Maml- man«). But nothing is said hy Bayi- xTd alioiit any pro|K)sition to put hiir to death. AftciwKrds Mahnm Iwid reprcKenled Mo^piffar’seaHC to Akbrr« Akbar tipproved of Mun*iin’t hpRtrh^^

306

robe of the Viftiership, The detaili of this are, that when the affairs of the Sultanate were put in order by the auspicious fortune, ad- mirable attention, eta„ of H.M. the SbthTndieb, and the luost impor- tant Blatters had been arranged, in spite of the perfect tinderstand- ing of the spirit of the age, and the aggpregation of qualities tempo- ral and spiritual, and the unflagging engagement in external and internal matters, and the unn^cessariness of Yisier or vahil, yet, for the sake of maintaining the screen and of following the custom of predecessors, which is the eye-salve of the commonalty, and also for the sake of farsightedness and of abundant caution, the world-con- quering mind determined that the f/uunad of dfwanship should be graced by the presence of a man who -was loyal, fond of service, an4 acquainted with business, so that the holy personality might remain inderthe veil of inattention, which is the best means of testing men, and that political and financial affairs and the details of speech and action might be conducted in the best method, and that tbc gardens of the imperial domains might be watered by the tricklingn from his efRcacious pen. For this purpose the attention of H.U. the Sb&hiaffbfth was drawn in the beginning of this year to Khwftjab Mo|affar lli of Tarbati and*he was exalted by being appointed to this service. The cushion of the dlwan was adorned by him, aod be receifed f&e title of Mosaffar He returned thanks for this

great favour, and displayed his abilities in the execution of bis duties. He managed in a proper manner the operations of the Treasury^ which is the capital stock of sovereignty, the improvement of the condition of the peasantry, and the control of the army (according to tfhat was hidden in the breast of H.M.). From his good service in the affhirs of the Yisiership, he rose to be an Amir. He had abnn- dant ooOrage as well as intelligence, and was master both of the sword and the pen. The Qiwftjah was a servant of Bairftm At the

time of the latter’s alienation, Dervash Usbeg arrested the 196 {Qi^wftjah anA sent hhn to the Court. Though short-sighted men urged that he should be put to death, H.M., who is a judge of the

OsnsnltcU l^usain Quit about tbs mst- BadiShI, Lowe 64, says, Moiaflur was

iSrand told him that he night take made a Khiin in 971, and that the

tbs iffiir iuto his service, adding that chronogram was |Slim (oppressor), fcshid heard ho could write (ugbrs. I

OHAPTBkt ILVnK

307

coin of linmanity, perceived tlie husines*, and

granted him kis life. B’or some time he was collector of the pnrgana ParsarQr^^ and from his success therein he was made dlwun-yhlyfdah. Thereafter he was raised to the lofty oftice above mentioned. 1 laud the discrimination of the farseeing mineralogist who brings o\i% rabies and cornelians from among du^l, and makes them the o^naa fenents of dominion’s throne.

^ In SlAlkot: Jarrett II. «liO. H i$ thf ParittroCah# 1 0

AKB4RN21IA.

CHAPTER XLIX.

TRB 8IC0MD COMtNO Of QbIH AB0-AL M’aIlI, AND Iflf BTRirB-MONOCBTHa.

AND H18 WANDBBIHO IN THE DRRBRT OF DOWNFALL.

Ab the world-adorning Deity willed that the outward glory and inward majesty of the Lord of the Age should bo impressed on high and low, and the standards of his daily-increasing dominion should be raised up to the heavens so that both his outward development inighWliave a happy completion, and also that the astray in the wil- derness of error might be guided to the highway of auspiciousness, it NTas inevitable that the ill wishers of his power should Grst of all be brought into the abyss of destruotidn. And as tlio adorncr of the tiara of sovereignty was constituted a mine of urbanity and gentleness and took pleasure in tasting the sweets of forgirgaess, it was decreed by oumipotenoe thut tbe aviHjr-mcliued towards God-given doniiiiioii should by their own action cast themselves into the whirlpool of ruin. An instance of this strange mystery, which only the wise can perceive, is afforded by the miserable end of 3]|ah AbO-t* neither understood his own position, nor the extent of the royal forgiveiiebs. He had neither a loyal heart nor a ])racticaJ under- atandiog.

It has Ix’en told in previous narrations how this wiokod and evil- tliougliied one had repeatedly committed improper acts, and how he had, owing to the innate clemency of the Sb^hinthth, been saved from death, mid been encompassed by favours. lu * to his

own amendment and for the general been sent to

holy Mecca. At this time he gathered up from the excellent places — where ho ought to have acquired graces — the sparks of wickedness into the harvest of his actions; and having become a reoeptMle of

1 The T. Alfl says, p. 61(ki, that Abu-l-M*aAlT was condned in Delhi, bst managed to escape owing to the negligence of Shihib Shin’s men.

He was recaptured, and then Akbar pardoned him and allowed him to.ge to Mecca.

CHAFflB XMX.

809

9imn he retarned teith evil designs to ilie imporinl douinins which were lighted up by the ravs of the justice. Fiill>

of evil tliOQghts and intentions of strife lie delayed not ii) Cujrat out went on towards Agra and Delhi. When he came to Jalaiir ’ ho iploed II* ti!iarafa-4i-dtn (lusaini who was ruined in realm, and reli- gioA, and went yet more rapidly towards destruction, and indulged yet more in vain and robelli^ns imaginings. Sbarafnd-dTn j^usain Mini also made a compact with him that lie wontd fni:nish him with three hundred proper men (kbub-i-ihud) from among his^privato followers such as Tir ‘Al! Ballo and Mfr ^All KAlibT who would stir up strife in the provinces (Wil&yst). Hedsopfomised that if things made progress here (i.e., ip« India) he would join him in person. Should matters not succeed heye he would himself come to Kftbul. 109 He regarded that country as an asylum for himself and would seek his opportunity.

Sblb Abu-l-M’alll from his innate folly and the instigation of jd|arafn»d>din Mirzl, proceeded towards Ifijipdr where were tho families of ^usain Quli Kbhn and of the other offloers. When hO came to the environs, of HijTpdr he was unable to gain possession of it because Af^mad Beg and Iskandar Beg, the relatives of i^usaia Quli IQlMLn, had in accordance with orders from the Court come there from the rear. The brainless and ill-fated youth turned towards Nftrnanl when he despaired of getting ^IJipiir. At this time Nir* naul had been removed from the exchequer-lands and been conferred on 3bnia*&t Sihftn, and his son Qawim fQ^ln was governor of it. Mir * Oesu, the exchequer aftmil, was then purposing to convey to court a part of the royal revenue, aqd on account of a disagreement between tbe paai and present agents (pumdillapan) precautions had been neglected, and carelessness prevailed. One morning, when tlio offi- cers were m the slumber of security, that ingrate arrived with a set

1 CL BayisTd 117a. It is there said that he joined Sharafu*d-d1n in 8irohT.

• Wilayat is gentrAlJj tied for some fdreifn coimtrjr «ueh al Persia or Afghanistan, but here it (Evidently refers to provinces, per-

haps outlying provinces of india, Tbe word is also naed in this seuite in dipTAKf.

^ Bey Sard 117a calls, him 8yod MahmSd GesA daris, and says he was Dirogha-i-Khllsa.

310

acbarhAha.

of vagabonds. Qawini did not behaire bravely and chose the disgrac of flighty nor did Mir Qean obtain the bliss of shedding bis blood and was made a prisoner. A portion of the coin fell into the hands of those wretched forgers^ asd the city was plundered. When ^nsaia Quli Sibftn heard of the arrival of the presumptnons villain li0 hastily despatched $Adiq SbUn Md Ism’ail Quli Sb&n ^ with a body of troops lest injuiy should befall bis belongings in ^jfpdr. When those troops got to the confines of l^fijipQr they found that the ilk fated wretch had hastened off to Nftmanl. They went off there, and A^mad Beg and Iskandar Beg hearing of their approach came and joined them. When they were within twelve lco$ of NAmaul they fell in with Shinzftda Muhammad, commonly called Sbih-i-lanndin, who had left his jagTr and was proceeding to join his brother. In this way a prey fell into the possession of the imperial servants.

When Shfih AbQ-l*m’aftlI heard of the arrival of the troops he fied from Nimanl. Zeal urged the brave men to push on all the faster When they came to Daharsu two camels loaded with silver which were being marched in the villain^s rear fell into the hands of xsmwil QttU ]|^&n and Ahmed Beg^s men. The avaricioas eoldi^t (qalaq^n) quarreled over this, and the dispute went so far thak there was controversy about it among the leaders. As they had marched far that day they halted at Daharsa. Ahmad Beg and Is kandar Beg were veered Hy the sudden quarrel and marched on fur thei> and encamped. At dawn they pushed on without waiting for $idiq i^d IsmAIl Qul! Shhn Some Badahbflhm and all the 100 men of Transoxiana chose the ignominy of disloyalty and resolved to mutiny. A faithless man namod Dins Quit Ceseited, and hasten ing onwards joined Abfi-l«M^aill and told him the state e| auairs The latter halted in a wood and waited his opportunity. As soon at those brave and loyal men arrived, he emerged from his ambush and attacked them. The mutineers joined him according to the agree ment and drew their swords against their own leaders. Ahmad Be^ and Iskandar Beg fought bravely tad disposed of many of the rebels

t Tbs T. Alfl cells bim ^^ssin or lavand is also used to mean a Qalfs bwn brother. sailor, and is said to be a cormptioi

• Apparently tbe expression means of Levantine. Jarrett III. 375. a king of tbe vagabonds. Butkiaad

xijx.

311

They themselvea drank off the enp of martyrdoDi and earned an ever- lasting good name. Sl^ah Abu UM’aalT fled before the arrival of the Tictorious army. When he came to pargana Jhanjhun the ghiqdar of the place shut the gates of the fort and prepared for battle. He devoted himself on the path of loyalty.^ Abu-hM’aftll went from there to 9i9ar Firuza. Bay&zTd Beg, a’ servant of Mun^im ^ftn, took measures for defending the fort, and that mad dog being discoi.. fited there also, went off towards KAbul At this time H.M. the jhfthinshfth was enjoying the sport of hunting at Mathur& ^ which is 15 or 16 kos from Agra. When he heard of gh&h Abu-1-M^aflirs \rrival and of his evil acts he at .once ordered that a number of loyal ifiicers such as Sh^h Buda^;^ Khan, Tftt&r KJ^iuii, and Rum! Khan ihonld follow him and not stop till they had canght him, so that they night lay the dust of sedition and give tranquillity to the people.

1 Apparently JhunjbSit ia Jaipur. Jf. Bay&zM 1176. It is .also railed ^at^p&r JahnjliQii and is included a the Ain iu Sarkar Niger. Jar- sit II. 277.

• Bayizid says Abu-l-M’aill took

tlir tort on ilie same day and pat the •Sliikdir to death. He has u long account of his own success in deal- ing with Ahri-1-M‘anll.

^ The T. AIH bus Mcwal,

812

ACBAMilU.

dHAPTEB L.

MaIWH or TBK OOBTfOB TO DbLBI, Ain> TBC CABTIM

TBB SBABB Of TBB UMBRBUi OF A08nCI0U8N«W OVBK TH^T OITT : TBB BMTBT OF A TBAbM INTO TBB ■OOB’I.BAr BIBMEHTB Of TBB SjliBIMUliB ABO OF 1TB CBANSlMS INTO AN IBA OF AbflPlCIOOBNBBS, AN8 OF ■» FBOIIKITT TO TBB DiVINB fMTBCnOM.

% Asia all hit ways, tho peace of the world, and the lepoae of noT’ tala are k^t in view by the inspired sogl of BM« the Sblhinijilb, and his true intent in miaoellaneons matters, snob as hnntinf, eto., is to ac’ quaint hintaolf with the gpndition of the poople withoMt the interme- diary of interested perdbna and hypocrites, and to take proper mea sores for the protection of mankind he, npon bearing of Shih Abn* l-m’ailfs oommotion, prooeeded towards Delhi tm the day of Ismin, the 27th Dai, Ditine month,- oorreeponding to Saturday 28 Jamldl* Ml al-awala. On the day of Msrisfand the 28tb Dai, eorresponding >to 2b Jamftda-al*awala, 8 January, 1564^. that city was illumined by the adrent of the 9bibiii|||ih AbO-l-m’ailT oonid not, on aooonnt of the glory of the Sh&hinHiah, and the sublime dynasty, abide tonger in India, and carried the burden of destmotion to ElbnL Sedition which had awoke with bleared eyes went into a profound slumber, and man- kind stretched their hands to hearen in snpplioation for the pemia- nency of dany-inoreaeing- dominion. As the sqnint^ed world Sea in wait and searches for opportnnitise for promoting the cause of the wicked, wounds are cpdtinoally being inflic**<l oa the good and pure, but th^ are pteserred by tha POios protection from the cala- mity thereof, and acquire eternal felicity in spite of the ill-intentioned. The Divine decree too has issued that whenever unstinted joys and lofty bleesings are to be bestowed on anyone, he is in the first place to be euide tbe recipient of griets and pains, so that he may the better render thanks for his favours and that eaeli sorrow may be the (evil-averting) rue for his world-adprning beanty. An instance of this occurred when tho oortege of H.]f. Qllihinfbth after arriving

CBArTIB U

313

in Delhi Lad proceoded on the day of Bahman, Divine month, corres- ponding to vTedneiiday 28 Jamida-al-awal, to visit the shrine of Shaikh Nigftmu d-dm auliyi. May his grave be holy ! He ‘sras re- turning^ from there to hia dwelling, and when he reached the cross- ways (cahdrsu) one of the death-destined ingratea was standing near Mftham* Anaga’a Madrasa When H.M. had gone on beyond hixix, the latter discharged sn arrow against that qibla of the world. It Struck H.M.’a right shoulder and penetrated about the length of a span. A cry rose ttota heaven and arth, and devoted followers fell upon that wretch. They wished to examine him and not to kill him at once, bat H..M. indicated that he should be speedily put to death lest a number of loyalists should fall under suspicion. In an instant they cut him to pieces. Though the hearts of the loyal and the minds of the superficial men of the world were perplexed as to the remedy, that spiritual and temporal king preserved bis composure and eoni- foetod the faithful. He bade his followers extract the arrow. 1 have heard from the glorious tougue (Akbar’s) that at first he thought someone had unwiltingly thrown a fragineut of a stone from a roof. 202 Tn spite of such a wound he remained as before on his horse and proceeded to his palace. As the Pivine protection and the prayers of the saintf were guarding Kim. lb# wound was not serious, nor was lesion great Skilful leeches whedpntees«ed /eW breath attended to the plastering and curing of it. Especially l^wajah ^sn

aud^ ^aktra ‘Atn^aUmalk joined together in treating \he fresh wound and healing it by dry bandaging (kbui^k band). Every A%y tli«y administeuL’d a fresh In the course of a week a cicatrice

formed, and there was perfect restoration to health.

i The T- AUl says ho was rsturn- inff from hunting.

• In iSyod A^mad’a As&risani did mention is made, p. 47, of a nqts- que and mudiwsra known as MaKem Begam’s. The building kad been de- stroyed, but Syed Abomd gives tlie fsbcriptioii. It. ends iu the chrouo- gram SJjftJklr-ahM^Hndi’ii which yields the date 969=1561-62. Msham Bcgim ($ doubtless Mahsm Ans^.

40

for the inscripiioti speaks of the cxertiojiH made is builihng the struc. tiiro by 8hih&ba-d-d!ii Ahmad, i.e. M. Anaga’s friend and relative.

3 The T. Alfl says Khifr KhwSjah was able to render assistance qu ac count of his great experience m war and wounds. This Is the last mention of Gulbadan’s husband.

^ Futlla means a wick, and also a suppository or clyster, but I do not

814

▲XVAKNllfA.

Ok e of the BtraDge things was the storj of the king’s dog. It was a bitch and called Mahawa (beloved f). It was in the palace at the time of leaving Agra. It showed signs of distress and sa^- nesstfrom the daj of this horrible occurrence, and before the news came it had refrained from eating and drinking and remained so for seven days. Such loyalty and fidelity did it show I Whoever glories in the adorniog-beauty of this chosen one will not regard this occur- rence as wonderful. Above all, what io astonishing when it is the case of a dog, whose species is famed all over the world for fidelity.

Though U.M. the 8hahinfl]i&h from his farsightedness and reti- cence did cot give time for the examination of the circumstances of that evildoer, yet do muck was ascertained as that this presumptuous iron-hearted one was a slave of 9harafn-d-dln 9n8ain Mlrzli’s father, and that his name was Qatlaq Faul&d. That rebel (Sh^rafu-d-dln) bad sent him from Jalaur with evil designs to be a companion of 8h(lh Abud-m^aftlf. When the latter fled from India and went ’to- wards Kabul he sent this inauspicious one upon this business. In order to his own destruction he (Fanl&d) placed the arrow of strife on the bow of fate and prepared the materials of eternal ignominy and did not perceive how impossible it is for evil thoughts of wretches to enter the protected sanctuary of him who is befriended by God. On the contrary, whate^a*’ thought they have entertained recoils upon themselves in ruin and destruction. How does it come to them T It ciimeS by leaving to them no trace of honour or reputation, and no particle of life, or fame, or home. Accordingly, just observers who critically examine the record of the flawless sovereignty of this holy lord, well know the condition of the opponents of this Ood-given dominion. (They know) how they become the subjects of a thousand- fold calamities, and go down to the abyss of destruction. If I reckoned them up one by one, a separate book would be necessary. * How- ever, every wliere in this noble record there has been reference made to the condition of those bliud-hoarted ones, and to the retribution of their deeds.

think it cau mean the latter here. Perhaps it signifies a twisted or roll- ed bandage. There is n plant used in medicine called the fatilo-r-rah-

bin (monks’ match), atul p< rhaps this mav Ixj what is nicaut here. Sec Mot- et Ex., XXVI, p. 21.

C&AftSA L.

315

When H.M. was perfectly recovered he proceeded on 11 BaL man, Divine month, corresponding to Friday 6 Jam&da-al-aU|ira, 2L January, 1561, to Agra the capital. He made the jonmej by sloiK marches. Although the wound had been cicatriaed, and quite oared, yet out of consideration for the fact that the wound was yet recent, and that he could not endure the motion of a horse, he made most of the journey in a litter (aukdaan), which is, the boat of dry land. When the shadow of his light- nourishing umbrella cast its rays oa $0S the territory of Agra, mankind received fresh life and hastened to the acme of devotion, and had the bliss of going forth to welcome him. They scattered gifts among his followers, and offered thanks- givings for tlie Divino boon of his safety. H.M. on the 10th Bah- man, Divine month, corresponding to*8aii(lay 15 Jamidi-abaUiira,

• lighted at the palace. He busied bimseif in the admimstratioa of jifstice, and made fitting regulations for the founding of empire and the cherishing of subjects. The talented of the seven climes at iho auspicious glance of the Sh^hin^ah emerged from their retire- ments and took part tft active life, and uecame censtituents of inoreas- isg dominion. The evil received their punishment and hastened to the hiOisg of annihilation. Tho world was cleansed of the rubbish of ♦he iniinodciate and eejoyfci the equability of spring.

316

AIBAKNiHA.

CHAPl’ER LI.

BiQiirNiMa Or thi ninth Dij^ini tub fbom thc accession, to wit, thi .in.’lzAB or THE FIB6T CTCII.

4

Nearly about the time when the rose-garden of the world put ori freih leaves and became melodious from the arrival of the Sbshin- diah at the capital^ and the holy disposition became equable, and turned towards the development of the springtime of justice, the spring of joy came and conveyed the news of H.M/s convalescence After the lapse of three hours and twenty seven minutes of the night of Saturday, 27 Rajab, 971, 11th March, 1564, the world-warm ,ing sun passed into Aries, its house of exaltation, and freshened the ^ universe.

Verse.

The time gave colour and fragrance to ‘‘pring,

It put a nosegay into the hand of desire.

The rose made the spring of the amorous,

The brain of lovers was heated.

The air became humid like the brain of the wise,

The time became like the temper of the strong of heart.

Pearls dropped from the clouds

Like as the brain of the sage drops wisdom.

One of the great gifts which H.M. the Qbahinshah made at the begiuniug of this year was the remission of the Jizya throughout India. Who cati estimate the amount thereof P As the far-seeing glance- of the ^ahinshfth looked to the administration of the world, hs paid great attention to the issuing of this edict, which might be regarded as the foundation of the arrangement of mankind. In spite of the diiapproval .of statesmen, and of the great revenue, and of much chatter on the plwt of the ignorant, this sublime decree was JI04 issued. By^thi^ grand gift, thou«an(^of leading reins and lassoes were made tor tlie stiff-necked ones of the ago. When this tax was iinpubed in.^ormor times by those who held outward sway, the reason

CdaPTBE LI.

817

oor it was that they on account of heart^rcoiod r^nmiiy were g^edf up i6r the contempt and destmotion of- opposite factional bnt i$f political parposes and for their own advaittage, they lixed a sum of money as mi eqairalent therefor, and gave it the name of jiziya.^ Thn* they both gaiasd their object and also derived a profit. At the present day^ when owtpg to the blessing of the abundant good-will ^d graoiousness of* the lord of the age, those who belong to other religions have, like those of one mind and one religion, bound np the waist of devotion and service, and exert themselves for the advancr- ment of the dominion^how should thosp dissenters, whose separation is founded merely on habit and imitation, and whose seal and devo- tion are the real things, be classed with that old faction which cher- ished mortal enunty, and be the subjects of contempt and slaughter? Moreover the prime oanse of levying the tax in old times was the neediness of the rulers and their assistant. At this day,>when there are thousands of treasures in the store-chambers of the world-wide administration, and when every one of the servants of the threshold of fortune is ri^ and prosperous, why should a just and discrimina- ting mind apply itself to collecting this tax? -And why should it from imaginary advantage advance on the path of definite dissension?

One of the excellent occurrences was fjjtie punishment of Abn-1- M’aftlf. The account of this instructive occurrence is that, when Abu-]-M^aali went with evil iutentioue to Kabul, and when the army which had gone iu pursuit of him and to drive liim out of the domi- nions, returned after versing the Panjsb the l*’e’*Bpicious wretch sente, petition from Sind, of bis relationship to H.M. Jahanbani Juinat X^iiyUnT, to Muh Cucak Begam, the mother of M. Muhammad Hakim, who was all-powerful in Kabul; and be added to it an account of his own forlorn condition, and embroidered it with this verso

Verse.

We have not come to this door in searcli of honour and glory

We’ve come here fox protection ‘gainst the hand of fate.

When Mah Cucak Begam had made herself acquainted with the

or contriBution in return for nut liciug put to death.

• From the rvot to fender

iatisfactioD. It was the cquivtdeiit

318

contacts of this letter^ she took counsel with her coufideutialadviscrfl. these short-sigh ted and self-interested men represented to the Beganii that Sl^ah Ahu-l-M’aal^ was sprung from the great Sajyids of Termiz, and that the rulers of Moghulistan and the princes of Kashghar had 205 formed alliances with those families. As he had sought protection from the sublime family, it was proper to treat him with all kindness, and to exalt him so that he should be seen to be a favourite and of ’ great distinction, and to give him in marriage her daughter — the sister

Muhammad Hakim — so that he might look upon this family as hie own; and might make it illustrious, and might do it good, and con- vert it from dissension into harmony. The sirople-iuirided Begara was led by the deceitful words of these men to entertain wrong ideas, and replied^ to Shth Abii-l-M^afili’s letter in soothing language, and brought him to Kabul with all honour. Without making inquiry at the court of H,M, the gbahiu^ah, she of her own notion gave Abu-t- M^aTdl her daughter Fakhru-n-NUi B^gam in marriage and joined that scion of the family of realm and religion to this evil-minded man. The frujt of this was soon gathered, for in a short space of time the Begam lost her life in consequence of this union.

The details of this are as follows: When Abu-l-M’aali, wlio always displayed lack of wisdom and narrowness of thought, as veil as other bad qualities, became the master in that bouseheld, ho could not contain his emotions, llis evil nature too was worsened W the caiinanionship of iu.^tigalors. He made no account of the ]%gam and her pfccciv, followed her weighty counsels. Nor did his actions show the fragrance of gradiajo and devotion. At this time, various strife-mongers such asSbagun, the son ol (^arficu Kliiiii, and Sb«diu6n — who both bad old spites against tli^ Begam -joined Abri-1-M*ardi. Thev represented to him that so long as the Bcgain was in life, he would not lu secure in uiVice and Unit he would soon be put to deatk like hizil Beg, his son Abn-l-fatli f.nd Sbfdi Wall Atka. The ^oper thing was for him to act holuly and take the initiative, ai]fd to bring up M. iMubamniad Hakim, who was still young, in accordance with nis views. In this way all the Kabulis

^

^ The T, Ain j»iv( s the v®r^e she sent in reply. She iwld Ahu.lMa.ik that llw hiatye wrai hi^ own Tho

grp also giwn’ in KiduiiHf

lit)

CHAPlSn LI.

319

would place tbe head of obedience on ihe line 61 Bubmiiidion to him. That evil-minded one who did not think of his latter end gave ear to their wicked coansels, and took steps to cacr; out their evil plans. Ue did not retain possession of the key of reason but lost it in the abyss of ignoranoe- He gave to the wiiid ^f rebellion (^aquq) the harvest of the rights (haquq) of the family. He spurned the recent favours of the Begam^ and lay in wait to commit murder — the worst of crimes I

In fine^ he mada that wretch Qhagun and that scum of Trans- oxiana, who was styled the Q&f!zada^ his friends and proceeded to the Begam’s residence. Abu-bM’a(lI entered the house by one way^ and the two wretches by another. There were a number of women in the house^ and by mistake they shed the blood of an innocent bady. When it appeared that they had blundered^ and that it was xnot the Begam, they went looking for her and joined AbuM-M’aSli. They endeavoured to effect their object, and when the Begam became howare of the facts, she shut the door of her room in the face the tryrants. Abu-l-M^afili broke the door with the help of the two villains, tod entered and put’ the Begam to death. By this wickedness lie ^oisied the flag of oppjeesion. This instructive catastrophe occuired in the middle of VfUrwarain, pi^ine month, corresponding to tlie middle of Sh*&b&n (971), April, 1564. After shedding the blood of the Begam, he hastened in search of M. Mul^ mmad ^kim. He took him out from among young boys aud brought liim into the diwftnkh&na by the side of himself. The men of the Mirei’s household attended on him (Abd-l-M’aftli) willingly or unwillingly. Neat day.he put to deyth Haidar (Jftsim Rohbary’whose family had RUed great offices under the dynasty from genetation to generation, and who at that time held the office of the Mirz&’s Vakil, and carried on the ad’^ ministration of the country ; and also Khwljah Kh&f Mulk and several others. He also hnprisoned Haidar’s brother, Mci^ammad Qtsiin. rnardi Maldani, Baqi Qoqihal, Hasan Khan, and Mahasan

brother of Sl^ihftbu-d-din Ahmad Khln, and a number of the

^ It appeavs from the T. Alfi that <ie 8tabl)cd her

• The T. Alli says was playing with other boys.

a U appears from the T Alii 613a. thrtc both these men were brothers of SilihabudUTii.

820

Begam’s semu^ joined together to kill AbQ-l-M^iftli. ^Idi Sarmast, who wae one of theoii gave information to AbulM’ailI and the latter armed himaelf and hie adherents and prepared for battle. Those ambitious ones took the right-hand road to the fort, while Abu-U M’aftl? advanced from another side. A number were killed on bota sides, but Abu l^‘aftli’s party was victorious and drove the other faction out of the fort. When night let fall her curtain, every one went off in a different direction. The Qfiqih&lB hastened to Ghor * band, the MaidftnTs went to Maidftn, while Hasan ^ftn and Mshasiin ]^ftn went towards JaJftUbftd. Muhammad ‘Qisim, the brother of Haidar Qftsim, and who was in prison, made his escape and went ofT to Badakbsk&n. He informed M. Sulaiman of the tragedy of Kabul and of the wickedness of Abu-l-Sl’aftlT, and urged him to come to Kabul. M. Mu^mmad Hakim, in spite of his tender years, wAs horrified at the catastrophe of his mother; and by the advice of well • wishers secretly sent messengers to M. Sulaimln in quest of relieac and to incite him to come,

M. Sulaimfin on hearing of what had happened, girt up the loiof of intent and prepared to march to that abode of pleasure which ws^ always the object of his ambition. He collected the army of Badki” 207 marched to Kabul, accompanied by B^ain. Abu-1-

M’aftll was agitated by the news of M. Sulaimftn’a purpose. He collected his troops, and, as in Ids folly he regarded M. Muhammad Hakim as being on his side, and as one of his titles (dast^dwez) he made arrangements for his accompanying the army. He took the initiative and marched out of Kabul before M. Sulaimin could get there, and arriving at the river of ^orband took possession of the head of the bridge. From the other side M. Snlaimin came rapidly with the Badakhd^ln forces to the bridge, and both sides drew up in line. Just then a body of troops from KQlib were seen on the. right, and Abu-1’ M^aftlf sent off a number of Kabulis to oppose them. After the two forces had engaged, news was brought to Abu l.M^aAli thai the Kabulieji had been defeated. He thereupon placed M. Muhamd med Hakim in the centre of the troops facing M. Sulaimftn, and weni off to assist his defeated men. Upon this opportunity M. Muhamme Hakim’s men seraed hig horse’s rein and drove him to the river, and in haste brought him to M. Sulaimftn. The whole’ Kabul army became disorganised after this event and dispersed. When Abu 1-M’aali came

cKinn u.

m

Imck Md iMrat Ae itote of Bftun» be got nttorlj oonfued, »nd gtro np fighting nnd ncoepted- defeat. The Bad-tlibdliniane punned him and 0 ime up with him at Cirikirin. They aeiaed him and bionght him before M. SnUimin, who came rejoioing to Eabnl along with M. Muhammad Hakim. Two days afterwards he sent that tyrant in chains to the MirzS, who ordered him to be strangled. Ibi* was don^> in the day of Ormazd, the be^uning of IQiardid, Dirine moiuh. corresponding to the Id of the Bamafini

Ferse.*’

With my own eyes I saw in a thoroughfare That a bird killed an ant ;

Its beak had not been withdrawn from the prey When another bird came and killed it.

Be not secure if you hav* done evil ;

For retribution is in accordance with natursr

At the time of his being ttrangled, his impure character dis- played itself, and he made entreaties and lamentations in order that he might, perhaps, by a thousand humiliations, gain a few more days of life, though thOy were worse than death. But the result was only towbow his worthless character. His impure caroase was by the ei- ertfons of some worthy * people deposited near the gravee of the oupola of chastity, {fblnzida Bognm, and of Mahdi li^wtia. Ood be praised I The world was cleansed of his hateful existence, and he by his own acts hastened to the pit of destruction. Whoever does not appreciate kindness and practises ingratitude, perishes under such circumstances of contempt and disgrace. If lie escape tha ointehee of ti;e imperial servants, the stewards of fortune send adversarioe against him so that he is bronght to destruction for the edigoation of the Wise.

After this M. Sulaimto engaged in arranging the affairaof Kabnl, got

» BadSSni, Lows K, luw. wba* seams to be, anotlier version of those Uti«s.

» •AtUln Perhapf it mwns hrrc U^uirs or other rtHfieUt p^rBons.

41

The plftoingihe body in the eeclo^re where Mebdl end hie wife

were buried teems to show tbot Abu> WM relattd to Mehdl

312

AKBABKAXA

and in educating M. Mahatnmad HakTm ; and sent men tu Badakh§lidn and had his daughter brought to Kabul and given in marriage to the Mirzi. He gave much of the territory of Kabul to BadaU^ftn men, and ap^nted Umed ‘Ali, one of his officers, M. Muhammad Ijfakim’s vakil, thereby establishing his own influence. He himself returned to Kabul. Ebram Begam urged him to take M ^akim with him, and to make over Kabul to the Badakhsbis. Bat he did not agree, hold- ing that abrupt measures did not look well, and that things should take shape by process of time.

He gave three-fourths of Kabul in flefs to his own men, and lio picked out the (best) lands for them. One inferior share he alloted to !£. Hbkim and the Kabulis. He thought that this kind of arrange- ment was a means of keeping Kabul in subjection 1

CHAPTER LII.

C0NQOK8T OF THIS COUNTRY OP GaOH^ * KatANOA BY THt SWORD OF THi GENIUS OF KpWiJA ‘AbDU-L-MajID A^AF Sj[IN.

Though Khwija ^\bdu-l Majid Afaf‘ Sh&n was a Tajik and belonged to the writing-class, yet by being supported by the douii* nion which is conjoined with eternity he did deeds which made Turks humble* themselves before him. O wise (reader)i those who prove their merit by their genealogy succeed with the vulgar (^adinma). Men of elite {khdadn) shut their eyes to lineage and look to the real nature of a man, and call those noble who do great deeds. In short, A|af Khan by his excellent service, loyalty and reliance upon the eternal dominion was divinely favoured and conquered the territory of Gadha. The brief account of this is as follows : In the spaoious territories of India there is a country called Gon4wara, viz,, the country inhabited by Gonds. They are a numerous tribe and mostly live in the wilds. Having chosen this as their abode, they devote themselves to eating and drink- ing and to venery. They are a low-caste tribe and the people of India despise them and regard them as outside t£e pale of their realm and religion, f The east part of ‘^the country adjoins Ratan- pur* which belongs to Jhftrkhand, and the west is contiguous to Raisin which belongs to the province of Malwa, Its length * may be 150 kos. On the north is the country of Pannah, and on the south the Deccan. Its width may be 80 kos. The country is called Gaijha* Katanga. It is an extensive tract and is full of forts,

• Jarrett II. 196.

• The Iqb&lnima mentions that he was descended from Baknu-d-dTn KhwAfi, and that he belonged to Werv.

• Ke Turkan aahih

fu$ht-i-da»t nihddand. “ That Turks, masters of the sword,

placed the backs of their hands before him.” The Iqb&lnaroa adds the word harnamxn “ on the ground.” •

♦ Grant’s Gazetteer of Central Provinees, p. 430.

• That is, from B. to W

• Blochmann 367 note. Grant C. P. Gazetteer Garha or Ga^ha is in

324

lIBARNllfili

and containi populous cities and towns, so that truthful narrators hare stated that Ga^ha KaUnga contained 70,000 inhabited rillages. Among these, Gadha is a large citj whilst Katanga is a village. The country ha^;fbecome known by this double name. The capital is the fortress of CSauxigarha. There was not in former times any sole ruler, on t^e conirary {here were many Rajahs and Rais. At the present day, when by the revolutions of time the country is no longer under the old regime there are still many Rajahs,^ s.g., the Baja; of Oadha, the Rajah of Oarola/ the Rajah of Haryl/ the Rajah of Rial- winf, the Rajah of Danakf, the Rajah of Katholl, the Rajah of Mug* da, the Rajah of Mandli, the Rajah of Deohlr, the RSjah of rtnji.

Most of the soldiers fight on foot: there are few horsemen. Since the fii*8t appearance of Islam, when great rulers conquered India, though their reigns were long, the bird of victory of none of them was able to fly to the pinnacles of those strong forts, nor could the hoof of the horse of their thought brush the soil of that extensive country. At this time, when Ifaf Shin became jigirdir of SarkSr ♦ Karra, and conquered the territory of Plannah, the sover- eignty of that country (Gadbsv Katanga) had come to a woman named DurgSvatl, who was generally known as the Rinf. She was distinguished for coorage, counsel and munificence, and by virtue of these elect qualities she had brought the whole of that country under her sway. I have heard from experienced men who had been there that 23,000 cultivatfd yillages were in her possession, and that in 12,000 of ihese she had resident governors (iAiqdar). The remainder were subordinate to her, ai^d their headmen were under her control. She was the daughter of Rajah Silhihin of Ritha * and Mahoba who was a Candil by caste. The Rajah gave her in marriage to Dalpat the son of Amin Dis. Thongh ho was not of a good family yet as he was wealthy and Rajah Silbihan was in bad cir- cumstances, the latter was oompeUed to make this alliance. As

the Jabalpir district near Jabalpir. KaUngs, or Katangf is some 20 mllee north of Oadha and is K.*W. Jabal- pQr

( Several of these names do not occur in the C.P.O.

• C.P.G. 19A

» G>i. B6a^.O.P.G.2ai.

• The text has Gadha, but it is Kanra-MSnikpir that is meant.

^ Probably the Rakatgarh of the C.P.G.

CRAPTICR Lit.

825

Aralu Dfts had given valuable help to Saltan Bahidur of Onjrlt in the oonqiiest ot Raidiii, the latter had increased hie dignity bj giving him the title of Sangr&m Ue was the son of Arjan Dfts, son

of Saiigin Dfts,^ son of Kharjl. Though from old times the house of the <*(iler of Oadha Was of high rank, yet it had nothing beyond reverence. This Kharjf by ability and contrivance took things under the denomination of from the other rulers of

the country and so collected one hundred cavalry, and 10,000 infantry. Hi^sori^ Saugin DAs carried on his father^s plans and increased his power, collecting 500 cavalry and 60,000 infantry. He had many Rftjputs among his cavalry and infantry. Two able companions joined themselves to him. One was of the Kaharcall (?) caste, and an inhabitant of HamirpQr, and the other was of the Paruiftr * caste. 210 by their abilities he obtained great influence in the country. After him the government came to his son Arjan Dfts when the latter Jorty years of age. After him the government fell to Amftn Iclun ab<iv« mentioned. This Amftn Dfts was a trickster and evildoer. He always acted against the will of his father and prepared for himself eternal loss. His father out of regard for him kept him in confine* ment for some while; and then let him out upon conditions. The wretch went back to his old courses and did improper acts. He then rail away to Barsingh Deo, the grandfather of Rftm Cand, the Rajah of Pannah. The Rajah adopted him. Barsingh J^eo entered the service of Sultftn Sikand^r Lodf and left Aman Dfts with Blr Bahftn, the fokhee of Bajah Rftm Cand, who was then young. There he outwavdly followed a coarse of rectitude* His father Arjan Dfts being displeased with him made his second son Jogi Dfts - his heir* apparent, but he had respect to the claim of his elder brother and did not agree to this arrangement. (He said) It is not right that 1 should have this title in the presence of my elder brother.

^ This should be Si. • See O.P.G. 282 and Sleeman’s list of the Qa4ha MandU Kings in Prinsep’s I. Anti- quities and in jr.A.S.B. for 1887 VI. 821.

*‘A variant gives son of Gorak it)ii, son of KharjT, and there sseni

no uoubt that this is right. MSS. have this.

ft A.pparentiy this snould he graucl son.

• Sleeman states that the Farihir Bajpnts ruled Bandalkkand bef<vf the Chandels.

AXBAftirilfA.

When the worthless Amin Die heard that his father was giring honour to the second son, he maae a rapid expedition and got into his mother’s hoase and remained hidden there. With the concurrence of one of the Rajah^s intimates, with whom he had old relations, he pne night got his opportunitf and killed thp Rajah. The people rose aad imprisoned him and seat a messenger to the second son, but he would not accept the invitation, saying that he could not itill his elder brother whom he regarded as a father, nor could he submit to him as he bad prepared eternal loss for himself. Arguments were in vain* He elected letirement and went off into thedosert. The two honest companions stood firm on the path of fealty and refused to serve him. Os the contrary they wrote an account of the circum- stances U> Rej^h Barsingh Deo and instigated him to take the country. He got wave of absence from Sultfln Sikandar and marched with a force into the country. Am&n Dts took refuge in the mountain- dailies. Though in fact he was unable to resist the Rajah, he represented that he had from ignorance and a disordered brain killed one father, and how could he now fight with a second? When the Rajah had conquered the country and was returning after leaving his own men in charge, Amin Dis met him on the way with a few followers and did homage to him. After much lamentation the Rajah forgave him and made over the country to him. Amftn D&s wept continually and expressed his abhorrence of himself for his evil action. Nor is it known whether this was hypocrisy; or he became aware of his wickedness and so expressed his feeling ol shame before God and men. When he died, the government went to his son Dalpat. He ruled for seven years and then left the world. There was a report that Sangrftm had no son and that he requested Gobind DBs Kacwaha, who was bis servant, to allow his pregnant wife to be delivered in the former’s harem. If there was a daughter, Gobind Dis would have her, and if there was a son, Sangrftm would take him as his. one was to be told of this. Gobind Dfts obeyed the order, and when his wife was delivered of a son the Rajsh took him as his qwH. He gi^ve Mm the name of Dalpat, ^nd R&ni Durg&vatl was given in marriage to him. When Dalpat died his son Blr Narayan was fi.ve years old. Rani Durgftvatl vwaa concurrence with Jtdb&r Kayath and Mftn Brahman gave her son and her title of Rajah and exercised the real authority herself. She

CHAPTER Lff.

327

neglected no point of cournge or capacity, and did great things by dint of her farseeing abilities. She had great contests with Bgs Bahidnr and the Mlinas, and was always yictorions. She had 20,00* good oayalry with her in her battles, and oi^e thousand famons elephants. The treasures of the Rajahs of that country fell into her hands. She was a good shot with gun and arrow, and continually wont a-hunting, and shot nnimc^s of the chase with her gun. It was her custom that whenever she heard that a tiger had made his appearance she did not drink water till she had shot him. There are stories current in Hindustan of her feasts and her frays. But she had one great fault, to wit, she, owing to a crowd of flatterers, became l/roud of her outward success, and did not submit herself at the threshold of the Sh«l^iii 9 beh.

’ When Ifaf conquered the country of Panna, DUrglMtii

w f infatuated with the strength of her army, her courage and w |5 abilities, and was no* apprekensire of such a neighbour. Whea SfafKihln was near at hand he kept open the gates of friendship and intimacy and sent spies and experienced traders into her country and made inrestigationa about her revenue and her expenditure* When he knew the truth about her abundant collections of treasure, and ner hidden stores, the desire of Jordship over the country entered his mind, and he longed to emtwaca tlm hride of the tcrrit^ericH Ho began **ith coquetry and teying, and put out his handl to touch the down and the mole of the beauty (Gondwina), i.e., he began by attacking and plunderiag the villages and hamlets on the borders.

At length, he . in this year by the orders of the Sh^kinflifth, collected 10,000 cavalry and abundant infantry and girded up the loins of enJeavour for the conquest of Oaejha. Muhibb * Alikhftn, Muhammad Murid KbiOi Wazir Khlu, Bibfti Qaqshii^ Naiir Bahidur,

\q Muhammad and a large number of holders of fiefs in that quarter acColfpanied him in accordance with the royal order. The i^ini wae drunken with the wine <Jf negligence and was speeding her tinle in prqapeniy. Suddenly the news arrived that the victorious royal armv had reecbed Damoh ‘ which is one of the imports nt bities 212 of the country. A «tone of dispersal fell into tub ‘•n’dst of her prida and her soldiers soat^Ad in order* to defend their ^ujiliec Not

» (;. p G.. pp/iraaediai

328

AKBARKlMA.

aaore than 500 men remained with her. As soon as she heard of the eventj the Rani in her courage proceeded towards the victorioaS army and with the rashness which outruns arrogance went forward to welcome a battle. Adhftr, who had charge of her administration, apoke to her like a well-wisher of dominion and unfolded the circum- staoces of the desertion of the soldiers and of the largeness of the royal army. The Rftni replied that the desertion was due to his stupidity, and asked how she, who had for years governed the country, could resolve upon flight ? ** ^Twas better to die with glory

than to live with ignominy. If the just king were here in person it would have been proper for her to wait upon him. What did that fellow (A^af Sh&u) know of her rank ? It was altogether best that she should die bravely She advanced four stages towards the victoriaos army. A|af Khan, who was marching rapidly, halted in Datnoh. The Rani had collected 2,000 men. Her officers una - tnously said that it was noble to determine upon war, but that it was not in accordance with courage and prudence to let fall the thread of deliberation. It was proper to stay in some secure place and to await the reassembling of their forces. When the Rani heard these words she moved towards the forest west of Gadha. She then came into another forest north of Gadha, and wandered about slowly iu those deserts. At last she came to Narhi which is east of Gadha. It is a place very difficult for ingress or egress. On Tour sides there are sky-high mountains, and there is a river in front called Gaur. On another side is the furious river, the Narbada. The ravine formed by the passage of the river and by which access is attained to the village is very narrow and awful. A^af Khfln, who, on hearing that the R&ni was approaching, had halted at Damoh, completely lost news of her, and though he sent out persons to make inquiries, yet, as the country was of an extraordinary nature, he could get no information. At last, he advanced in person to Gadhsuand proceeded to bring the villages and hamlets into subjection. When he got news of the • Rinihe left a force in Ga^ha and hastened after her. When the Rani heard of the army’s approach she called together her officers and held a council. She said that if they thought of going to some other place till her forces were collected, it would be proper to go but that her ow^i inclination was te fight. How long was she VictAJi »ou< Herself among trees ? Whoever liked to go might do so.

vfLAirn Lii.

829

Tli#y had leave. There waa no third iasae to her warfare. Either ehe would fa],| or ehe would conquer. At laet all men — there were

about 5,000 collected — set their hearts on fighting. Next day the news came that Na^ir Muhammad, Aq Muhammad and a large force of gallant men had taken by force the head of the ravine which was the road of access, and that Arjan Dfts Bais, a(|io was the /auydar of the elephants (t e., Durgavati’s), had bravely lost his life there. The Rim put armour on her breast and a helmet on her head and mounting an elephant slowly advanced to encounter the heroes who ware eager for battle. She said to her soldiers, ‘‘Do not hasten, let the enemy enter the pass and then we shall fall upon them from ^11 sides and drive them off.” It turned out as she anticipated, and there was a great fight. Many on both sides fell to the dust, and three hundred Mognls quaffed the wholesome draught of h Sj’tyrdom. The Bin! was victorious and pursued the fugitives, and^emerged from the ravine. At the end of the day she summoned her chief men and asked what they advised. Each man spoko according to his understanding and courage. The Rani said we ought to make an attack this night, and finish off the enemy. Otherwise Ayaf Khin will come in the morning in person and teke possession of the pass, and will fortify it with artillery. The task which is now easy will become difficult. No one agreed to this proposal. At last she yielded to the majority and setreated by the way bhe had come, and occupied herself In comforting those of her people who had been orphaned. When she came to her house she proposed the night-attack to some of her devoted followers. Not one of them could equal her in courage. When it was morning, what the Rani had foreseen occurredi Afaf Khan came with liia artillery and fortified the entrance to the pass, and the victorious army entered the mountains. The Rani in her eagerness for battle mounted on a lofty and swift clcph.ant which was the best of her animals, and was called Sarman, and came out. She ilicw up her force£i, distributed the elephants and prepared for battle. tlie

armies had encountered, the W9rk passed from arrows and uMiSkefs to daggers and swords. Rajati Blr Sa, the Rani’s son. who was the nominal ruler, behaved bravely, and |)erfornia Is great deeds. Shams Klifm Ml;ina, and Mubarik Khan lliluc fought bravely. The heitl* raged till the third watch of the day, ao that if it was fuHy descr’bed 42

330

AITBARMiMA.

the accoant would be a long one. Three times Raja Bir Sa repulsed 214 the victorious army but the third time he was wounded. When the RfinI heard of this she ordered trusty men to remove him from the battle-field to a place of safety. They obeyed tho^‘ccmmand and carried him off to a retired place. On this account a great many eft the field of battle^ and the Riini’s troops were much diseoinfited. Not more than 300 men remained with her. But there was no weakeuing of the Rinl’s resolution, and she continued to wage h<^t war alongside of her own gallant followers. An arrow from the bow of fate struck her right ‘ temple, and she courageously drew it out and flung it from her. The point remained in the wound, and would ni>t cornu out. Just then another arrow struck her neck. That, too, she drew out with the hand of courage, but the excessive pain made her swoon. When gradually she recovered her senses she addressed Adhar. who was of the Bakhila caste and was distinguished for courage and devotion and ‘who was bflng in front of her on the elephant. She Mid to him, I’ever laboured to educate and consider you in order that onedav you might be of service. To-day is a day in which I am over- came III battle^ God forbid that I be also overcome in nnine and honour, and that I fall into the hands of the enemy; act like a faithful tcrfaiu, and dispel of me by this sharp dagger.’^ His true heart could not do anything so hardhearted. He said, How can 1 bring try hand to do this thing. How can the hand which has held your gii:s do such dreadful, deed. This T can do T can carry you uway from this fatal field. 1 have full confidence in this swift elephant.^’ lA’hen tlie Rftni henrd these words, which proceeded from soft-heart- i:<l ness, she grew angry and reproached him, saying, hit you choose Such p. disgrace for ipe ‘f Then she drew her dagger, ancl herself infl ie ted the blow, and died in virile* fashion. A large nuinlier of

t S]^ 9 pqa, definrd a.s the space between ih^ rye and ear. The C. KG. £25 says, the battle m which the Haul killed herself was fouj^htiiearSingaur- |;;edj ‘S luiU* j;criii-wcsr(.^)

lahalp ir, but the ac count in the arti- cle Mandla, p. 289. in the same volume 19 diilerent and says the battle took place near Mandla. The mention of

the Gaur river which holonL’.s tn (h? Mandla district and is a tribiitary of the Narbada makes this probable. It is related that the Raid killeil self liciMUse the livir had siiddctiiy risen behind her and cut off her rc^ treat.

• “ Shcwn.’^kilh’d about i\vv»lvennl»>s from JaUdpiir Her tmuh 15 still lo

GHAFTUt Ln »1

Wr dtvoted foltoweti fell in her eerrioe, notably Kuur Kniyna Baklula, Cakemuin KharctlT, ^inJahu Dakit and Mahlinkhn Hf ffci—n. A great victory was gained. A thonnind elephanta and Boch other booty fell into the bandi of the Impailnl aervanti. Then waa both a large amoont of property obtained gnd abo an extaneive territory was added to the Imperial dominions The tatgn ef.the Rani laeted for sixteen years.

When the brilliancy of the Rent’s rule wu extinguished, and when in the very height* of hef rule the band of destruction flung the dust of an hilation on tho head of that noble lady, Asaf mAn after two months, and when hit mind was at rest about the Miyana* country proceeded to tliRCoa<|iieit of Gauragarh* fort. This fortress was replete with buried treesures, ant* tare jewels, for the collection of which (eraiar rajahs had exeri^ themselvea for many ages. They thought these would a means of safety but in ‘he end they were a cause of destruction. The soldiers girded upon the loins of oontage tb capture this golden fort, and from the love of these tnasmcs they Stashed their hands of life and eagerly foiiosrad Asaf Khan. The RdnVsaon who had left the battle-field and eras shut up in the fort came out to fight on the approach of the army of fortune, but the fort was taken after a short contest. The Rajah died bravely. He bad appointed Bhoj Kaith abd Miyan Bhlk’ari RumFto look after the Jauha for it is the custom of Indian rajahs under such circumstances to collect wood, cotton, grass, ghee and such like into one place, and to bring the women and burn them, willing or unwilling. This they call the jauhar. These tsr(> faithful servants, who ivere the guardians of honour, executed this service. Whoever out of feebleness of soul Was

be seen 4n a narrow defile between two hills, and a pair of large .)und stones which St jnd near are according to popu- lar belief her royal drums turned to stone which in the dead of still heard resounding through the woods and calling the spirits of her war 00 from their thousand graves around her**. Sleeman’t Rambles, Constable’s edition 1,23.0 Dar-ain-i-bukmrani ‘*in the eye

(or fountain) of her rule. A.F, punsor the two meanings of the word wool ani also uses the metapher of dust bcin^ thrown into the eye or fountain of her rule.

2. Miyani-wilayat. 1 have taken thi^ to mean the eountry of the Miyana Afghans, but it may mean the middle or central territory.

3. In the Naraingpur district and 20 miles louth-weal Naiiiiiipiir.

332

akbarnIma.

backward ( to sacrilice herself ) was, in accordance with their custotn put to death by the Bhoj- aforesaid. A wonderful thing was that four days after they had set fire to that circular pile, and all that harvest of roses had been reduced to ashes, those who opened tht door found two women alire. A large piece of timber had screened them and protected them from the fire. One of them was Kamlavati the Rani’s sister, and the other the daughter of Rajah Puragadha whom they had brought for the Rajah but who had not yet beeti united to him. These two women, who had emerged fmm that storn of fire, obtained honour fay being sent to kiss the threshold of the gjj^fihinshah.

In fine, when the fort was taken there foil into the hands of S^a- and his men an incalculable amount of gold and silver. There were coined and uncoined gold, decorated utensils, jewels, pearls figures, pictures, jewelled and decorated idols, figures of animals made wholly of gold, and other rarities. I have heard from reliable inform^ ai ta that among the goods and treasures of Caurfigarh of which A^af Khan took sole possession, there were one hundred jars (degf) full of *AUu-d-dm’ aihrafis. There were also other things which could not be calculated. When A^af Ofin, by the good fortune ^ hich came from the rays of the Sfaihinshah’s prestige, acquired such Wealth, and became so powerful, his self-confidence became gitater than it is possible to imagine. As he did ^ ‘right reason,

the senfies^robbing intoxication revealed the amount of his capacity, ifo altogether abandoned the path of propriety and sent none of those rarities or splendid jewels, which were worthy of the appreciative acceptrince of the gbahinsbah. to Court} Ho did not comprehend that fortui^e had made those pearls and jewels a sprinkling for the 2J6]iead of d^ominion and a tiara for the auspicious, and regarding himself as the central object, he strewed the dust of ruin on the head of h|o ^wn honour. That ill-fated one, the tablet of whose heart We no )m^^ ess of sincerity, or rather it had not a letter or even a dot of jpstice m it, .sent only 200 elephants as a present out of the 1,00(^ which had fallen into his hands. He

rafi ‘AUT. Apparently these A.I . speaks of in the A^n,

Blochmann 18 , as the smail, round dinars of ‘Allfi-d-dln

CHAPTER m

»S

all the other rarities, and resting himself on the pillows of the government of Karra and Gadba he spent bis days in negligence. H.M. the Shahin^ah on account of his word-bestowing disposition did not give a thought to ’these things (tbs bidden rarities) and asked at his treachery. When he made the third expedition to aunpur in order to chastise ‘Alf Qulf ^ban 2Uiman he summoned Asal Khan to the presence. The later obeyed the command and v’ent to kiss the threshold! At the time when Jannpur was the seap of the royal forces he bad the blessing of doing obeisence. The details of that affaird will be recorded in their proper place.

1. The beet account of Durgavati tion by Captain Fell. Asiatic

and the Gadha-M&ndla dynasty ap- Researches. XV. 436. The G^dha

pears to be that by Sleeman, J.A.S.B Kai. nga chapter of A.F. U

for 1837. Vr»621. See also the trans- translated in Elliot VI. 30.

lation of the Gadha Mandala insoript see also ibid, p, 117.

CHAPTER LIII.

DiSPLiT or THI UOHTS Of J08TICC IN THC SSiBIMUia’s INSIONiTlOM AT THI CONDDCT Of SsWAJAB M‘UA{{AX.

It is a requisite of the high office of sorerelgnty that’, justice be administered to the oppressed without distinguishing between friend and foe, relative and stranger, and that it place retribution for tyranny in the collar of the tyrant, so that those connected with the ■orereign, and those attached to the court may not make their rela- tionship a means of oppression, and that if, which God forbid, any ■nch event should occur out of infatuation, right-acting men may be under no apprehension in reporting the oppression, but may boldly bring it forward. God be praised that this lofty characteristic is niapk«d in the diipesition of the gJ^ihiniMh that the human in- tellect is at a lou how to deee Ike I«l This world-ministering qnal? 7 is so nnaSeotedly existent in the sacred nature of H.M., that all olaisei rely upon it and pass their days in peace and tranquillity.

In the banning of this Divi$» year and middle of 971,— which was the preamble of the distribution ioitice— Ebwijah M’uajiiani,

who wu the half-brother of noble lady H.11. ; as

he had no relationship so did he make his outward

nlatioti “ intoxicating drug and show himself on various ooca- noni as an example of immoderation. In the auspicious time of M7 H.1£. Jahinbini Jinnat libiylnT, as it was a season for gentleness, H.M. had consideration for the noble lady and need to pass by his offences. For instance, in the year of the expedition to he attacked H.M.’e dtwdn Qjwlja* Badtidi and with the sword of immoderation shed the blood of that worthy man. Ho absconded after committing this horrid crime and came to Kabul. Thereafter he was allowed again, by the intercession of hear intimates of.H-M.,

OHAPTIB Llll.

886

to oomo to Coort, md renewed hu misbehaTioor. At last H.M. ezpolled Utd, and he went off to the He committed wicked-

BOM upon wickednesfi and came back to India. There ho diiplojed the old bad c|iialitiee. Qne daj, when the ministere and oflScera were wsembled la the 9bahini||fth’a pidace^ he made an unproroked attack on Mirzi ^ ^Abdnllah Mo|^al who waa ranked among the gr^lt Amirs. Oa apoonnt of some story he ram at him and kicked him aed ttmok hkm with his lists. On another oocaaion he behared mdelj to Bairtm Shin and put his hamd to his dagger. He waa again expelled. He now went to Gujrat and there spent his days in doing harm to him- self and to eihers. On account of his bad conduct and bad oiroum- stances he could not remain there. He turned his face towards the world- protecting court. When Agra became the seat of the Caliphate he was exalted by the bliss of serrice and was distinguished every- where by kindnesses and consideration. But inasmach as his Uatnre was oompmmt of immoderation he revealed his character by hundreds pt presumptuous acts and by his disregard of his past. Bairftm Shin WBS arranging to make him over to Wall Begin order that he might be conveyed by way of Bakar to Gujrat, when Bairim himself became excluded, and the jQiwija, on account of bis connexion with the holy family, was treated with high favours. But he Was caught by the hand of his own wickedness and continued to commit hundreds of unruly lotions. At last Bijfm Fatima, who had Ijeen E M lahan- bin! Jmnat Aikiyim’s Urdu-begi, and now held a high position in H.M. the 9bsuiii9b&h’i harem, and whose daughter Zahra was in the Ehwija^s household, and was, owing lo his barbarity and wickedneie continually in grief and in the orison of aiBiction, came obe day with a thoneand sigitations and implored help as the ^wftja was about to go to his pargar^a and was going to take her daughter With him. On account of his wickedness, and of the evil imagina- ipons which were part of his nature he meditated the death of thie chaste and innocent ladv. She said over and over again that from

^ It appears fVeni BagriVId’i 4th list that hs was the son-in-law of

Chia.

^ In my C4>py of the IqhSUImaand the Lqehtiew sd of the A.N. she ie

apparently callod KhinI instead of Bibl. BayBzi<h list No. 4, mentions a ion of hers named Buljq. The entry etrraepondk ip tSet of t^dhatn irhi^i. in AO fethss nsme is g.ivou.

336

IMLBAUMAMA.

appro lidimioiiB of the jastice he could not effect his pur-

pose in the capital. Now that he was taking her to his jdytr, what would happen f H.IL had compassion < on the distress of this old servant and soothed her troubled mind. He was going a*hunting, he said^ and tor her sake he would cross ^ (the river) by the I^wija’s house. When the f^wftja came out to poy his respects he would give him gooQ advioe and forbid him to take her daughter with him, 218 Shortly afterwards H.M. left the citadel and crossed the river by boat. Ho then went off the Khwfija’s house with a few special attendants —not more than twenty. Among tharn^were Dastam Kh«n, Tshir Muhammad ^an Mir Faraghat, Qatlsq Kh§n, Maqbll Khan, Qhimftl l^tn, Fegbi^u Kih&Df and Hakfm«ni-mulk. As the unaccommodating temper of the Sliwtja was known, t}ie Mir Fara;^at and Peahru S^ftn were sent ahead in order that they might apprise him of the snbli me advent and bring him to the highway of rectitude. And Dastam and M!aqbtl Shiin were sent after these two in order

that if the ^w&ja should, according to his usuali custom, behave in an insane manner, they tnlght assist Tihir Muhammad Khfin. When the ungovernable madman henrd from Tfthir Muhajnmad and Pegh^u Kfein that U M. had ernssed the river at this place and had sent them, he became violent and said, shall not come into H.Md presence.’ Then he went^ full of wrath, to the femal® apart- luents, and drawing his dagger killed Zatira Agh?. who had just come from the bath and was robing herself in the dressing-room. In this way he provided for himself a supply of eternal destruction. Then he put his head out of the window and flung the blood-stained <l&gg9r to where Dastam l^ftn was standing and cried out with a loud voice, have shed her blood, go and tell. Dastam IBSbftn

took up the bloody dagger and brought it to H.M. When

1 In Akbar’s time the Jamna flowed, as it were, through the middle o! Agra, many of the nobles and others having their houses on the east bank. This was evidently the case of IChwiia H*aassam. There was a bridge of boats across the Jamns,^ and probably Akbar usually went by it. Tins time he went by boat in order to

land near the Khwajah’s residence. The T. Alfl 616 has a somewhat niorr detailed account of the murder, etc. It says that when the KhwA ja stabbeil his wife, Akbar was near enough to hear her screams. It also says that Akbar afterwards told his mother what he had done and that she cjc- pressed her appi cval.

CBAmB Kill.

337

H.M. the Sb^hinsbali heard of thii oatrago he boiled OTer with iudignatioa aud entered the house of the villain. The loadimu buckled on his sword and came into the presence with hie hand or the hilt. H.M. angrily asked him. What kind of conduct is this V Your hand is on your sword; attempt to draw it and I shall strike such a blow on your head that your soul wilf depart.’^ When the madman beheld the majesty of the Sh^hin^ah, his hands and feet gave way and he sank down. Those present arrested him. Ohe of thetiujrfttls was standing behind the ^w&jah with a sword and was meditating treason. H M. perceived his intention and bade Qat- laq Qadam Khftn strike him. That ready-witted one understood at once and struck him such a blow that his head rolled of! and lay beside his feet. For .a inomeDt the trunk remained standing and the black blood spouted from the arteries of the neck. H.M. then asked the ^wftjah for what fault had ke shed the unfortunate woman’s blood. The monster opened his mouth and uttered delirious ravings till at length they silonedd him by blows and kicks. Dragging him by the hair and kicking him they brought him to the river. The tide of wrath foamed up in the ocean of justice, and in accordance with orders, the servants, who were always the boon^companions {kamkdBa) of his violence and frenzy, were bound neck and hand and immersed in the whirlpool of retribution. Though they dipped the 218 wicked wretch in the river he showed tenacity of life^and did not cease his ravings. Ho knew that to blaspheme saints was painful to the king, and so he indulged in this. Though everyone Wiiv>^.eon> vinced that in this whirlpool of wrath he would be killed by the buffeting of the waves, yet from tenacity of life aCd harUnoss bt heart he remained aliver He was made over to Maqbil KhAn who sent him to QwAliir whore he was imprisoned. Melancholia took poeses- sion of him there, and he died of a disordered brain. There is a ridge in the precincts of the folPt, and there he was buried ; but gfler: wards his body wA» brought to Delhi. God be praised ! Hail to the Fortune which consumes sedition and the justice which wipes out Violence. As H.M.’s uolo t>bject is to show forth the lights oi justice and to erase the traces of oppression, his dominion increases daily, and aliO his preeperity.

One of the domiu ion- increasing occiuTonces of thip anspiciouj year was the victory of *Ali Qu)« Khnn Zamin over Fath Khin ol 43

m

IKBARMlllA.

Vb# ot ibis ii as followi. Path

hk broMier, Mallli If^tm and a largp number descended from fort Jtobtii aad t^k peaaiittcm of Bihf r and rarious estates belonging to the KMa Zamin. Thej chose the son of Salim JSibMn, who bad the B|Me df iwii ShiR| for the throne, and uplifted Ihe head of tkua I’he fjtih 2am|u and other oficers of that oouutry, buc \ Bahider Ifajudn Q^ln, and Ibrfthlm proceeded to oatin- gttitli these flames of disaffection. At the Afghans #ere ^n full force, the Qtiu 2SamftB did not think a battle advisable and made himself secure in a fort on the bank of ihe Son (celled) Andhilri4>ari ^ (?). At this time Maulini ‘Alia-ddfn Mr!, Mnlli ‘Abdullah SultftnpurT, Qbibibu-d-dfn Bhia and Wazir KbSn came from the court Thit was because H.M. the IShehAnebth had resolvtid that the Zamfin shoaid be estabUhhed in the path of fidelity by good oonnsels, and by royal &toura Aatpte favour, toe, was shown to Sulaimln KararSiii, the goveruoi (fftkim) of Benga), who had made himself one of tlio conri-ofiioers and associated himself with the $hea Zauidn, and who recited the in the j^thinf^th’s namt^i If it seemed ad-

fisahlekaad opportnns, he (BuHirntn) was to be bronght to kiss the threshold-^the elixir of spiritual and temporal exoellenoe. Those envoys oanie inside the fort and gavo the Shtn Zamftn the good news of tae royal favour. They strengthened him physically and norally^ and at such a time of discomposure conjoined him with viotory. One day they were seated iu Irunfr of tbo l^ftn 2«amftn when the black-hearted Afghans oatne towards the fort with an equipped 220 army and a number war-elephants. Th6 Zamftn was cellect- ipg his forces wnen they oalnje^ and as soon as they arrived they re- pohtsd hiB men and threw them into, confusion. His whole army flsd, anc the Afghans set themselves to plunder their qi^rters. Jnst when these j^resumptaous cues (the Afghans) had made things diffl* culti the dailj-inoreasinir foAnne of the Sk&hinlhAh ICoked to’ the outward cbnoeotion of th,e Sh&n ZamSn with the sublime palace and manifested itssU in a wondrous way.

The brief aoeoant of this astonishing affair is that the Zaman assisted by a few men was waiting inside the fort-walls for an opportanity of fighting or of retreating, ^asan Patni was mounted

^ Forhaps Audaribirl is the proper reeding.

OHAPTIR Mil.

389

on elephant namoci Baldiirbuland aud advanood with a body of troops. The men ind, and Shin Zamin and the few who remained resolved h) die. Ua Urea to one 9f the baitieiie and havilf ^red ^ (f) , n fsortar which wan pJerted there, di8ohar)|^ it in the face of the presamptnons army Which woe advancioff like a most elephant. The discharge and the Rtriking of the eleptsnt^s head Were eimnltane* Ms. The elephani was overthrown and Idfied, and the army wae dispersed. A divine help which ocenrred at this time oloee upon the above providential boon,, was that there was an elephant called Koh« pira whicl^ Bairftm Khftn had given to Bahidnr Shin when the latter was deputed to M&lwa. It had become completely most and was kept ohained up, and was still quarrelsome. When the Shin Zaniin’s troops were driven oa, the Afghan elephant-driyers loosed it and mounted it. While they were riding it, it became violent and over- threw and killed an Afghan elephant that was close by* A great nproar arose, and the Afghans mistook this for the noise of the vio- sonoua army and fled. The Afghans also who were engaged in plundering all at once lost their heads and dispersed. When the fugitives (of Shin Zamftn’s troops) heard of this Divine help they turned back and pursued the black-fated Afghans. Much booty and many noted elephants were captured. It was solely by the fortune of the 3hihin|^ih that such a great victory showed herself. After it the muin-Zamin returned and went towards Jaunpflr, and sent the envoys to court with all honour from Zamftmya.

One of the occurrences was the arrival of Amir MurtS^ft. As the World-protecting gateway of the 3hi^hinshih is the rendezvous of the “elite of the earth, for Almighty God hath made the king’s holy’^r- sonality desirous of collecting all perfections, and a ooHectctjE^ liberal sciences, and a gatherer of all kinds of beneficial things, so do the solitary ones of the seven climes leave their native lands and turn their faces towards this holy gateway and there attain felicity. One of the Wonderful things is that when the master of any soience or craf^ who is the unique of the age in his department — from theology to carpentery — comes into the society of the Sbihinsbah, he hears

^ ea^-iterda. No dictionary seems to explain this phrase, and 1 have only guessed that it means to ex-

plode the mortar. Perhaps it is the Turk! jU. Cdgk and means “ U elsvats. ”

340

AKnARMiMA.

from him such acute remarks about his science or art as he has never heard from his teachers, and becomes convinced thatH.M. has devoted his whole time to the study thereof. In short H.M. by his wide capacity, and great* mindedness, which are exercised without effort, 221 aud with adaptation to his listener — from the highest to the lowest grade— makes the latter successful, spiritually and physically. Aunmg those was the glorious Saiyid AmX Murtft^a, who belcngod to the very learned Jiirjinl^ family, and who was eminent in ihc rational and traditional sciences. He had circumambulated the holy places of pilgrimage, and now took up his abode at the sublime thres- hold which is the K’aaba for the pilgrims of blessedness, and the altar for the caravans of auspiciousness. He according to proper regulations b^ame acquainted with the majestic, assemblies, and gained auspicious^‘css. The Khedive of the Age, who is a connoisseur m human jewels, recognised the advent of the MCr as an honour, and distinguished him by gruciousneea and by copious gifts.

^ Presumably Saiyid Skartf Zal- nud-din Abu-lba«an ‘All JxirjAnT. See Notices t‘t El. X, p. 1 et seq., Jur- jstii was the author of book of defini- tions, and died in 816 A.H.=1413-14: See Badftfinl III. 890 who says

MTr Murtlai was a grandson of Mir Saiyid Qk**’**!! Jurjini. See Bloch- mann 448 and 540. Mir Murtfifft was a native of Shlriz and died at. Delhi in 974 A.H.=:1566.67.

CHAPTim LIV.

34/

CHAt>TER LIV.

E:pidition or H.M. to 11Ai<wa, his Huirrnro or iliphants akd his

lABCH AGAINST ^AiDOJAAH HIS VICTOBT AND RINIWAL OT

SLIPHAHT-HUKTIMO, AMD HIS RITUBN TO THB CAPITAL.

As it is a lofty duty o£ sorereigiity to be always oognisant of the affairs of the kingdonij and of the aentimeiits of the oflioers of the State^ especially of the presamptaous and narrow-minded ones who when they have attained sne^ess have departed from the vicinity of 1*46 throne, and to check them before their proceedings have amouptod to sedition, so k it a ^ tli%nk God for that this glorious

quality is displayed in perfection in the holy personality of the Shft- hieShth. Accordingly the wise are at a loss how to comprehend it. He continually seeks for information about the hidden things of the hkgdom, and though apparently he be engaged in hunting and the like, vet e^^h things are but a veil, and his noble days have no respite frsai the affairs of cnurcVi and state, and he k ever employed in Worship of God, and in fostering his subjects. Therefore, when he came to hear that ‘Abdullah Sihsn Uzbeg, who Vad eat%n the salt of fortune’s table was uplifting the head of rebellion iniMllwa and tkat ho was in kin narroTT mindednsss about to oast away the bnfden of favours and to become an ingrate, be detonaiaod to use olaphantr hunting as a pretext and to make an expedition to Milww Ho voi oat under the divine protection on the day of Bahrim 20 Tlir Dirm# month oorresponding to Saturday, 2l8t Zi Q’ada 2 July, 1M4. It was a season when those proudly-stalling elephants — the okmds — had in their violence flung confusion and uproar on the time and the ter- rene and had in their ooztng fuwj sent forth floods and made high- lands indistinguishable from lowlands, and in their arroganoe and haughtiness paid no regard to the guiding- crook (kajak) of Hie. light- ning, that the sublime standards approached Narwir ^ and the Sipri *

1 A town in Gwillir. Tiefenthsler t This is s river, s tributorj of the

WM long itationed there and has a Cambal. good deal to say about it.

akrarnIma.

34S

where there were elephant foreAte. When the oanip reached the bank of the Gambal^ the rirer wM, owing to exclrMire rain, in fill flood. It was necessarj that the enoampment should halt for neail|r 2%2 two weeks in order to cross, so that the whole bodj might pass <^er in boats. When the special elephants were crossing that fttroae riyer, the elephant Lakna was in his impetnositj carried awaj bjtlMi water. After that the armj encamped at Gwtllir, and from tieie marched on to^ Narwftr. As the elephant forest was near thire^ arrangements were made for hunting, and the seryants were diyidsl into seyeral bodies. To each of them a great ofiicer was appoiatd) and seyeral tame elephants assigned. Strong ropes, too, were proyiddl which might haye force to drag the mountain-forms, naj, which furnish nooses for the elephants of the horisons. The order also was issued that whenerer wild elephants were found, the tame elephant should follow them np, until th^ latter should from weariness iom power of moTement. Then from each side of the wild elephant the driyers who were seated on the tame elephants should cast one end of the rope round the neck of the wild elephant and the other rcand the neck of the tame one. In this waj they wfrs to bring l^im isto captiyity and to drag him along. Every daj ^hey were to taus^ bim more and more, and to throw fodder before him until at length they could mount on him. In this way they were to tame him in a short space of time. The real method of taming eyery wild animal is gentle ness, and the exhibition what is agreeable to him a^sh as ffrass, grain and water. On Rational grounds this mode of hunting seems to be the best plan for bunting elephants ; for the wild elephant is great of body and powerful, and is subdued by elephants more powerful than or like himself. The hunters aTert his malignity from themselves and gain the victory over him.

In fine, H.M. practised the laws of hunting in the pursuit of elephants in the forest of Narwir, and sent out parties in every diree* tion. He himself with his brave companions enjoyed the sport. That day after a great chase a female elephant was seen in the dis- tance. They hastened after it, and having tired it out, they bound it to another elephant. As they were doing so, Adham, the son of MuUi KiUbdir, fell into the clutches of the ilephant and was knasided somewhat but managed -to crawl away. Next day was the *Id Qrtir- btn. Man‘im Kbiu Ktin-Kbinfin, who in that pleasant hant was in

CNAmS LIV.

343

endance on the royal stiirap, and other pillars of ilie elate, Appeared before H.M. and did homage. H.M. in hU kindnaeeolieaped ^Id upon ‘Id and went off . to hunt. Each party proceeded. :le itc appointed place, and that day, after mnch exertion, a herd of female elephants waa sighted e^ich had with them two or three maU e|e* 323 pfaanli. H.M. on beMding them had a asnewal of the joy of. the Id and captoied ike herd whioh eoneUted of nine elephants. Nez day he abode in his camp and engaged in administration which is th real kind oi hunting. On the thu d day he was on horseback with the dawn, and ill 1 the close of day traversed that forest into which> from the closeness of the trees and the ickness of the branches, it was diflicult for the north or east winds to penetrate. Suddenly a herd wliich con tjii lied more than seventy elephants crossed before him.

He was delighted and took it as an omen of the capture of great suc- cesses. In accordance with orders the elephants were driven into the dense forest and the foot of each was fastened to a tree. Persons were appointed to watch over each animal. Ropes were sent for from the camp, and that forest i|i which there never had been a trace of men^s footsteps, and whioh had not been crossed even by the steeds of imagination, became on that night by the arrival of the sublime cortege a Cairo and a Bagdad. The chamberlains by the help of the coart carpenters made a platform for the royal repose ai^d covered t with scarlet cloth. H.M. took his seat thereon, and hi# conrtiers such as Yusuf Mu^jiammad Kokaltftab> ^Aziz Muhammad KokaltAsh,’

Saif Kbftn Eokeltlsh^ M’uizzalmulk, Mir ‘Au Akbar, and Calma Ehan, who was known by the title of Ebftn ‘Atliilt Mir (^yim d-dln ‘All, who is now distinguished by the title of NaqCb ^in, and other special favourites formed a circle round him. Next morning when the world-warming sun had sate on the throne of the horizons, H.M. the Sk^^inahfth with the desired prey in his net and the jp of suc- cess at his lip sate on that auspicious throne and graciohsly ordered his courtiers to be seated. Then for the sake of delight and plea- sure he listened for some time to Darbir ‘ Ebln’s recital of the story of

1 Aklmr’s resder. Blochmanii 4^4* The l<|biJiiiina says his real name WH!j Mull4 ‘IiUyat, but he w.i^ vailed Daibar Kh’ui because he wis always

present in Court. His fatner, accord- ing to the Iqbltfiiima, was 8htti lam’uir^ reader.

iKBARNiMA.

165

Aorfli Hatnia* Meanwhile several elephants with many ropes arriv frooD cKeuMnip. H.M. signified that each one of the eviUdispose elcphanli should be firmly b^und between two of the royal elephants^ and txAuveyed to the cam{) by evening. This was done, and for the coinpleiion of the work he remained there two days more. As H.M. meditated the capture of some more wild^ elephants he turned his rein towards M&lwa. On account of the lightning, the rain and floods, and the viscous mud, and the numerous holes and ditches which characterise the province of Mllwa, the march was difficult.

224 The horses had to swim like hippopotamfj and the camels to traverse floods like ships of ocean. At last after hundreds of difficulties they came to the village of Ranad ^ and encamped there. On account of the excessive rain they halted there two days. From thence they pro- ceeded by way of Sftrangpur. On account of the quantity of mud on this march the horses sank up to their chests and the very hair of the camels became a harden to them. With a thousand difficulties they moved along. On this day the tents of the victorious encampment whicli crowded the wilderness fell into the rear. Except the royal tents and enclosures, a tent of the Kifin-Khanfin, the tent of M. ‘Aziz Kokaltft^, and the tents of one or two of the other great officers, not a tent of the king’s servants could oome up. Of necessity, a halt for one day was oixlered. Next day the standards were upreared in the direction of Maudu, The wide plain of ihe town of Khirftr * was reached after five stages. Though in these halting-plsjces the animals oould not get grain, they enjoyed instead abundatiuc f ^nd moist grass, which was plentiful in these pleasant meadows, and in-

different to grain. They skipped about with delight in those verdant pastures.

H.M. the abfihin^fih left off the pleasure of hunting, and having located the camp in that pleasant spot and placed some officers in charge,

^ A famous romance and one of very great length. Hamza was Mubamn|Lad s uncle and also foster- brother. Sec Rieu’s Catalogue, and Blochmanu 108. Akbar had the book illustrated. ‘A&rlf QandahSrI has some account of the illusUatious.

^amsa was killed at the oattle of Ohod in A.D.

» This refers to ‘Abdullah Uzbeg and his comp:.. >ub.

^ Ranod Jarrett IT. 20‘2.

♦ Perhaps the Kherft of Jarrett Jl. 199.

UHAFYlt LIV.

845

he went off on horseback towards Mftndfl, which was the residence of the rebel. On the way he sent Aibraf {^An and I’timAd ^ftn in advance in order that they might convey to ‘Abdullah IQ^an^ who was apprehensive on account of his improper actions^ the news of the royal favour, and bring him to do homage, and might nqt permit him to be a vagabond in the fields of disloyalty. With the wings of swiftness he went from Khirar to Sarangpur ^ which is the first city in Malwa and is at a distance of 25 Mulwa kos, which are equal to more than 40 De m kca, and he performed this journey in such a time of rnud and water in one stage. At the conBnes of Sarangpur^ MuhStn* mad QAsim KVFAii of NisbApur, to whom the government of that place was entrusted) had tha felicity of going out to meet him. He begged K.M.. to alight at his house, and offered as a present on the part of himself and his followers nearly 700 horses and mules. These were 225 dfsiributed to the officers and servants. At dawn Ive proceeded to- wards IJjjain, which jn former times wa« the capita] of the kings of Malwa. When the climate of Dhtr* had become delightful (lit. otta–Bcattering) by the arrival of the encampment, Askraf ^an and Itiukftd Kb&ii came from ‘Abdullah Shin and reported ihe state of hia ease. It appeared that though these loyal servauts had done theii office zealously, yet no impression was madti on his hypo- critical heart. Hq would not rccept any consolatioi’*. He sent his faniily out of the fort, od then waited till eveming and followed his men. He made some idle requests and sent t^em sway. For instance he asked that ne should receive no detriment in person or purse, and that the province of Mandu should be left to him as before, and that TingrI BardI, l^An Quli, aud Ins&n Bakh^I should be allowed to accompany him. Mun’iui ^Sn Khan>^ftnftn relying upon H.M’s clemency and mildness, begged the pardon of his offences. H.M. the Shfihinfl^&h. out of his abuudant gracioushess, drew tlie line oi forgiveness over his offences and accepted his petition. He issued 311 order m accordance with Lhein and again despatched Htimftd Khan and Darbar IQiSa tw him.

‘ Jt is stuted in the Akhharai- B.M.MS. l-P”. Mint Saran^

pOr derives its name from onoShiiiXL Sh’ang, who was origiuall}- iiti otiiear Oi iSultan Flroz. 8hab.

44

AKIARirlMl.

846

During the time thet the ahudow of glory rested on the inhabi- tants of the town of Dhir^ a woman who had been oppressed came and oompiained that Muhammad 9nsain, qQrbeg of ^Abdullah hid committed yarious acts of tyranny against her minor daughter and had plundered her house. H.M. with a fate-expressing vcfice directed her to be at ease and to wait the exhibition of the lights of justioe, for that he would shortly inflict a great punishment on him. It was one of the wonderful instances of H.M’s foresight, for this was the first person who was seized and punished. In this city it was brought to H.M.^s notice, that when the news of the expedition reached ‘Abdullah flLbftn he — for a traitor is ever fearful — made certain that he would be destroyed, and that as he saw himself imprisoned and bound by the wrath of theSh^hinghilh, he took to flight, and went off from Man- du to LiwftnI. H.M. left Mandu and pursued him. a number of loyal officers such as Mir Muazz-al-Mulk, Muqlm O&n, Muhammad Q^sim KhAn of Nidlftpur, SbAh Pakhru-d-din, Qhfth Quli laSn Mahram, 226 Dastam KhSn, Mseum Khftn Farankhudi, Qatlaq Qadam l^An, Khar- ram KhAn, Qulij KhAn, PtimAd ShAn, Cag^atai ^An, and others were sent ou in advance in order that by marching rapidly they might head that devious one. H.M. with some of his iutimates made a great expedition, and on the day of Din 24 AmardAd, Divine month, corresponding to Saturday 26 Zi-l-hajja, he arrived at evening at the village of LiwAnl.^ The ilbfated one had already left it. H.M. remained there that night. Meanwhile ‘ItimAd KhAn and DurbAr !^Au, who had been commissioned to lead aright the strayed one, wero sent off to guide to the highway of auspiciousness the wanderer ill the wilderness of, ignorance. Next morning H.M. advanced from LiwAiil. On the route the envoys returned and reported that as it was the day of his destruction he (‘Abdullah) had regarded their admonitory words as a trick and had turned away from the blessing of presenting himself. It happened that the Disposers of success and victory had guided those who have been already mentioned as form- ing the advance to the village of Bigh.^ There they learnt that the ill-fated one had sent his family on ahead, and had himself halted. It chanced too that on account of the uns and downs of the

<|U. Livv;\ni ai liulni’c.

^ la I t;. I .«i4.

CBlPTift Llir.

;m7

route, many of the adranoe-guardr had got separated. A few, such as Muhammad Qtoim Shio of ^he. Shin ‘Aftlm^ Sb^h QdU

Sb&n Mabram^ SSmInjt ‘Abdullah, Mirzida ‘All

and Saiyid ‘Abdullah went forward and boldly engaged, assailing the eaemy with a shower of arrows. ‘Abdullah ^In, regardless of the secret forces (t.e., the heavenly helpers of Akbar) turned round in his reverted fortunes, and accepted battle, ^o his companions her said, “Tlie grand army hao made a long march and only a few have come up, wo are many and full of vigour, let us be brave and attack/^ With this evil design ho turned his face to battle, and made a hot onset. The fortune-befriended ones gave proof of courage and devo^ tioQ and had drawn up their forces when swiftjconriers brought the news ,0 H.M. The royal standards poessed forward. On that day I^ftk8<4vSaIt2n, from want of understanding, presur tpiuousty suggest* ed to HM. that the expedition should be abandoned. The royal wrath boiled over and H.M. put his hand to his sword and in his rage rashed at the man. The fool got off his hrrse and took refuge among the horses^ fore and hind feet. H.M. also dismounted and went up to him and struck at him with his sword. As it was an Indian khdn^.a,^ it did not kill * him, and when the royal clemency saw him fallen on the ground (iidk) of disgrace it spared him. In truth this wrath was such as became the royal disposition, so that everyone might know his place, and speak in accordance therewith. For it is a wise maxim that it does not become every servant; to servo in the Presence. Nor is everyone who is a personal servant fitted for the carpet of hononr. Nor is everyone who is worthy of that carpet 227 entitled to sit there. Nor is everycme who has the honour of com panionship permission to speak. Still less is this so when He who is addressed is the Khedive of the universe. And when permission to

i Straight, double-edged sword, especiallti used in Orissa. See Eger* ton’s In (an Armour, pp. 51, 104, 105, and 117 Also Blochmann xlO.

• ia wedam naratld. dam also means the edge of a sword, and this is prohlbly the meaning here. But the Iq tilnSma seems to take dam as meanirg life. Perhaps the meaning is that the weapon was a powerful

one, Akbir did not fully nse^it* The words muhdfa^at firmud seem to mean “ he restrained hiruseif,’* but perhaps they mean, “ he warned him.” Maulvi Abdul Haq Abid tells me that the f^dnda is a* short, pointed sword. Probably the mean- ing is that, as the sword was .short, the point, that is, the dam, did not reach Klisksar.

348

akdarnAma.

apeak lie* been granted it is notbocoming to oppose the royal desi^®5* In fine, the hardihood of opposing the weighty designs of kingSi and of going agaihsi their opinions, is discoTniftcndtd by wisdom, and dis- approved of by the wise. But when those majestic ones have of their own accord conceded to one of the farsighted courtiers of honour’s carpet, lofty rank, and have selected him for special service, then if he, under thegnise of humility, represent the truth, assuredly he shall have performOd his daty4

In fine, H.M. the i^Ahinihnh moved the standards of fo>‘tnne, which are the embroidery of victory, and cast the shadow of prestige over the sxnoere combatants. He came in person to the fi«ld of battle and arrived at a place where the hostile arrows flew owrjr his hpad. The Divine protection delivered him from the darts of mis- fertade. Oh H.M.’s rigid was Muidiin Khftn, and on his left l‘tl- miid Khfin. At this time, when the flames of ce>itest were kindled, ji secret inspiration mado him order the drums of victory to be beaten. He addressed the and said, There is no need (ex fur-

ther delay : we must attack the enemy.” Saying this he was About to giv’- ihe reins to his horse. The Si§n-Hiftnan in a d«rspairing voice, humbly said, Your Majesty’s idea is a good one, but it is not the time to spur on alone. See,, there are a number of devoted men : let US all charge together. H.M. got angry and was about to charge. 1 timild his fidelity seized his rein. H.M.

rebnked him and advanced. Just then the enemy became f onpeious of the royal gUry and the kingly onset, which was such as nob to be withstood by a mountain. Their feet and their hearts gave way. The Divine halo which accompanied that royal rider, dispersed those ill-fated wretehes and overwhelmed them. Some of ‘Abdullah Khan’s leading m^n were killed, and many were made prisoners. A victory, such as was a masterpiece of epochs, was won merely by the royal fortune’s being set in motion. On that 4ay of victory the number cf the imperial servants who were with H.M. s cavalcadp was not omre than 300. For |..fctancc there were M^un/m Khan Kbfiu Kban.h*

• ^Azlz KokpHish; 5aif Khtn Kokaltleb Kb^n, Mnhd« Qtsim

Kb**^ 0^ Nishfipur, Mir M’uizz-al^mnlk, Mn’ ‘Ali Akbar, 8hlh Jllkhra- 228 d*dln, Askrpf Khan ‘ItimAd Kb^n, thv Kb4n ‘Ailm Afaf

Lashkaf Kb^n, Qb^h Kb^n Mabram, Dastam KbAo, M’n$*am Kh§n Farankhiidi, QiUj K|»sn, RahmAn QnU ^An Qfishbegi, Kbf»« am

CHAPTEn LIV,

840

Klitn> QuMuq Qadain Kb^n, Kbwftjah ‘Abdallah, Qftjl Mubammad SislHin, ‘Aadil son of gh&h MuSaininad of Qandahftr, Ma(talib IQiftn. Cagh^tfii Khan, Rajah ToJur &Ial, Hai Pair D&a, SbikalTi V/^aalr Jamil, Miirftd Beg. Though the victorious army was few in numbers and had made such a long march, end the enemy were there with al) preparation and were more than a thousand horse, the Divine aid gave it the victory. Where prestige comes iir, small- ness of numbers does not count, and where the stewards of destiny are present, how can earth-born ones stand up against them I

III short, after that rout, and after the standards of victory had l>een iipreared, H.M. halted there for the night and despatched soma devoted ofRcers under the command of Qftsim Khln of Nldi^pur to pursue the rebel. As it rained heavily during the night, thosa wha were appointed for this service could not advance more than four or live kos. In the morning H.M. himself marched and sent oh men to the advanced party with directions that by every possible, means they might come to an engagement. The devoted soldiers pressed forward, and on the morning of the day of Afditftd 26 Amardltd oorres- ponding to Monday 28 Zt-al-hajja, 7 August 1564^ the royal stand- ards reached Xl! in the beginning of the third watoh. ^akim ‘Ain-al-mulk, who was acquainted with the Rajah of went and brought him to do homage. He joined the troops and went on with them. On this day, which was the time of testing ability and courage Timur Ikka^ showed cowardice. H.M. got him a special horse and appointed him to go forward as scouts The worthless feUow’s oodrage failed liim, and he made the false excuse of illness. A watoh of the night remained when H.M. mounted his horse, and as the air was hot he rested for a time under the trees, and sent Khiidl^ Kbabar Kh§n to go on quickly and get information about the men, who had been sent in advance. He was there when ICbueh Kliabar Kbiln came and brought the news of their victory .

The particulars of tliis were that the landholders of that neigh- bourhood had from loyalty joined the army, and set their, hearts

i All is the All Rajpur of LG. and apparently the All Mohan of tanvtt il. 251. It is a Native State hi S.VV. conior of ( ’«?ntral India. nnd lies N. Narbada and R. Bnroda.

» Qiiatrem^re N. ct B XIV. 8« n. says, is a Mongolian wonl mean* iiig great.

360

AKtARMAMA.

upon doing service. The braVe men of ihe victorious army raised 229 war-cry (auran and fell upon the camp of ^ Abdul lali )^An near a defile^ from which GAmpAnIr is visible. That infamous one^ who had no sense of honour^ fell into confusion and left his women in the wilderness, and went off, taking his son with him. The great oiHcers surrounded all his property, especially his women and his elephants, and halted at that stage. M?r M^uizz-al-mulk and a number of officers followed the wretches for five kos, and by their rapid movement succeeded in coming up with them. They dispersed many of them, and Mir M’aizzal-malk and some others were decorated (lit. made red-faced) by being wounded. The villain escaped from that place of danger, with frustration and loss, aiid only half -alive. As he had still some breaths remaining, he reached the boundaries of Gujrat. As no world-obeyed order had been issued for making that country the arena of fighting, the viotorions troops stopped there. When the good news reached the royal ears, H.M. went forward and arrived at that place, and returned thanks to God. The loyal officers were exalted by an audience. An abundant booty, consisting of women, elephants, horses, as well as money and other goods, were shown to him. Among them the elephants Jprup, Gajgajhan, and Saman were received with special attention, and indeed each of them was creation^s masterpiece.

After returning thanks to God, H.M. the SJ^ahins^Ah beat high the drums of retreat towards Mindu. He completed the distance in three marches, and on the day of MArasfand, 29, AmardAd, Divine month, corresponding to Thursday, 2nd Moharram 972, 10th August, 1564, alighted at the pleasant quarters of the fort of MAndu. From thence he sent bulletins of victory to the imperial dominions, and especially to Agra where !QLwAja Jahan and Mozaffar Q^An were managing the State-affairs ; he remained nearly a month in that aus- picious city, and made regulations for the management of the country. He also promoted the officers in accordance with their services and abilities. Among them was Mfiqim ^ KhAn, who had distinguished himself during this campaign, and who was glorified by a kbiiaf*

1 Apparently this word is a form phant AbrUp. ‘rBlochmann |467. It

of surnd, a trumpet. The word is is called AprQp in the Maasir 1. 571.

Turkish. ^ Bloclimaim 371.

^ Apparently this is Khusrfl’vi ele-

CHAPTftB LIV.

351

and the title of Sbajft^nt IQiiftn* As the noise of the setting np of the standards of victory had been diffused over Mftlwa> and the sound of the drums of fortune had penetrated to the ears of everyonet all the leaders and chiefs of that country came and did homage^ and the landholders put the diadem of fortune on their heads by kissing the ground. Daring that glorious residence^ it was reported to H.M., that ^Abdullah Kb^u had gone to Gingiz Sb&u, who was then power- ful in Gujrat. H.M. ordered that one of his able officers should be sent to Cinglz IQ^ftn to request him to send the wretch boond to the Presence, or to expel him from the country. Accordingly Qakfm ^Alurul-mulk was sent with the rescript. Cingiz went nearly to Campanir to receive the rescripti and displayed great adulatian> and sent several of his confidential servants to Court with suitable pres- ents and a humble petition. Its purport was that he was the king^s slave and must obey orders^ Inasmuch as H.M. was a forgiver of faults, and a distributor of favours, it would be in accordance with the cherishing of his slaves if he would, on this oocasion, forgive his (* Abdallah’s) pffehoe and 1st him (Cinglz) send him to court. If this request did not obtain acceptance, he would of course thereafter expel the inauspicious one. 9aldm-‘Ain-u.l mulk arrived at Agra with Cinglz presents one day after the standards of fortune

had reached there.

Amon^ the occurrences was that Shin Quli, who was one of the brave servants of ^Abdullah Kbftn, and had been left by him in charge of Handia, made a petition to the effect that he was still therein the whirlpool of mingled hope and fear. If he should be favoured hy the news of personal safety, he would become one of the slaves of the court. Accordingly a comforting order was issued to him, and he received that as.an amulet and came to court with a number of his followei’S. *There he obtained auspicrousness.

Another occurrence was that Muqarrib who was one of

the officers* of the Deccan, came by way of Berir and did homage. He was received with kindness and obtained SarkCr Handia as his jdgir.

Another occurrence was, that Mirin Mubftrik Sb&k, the ruler of ghandis, whose ancestors had held that territory for many genera- tions, sent ami ^.^sadors .aud splendid presents to court. Ho riiprcscut- ed through H.M/s intimates that his great wisli was that his daughter

862

AKBlRKlMA.

might be inoladed the hil^ot H.M. s*«6raguo. As U.M

the Sh^iufO^h 16 A granter of desires Mirfln’s request was accede ed And a< favolirable order was issued. ‘Itimftd |£b&ni the eunucl ed was one of the couBdential servants of the court, was sent wit MiriU^s acobassadors upoa this ser?!ce, together with noble gift When ^Itimftd came near the fort of Xsir, which was Mirftn lesideaoe, MlrAn hastened to welcome the glorion:^ rescript, an brought ‘ItimAd. Kbftn with houout inside the fort. Knowing the ILM/s favonr was the document ot his own eternal bliss, he doS patehed bis chaste daughter m proper form. A number of nobU accompanied her. ‘Ithnfld Kbftn arrived, when H.M. had departs one stage beyond MftndA, and conveyed the daughter to thi> heret, He recounted the respectful behaviour *1 MTrftn, whose god qnplitiee and sincere devotion were approved of at court.

(One of the occarrsucos was that as H.M. the gbUhinib^h– inneiely disposed to forgive offoncea, and to cherish the poor Hassn Sh8n SbBBiiic!, PJyinda Muhammad Pane Bhiya, end l^udfl Bar Yatim were sent with a rescript of favour to the conhaes of Dungs p6r to soothe Bhz Bahfldur, the former governor of Milwa. who we wandering about in exile in those psrtsi and to bring him to Couit Ab the envoys brougnt the news of the royal favour. Bis BahAdur recognised his good fortune in this and showed a desire to returns service^ and prepared to set out. At this time, e foolish euUuoheS his came from Agra, and by making improper observations, as is the way of wretched praters, withheld him from the highway of forturu As the black pall of wretchedness had not yot been removed fro his fortune, BAz Bahidur involuntarily made some idle excuses a^ rematned excluded from the bliss of doing homage. He put off th poriiid oi this great sucoe^ts to another time. He see back the envoys with petitions full of his shnme and offences.

In line, Mftndu renmsBed the residsnoe of H.M. for nearly; month, and when he had made administrative regulations, he in happy hoor, rtV, in the middle of Sb^hriyQr, Divine month, corrCf ponding to the end of Moherram, turned his reins towards Agv4* While he was encamped at Niles, he appoiuted QarA BahAdur (Lbldi and other officers to the governiueut of Mludd, and issued an order that the toiribution tor evefvohe who in this expedition bad with held liimseU* from aceonipaiiying the royal cavalcade, and had chose

CRITTICE LIV.

85S

the dust of delinquency m n etain on the face of hU serrioe wais that he should remain in MandO with Qarh Bahftdilr Kb^n and be oxcladed for a while from the Presence. He remained the following day to arrange affairs^ and on the third day, he started in the height of the rainy season for Agra. The march was made through flooda« and on the w^y M.M. frequently rode on stos^ ^ elephanta One day he mounted on the elephant Khindi Rai, which had no equal for ferocity and obstinacy, and proceeded towards the next station. That sky high elephant was such that powerful drivers could not keep tlieir seat on him in the time of his violence. By a sublime device of H.M., one goad had its point buried in the elephant’s head while the handle was securely fastened on the beast’s back, while he held another in his hand and struck the elephant’s head with it whenever he was obstreperous. By means of these two instruments he re* strained him from outbreaks of ferocity and made him obedient. In thia majestic manner he arrived at the end of the stage. His attendants who beheld his wondrous power, were amazed and regarded the performance as the effect of Divine aid, and opened their lips in prayer for his long life and dominion. After encountering storms and tf/aversing mountains which poured dowu floods, the army reached Ujain, and then making four marches from there arrived at StrangpClr.* He stayed one week there in enjoyment, and then went on to Khfrir. For two stages he travelled through that wonderful country of hill and forest. For two days this lion of the forest of sport hunted elephants and brought several females withiu the noose of desir’C. From there he went on march after march till he came to SiprI. At that stage the news was given by the scouts that there was an extensive forest in the vicinity, and that there was a herd of elephants in it. H.M., the Sb&hiuQbih, from his delight in hunting went thither as soon m the Prince of the East and West (the sun) had wrapped himself in the brightness of the dawn. When he came near the forest, seventy elephants came in view. Among thorn there Sn was one magnificent animal. Bold men made the whole forest an enclosed park and proceeded, accordhig to signal, to drive the herd

J Matt it not ahrays used in the and full-hloodcd. Siv Akbnt f modem tense of “savage/* or “rut* classifiration in Blechmanii ]i4. ting. ** It often merely means young

45

AK8AEKAIIA.

te4

towards the camp. Thej had driven it tome distance when a female elephant came* out of the herd and rushed at the horsemen. She came to Fakbru-d-din/ and threw him from his horM. Then she went for the horse^ leaving the Mfr fallen. Meanwhile the gallant men displayed alacrity. The Mlr^ in his confasioDi lost his head and put his finger on his mouth as a sign to them to be silent. This action of the Mir’s was^ for a long time, a source of amusement (to Akbar). That day the herd went off. All H.M^s efforts were directed to the capture of the elephant above mentioned, and at last they brought it within the noose. At the same moment H.M. moun- ted upon him, ‘without regard to his power or to his having been newly caught. Abud-fazl, the narrator of this masterpiece of Divine power, has heard from the p<^arl -dropping tongue that this was not a wild elephant, but one that had escaped from the Vulera of the country. H.M. gave it the name of Kheri Sang. Next day he halted in the tame place and went after the herd. Suddenly five female elephants appeared, and he set off to hunt them. By H.M.’# Exer- tions Aree females were caught. While the camp was stationed at SiprI, an order was issued that the scouts should exert the mselves to produce the herd of elephants.

It vras the end of the day when one of the savage denizens of those wilds, who are in their language called Bhils, came to tbe camp and gave an indication of where the herd was. This man was a servant of Bfljih Jagman of Dhandhera. As the world-travers- ing cavalcade bad not happened to pass through bis territory, he hivd driven it away from there, and he had also arranged thatv if by chance the camp should be in the neighbourhood, in- foromtion shonld be given that Jagman had out of loyalty left huntsmen for the purpose of the sport. When the joyful news Arrived, H.M. the at once mounted and went off to that place.

Nearly seventy elephants were seen in motion. Among them one mast elephant was remarkable for the beauty of hia movements. Brave men proceeded to drive the animals from all sides. That ele- phant in his pride and mart condition paid no attention to them. The female elephants got separated from the herd and went to attack 234 the beaters. Just then a female elephant ran and threw Muhammad

1 Blochmann 406.

CHAPTCft LIV.

Sftft

f Alib, the elder brother of Bedfthhdtl fro™ hone. Then il proceeded to trample him. Tbd spectators felt certain that his bonet would be reduced to powder. Meanwhile, the elephant saw that the horsemen were approaching, aud takiog the man in her month and trunk ran off. When the horsemen got nearer to her she flung him off and ran away still faster As soon as he was flung down he got up and ran, to the astouisl»vmnt of those who saw it. But when we consider the marvels of Dirme power, there is no room for astonish* ment. In short, H.M/s sublime genius engaged itself in capturing the aforesaid elephant. He gave an order that a war elephant should be brought from among the special elephants and made to fight with him. The elephant BhirQn, which was equal to that ele* phant, was brought and set to fight with the other. A great contest ensued. After Bhfrdn had jiiade great eaertions he turned tail, and they had great difficulty in keeping the wild elephant off him. At this time an excellent idea occurred to the inspired mind whereby the hunting of elephants might be easily accomplished. Thii ^ was, that whenever the herd of e^phante showed themselves, active horse** men should surround them at a dmtanoe, so that the elephants should not see them. By beating of drums they gave (tha elephants) to understand that there were a number of people beiiind them (the elephants?). Two elephants were associated together and were riddett in such a way that the riders should not be seen. They were taken to a place that had been selected^nd there bound. ^Meanwhile the wild elephants were driven very slowly forward till at a ngth on sc* count of the imitativeness which is part of beasts’ nature^ the herd went towards the two elephimts. They came there of themselves and were then tied up. It was a source of great joy when this excellent plan, which, till now,, had never entered the head of any prince, liras imagined by the holy mttid. An order was issued that the troops shouM advance on all sides, and that having taken the wild elephant already mentioned along with the rest of the herd, they should pro- ceed towards the camp. The officers obeyed the order and tucked up the skirt of service. When they arrived at the fort of Bfpri 4hey drove the herd inside. When the whole herd together with the great elepbirfit had entered the fort, the latter again showed violence.

t Of. Blochmaim 384, 285.

aibarnIma.

358

H.M.i in order to ohaBtiae him^ had the elephant Khind! Bai| which wae a match for him, brought op and put face to face with the wild ele- phant. Thaaa two moving mountains had a great fight, and conten- ded together for one watch of the day.. Sbindi Bai nearly broke the pride of the wild elephant, but on a sign from H.M. to the atten.- dants, Khftndi Bai was withdrawn. The wild elephant, by mighty blows, broke the stone wall of the fort and went off into the wilds. H.M. sent Yusuf the elder brother of M. ^Asts Koka with a

286 number of men to capture the elephant, which was now wearied. Meanwhile, he personally attended to the fastening-up of the herd. Strong elephant-drivers brought in the wild elephants on every side. An order was given that the elephant Ran ‘ BhirOn, who was a power- ful animal, and distinguished among the special elephants, should be brought and made to head the elephant aforesaid. Again these two mountain*forma contended together. As the w ’d elephant had fought a great deal, he was nearly being overcome. The drivers brought him to the foot of a large tree, and bound him with strong ropes. Slowly he grew tame, and was gradually included among the special elephants. He received the name of Uajpati. ‘W hen H.M. bad sufficiently gratified himself with hunting, he went on all the faster towards the capital. The route taken was by Narwar and Gw&ll&r. And when the grandees of Agra heard the sound of the approach of the army, which is the voice of the organ of joy, they all came to welcome it, and did homage. They attained temporal and spiri- tual felicity by the favouring glances of H.M. the Sb&hinsh&h. H.M. arrived at the capital on the day of Zamijftd 28 Mihr, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday, 3 Rabi-al-awwal, 9th October, 1564.

One of the occurrences, which occurred during this happy time, waa the birth of twins. Two priceless jewels appeared from one matrix, two world-lighting staia emerged by one ascension, two (pairs of) glorious eyes received brightness, two (sets of) earrings were ex- alted, two precious necklaces shone, two powerful arms came into being, two wrists of success appeared, two beauteous eyebrows came into being, two ears of joy were opened. That is, two twin-princes were born. The worlds expanded with joy, and the parterres of

i This appears to be the BblrSo already named, for it is described as a second encounter.

CfTAPTKIt IIV.

857

flowers smiled. The carpet of joy was spread from shore to shore and .happiness was proclaimed to mankind. The sonnd of the dmm of rejoicing was heard throughout the nine heavens, and the strains of the organ of felicity resonuded o^er the six sides of the world.

Ferse,

There was such a round of bumpers

That patience deserted patience, and sense left sense.

H.M. took the blooming of these two rose-bushes as an omen of 286 the auspiciousness of two worlds. He returned thanks to Ood, and named one of the twins Mirzi ^aaan, the other Mirza Husain. Qftsim Ai’sl&n made this chronogram about the birth of those two royal

j[)earls.

Ferse.

The unique king had two sons as successors

Two jewels came into the hands from the oasket of success.

Time searching for the date wrote thus:

Two ’ moons appeared from the zenith.

These two unique pehrls of the ocean of holiness, returned to the ample domain of the other world after one month. They flung down the coin of their lives for their father, H.M. felt grieved at the departure , of those two early fruits, but trod thh pleasant path of acquiescence and resignation, for to the farseeing there is no remedy save submission and resignation against the inevitable Divine decrees.

Among the occurrences were the laying the foundations of Nagarcaio,^ and the playing of polo. The Architect of the workshop of wonders and the Geometrician of marvels hath willed that the holy personality of H.M. the Shfthln^fth shall be such an aggre- gate of perfections that he display celestial glories in every- thing; and that in every place he shall devise thoughts of beauty

i The Persian words yield 972.

• See Badi&Tti, Lowe 69. He re- marks that the place had wholly dis- appeared. See BJochmann 298ti. See Panthome’s “A Forgotten City,”

J.A.S.B. for 1904. He ideiiiifles Nagarcain with the village of K ikrill within the boundaries of* QabillpSr seven miles due south of Agra.

358

AKBAimlllA

ftnd be tlie adorner of kingdoms. Accordingly H.M. turned his atteiK^ iipns tovrards, the improving, and beautifying of the nobio village of Kakrill. That land of floirers was distinguished among pleasant places for its climate, etc., and was one league (/arson jf) distant from Agra, and H.M. frequently halted there when he left the city for recreation or hunting. There he enjoyed the sport of hunting, and soothed his mind by the capture of beasts and birds (t.e., hawking) in those meadows. When he returned from MandC to the capital, he decreed that pleasant dwellings and life-cherishing gardens* should be made there. Accordingly engineers laid thC foundations of delightful hpuses in an auspicious hour and iu the time of a fixed constellation which is suitable for the foundation of delight.

237 * short time clever builders finished the work. Similarly the offi-

cars add other servants created dwellings and laid out gardens suitable to their conditions. It soon became so civilized that it was like the cheek^mole of cities. H.M. gave to that holy spot and first- fruits of mystery the name of NagarcaTn, nia., the cit^ of repose. He often played polo there, and enjoyed hunting there.

In this year, the ambassador of Shth Xahmisp, t be ruler of Persia, arrived and brought the rarities of .that country as a present. Sultan Mabmfid of Bakar begged that he might attain the office of {[htujir- kbinl, ».s., of FbSn-Q^ftuSn ; but as there were of eers greater than he, who, from knowing their position and from perceiving the nature of their predecessors, had not asked for this appointment, hearid not succeed in his request He sent much gold as a present to the Shfih, ‘who is now defunct, with the idea that perhaps by his recommend- ation he might obtain this good fortune. The 3hftb had accepted his request and had referred to the matter in his leteor. Bnt as the Khedive of the world waa seated on the mamad of appreolation of merit -and of justice, the currency required was marit, net recom- mendation. Especially when, one like Mnn’im fQian held this high office. Accordingly the request of the was declined, and the ambassador was dismissed according to the rules of princes.

CBAPTCB lv.

nf

CHAPTER LV.

M. Mohakv&b 9akIii aiixa to taei senoi at the woRLi>*i’ioTieT«

H0 cAVn or THE SbIbimuIr; tbi DUffVBKr or Kabvi, raoM M. ScLAiHlB; abd otbbb romoBATB

OCCORBBMCB8.

*OUl

It hu already been narrated how M. Salaimin diepoeed of the wickied and ill-fated Abul-m^aaH| and how he left Badakblbw in Kabnl. He did not appreciate the righta of the tnblime tamily,. and did the work of an enemy under the garb of a irlend. He wat continnally trying to get possession of Kabul, and to keep ^kfm in one of the distncts of Badaldifik&n. Though the loyal Eabulia understood in aome measure M. Sulaimftu’a designs yet, as the pro* ceediiig Was a strange one, they did not feel quite certain about the flwiast he was not ntentsd with the Mmhar of men ha had already sent and took to senillBg more. One time, he san^ ^Abdu-r-rahman Beg, the son of ICTr Tolak Qadtmi with a forco, and on another occasion he sent Tangri Bardi Qusbbegi with troops.

The suspicions of the Kabulis were confirmed, and they took mea- sures to retaedy affairs. Those who took the chief part in this were IGiwija Hasan Naqghbandl, Btqt Qiqshftl, Siyuiidak, ‘All Muham- 289 mad Asp, Banda ‘AU MaidSn! with other Mahliaian.) and Khwaja Khieriyana, Y8r Muhammad Ikhiind, Firus and KbaUfa ‘Abdullah. They sei^t informatioh of the facts to M. Uaklm, who had arrived at years of discretion, and he, who had been put into straits by the parsimpfiy and bad bebayiour of Ibe Badakhdlis, approved of their Bolicitade, and set about expelling Uie Badakhdtis. .He took away tlie territory of from Qart Yatim and the son of Hfi’saiu

Kabuli, to whom it . had been given by M. Sulaimsn, and bestowed it 6n Qlsim Beg Parwahci. Bangasb he took from AMurfid Kbwftja and gave it to his own followers. Jaltlfibad and its territory up to the Ihdus, which M. ISulaimsu had given to Qftsl KhSn, S^aid K. Mubft*

Hz K. and BahSu d-dln K. he made his own exchequer-lands. By degrees he looked the noose of oppression which the Bsdakhlhi^

360

aebaanIiu.

cast over Kabul^ and expelled idl of them from the cottn‘tiy 8t> d Bada](hd)lB were put down and went off to M. Sulaimfin. Qhe^iri) met in the passes of the Hindi! Koh M Sulaiman, who was marching to Kabul to ^et matters right, and he .told him all that had occurred. Thereupon he hastened towards Kabul. When M. Hakim received the news of his approach, lie ms^e over {lie citadel to BSql aud a number of other trusty men and went off himself witli.a body, of loyal followers towards JaliUbftd and ‘Peshawar. When M. Sulai- mftn came to the river BSrdn, he halted there for some days in order to rest his men. As he .knew that the MirzS was going towards. JalfllibSd, he pot off the capture of Kabul to another season, and moved on to JaltUbld from Deh-Minir with the intention of making M. ^kfm a prisoner.** When the latter arrived at Daka^ an erro- neous report was received that M« Siilaiman was not following him, and so M. HhJcfm turned round and proceeded to Koh-i-Barfin.*

The daughter of M. Sulaiman, who from want of sense had. re- mained in JaUl&bad, now repetited and joifmd M; ^aklm (her husband) in the borders of Basftwal,* and apologised for hbr offence. At this same stsge it became certain that M. Saitiman wks marchliig.in that direction, aud that the former report was Wrong. The Mirza proceed- ed|with all haste to Qharib^ftna,* and from there to *Ali Masjid, and from there to Peshawar, where he halted near Qablla-i-fjabib.^ On the same day M. Sulaim&n’s envoy arrived there with the idea that he might succeed in laying a snare for him. The Mirzft after a brief interview (?) {sir-i-suvj’dri) dismissed him, and sent Khwija Hasan to M. SulaimSo, while he himself proceeded towards the Indua Just then Khftki Gallabftn (shepherd), who had remained behind to get correct information, came and reported that M. Sulaim^i^ arrived at JalftUbad, and that he had left Uaram Begam thef^ with a body of troops and was Coming on.^ M. ^akim quickly crossed the

i Or Dakka; at the west end of the Khaibaf.

• Perhaps the B&r&n river.

• YasAwal in text. On the south side of Kabul river and east of JalAU had. See Ravorty*s Notes, p» 4^. It is also known as BihsQd and as Dih-i- glndiman.

• The old name of Land! KhCVe>

: Baverty, p. 40. also JahAngYr*^ Memoirs quoted by Baverty, pv‘45*. Landi Khana apparently means “small river.”

^ I cannot identify this place

CHAPTER LV

Ml

indui» and sent Ghalib Beg and Turao Auji with a humble petition to the Shahinsbah^s world protectiag Court. He described his wretc- bed circumstances and begged for assistance.

He himself halted on the bank of Sind-Sagar. As at the time the government of the province of the Punjab was in ^the hands of Mir Muhammad Khan, the elder brother of the Ataga K., the Mirza sent his Dewan Khaja Beg Mahmud, and Maqsud Jauhari to him and begged for help. Mir Muhammad K sent Qazi Imad with preMOts and an encouraging message. The Punjab Officers also sent presents suitable to their rank. When M. Sulaiman beard that M. Muhammad Hakim had crossed the Indus* he became hopeless and returned from Peshawar. He proceeded towards falalabad* by the Karappah* route* and on Che way had fights with the Shinwari Afghans. Many of them were killed, and some goods belonging to the Camp- market were plundered. Harun Sinwari, was the head of the tribe, was killed here. M. Sulaiman left Qambaand a body of troops in Jalalabad, and proceeded to Kabul which set himself to besiege. The garrison were on the alert and took measures tp stregtben the fort. At the time when Nagarcain was by the advent of H. M. The Sbahinshah made cynosure of the seven Climes, M, Hakims ambassadors arrived and were through the In tru mentality of the Courtiers exalted by doing homage. They conveyed the petition of the Mirza to the royal hearing. This was favourably received, and as the cause of the Mirza’s trouble was his not having a prudent and weM wishing guar- dian, H. M. the Shahinshah in his abundant wisdom took thought about’a guardian and choose for this high post Qutbu-d-din Kbap, who- was distinguished for his ability and trust worthiness. An order Was also issued that the cream of the Punjab troops should, under the generalship of Mir Muhammad Khan join the Mirza and convey him to Kabul and seat him firmly on the masnad there. After doing so Qutb-d-din K. was to remain in Kabul

while the ofiiccrs sbouM return, to their files. An order

was issued to Mir Muhmmad K., and* to the great.

1, Apparently the Indue is here meant, but A. F. eaye Akber gave the name of Sind Sagar to the valley of the Bihat and Sind,

Jarreit IT 311 ‘2. In the Mphmnnd J. H. 401 and note. Notes I 7G.

Country. See aUo Raverty’s

akbarnama

VA

offioen toch m Mubtannid K. and Quli K. Birlat^ the Govtmor of Maltan, Qutbi^d>dio K., Mahdi Qaaim K., Hatao Sufl Snltao, Jan Mnhammad Bahaudi, Kamal K Gabbar, Fazil Muhammad, Quli K., and to the headmen of the country that they abould march quikly and join the Mirza on the bank of Indna, and proceed with him againat M. Sutaimau and put a atop to hia moleatation of Kabul. H.M. alao aent a large sum of money from the royal treasury, together with comforts and luxuries along with the ambassadors.

When the orders reached the oflBcers, they bound the girdles of obedience on the waists of loyalty and went off with the army to serve the Mirza, Qutbu>d-din, Kamal K , Fazil Muhammad, Quli K., and a body of troops joined the Mirza before the othere. By the reception of the royal favours and by the royal graciousnesa, Mirza’s position acquired fresh glory. They crossed at the ferry of Alak Benares and proceeded towards Kabul. Mir Muhammad K. and the other officers joiiMd the Mirza with proper equipments near Peshawar. Each officer offered presents suitable to bis rank. By the lights of the royal favour which shone upon the cheek of the Mirza’s circumstances, his officers assumed a splendour such as he had never imagined or dreamed of, and be marched on to Kabul with high hopes and right intentions. They did not draw rein till they reached Jalalabad.

As M. Sulaiman had made over Jalalabad to one of his men named Qsmber, M. Muhammad K. began by sending saqi Taranbi and Arif Beg to advise him. He ftom ill-fatedness withdrew bis neck from the collar of obedience. As the Moribund was in bis ignorance not merciful to bis o^ life, heroes girded up their loins for the cap-> ture and by the strength of their arms easily untied the difficult knot. They mounted with the foot of courage the steps of fortress>capture, and set up lofty scaling leadders. They planted tbemagainst the wall of the fort, and essayed to enter. Though the Badakbsh is opposed them to the utmost of their power, and neglected no point of defence and assailed the attacking party with arrows and bullets, etc , and threw the dust and ashes of opposition on the heads of the

^ Jarret II 311, n. 3

Cliinberi

olimbers to yietory’s oiiBimit, yot no dml remained on the mirrer* hearts of these gallant men. And if oooasionaUy some elimber fste wounded and thrown down, they had ad^ so little a desiTe to oapiMe the fort as that they should become apprehene* e on seeing him, mA should refrain from going on. On the contrary their oouragg in- creased, and they put their feet on his head and Ml apnerdm the good’fortune of the ShihiaAth they took the fori la IhMl ^ of an astronomical hour and put to the sword Qambar Ali jMf 800 comrades. They let go two of them in order that they might 341 impress upon M. Sulaimin what they had seen of the fate of Qambi^r and all his comrades.

The head of Qambar was sent as a present to the battlements of Kabul, and enoonraging letters were sent to Biql QftqabU and ihe men of. Kabul to inform them of the arrival of the army of fortune. When the news of the farour and of the belpi ig^hand of H.M. the Shfthindl&h, and of the capture of JallltbSd reached Kabul, the sound of joy rose high, and the head of Qambar was made an ornament to the battlements. Though M. Sulaimila was disooncerted by the cap- ture of Jalllibid and the noise of the approaching army; yet he comforted his panic-strioken.men by declaring the news to be false.

He said it was a olamour of the Kabulis, till at last the two Badakb- Sbis came and confirmed the tidings of the victory. Thereon, the thread of patience fell from the hands of M. Suluimftn and l^ram Begam, and the cord of coherence became unloosed. Disheartened^ and in evil case, they debated as to whether they should fight the victorious army or return to Badal^^Sn. After arj^ment they de- cided upon flight.

Next M. Sulaim&n retired from the siege of &kbul and turned back his horses shod them backwards). Ha went in the vUrcctiun of Jalal&b^d and arrived at Riwftj. He gave out

that he was going to fight the Mirzl. At nightfall he became per- turbed and went towards Bada^^Sn. As he was crossing the river Parwan a great flood came down, and carried away ‘h**

Badakhsk^* baggage. With a thousand difficulties, and with pre- cautions that no one should see him, ho reached Budakhshdri

I The negative yiadd^tand in curious, but A.F.’s meaning neerus cle»

enough.

AKBAftNlMl.

304

TictorioQS army had ‘armed - at Jagdalak when the naws came to kabul ol the flight of M. Sulaitnftn. M. Hakim aad the officers came to Kabul, ^he inhabitants being released from the troubles of defending th.e fort raised shouts of joy to heavenV The whole popu- lation rejoiced^ and offered up pn^ers for the long establishment of those royal standards which cast the shade of justice far and near. After some d4ys Qutbu-d-din JK«* went to visit Ghaznin, which was the home of his family^ and took Eamftl K. with him He spent days in pleasure in that place where he, had been born and brought up. Ha showed kindness to all his dan^ and to all his friends^ near or remote. He ^turned after laying the foundations of .stations, j^ar* dens and bujldingSi which are marks of alispioiousness, and produce 243 pleasant meinories. After arranging the affairs of Kabuh the KhSn KiUn foolishly reiuilved to take upon himself the office of the MirzS’s vakU and stayed in Kabul. Ke bade adieu . to the officers^ and they returned to India. Sakina BSuu Begam^. the younger sister of M«

. ^aktih, went to India in order to thank the ghfthin^Sh for his kindness and from a wish to enter ^ the holy service. She proceeded under ^he guidance of Qutbmd-din Mab&namad K., and obtained fortune by kissing the threshold.

As there was no . inborn gpodness in M. Muhammad HAkim-s dis* position, uor any - development of sound reason^ and no honest and loyal servants^ disturbances’ arose at this time when by the Sh&hin- ghflh’i ififittence tho affairs of Kabul had been arranged^ and the ©In Kilftn. was. established as administrator. The sedition-mongers ‘of Kabul .stirred up strife and Muhammad ^aklm Mirza.yn account of his yoiith was always giviug ear to falsehoods. And Mir Mribam. mad K.^ wha was noted for his impetuosity ud roughness, did not adopt conciliatory ways and was put out by petty matters. He con- ducted things with .seYerity, and so things did not proceed harmoni- ously between him and tha Mirzi and the Kabulia Though the Mir- x% used exp-‘ciBsions of obediencei yet he transacted many important matters without consulting the Ki4n KiWn. One of them was that Kbw§ja Hasan Naq^bandi was passing his days in Kabul, and that the Mirza without consulting H,M. the or reference to

the Kibu?, gave his sister, Whom his mother had formerly

• Akbar gave her in msrnage.to K.’s aoii, B U9.

cttAPtm if.

m

ttiarried tc A.ba-1-m’aftli, in marriage to the Sbwljt. When the latter had the glory of aubh an alliancoi he took to managing the affairs of the Mirza^s hoaaehold, and used to do thing! which he ought, not to hatre done* . Also many men of the Mirea^s bonsehdd used to say things which were not agreeable jM) the Sbln Kilftn^s dispositioB*

Mir Mohammad spite’ of the hastin* s9 of his oharaoterj, oonld

read men, and was acute and fa^-8eeing• He could aee in the of to-day the catalogue of the events of the morrow and in his ill* fated ness he thonglit it proper to consult his own repose though be should act contrary to the ghfthinfbfth’s order. He perceived that evil days were coming upon himi and as the saw that the outebme would not be good he proceeded to lookahead. In a night* of nights he, without anyone’s knowledge^ march^ from £abnl| and took the highroad to India.

He also sent a report to the sublime court, detailing the intrigues of the MirzA’s palace, and the oommissionB and omissions which were taking place in Kabul. If the Kh&u KilAn fpr his own satisfaction took such a- bootless course, he should have from his knowledge ol the world, eto., sent Khwftja Hasan, Yftr Muhammad lL^uud> FirUz 248 and some others along with the officers to India, so that the MIrzI’s affairs should not go the length of becoming sedition and also he should not have returned in such fashion. But when there is a Divine design for some act, the wise and farsighted are previously mado foolish, and then the hidden purposes are revealed. And, in fact, m such matters there is nothing left for the acute and intelligent, but, to be spectators and to become acquainted with the Divine decrees.

One of the occurrences was the sending of Qullj K. to Robt^s in order to conciliate Fath K* The siiort account of this is that there is in Bihar a fortre js named Rolitis which is one af the greatest in India, and which is a marvellous work of the Creator* It stands on a^very high hill and i» guarded from the thought of disturbance. Its length* and breadth are more than five kos. The ascent fpjra tbe plains to the terrace of the fort may be more * th.an a ^ / wonderfui

• That i’i, he conW interpret the future bj the lighn of present events.

8 AnpArciitly the meaning is that the ni;:^ht’was a very thirk one.

» The TaKa^iif has " half a Ama * The meaning mnst W- that road rU>es for a km pr halt a ka, irol tcuK *!he hill i’ a 4 »• high

AKfeAMlMA.

iM

thing is that though tho fort k sitnatod so high^ good water i< found whenever the soil ie dog to the depth of two jarde. From the time it wae boilt^ no mler had ever got poeaeMion of except Sher Khini and he took it by fraud hy introdnoing troopa dreaaed aa women, aa haa already been briefly related^

After that it fell into the handa of Fatb Patni/ who waa one of the great airdara of Sher JQ^n and Selim Sbftn. .Supported by thia fortreaa he uaed to contend hotly with Snlaimin who had acquired the government of Bengal. From far-aightedneaa he waa alwaya making repreaentationa to the well-wiahera of the em- pire. At thia time, when the notea of the dialoyalty of ‘All Qnll K. Zemin were viaible far and near, H.M. aent Qnllj Shin to Fath Shin, who waa alwaya aending repreaentationa of hia anbmiaaiveneaa, to aacertain hia diapoaition and to confirm him in the path of aervice and obedience. He waa to arrange that when the atandarda of for- tune reached the bordera of Jannpur, he (Fath Shin *) ahonld attain the reward of performing aervice and ahould bring the coin of hia fidelity to be teated by H.M., and ahould prove to all and aundry the genuineneaa {iaragi) of ita quality. QuIIj Shin reached Bohtia with all poaaible apeed, and confirmed him in the atraight path of aervice. And he brought hia younger brother Haaan K. Patnl into aervice in order that he might obtain princely favonra by being admitted to the Preaence. At the time when the glorioua cavalcade returned from elephant-hunting in Sarhara and Narwftr, of which an account will ahortly be given, to the capital, they were exalted by kiaaing the ground, ^bsan Sb&u waa encompasaed by the Sbfthinfib&h^a favours.

In the beginning of thia year the cupola of chastity, Begam, who waa one of the pure wives of H M. JahflnbAnl Jinnat Aibiyftni ^ and the daughter of hia mother’s maternal uncle, and mother of

1 The Tsbaqit seems to hayo Bata- al, see Jarrett ll. 402.

• Perhaps, the nieaniiig is that Fatb 1^* undertook to do it.

. ^ Dafjiiar^i-iaghai-i-wdlida^i^ka^^ rat-idiian. Blochinann has tagbai- sIdn-i-w?i1ida-i-Jannat ashiyini which Kecm<! taken from the Maa^ir, and he ’ V tin* i> leJt), “daughtt-r of

HumiyUns mother’s brother.” Per- haps then Begam was Huml- yUn’s cousin, and not his mother’s cousin. Bkbar Mem. 388 calls her the daughter of Tidgtr Taghll Perhaps A.F. by the expression tag^ haX’i’Wdlida only means to emphasise the fact that she was the daughter of HumiyQn’s maternal uncle, or per-

CHAPTIft LT.

36T

Alimin Mfrzft, wan permitted to go os a pilgrimage to the holy places. H.M. arrasged this pilgrimage to the holy places in an excellent manner and proyided all things necessary, and bade her goodbye. Thongh his holy heart did not wish to be separated from her, yet ha preferred her wish and granted her request. A large number of persons obtained the same fayour by this opportunity.

haps he msssi that the unole Wss that her hushand Khiyr Khwija was the mother’s full brother. I think atUl sliTe. He was probahly mads

we may gather from the Ihet of An^af-‘amri alter Adhsm Bbin’s

Oulbadaa Begam’s not aocorapany- SKeoatioii. irtg QSjf Begasi on this pilgrimage

CBtAPTBR LVI.

SzPlDlTIOV OF H.M. THE SslHlNajilH TO THE PROTIECB OF NaRWAR ■ FOB THE fUBPOBE OF ELEPHAMT-HCniTINO.

The Khediye of the world always employed himself in various kinds of hunting and other diversiona so that a spectator might sup- pose that nothing but these amusements touched the hem of his heart. H.M. always conducts himself outwardly with reference to the crea- ture> and inwardly with reference to God, and so superintends the order of things external and internal. He always adorns externals as if he were one of the external and superficial, and internals, like the wise esoterics of the true qibla. At this time he devised ele- phant-hunting as his veilj and in Isfandarmaz, Divine month, corres ponding to Rajab,^ he proceeded to Narwar and Karhara.^ The at- traction of pleasure took him to Dholpur. As its climate was equable he crossed the Cambal on an elephant, and passed by way of OwlUftr. When he reached the borders of Narwar the huntsmen brought the good news that several herds of elephants were roaming in the forest of Narwar. An orde^ was issued that the camp should halt in that pleasant spot while H.M. entered that forest with a few attendants. He wandered for two days in that endless forest and then came upon a herd of elephants. He made an enclosure accord- ing to the old method, and after catching the wild elephants in it returned to the camp. One of the successes of the hunt was that one day while he was engaged in the chase in the wilds of Narwar hie eye fell upon a serpent which was nearly seven Akbar^^fthi *

1 TksT. Alfi has «in Bajab 978. oorrespoading to ^ondaj the 87th .of (qu. before) the true rernal equi- nox of the 10th Diriae year.* The poreiita is bUiu hq/lam nauro9 $ultdn% 4auam ilSk%, and perhaps the refer- ence is to the fact that Akbar’s acces- took place on the 10 Isfandsr-

maB. about three | weeks before the beginning of the solar year.

• Qu. Karara in Gwaliar. W. of Jhansf. But probably it is the Kar- harah of Jarrett II. 189, the zamin- d&rl of which is said to be included under Ratangadh.

® See Jarrett U <>1 TUo \Ubai

CHAPTim LTI.

yards \n length and which had oonsnmed several eltal ^ (spotted doer*) which are a kind of deer, and was about to destroy more. H.M. or- dered the noxious animal to be destroyed so that it received retri« bution for its actions. He stayed there for two days disposing of the world’s afEairs, and sient Laahkar ]Qiin Mir BaU^dll to Asaf SlMta in Garha in order that he should send to court such of the war-ole* phants and other goods, which had fallen into his hands during the campaign with the BinI by virtue of the royal good fortune as were fit for presentation. An prder was issued that IQ^wija Qibli||VLd din * ‘All of Qaswin should act for Lafldikar Sbiin during his absence. H.M. devoted himself to hunting, and adorned the hunting-quarters with his presence.

gas was apparently s: 41 flu* gers long.

^ The spotted deer, axis macolatus. The text has m3dk Sku SeU but

the word is the Arabic iaU mSddai matter or species.

• The T. Alfi says. afterwards styled Asaf

870

AlBABirlMl.

CHAPTER LVII.

*4# BbBIKNIBQ Of THl TBKTH TBAB, TO WIT, THB TBAB DaI Of THB

flBBT CTCLB.

In this season of expansion and on this anspicions soil, when the airs of joy were oironlating^ in the brain of fortune, a vernal happi- ness possessed the soul of the Age. The advent of the world-enkind- ling new year diffused abundance over the terrene and terrestrials. The hundred-petalled rose bloomed forth.

Fsrw.*

The rose sought to unfold her petal-wings That she might fly in company with the nightingala The early buds half-opened on the ends of their stalks To bear away the hearts of the claw-sporting birds;

The spectacle of flower and leaf reveals That at each step the road of love rises and falls.

Hay I imitate the nature of this garden^s buds With a hundred tongues in tlieir lips they are silent ‘Tis for the flhfthinihiVs advent they Ve spread Carpets of roses and brocades of jasmine.

After nine hours and twenty-one minutes had passed of the nighi of Sunday, 8th flhibin 972, of the lunar year, 11 March 1565, the son entered his mansion of exaltation, and the tenth year of the reign began, viz., the year Dai of the first cycle, and another sppng was ad- ded to the equable spring of the Sh^bin^fth’s character. H.M. was in the same delightful meadow which the artists of springtide had

^ These verses sue not vei y intelli- gible. The Lncknow editor has an usrCul note about them. The third last line alludes to the leaves or pe- Islf being regarded as tongues. The iawm have hundreds of petals or

tongpies and yet are silent, and the poet hopes that he may be the slave of the intellect of the buds. Tb^ fifth and sixth lines seem to refer to the alternation of flower and leaf-

CHiFTBB LT1L

871

decorated, when on the next day the desert-trayersing huntsmen an* nonneed that in a certain quarter there was a forest full of elephants.

U.M. the Sblhindiih was delighted at this news and hastened off to the chase. He oaptnred the elephants and sent them to the onnip.

He spent the night in the forest, and next day came to the camp.

On the way the huntsmen announced that at the distance of eight fcos from the halting-place there werq^more than 250 elephants wander* ing at their free will in a forest. H.M. was delighted and at once went off to the spot. At the end of the day he arrived at the grasing-ground of those mighty forms. In accordance with his or- ders’ the servants surrounded the elephants and drove them towards Baylnwln.^ Half the night had passed when they had driven them into the fort. By H*M .^8 orders a pond was dug by the camp->atten- dants, large enough to charge with moisture those cloud-like ani- mals, and it was filled up with pure water so that these heated river- qaaflers enjoyed the springs of that bounty which guarantees the satisfaction of all from the elephant to the gnat.

After those wild creaturM had been caught and fastened with 24 A ropes, some were sent to Narwar, some to Owallyir, and the most of them to the camp. In connection with this affair H.M. spent two dajrs in the neighbourhood of the fort of Bayinwftn. Certainly, on the occa- sion of thisdelightfuloccurr mce— the like of which was not to be wit- nested anywhere else in the pleasant lands of Indiar— the spectators enjoyed a wondrous spectacle and had oause for admiration. What sub- lime contrivance I What lofty conceptions 1 How the Lord of the Agff brought into captivity such a number of savage, mountain-like heaven- asceiidifig animals I From thence he turned towards the camp which was in the vicinity of Karhara, and stayed there about twenty days,

As it was the time of the mingling of two seasons, and the air was becoming heated, and as the climate of that warm, elephant-haunted country was not conformable to the human constitution, many of the camp-party fell ill. H.M. had compassion on humanity and bade he beating of the drums of return. He left some of the followers to canture the remaining elephants, and went on stage by stage, and hunting by the way to Qwaliyftr. There H.M.’s constitution became somewhat affected by the climate and long marches. In a short

1 BapSnwa in text. Sec Jarrett 11. 188.

t72 AKIAMlKl.

itiM, buwAver, he was restored to health, and sickness was changed into soundness.

(rUldl ha mihaidal Ai«d.)

Five or six days after his recovery he proceeded towards Agra, and in a fortonat^ honr, which was a chosen one of stars and hori* zonSf^ he east his light and his shadow on that fortunhte city.

Among the pAnoipal events of the year was the foondiiig of the fort of Agra. It is not concealed from the minds of the mathematical nod the acquainted with the mechanism of the spheres that since the isSrld-adoming creator hath decked Time and the Terrene’ with the existence of the Sblhin(^th in order that the series of creations might he perfected, that wise>hearted one has exercised himself in bringing each individual life from the secrecy of potentiality to t^e theatre ef performance. At one time hs has prepared the oonstitaents of rul9 by perfecting the esyth for animated nature hy improving agriculture by irrigation and the sowing of seeds. At another time he stablishes spiritual and temporal dominion by budding fortreeses far the pro* teotion of products and the guarding of honour and prestige > Accord- ingly, he at this time gave directions for the building in Agra— which by position is the centre of Hindostan— of a grand fortress snob St might be worthy thereof^ and correspond to the dignity of his 147 liominions. An order was then issued that the old fort which was built on the east bank of the Jamna, and yldae pillars l)ad been slisken by the revolutions of time and the shooliB of fortune, ritonld be removed, and that an impregnable fort ahonld bo bnilt cf hewn stone. It was to be stable like the foundation of the dominion of the sublime family and permaoent like the pillars of its fortunes. Acoord- mgly, lofty-miuded mathematicians and able architects laid the foundntipfta of tins great building in an hour which was supreme fof establishing t fortress. The excavations were mads tiirongh aeven strata of earth. The breadth of the wall was three (lijithahi ’ yards

A It is ,not quite clear what is creased it bj half a coiiip making th6

meant by ihe bldshihl gaa, but most length 48 Iskandari coins. Bee Jaig

probably it is the Iskandari gas r^t II. U, wh^ it is stated that the

which was ktroducied by Sikandar gaa Ml appaamtly made of

Udf and consisted of the width ol nolversal applications l.o.p. 68. Tbf

41 1 copper Ccins till Humayon iit- <iccottat in the IVtb Akbari differs

CVIPTIB LTII.

378

and its height sixty yards. It was provided with four g^tea whereby the doors of the doiainion were opened towards the four quarters of the world. Every day 8 to 4^000 active builders and’ strong-armed labourers carried on the work. From jthe foundations to the battle* mentSy the fortress was composed of hewn stonSi each of which was polished like the worldrrevealing mbror^. and was ruddy as the cheek of fortune. And they were so joined together that the end of a hair could not find place between them. This sublime fortress, the like of which had never been seen by a fabulous geometrician, was comple- ted with its battlements, breastwork, and its loop-holes (sany-amUs) in the space of eight years under the faithful superintendence of Iftsim Shftn Mir Barr u Bahr.

In this year ELM. determined that a person should be appointed to the lofty office of 9adr, who should be distinguished for wisdom and probity, etc., in order that ascetics and devout persons might ap- proach the sublime threshold and receive pensions and support in accordance with their condition. In this way they would be comfort^ ed and be able to give themselves up to their devotions without anxiety. Though this tribe of men is to be found in every country, and there is no clime without them, yet they are most numerous in the districts of India. It was indispensable that there should be at the head of such an affair someone who should be firstly single^-eyed, so that this high office should not be a scenp of.^rasping and conten- tion lot timt he shoula not covet the goods of the poor, for to cast eyes of dttUre on everyone’s property is to make oneself a public and private plunderer. It would be most wretched if he should in this way seek to satisfy the maw of his desiresl Secondly, he must be capable and a discemer of mankind so that he be not unduly swayed by the recommendations of oppressors, the blandishments of flatterers.

from Abul Fasl’s. According to it the breadth of tbe wall wae ten yards, and the height more than forty yards. The moat was twenty yards wide and its depth ten yarda It also states that the work was finished in four yeara Cf • also Blochmann,

I do not fully understand A.F.‘8 statement that the excavations exten>

ded through seven strata or layers of earth. Apparently he is referring to the foundations generally ^nd not to the moat.- I suppose ** seven lay- ers ‘* is merely a rhetorical expres- sion ter a great depth.

i Text ssr-oosm which apparently meuB fulUeyed, i,e.t independent.

874

Aninlm.

948u>d kis own ignoTMioo. Ho ntiti bo nblo to nppToiM ototj ninn •ooording to his morit, »nd so fnrthor their work. Thirdly, bo must not hnTO » pntrioian nntnro (mini end so spend his time

in sloth nod plensnro, snd doUy the bnsinoss of the poor. On the oontitay ho most bo stroanons, and one who distingnishos not be* tween night and day so that he may oany mattecs through and show the most ezqnisite devotion towards the needy.

When this right and piH^>er idea took -possession of H.lf . and he wan in search of one who was adorned with the qualities above de* scribed, or who was resolved to acquire them, and was eager in the pnrsait of them, Ifn^aCbr Shin, who had the control of affairs, ap* pointed gjiaikh ‘Abdunnabl to this high office at the instance of miqndging panegyrists and prattlers, and then reported the matter to ILM. and recommmided his ‘being oopfirmed therein. The Lord of the Age, ont of that excellent disposition which thmks nothing bnt good of men, relied npon Mniaffar Shin’s knowled^ and made the ^pointment. He (‘Abdj^>n>nald) decked ont his shop with hypocrisy and fairseeming, and the Lord of the Age, who abode in the peace fnl abode of thinking well of men, was pleased with him. In a short space of’ time he, by means of a crowd of ffatterers and interested per- sobs, and by the ascendancy of the short-sighted and ignorant, sold his studentship at the rate of tCachership, and his superficial learning became converted into snhatontial wisdom. He was the grandson > of ^1)^1 ‘Abdnl Qaddfis whom the people of India regarded him saint, Bnt as God hatli,made H.M. the Shihinflhih the tondistono of men’s merit, this man was also tested, and the veil was witbdrkwn from his actions, as will be related in its proper plkce.

t The text has erroneoualy bait for Mr, bnt it is corrected in the Enwte.

‘Abda-n-nabl was the son of Sheikh Ahmad son of Shaikh ‘AhdU’l- Qadd&s Ghkngftl. BediDnl ha8abio• g^aphy of him, III. 79. It seems that he fell into disgrace with Akber for

putting a bhthman to death on a charge of blasphemy. There id ^ni6 account of ‘Abdu-l-qaddtts in Janiptt II. 874 and note 2, and a notice of AbdD-nnab1 in liloehinann 546. See also the Darbir-Akbarfy p. 82(\ and Blockmaim 968 ei aeq.

ifin.

875

CHAPTia LVIII.

MaBCH or TAB SslHIliglH TO PUT DOWK THB BBBlTIOV Of SjtfV ZavIII *Ali Quil, BIO.

To those who hmye dnmk ^ down to the lees of undersUnding it is no secret that * the world is like wine in that it intensifies what- ever exists already/’ If a man is of happy fortonoj the acquisition of worldly things increases his anspioionsness and improves his person- ality so as to produce a thousand advantages to him. If^ however, a man’s destiny be evil, and his disposition bad, worldly success is productive in him of a thousand mischiefs. His outward prosperity is a cause of affliction to mankind, and his darkened heart becomes day by day more and more dark. His erring feet stray more and more, and he neither recognises the favours he has received nor does his duty to his benefactor. According as he is situated, he some- 248 times practises deceit and hypocrisy, and sometimes he withdraws the veil from before his actions and becomes openly as well as secret- ly a sedition-monger. The evil-ending career of ^Al! Quli .

Zamau is an instance of this. From the commencement of the com- ing into India, and the polishing of that great country which resul- ted from the Light of the gh^hin^lh’s fortune, he was always com- mitting improprieties. The vessel of his nature was of Small capa- city, and so intoxication became apparent, and already some instances of this have been given.

H.M. the gh^hin^fth, from the breadth of his views, was con- tinually washing the record of his faults and crimes from his own pure soul with the water of forgiveness. That black-fated one did not appreciate this clemency, but went on to accumulate wickednesses.

When it came to the royal bearing that the Iskandar KhSn

I Text, durd-ka^dn, but many * This is a line or part of a lino of

MSS. have danjd’kaihdn. verse.

370

AKBAftNlMi.

Usbt^g’s ’ brainless boaH bad beea affected by sediiioasness^ H.M* •vinkecT at this, and at the time when be went towords Narwar for the purpose of elephant-hunting he sent A^raf Klien to him together With conciliatory orders and inrited him to como to court and to abaxidon evil thoughts and take the highway of anspiciousness. When Ashraf came to Oudoi which was Iikandar Khfin’s fief, the lat- ter showed alacrity in going out to welcome the royal commands and treated i^ftn with respect. He brought him with honour to

his abode. When he became acquainted with the contents of the royal missive he made his 8ubmi88io)i, and outwardly began prepara- tions for attending the court. He spent a long time in making those pretences, but in reality he was acting hypocritically and was concoct- ing another scheme. At last he said to Adiraf QiAn : Ibrihim is our Oreybeard {dq iiqdt)^ and is in the neighbourhood. Let ns go and see him and proceed with him to conrt.^^

With this design they went from (hide to Sarharpiir, which was Ibrfthim Shin’s fief, and from there they hastened to ‘Ali Quli Khfiu. Thero the whole pai-ty determined npon opposition andi»mfiged from the screen of ashamedness, and proclaimed rebellion. Tliey said to’ one another : At this time the royal eartiye is fair off and engaged in elephant-hunting; let ns form two bands! Iskandar Shin and Ibrihim Shin will go to Qananj by the route of Lucknow, and stir up strife there, and ^Ali Quli Shin and his brother Bahidur Shin will go by the route of Manikpur against Majnun Shin Qiqghil who is jdgirddr there and raise the flames of sedition. In this way, per- 250 haps, we shall succeod." When the evil schemos of those wrotchos had settled upon this course, they kept Agbraf Khin among them hy criminal methods. Ibrihim Khin and Sikandar Shin went towatds Lucknow and ^All Quli Shin and Bahidur Shin went towards Karrab and Minikpur.

‘When the report of the rebellion reached the olHcers of rfiat quarter, such as Shihnm Shin Jalilr, Qhih Biidfigh Khftn, A\mr Shin, Muhammad Amin Dlwiua, Sultiu Quli KhaUUi. Calma TawicI, ghih Taliir Badakbshl, and his brother ghih Khalil Uilah, Gadu ‘All Tulak’M, Khin Quli SSrbin, Yusuf Taghai, and others,

I Bloi’pTit.niM 365. I presume ho is the sou oi ISauI Khfm ul Ka^gbar. ‘I ill

CHAPTKB LVlll.

877

assembled together and faced the rebels. A hot engagement took place betNreen them and Sikandar and Ibr&him l^Sn near the town of Nimkhftr,^ Muhammad Amin Diwana att icked the rebels’ centre, and levelled many with the dust. But during the attack his horse stumbled and he was thrown to the ground. The wretches crowded round him and made him prisoneri Though ^aham Khftn and Sbfth Budn|^ ^§n were somewhat disheartened by seeing the fate of Muhammad Amin yet they at length advanci’d in a devoted manner, and made many efforts. They contended manfully, and the brave on both sides fell on the field. As the faithU^ss to their salt were superior in numbers, the imperial officers judged it right to retire to the fort of Nimkhir, and they reported the circumstances to the sublime threshold. *Ali Qull and Bah&dur Khan turned

their rein towards Minikpur and extended the head of oppression there by plunder and rapine. Majnun Khiii Qdq8b&l> who was an experienced soldier, did not think it advisable to engage the rebels, and sheltered himself in the fort of Manikpur. He sent mesBongers to KhSn, calling upon him to join him, ahd when the latter heard of the disturbance he left a part of his men to guard the Grarha coun- try and took a number of experienced troops with him and came to Karra. There he distributed among the soldiers the plunder which he bad obtained in Cauragarha, and he also assisted Majnun I^Sn with a large sum of money. When the latter was emboldened by Asftf KhSn’s help he frequently sent out bnive men from the fort to contend with All Qull Khftn’s forces. At this time, too, Majpun Khan and Auaf 251 Khan sent swift couriers and reported the state of affaiis to codrt.

The messages of the royalists came one after the otlier, when the royal corUye had returned from elepliaut-hunting and H.M. was engaged in administering the affairs of the empire. As the putting down of strife and sedition results in general tranquillity, and produces the comfort of tlio whole of inankiiul, H.M., conformaMy to the precepU of King Wisdom, who is the Viceroy of fhe capital of Divine power, flklways gave his attention to such matters and regarded them its more oblig vtory than all ordinances and more merito rious ihau all other good actions.

t A town in the SltjpQr

district

(ronill t ri

ett li. 17’!, And Oudo

of Oude, on the left bank

of the

1

48

878

AXBABirlMA.

When die purport of the representations of the officials beoame known to H.M., he, who is a world-opening key, determined that the thorny tree of the seditions should be destroyed, root and branch, by the strong blast of seyerity before it raised its head to the sky and had become firmly planted. Accordingly an order was issued for the assembling of an army, and in order that there should be no delay, Mun^im Shftn was dispatched as an advance-force with a body of gallant men. During these few days H.M. personally engaged him- self, from early morning till the end of day, in preparing an equip* ment for the army. A force was soon made ready such as that the swift steed of imagination could not enumerate by careering in the arena of computation. Wheniihe troops upon troops of soldiers were gathered together under the shadow of the sphere-touohing banners, H.M. directed that the military and other elephants should be brought into the field. Out of them 2,000 were chosen to accompany the army.

When H.M. had obtained leisure for necessary duties he made over the government of Agra to Tarsun and on the day of Tir

the 18th Khard&d, Divine month, corresponding to Thurday 23 ghuwwftl (24th May, 1565) ho put the foot of dominion in the stirrup of fortune and crossed the Jamna. As the season was excessively hot, the nrmy marched at night time, and came, stage by stage, to Qanauj. Mun’Im Oftn Kiftn Oauftn, who had gone on in advance, there tendered his homage. Qiya ^ao, who from his evil star had come into the faction 262 of the rebels, obtained, through the intercessioh of the Khdn-Kb&nan the privilege of kissing the foot of the throne. Inasmuch as the grant- ing of life is part of H.M.*8 nature, his numerous crimes were cast into the whirlpool of forgiveness and he was comforted by favours, and restored to his former position of confidence. From there H.M. pro- ceeded to the bank of the Ganges, and ten days were occupied in crossing the army. At this time the imperial scouts brought the news that Iskandar }^§n had on hearing the reverberation of the march of the royal army established himself in Lucknow. On hearing of this audacity, the wrath of the SbShinshah decided that he should march quickly there and personally chastise that wretch. Accordingly he left Khwfija Jahan, MugaSar ]^an, M’uin j^aii and others of the officers in the camp, and at midnight went off on horseback. He spent one mght and one day on the march, and at dawn on the second day

CHAFTfR IVIII.

879

the dast of the army rose up from the territory of Lucknow and be- came the collyrium of fortune’s eye. An order was given that Yusuf Muhammad fQjian Kokalt&lb) Sibftn and other heroes should

proceed as the vanguard. Sikandar Khftn, who from brainlessness and rashness had settled himself in Lucknow, became confused on hearing of the royal march, and strewing the dust of shame on his head took to* flight. H.M. cast the shadow of fortune over Lucknow and reposed there. He appointed some gallant and capable men to continue * the chase, and those brave men followed up the fugitives, and wherever they fell in with them they with the glittering sword cast earth into the cup of tlieir heads. Sikandar escaped half- dead and ioined ^Ali Quli and Bahidur {Cb^n* The prisoners had to stop on account of the exhaustion of their horses. ^Ali QulT Khan and Bahftdur Kh&n, who were facing Majnun and A^af I^an be-

came shaken on hearing of this event. They withdrew from the siege of Manikpur and went in confusion to Jaunpur. They drove their families before them and crossed the Ganges at the ford of Narhan.* They took refuge on the other side in places * diflFcult of access. H.M. tarried in Lucknow till he was joined by the camp. Thereafter he marched on slowly and continuously to Jaunpur. When the stone was removed from the path, A^af Kh§n and Majnun Kh§n and the other oflicers who were confronting * All Quli KhSn entered on the highway of loyalty and joined H.M,‘s‘army two stages from Jaunpur. They brought suitable gifts. Among these, the presents of A^af Kbftn, which consisted of the rarities of the country (Gtirba) and included 253 warlike elephants and Persian and Turkish horses, were approved of by U.M., and the splendour of his favour shone upon the field of hie hopes. From the time when A^af Khan had by the might of the Sb^lhinshah’s fortune conquered the territory of Garha, and obtained possession of the treasures of Cauragarha, he had drilled his troops so that they should be worthy of H.M.’s inspection. He now begged that lie might now bring them before him, and as it is H.M.’s excel-

1 i’igamvLihl> Thr word is nor . in Stcingass. hut see Vullers 1. 4‘tiia, who quotes S. de Sacy’s note N.ct E. IX. 181. The Luck’iow edition has a good note on the word.

s Narhan iii Ghampiran. Jarett 11. 156 n.

^ zixmtnhSl qalh. Bayizld says that the place was called Kandni and that it was near the Son.

MO

AtBAJUrllti.

lent habit to grant the petitions of the loyal, his request was granledi and bis hopes were gratified.

Next day, when the Prince of the East (the snn) had sat on the throne of the fourth heaTcn and shed light upon >earth, and the sol’ diers of the night hs^ been dispersed, 2|af Kbtn showed his army of nearly 5,000 horse in a pisin which was broad as the palm of the geni- us of stoics, and open as the forehead of the generons. He was made the recipient of roysl favonrs, and next day, which was the 8rd day ofTir, Dirioe month, corresponding to Friday 14 2i-l-hajja (13 July), the standards were unfurled in Jaunpfir. ‘Ke quarters inside the fort were made auspicious by the royal *adreiiV and H.M. address- ed himself towards tbe ipiprovement of that country which had been laid waste by the oppression of the rebels. As Al! Qull Khln and the others had fled and crossed the Oanges, 2|af Shin and some ofScers of mark, such as Majufin Shin and 3bih Muhammad Shin Qandahi! were dispatched after them. For the sSke of greater cau- tion and in order to keep up the prestige of the sovereignty the royal insignia ^ were placed under the charge of Waslr Jamil and sent to assist the imperial forces so that the officers might be able to perform the komiii and pay their doe respects, and be sealons in service. ‘AU Quit Shin and the disaffected officers had gone to a rugged place ijdf^qalh) ’ near Hajfpur and entrench ‘^d themselves. They applied for help to the blackfated Afghans such as Sulaiinin Kararflnl, who had obtained the govemipent of Bengal, Fath Shin Batani ^ (?) and his brother Hasan Shin who wai governor of Bohtas They were in the act of applying for such assislan e when H.M. resolved to send one of Uis confidants to Sulaimin Kararini to deter him from joining then^ ^iji Muhammad Shin Sistin!, who was distiuguished for address and eloquence was sent upon this service. When he approached Rohtfta a number of contumacious Afghane who were in league with the rebels forbade him to go to Bengal and took him before ‘All Quli Khan.

364 As IdajI Muhanmad E^in had old relations with *A|i Quli Sbnn, and

i qur hdd§l^dhi, Blocbmaan 50 n4. sad see id, 478 for account of Widr Jamil Beg Apparently the qur was sent in order to inspire aw^ or per- haps to make the. rebels believe that Akbdr was with the army.

• Kandni. It was on the other fade of the river from HajlpQr.

• Tlie text has Patnl, but tbo word isJBetaiii, t t>elongingto the Afghan tribe Bauu. Sec Jarrett II. 402. 403 > and Blocbmanji ^04, p. 1 and 476.

OHAVttt Ltld.

m

Ike latter was desirous of gaining bim oyer, he treated him with re- spect. When be found that there was no hope of his being won over he put him under arrest. Hftj! Muhammad Sihin did not let go the thread of loyalty and service, but continually gave him good advice. The first result of Hftjl Muhammad’s {Q^ftn’s detention among the re- bels was that he deterred ‘All Quli from dangerous acts and induced him to enter the straight path of obedience. Accordingly in the end he brought him and his mother to the sublime threshold, as will be recorded hereafter.

One of the occurences was the dispatch of ^asan Khftn fi^azftnci (treasurer) to Orissa, which is a territory lying to the S.E. of India. From the time that India was conquered* none of the princes had raised his standard over Orissa. The rulers of that country had always been powerful, and the Rajah who was now ruling them was especially so. From the time when the Afghans had stretched their hand out over Bengfld they had continually planted in the gardens of their as- pirations the wishing tree of the conquest of Orissa, but it never bore fruit. For ion the borders thereof there were dangerous passes and lofty mountains, and heights and declivities innumerable, and difficult forests so that grasping hands of princes could not reach it. It is diffi- cult for armies to tread on that soil. Whenever any of the competitors for Bengal took refuge with the Rajah of Jagannftth, the ruler of Bengal could not lay hands on him. For example, Tbrihfm SQr, who has been already mentioned, took refuge with the Rajah of Jaganniith, and the latter assigned him a tract of Orissa for his subsistence. Though Sulaim§n Kararftm exerted himself he could not put him down. On the contrary he was continually alarmed by him. At this time, when Jaunpur was H.M/s station, his sagacious mind, which’ ex- tracts the account of the morrow from the dii^ry of to-day, determined to send one of his confidants to the Rajah ic order to range- him by gracious means in the lists of the obedient. Hasan Kb§n ShazincT was chosen for this service, and Mahftpi ttar, who was unrivalled in the arts of Indian poetry, and of music, wag sent along with him* The two went together to Orissa. * As soon as the Rajah hoard of the

• A slight variation of the phrsse I Khfcn says he knew the Oriya Lmgn-

used above with reference to Khin i age, so probably he came from Orissa. Rilftn, page of text 242. ^aa formerly in the service of

• Blochmann 611 u. M^uUmsd Bahidur Shih of Gujrit.

982

AICBABirillA.

2S5 favours he sent out to welcome the visitors and had them

brought with honour to his city. He treated them properly, and having bound the girdle of service on the waist of his soul he repre- sented that if Sulaimfin did not insert the ring of submission to the sublime court in his mental ear, he would collect an army and bring IbrShim, who was Sulaimftn^s competitor, against Bengal He would do such things to Sulaimtn that he would be a warning to all strife mongers. After the Rajah had entertained Hasan KhSn and Mahftpittar for three months, he selected elephants of note arid other valuable presents and sent them to court. Hasan Kbftu, Mahapattar and the ambassador of Rajah Mukund Deo, who was called Rai Par- mftnand, had the honour of paying homage at NagarcTn when the im- perial cortige had come there from Jaunpur.

One of the events which occurred when the camp was at Jaunpur was the flight ‘ of ^wija Abdu-l-majid S§af Kbftn. Good God I the worldly who are not right-thinking cast themselves into destruc- tion by their own efforts, and give such proceedings the name of policy! One of the great misfortunes is that along with their pre- snmption and ingratitude they shake like willows witli regard to their own prosperity, and from some slight suspicion do to themselves in a moment a mischief that a thousand enemies could not accomplish. Thus Afaf Khfln, out of haste and volatility, committed an act whose shaniefulness could not be removed by the labours of all the writers in the world. Though the graciousness of the gl^ahins^fth pardoned those faults and so cleansed the cheek of shame from the dust of crime, yet the mark of them remained. The point of this preamble is that ifaf Kban, who after having been appointed to high office had lately been honoured by the command of a victorious array, had, pwing to the fact that fear attoclies to the skirt of the perfidious, been caiTied away bv the tale-bearings of strife-mongers, and liad disregarded the preservation of his position, and frotn a vain terror fled to Garha The brief account of this affair is that from the time when Asaf Kb§n con- quered the territory of Oarha and had taken possession of the treasures •f Cauragarha and bad basely arid ungratefully concealed them from hi$ king alid benefactor, by whose flavour b© had been advanced from the

ened by Musaffar ffh»n*B making in- Quiries about the CiarLa treasure.

I According to Ha>asTd and the AkharT Ifaf KJtjiu was fright*

CHAPTIB LTll!.

888

pen to the standard az qalm-h-ilm (“from pen to panoply thereby prepared the ipaterials of his own downfall, he had continually been under apprehensions. Though he, from not understanding matters, had sent bribes to the royal clerks, yet this had no success 266 as nothing but earth (i.c., death) will fill the greedy maw of such covet- ous ones. They were always uttering dark hints. At the time when he brought his excellent army before H.M., and was treated with royal favours, the grandees were moved to envy and fi’amed fictions and falsehoods. Inexperienced and unintelligent friends and chattering strife>rnongers made one into a thousand and caused A^af ^ heart. At last, on 3 Mihr Divine month, corresponding to Sunday 20 Satar 973 (16th September, 1565), he left his tents and goods and went off to Garha with his brother Wazlr and some frii^nds,

and did not turn back until he reached there. In the morning the well-wishers who had been named ae his comrades leported the-cir- cumstance to H M. Their representation arrived at JaunpQr at the time when H.M. was enjoying the pleasure of hunting. He appoint- ed Mun’im Kb&n Khan-Khinftn to the charge of the army, and ap- pointed ShujS^at Khan and some brave men to pursue A|af Sbujft^at Khin arrived at Manikpur and searched for ^Asaf Khin. He learnt that he had reached Karra and was preparing to go to riarha. gl^uja’at Kh§Q secured boats and was meditating the crossing of the river. On the other side ^Afaf Khan got informatiomof the coming of Si^uj&‘at Kh&n and turned back with his army in order to stop gl^ujft- ‘at Kh$n on the riverbank. The boats had nearly reached the shore when Asaf IQ^&n proceeded to oppose them. A hot engagement took place between him and the troops who were in the boats. On that day the interview was carried on up to evening by means of arrows and bullets. When night threw her dark veil over mortals, Afaf Khftn thought flight his best resource and went off during the night. When at dawn 3]^uj&*at heard of the flight of ‘I^af Kb^n, be got quickly into boa^s and crossed the river and went off in pursuit. He came up with a party who had been left behind by Afaf Q^in and learnt that it would be exceedingly difficult to reach him. So he turned his reins and came and did homage. He was exalted bv kiss- ing the threshold at Jaunpur.

Some of the occurrences was the sending of Qullj l^ftn a second Bohtis. Jt has alreadj been related that H.M. had sent

384

AKBABKiMA.

257 to eonoiliftto Fat^ Bnd"to oBnfirm him in hi# Allegi-

ance. He arranged that when the imperial forces reached JaunpQr, Fath t^An should co.me to dy homage and should bring with him th elephant Bajih^ Biilaiid, at the time theii H.M* was sent again for this -purpose. A. fresh reason for this was that^ before the imperial troops had left the capital, iSulaiinAn had sent an armj to RohUs in order that he might get possession of it with the help ol ‘All QuU Khftn. Sulaimftn’s army had, with the assistance of ‘ Ali Quli ^an, reduced Fath Khfin to straits when the iieWs arrived of the approach of the imperial army. Thereupon Sulniioan’s army withdrew from the siege, and Fath who was nothing if not two-faced, when the

neighbourhood of the forr was free from the molestation of Sulaiman’s army engaged in cQllectbg munitions and stores. He also sent secretly a message to his bi’other i;lasan ^&n, who had entered into service along with Qulij KhAu, to the effect that he was now at ease about provisions and that Hasan f^ftn should by every possible means come to Rohtfts. As it was difficult for Hasan Khfln to come openly, he had recourse to stratagem, end represented that some high official should be seat along with him so that they might go to Rohtfts and might bring his brother to tlie king with the keys of tho fort. Ac- cordiugly Qulij ^ftn was chosen for this service. He set about carry- ing out the commands and arrived at Rohtas. Though Fatu l^ftn made hypocritical representations yet they were false. Qnnj ^fln perceived their worthlessness and returned. As the taking of that fortress and the conquest of the whole of the Ea’scoru provinces be- long to another time 1 shall not treat of them at present.

When All Quli Khan had for a long time sat down in front of th^. victorious army and done nothing but strew on his head the dust of disappointment, he employed the time, which was one for shame and repentance, in developing still further his rebellion and disaffec- tion. He sent Sikandar Kh&n. Bah&dur and a body of troops to tke- territory of Sarwar in order that they might then ravage and plunder. When H.M. heard of this he appointed Shah Budfigh IQifir ‘Sftld iSbftn Qiyft ^ftn, ^asaiii Khftti (i.e. H.K. Tukriya), Bftqi t^ftn Matfab KJ^ftn, M‘ftsum Faraukhudi, Galmh |S3>An, Muhammad

Amin Dlwfina, Beg NQru-d-din, Selim E.hftn, and FaCtQ Afgh^lo mftde the leadership of Mir M‘ulzzu-l-mulk and directed that the gmynmy 3S8 bar the path of the rebels and net suffer the dust of dis s ppciniatet

CBArTKl LTllt.

88 $

settle on that ooantry. The imperial troops did not halt till they reached the pargana Khairibid. When H.tf. the ^h^hinahili had administered aaoh a remedy for the rebellions madness of ‘All Qoll he proceeded to Allahabad. *Ali Qali Kbin had thought that by sending his troops as above stated, he woald cause a dispersion of the imperial army. When he was disappointed in this, he tnmed to deceit and hypocrisy and began by sending to Mnn^m Sb^n Bib! ^ Sarv Qad, a woman who had been distinguished in the service of H.M. Firdils Makftnl (Bftbar), and who reminded him of their old friendship. After that he sent experienced men to propose a reconciliation. Mun^im Sbln in his simplicity, and on account of his being an old servant, witheld his hand from extirpating the disobedient He put faith in ‘Ali Quli’s doceicfnl words and made a representation to court, strongly recommending that the propositions should be accepted. H.H. the Shthin^lAh, thongh he was fully aware of ‘All Qull’a evil nature, accepted, from his perfect kindness and liberality, the Khflnan’s representations and sent Kbwija Qbiyisu-d-din ‘All of Qaswln to impress his princely graciousness (on ‘All Quli) and to as- certain and report about what transpired at the meeting (between Mun’in\ and ‘All QnlT).

When Mun’im IQ^ftn was distinguished by this great favour he wrote to ‘AH Qali to the effect that they two should have an in- terview without the intervention of messages or messengers, and lay the foundation of sincerity and service. As there was a report at that time that some of the devoted heroes snoh as ‘Aidil f£btn and Jamil Kbin Biluc had resolved that they would lie in wait and finish off the scoundrel, ‘AH Quit Khtn was very cautious about coming to see Mnn’im f^in, and wished that the subject of a reconciliation should be carried on by letters and messengers. Mnn’ira Kbin did not agree to this, and at last it was arranged that they should meet in the middle of the river, attended by two or three persons. Accordingly ‘All Quli Kbin left his family where they were, and came with his army and boats towards the ferry of Causi, and pitched his tents at

1 This apparently comet from Bayisfd who calls her AghiV 8anr Qad. Bho was with Mun’im when he died, and apparently was his wife or

49

roistrees. Perhaps shs is the Sarv 8ah1 of Gulbadan Begam*s Mom, and who went with Qulbadan D. to Mecos A. N III. 145.

Akbarnlma, Vol. II, Fasc V- N.8 jNo. Il5i.

386

AKBABNlMA.

Baksar opposite ihe.caipp^ of the Oin-Kb&nan. ^asan BatanT, SulaimAn Mankalii Kilft Pahir, officers of the Afghans^ were with him. Messages and messengers passed between the parties^ renewing the ^propositions of concord on both mdes. Next day ‘AH Qoli ^ftn got into a boat, accompanied by three men, vix., Shahriyflr Kal who was 2S8 distinguished for courage, Sulfftn Muhammad Mirib, and his qurci who had the name of Ahu-i-haram ’ (the gazelle of the harem), and pro- ceeded towards the IQi ftn-Khlnft n^s camp. From the other side the ]{[bftn-b^ftnan also got into a boat, accompanied by three persons, vix,, MirzS (ibiy&fiU’d-dm, ^All Bftyizid Beg, and Mir £hSn ^ the ^huldm of Sul(fln Muhammad Qabaq,^ who was relied upon by Mun’ira and went to meet ‘Ali Quli £hin.

The banks of the river were lined by the two armies. When the boats nearly met in the middle of the stream,^ Ali Quli £hfin rose up and said ‘^Kaifiyat* and “‘Peace be upon you.”

1 Han*im Kh&u was encamped at Karainpar which, BajSsId says, was opposite Baksar and belonged to pergana Mukammadtbad and district of Jaunpiir.

^ Bayizid seems to call him Beg QSrcf . Ahu^ukaran is a name applied to a favourite youth or damsel. In Hil&ll’s poem of the king and the beggar, B.M.M.S. Add. 7781, p. 20, he says that the pariah dog of the palace- environs is equal to an dhU-i*haram, i-e., to a roykl favourite. See Ethe’s translation, Ix^ipzig 1870, line 443.

• Bajazid as Manlr Kllin-

• The text: nas Baflq, but the variant Qabaq has the support of Bayazid. The Bay^ald Beg of the text ia the memoir^-writer. He has described the interview, and A.F. has evidently used his narrative.

^ The text has yosim-t-do, ane peninsula of the river, and the phrase seems to be a reference to BayizIdVl phrase *‘the middle of the Oranges

and Jamna,’* but of course the meet- ing took place far below the junction of these rivers. Of. the use of the word Jamna at A.N. Ill, 417, 1. Probably A.F. uses the word jaciVu in the sense of block or portion. The phrase might be paraphrased as ** the middle of the sheet of water."

^ The Lucknow ed. says Legh means master, and a note to me Bib. Ind. text has adopted this explav > 1 - tion. In Bayizld 123a the words are 1taifa$t lagh. Possibly it is a contraction of Ulugh great. One variant is haif a^l, “How is my brother P" Bay&zid seems to have ka^agt Perhaps then the meaning is, “ How is the lord, or How do you do P " Perhaps the Ugh is the Turki afBx used to signify abundance. Ers- kine renders it “ All hail.*’ Thougli A.F. seems to use Bay&ald, he seems also to have had another authority. Perhaps it was QhiMSu-d-dln’s re- port. It was BaylzTd who supplied

CHAPTBB I.VIII.

887

Then he sprang into Muii’iu boat and they embraced one

another and sate down* The time of meeting passed partly in hypocritical^ weeping, and partly in AU QuU’s describing how he had sold service what work he had done for Akbar).

Some time, too, was spent in taking oaths and in making engage* moots* After that it was agreed that Mirz§ Ghiissu-d-din ^Ali should go to the Sbfthinakiih and represent the state of matters, and request that H.M. should also send I^wija Jahan* — by whose counsels the affairs of state were managed— in order that ‘Ali Quli mind

might be fully set at rest, and that he might from the bottom of his heart make promises of loyalty. After these arrangements they sepa- rated, each going to his own camp. This affair took place in the beginning of Dai, Divine month, December 1565. M.

^Ali went to court aud reported the circumstances, and H.M. sent Khwaja Jahftn agreeably to Mun^im Khftn’s request. Ou the next day, after the interview with A\l Quli Kh§n, Munim Khftn crossed the river with a select party and proceeded to ^Ali Quli I^&n’s quarters. Sbahara Ktan JaUir, the Mir Munshi, ^aidar Muhammad Kb^n ikhta Begl, Kucak Ali KbSn, Taimur Ikka and a number of others were with him ‘Ali Quli Khftn gave a great entertainment, and was very hospitable. Afterwards Mun^im Kbia returned to his own quar- ters* Subsequently Khwftja Jahftn came, and Munim Khftn wished to take him with him and to go a second time to ^AlJ Quli Kb^a- Khwftja Jahftn remonstrated and plainly said that ^Ali Quli IQ^ftn was a man {jawdfi) without moderation, and was displeased with him. He did not think it advisable to go to his quarters If Mun’im Khftn was bent upon their going, he should take pledges tor their security. Mup/im Khftn asked for Ibrfthim Kbftn Uzbeg as a pledge from *Ali Quli Kbftn and obtained him. Next day Mun^im KbtB and Kb^ujB Jahftn went and had an interview with ‘Ali Quli Kbdn in his quarters, and next day they had another meeting ii Ibrfthim Kb^n’s quarters. Majnun l^ftn Qaq^ftl, Bftbft Kbftn Qftq- «bftl aud Mirzft Beg • were present at this meeting, and a reconciliation

the Koran for the two chiefs to swear 1

® 1 . 6 . Axninu-d-din, filochmann

upon.

A BayisTd lays they wept about

^ Nephew of Khwftja Jahftn, and

the death of Hutnftyftn as they had

a poet. Binchmauu 424.

not met since then

38S

ACBAEirllfA.

took place between them and ‘All Qull (Q^&n. Although much was said about ‘AK QaU Kkftn^s going to court, no effect was produced, 200 and from his deoeitfulness he wonld not consent to kiss the three* holdi He said that when he had shown 90 much ingratitode, he had not the courage to go. He wonld now send his mother and Ibrft- him SbiOf who was a grey-beard among them. When he had done good service, he would himself attend. After mnoh discussion this arrangement was agreed to.

Next day ‘All Qnli Shiii sent bis mother, and Ibrfthfm Shin and some noted elephants such as Bftl Snndar and Acapla (?) * and others by Mir Hid! Niiim iqi. He also sent ^ij! Q^in Sistin! who was a sort of prisoner. The Shin*Shinin and Shwija Jahln left the army on the river-bank, and, taking with them ‘Ali Qnli^s mother, Ibrihfm Shin ^nd the presents, proceeded to court.

The Shin Khinin had a sword and shroud hung round Ibrihfm Shines neck, and had his head and feet bared, and so brought him into the Presence. Through his intercession the pen of forgiveness was drawn over the varied offences of those ill-fated onea The holy tongne dropped these words : " Though it is plain that these evil-starred ones will not adhere to their promises, yet as we love to please you, their offences have been forgiven. Their fiefs will be gpven to them as before, bqt so long as the imperial standards are in this neighbourhood for the purpose of hunting and recreation, ‘All Qul! Khin must not cross the Ganges to this side. YtThen the court is established at Agra, their agents will come and get the patents ior their fiefs put in order. They will thereupon enjoy their fiefs in accordance with the orders that shall be passed.’* The £hioSbinin was exalted to the pinnacle of glory by the royal favour, and an order was issued that the sword and shrond should be removed from Ibrihfm Kbin’s nock. The good news of pardon were conveyed to ‘All Qulf Sbiu’a mother, who was in the Shihinshlh’s harem and had cast her face into the dust of lamentation, and was waiting for the royal forgiveness. As the transactions of those unworthy

1 Ibr&h -m was Shin pa- means that Akbar personally gave

ternal nncla. the good news, and Mu’tamid Ehsn

• qu. Arala, i^., immovable (P). takes this view.

• Jlaianand. Apparently A.F.

CHAmt LTIll.

380

wretolies were hypocritical—- as is not unknown to the acute and intelligenlr— the world- adorning Deity willed that the eril inner nature of these ingratea might be impressed on the simple-minded.

Some days after they had the bliss of doing homage, news came of the battle of Mir M^uiaau-I-mulk and the other great officers. The particulars of this occurrence are that when Bahftdur Khin and Sik- andar Sbto had, at the instigation of ‘AH QuH I^in. stirred np the dnst of strife in SarkAr SarwAr/ a large force suddenly arrived from the imperial camp. On hearing of this they got confused and lost courage and had recourse to deceit and fraud. They sent Sk message 261 to Mir M’ufaaa-Iiaulk and the’ other officers asking how it was reason- able to suppose that they were going to oppose the imperial forces and engage in battle. Their desire was that they (i.e., the imperial officers) should be the iutermediarios for cleansing their offences, and they were sending to court noted elephants which had come into their possession by the king’s good fortune, and were such as H.M. loved. And when it appeared that their faults had been washed by the limpid waters of forgiveness, wbiob flowed from the sea of his gractousnessi they too would come and ask for pardon. As MTr M’aissa-hmulk and the other officers knew the deceitfnlness of the set, they rejected their overtares (Itf. pat the mark of rejeotion on the forehead of the wish of those wretches) and wrote in reply that the record of their crimes was not of a nature to be expunged from the register of time save by the bloody deluge (|s/aii) of the shining sword. BahAdur l^An again sent a message to Mir M’mssn 1-mulk and requested that they should have an interview and discnss matters face to face. Mir M‘uTsiu-l-mulk agreed and came out of his camp with a few followers. BahAdur KhAu also came out from his, attend- ed by a few men, and embraced the MTr. Proposals on both sides were submitted, but as , deceit was patent on the foreheads of the contumacious, peace was not established, and the time passed in futile talk.

When the state of the matters was reported to H.M., he issued an order that Lashkar * Khan and Rija Todar Mai should join the

• Blochmann 407.

^ Blochmann 381 n. 1. Perhaps the Saror of Jarrett II. 185, Elliot takes it tobeSurhirpAr in Faizibad.

390

AKBARKAMA.

army with his men. If they coiisitleretl that fighting was the proi)er course, they were to take part ; if it Bceinecl advisable to accept the petitions of the rebels, they ^ere not to allow them to despair of the royal clemency. When these two loyal servants arrived with their troops, they at once sent a message to the rebels to the effect that if their protestations of devotion, etc., were genuine they should honest- ly proceed to court. Otherwise, it was not manly to waste time and to put their hands to deceit. As their hearts and their tongues were not in accord, they were not guided aright. They waxed still bolder in their contumacy near Khairftb&d,^ and as the imperial army was not aware of the intreaties of ‘All Qull and of the graciousness an- nounced by the Sbihingl^fth, and also as the first body of troops had displayed indifference to fighting, the Rajah ^ and Las^kar ^ftn determined upon war and drew up their forces. The centre was ofiicered by Mir M’ufzzu-l-mulk, Itmftd Khan Khwftjasarfi (eunuch), Mir ‘Ali ^ Akbar, R&jah Todar Mai, La^lhar Khfin, Daulat Khftn Faujdftrand others; the right wing by Qlyft Khfln, Hasan Ikhta, Sultftn, Rajah Mattar Sen, Karamsai * (?), Mihr ‘All son of Ustad Yusuf and others: the lef’ wing by Bdql Khan, gbfth BudSj^ Khin, Mattalib ^ Kh&n, Fattu, NSfir Qull Uzbeg and others. The vanguard was under Muhammad Amin D a, M’ft^um Khan Fa- 262 rankhudi, Qatlaq. Qadam Kbin, Sbfth Fanfii, Sad Rahamat Uzbeg, Qalmftq Bahftdur, and others. The reserve-vanguard {iltmish) was under Kbftn ‘Aalam, Hindu Beg Moji^al, Rai Sftl^ Darbftri, Rai Patr

• Rai Sil Darbirl, B. 419, where he is called the son of Rai Mall Shaikhiwat. But according to Tod’s Annals of Rajasth&n 11, chapter on Ambar, he was the son of Suja and apparently the grandson of Rai Mali. Tod has a long and interesting ac- count of his advancement. He is often mentioned in the A.N. Vol. Ill, and at p. 809 he is stated to have been raised to the rank of 2,500 in the 47th year of the reign. He was also employed under JahAnglr.

1 Jarrett II. 177 and Oude Gazet- teer.

^ See Blochmann’s account of the battle in his notice of M*alzza-1- mulk, 381.

< M^Mzzu-bmulk’s younger bro- ther. Blochmann 382.

• He is mentioned again, along with Ram .id. under the year 985 A.N. 111. 201. Perhaps he is the Karm Cand of the TQ;zuk and is a grandson of Bih&rf Mai : cf. Bloch- mann 387 n. 1.

^ So in text but Blochmann 403 has Matlab

CHAPTBR LVlll.

391

Da.^, Dftud l^fla Faujdftr^ and others. On the other side the rebels were in three bodies; one under BabAdur KhAn, one under lakaQdar KhAri, and one under Muhammad YAr, brother’s ‘ son of Sikandar. This last was in the van. A hot engagement ensued. The enemy’s vanguard had the advantage somewhat^ when the reserve-vanguard showed courage and drove it off. Muhammad TAr was killed and many others of the enemy perished. Sikandar, who was behind thi vanguard with a chosen force, turned and fled, followed by the victors who slow whomever they reached, until they came to the bank of a black piece of water.

Sikandar, in fear of his life, cast himself into the black water and brought out his head from the black earth ‘ (sidh). Many of his best soldiers went down in that slough of darkness. The vir> torious troops, who had pursued Sikandar, dispersed in order to plunder the fugitives. BahAdur KhAn was in ambush with a body of men and came upon the left wing at this time of seising and snatching. . A battle took place and Sh^h Buda^ KhAn fell from his horse, and was made a prisoner. His son ‘Abdu-l-mattalib did not obtain the glory of good service, and NAfir Quli and a number of ingrates strewed the dust of faithlessness on their heads and joined the enemy. BahAdur drove off the force and then proceeded against the centre. The centre, without fighting, let fall the thread of war from its hand and chose the disgrace of flight. Muham- mad BAqi KhAn ^ withdrew himself under the pretext of guarding the baggage, and sundry persons from hypocrisy and treachery did not flght and turned their bocks. Owing to their misconduct the army which had conquered was defeated Rajah Todar Mai, QlyA KhAn, ‘ItmAd KhAn and the men of the resorve-vanguard gathered together and stood their ground, but as the army was in confusion there was not a successful result. This was the consequence of pre- sumption !

^ BayAzTd has ** sister’s sod ” and the T.A. says he was Sikandar ’s son- in-law.

• Apparently the piece of water was lake or morass. Sikandar strug- gled out of the mud and water, but

many of his followers were drowned or slain. BadAAnr, according to the Bib. Ind. od., mako.s Sikandar cro.<*s the river Siyah (the Syr?).

S This ist Adliam iL’lta’R rider brotlicr.

392

AKlAftVlMA.

Those mUandemUnding ones did not peroei?e with whet perfect knowledge the Lord of the Age had directed e conoilietory conrse. Whoever acts in this waj has himarif io thank for the resnlt.^ 268 Next day the dispersed sokBan reaseenibied and proceeded towards Qanan}. The leadera sent representationa dceoriptive of what had ooonrr^. who is a mine of oleiaeiioy, passed over snch grave

ofienoesi iiiasmaeh as he had lately overioohed other offences, and sent for the oflfoers. Those who s^ppeared to have behaved with inauioerity remained in disgraoe and were debarred from the bliss of doing kami$hf while the ainoore were, in spite of the condition they were in, rewarded by special favonrs.

One of the oocnrrences of this time was that, when H.M. was in JaanpAr, Hnbammad DiwAoa* set to plnnderirfg Samina * and soon got the ponishment due to bis actions. This ill-omened wretch was one of the servants of Kbwijah M’Aaisam. Afterwards he en- te*ed into the service of Bairim SbAn, who made him a favourite on instint of his good looks. In the time of Bairim’s power he held a confidential position, but wlien adversity came he took the path of ingiwtltade. Something of this has been already said in its proper plaoo. As H.M. is a fountain of justice, though the deaeition was advantageous to himself, yet he could not approve of it as such vile condoot is the worst of qualities in a man. So Sbrr Mn^ammad did not become a fersona yrato. For some time he lived in the town of SlmAua. When ‘All Qnll SbAn and a number Ol others rebelled, and H.M.’s forces inarched to extinguish the flames of their sedition, this predestined wretch collected a crowd of vagabonds, and proceeded to make a disturbance* Mulla Nflru- d-din Mubammad Tarkbin, who was the faujdftr of that part of the country, had left one Mir Dost Muhammad in SAmftnn to manage the affairs of the pargana. One day tliat scoundrel invited Dost Muhammad to his house, and, in the very midst of the entertainment, was sharpening the arrow (for his destruction). Suddenly, while the feast was going oo. ho put the arrow into the notch (curve) of the bow and struck that innocent man in the breast and killed him. He

< Lit. Whoever meets with such a result, what he sees, he sees of him- self I am not sure of tbo meaning.’

• Blochmann 524.

« In Sarkir Sirhind, j. U. 296

CBArClB LYUl.

898

tbev Uud lu^d of all the goods and ohattols which were in that par- and roshed off to pargana Milen^ He killed likewise the 9hiqdirQ£ that pargana^ which appertained to the exoheqaer-lands^ and seised whatever property was there. Vagabonds flocked round him and he made incursions into the province^ till at length MuUi Harfl-d^dln collected a number of men and set about putting him down. The madman was enjoying himself in the village of Dha- itflsi(T) which is on the borders of Samina. On hearing of the arri* 26A sal of Mulli N&ru-d-dlu he did not make much account of it and proceeded to attack the KullA with a small force.

In the moment of thq attack his horse stmck against the trunk of a tree and fell. A number of men ran on foot and seized him.

The MulU put the ill-omened madman to deaths and was rewarded by princely favours.*

One of the oooorrenoes was that H.M. visited Ghunar from daunp(le» Aa the ShUbinthfih’s natural disposition is to forgive in<« |nriesj hei at the nrgmioy and intercession of Mun’im Shtn- g^h^nan^ drew the pen of pardon over the record of the crimes of ‘All Quli £[h&n and other rebellious lords> and then was strnck by the idea of seeing Benares and the fortress of Ghunar, which is one of the celebrated forts of India. With this intention he left Aib^af in charge of Janupur and marched oS on the day of Dai-ba* mihr 15 Bahmaui Divine montlv, corresponding to Friday 8 Rajab,

84th January, 1566. In three marches he reached Benares and shed the lights of justice oVer.all the inhabitants thereof. He ordered his camp to halt there, and went on with some chosen followers to Ghunar. He ‘surveyed the inside and outside of the fort and re- ceived inward and ontward pleasnre. Meanwhile the hunters brought the glad news of elephants being in the forests in the neighbourhood of the fort, and he proceeded with a number of special attendants to search in these forests. After exploring about two koa they came upon a herd of elephants. He directed that those mountain-like forms should be surrounded on all sidea

1 Text Hftlii, and variant Milner. See J^reti H. 196.

• 8o written ty Btochmann. Per- haps the variant Danhilrl is right.

50

t BadiSnl speaks of NSru-d-dTn baying the fief of SaQdfin in Sir- hind. He died in poor circum- stances. BadSfinMll. 197.

394 .

and then following ont the rules of hunting, ten elephants wem captured.

Their necks were bound by strong ropes, and they were brought along with the tame elephants to the fortress. From there he re-* turned to his camp at Benares.

One of the occurrences was H.M. the ^hShin^hSh^s making a rapid expedition against the {^ftn Zamfln* As he is a talisman of constant wakefulness he perceives every Divine and material truth even before they reveal themselves, and gives indications thereof by the tongue of fate. Accordingly at the time when Mnn’im Kbfln opened the lips of 266 supplication and interceded for ^Ali Quli ^fln, H.M. said : *^We par- don him, but it will be surprising if he remain constant in the ways of obedience.’^ And so it turned out in a short space of time. For when in accordance with the request *Alf Quli Khftn

and Bah&dur were granted their fiefs, this was conditional upon ^fin Zamftn’s not crossing the river while H.M.’s camp was in the neighbourhood.* It was also stipulated that when the royal standards returned to the capital their agents should come there and have the patents (title-deeds) passed through the offices, and that thereupon possession of the fiefs was to be given. On the very day when H.M. was proceeding to Benares and Chunar, ‘AH Qnl! Kbftn crossed the river and came to Muhammadibid, and sent men to Qhftzipur and Jaunpur. H.M. had returned from hunting and had halted at Benares when the news came that the wretch had broken his compact and crossed the Ganges. The world-melting wrath of the Shfthinsh&h blazed forth, and the disloyalty of those blackfated ones, which he had winked at, became manifest. He spoke in an imperious manner to Muii’im ^An about their conduct. The Khfin-Khanan was com- pletely confused and hung down his head. His lips were closed and thi thread of reply was broken. Khwaja Jahftn, Mozafiar Khan, Rajah Bhagwant Dfis and a number of tho faithful officers were left with the camp, to follow slowly and stage by stage, whilo H.M. himself set out on the night of Dai-bfidin 23 Bahman, Divine month, corresponding to the night of Siiturday 11 Rajab, 2 Feb. 1566, in order to chastise ‘AH Quli Kh&n. His courtiers and devoted followers gathered round and in front of the state umbrella, and vied with each

^ In A^imgarh.

TBAPTIB LVItt.

395

other on their coursers and bore away the ball of swiftness from the north wind and the breeze of morn. J&far £hSn Taklu and Qftsim Khan were sent against GhftzTpur. When they reached the gate of the fort, the ill-fated inmates became aware of their coming and east themselves down into the river from a bastion which was near it, and went to Muhammadilbftd, where they informed ‘All QnU Khin. He got confused and fled in consternation. When he came to the bank of the Sarwir ^ ha and those who were with him got into some boats which were kept there for such an emergency, and carried themselves into safety. The royal cortdge crossed, on the night they set out, the Jaunpur river on elephants.

At the end of the night he halted for some time on his elephant and in the morning set off again. A portion of the day had passed 266 when by marching rapidly they came up with ^A)i ({nil’s camp. He had left his tents and baggage and taken the roa>l of flight. They went on till the third pahar. ‘All QuU {Quin’s elephant Bakkt Buland had become matt and fell into their hands. The**eafter Majnun ^&n Qlqibli, M. Najlt Kbiln and a number more were sent on ahead. It was evening when the news came from them that ‘All Quit was in the act of crossing the SarwAr. As they had come a great way, and but tittle of the day remained, a halt was made. At dawn the march was resumed, and on that day Awis Kbin, son of IslAm EbAn and brother of Farrakb KbAn, left the enemy and* joined the im-

perial forces. The advance-guard arrived at the bank of the river, and seised as the gifts of victory the boats which ‘All Qull KbAn and his people had left, and which were full of goods. (They ascertained from the boatmen the particulars of ‘All Qull Kb&n’s adventures, and then the army marched along the bank of the Sarwir. The whole of the country high* and low (?) was searched, but no trace could be found of the vagabonds. It has been stated by trustworthy authorities

1 This seems to be the SargS or Gogra.

• Text haniffi hawddJ u bardrt. Ifdili means the valleys and low- lands, and bardri waste lands or deserts, Ijeing the Arabic plum I Thu buokr.ow edition says they are

thensraesof two villages, ffdri means in Uinduatini coarse grass, luul so* the meaning may be, they searched the hollows and the prairies. But the word bardri is usk’d ugaiti in the sense of deserts at vol. 111., p. AJ. Im^’

la.

396

th&t bid ‘AH Quli Qitln been in Hal^rnmndibid on the night it mrnred, the wretch woold here been caaght. Apperentlj MonSm played this tricky me he did not, for his own parpoeea, with that AH QoU should be caught In the first place, he did not permit a march against him that night, and, secondly, he sent him warning. It became known that ^Al? Qnli had gone to the fort of Cilfipira^ by forest-rontes. H.M. wisely winked at Mnn^im KJ^in’s conduct and took no notice of it. Next day, as there were no boats, and the ford by which that swelling river (the QogT% f) conld be crossed was a^>t known, the army marched along the bank and encamped opposite Cllupftra. Shots * were fired on both sides. When ‘AH Quit knew that n.M. was present in person he left the place. Next day the army marched from there, and going along the river-bank came to Man * and encamped.

On this strange jonmey forests were traversed and varions wild beasts, both land and aquatic, showed themselves. Active young men honied them. Various kinds of animals came under H.M.’8 eye. He bade the soldiers shoot them. As the imperial ^ camp was passing along, river-animals, such as crocodiles, came out of the water and showed themselves on the banks, bnt when the dost of the army rose up on the distance they fetomed to the water. There were some animals soch that arrows and bullets had no effect on them. In fine, the royal oortdge was in the neighbourhood of that town when news came that Bahldur Kbtn had taken advantage of the opportnnity to come to 267 JaunpQr and rescne his mothc^. He had also imprisoned Adptkf’ Shin and meditated an attack on the snblime camp. Accordingly the royal cortege turned back from the bank of the Sarwir and pro- ceeded to the camp.

The particnlars of this affair are as follows. When the reverbera- tion of the expedition against ‘AH Qnli Khin reached Sikandar Kb in

Teit JalSpira, but the place is Cil6p&ra in Gorakbpftr, Jarrctt II. 175. where the eiistence of a fort is meaiioned. It is OilSpara in Bayi< sid.

t This is taken from BayftsTd.

Ifau Natbhaiijan in Asimgail,

fourteen miles from Mupammsdi bid.

t Apparently the Imperial oamp is meant, Akbar*s special retinue which was ahead of the main body of the army. Or perhaps it is the advance- oamp that is meant.

CHATTU tflll.

397

Mid Bahidor and when they heard of ’ Ati Qall’s mother’a haTing

been seieed by Affibrat ^3^kn in JannpOr, and were aware that he bad not a large force with him» and that it would be a Tery easy natter to eeiae the fort of Jaanpur, they marched rapidly thither* As Adli^f Shin had not taken steps to strengthen the fort, they burnt the door and entered it. A party also put op ladders on the wall and cane in.

When Aihraf Shin heard of this^ they had already entered. Bahf- dor Shin imprisoned him, and released his mother and took her off with him. Though Jaunpur had been for a while in his and his brother’s fief, and they had many connections with the citiaens, he plundered and ill-used the city. After robbing many of the merchants he hastened off to Benares. There too he plundered and then went to Madan Benares, which was known as Zaminya. There news eanie that the royal standards had returned from following ‘All Qnll. Sikandar and 3ahidur went to the ferry of Narhan, which was their usual crossing, and passed orer the Ganges.

When ‘All Quit went off at the pressure of the sublime army, and the turmoil caused by Sikandar and Bahidur was brought to the royal hearing, as has been reported, H.M* turned his rein on the bank of the Sarwir and proceeded towards his camp, lest, perchance, the agitated dust of the rebels should reach the hem thereof. But the wretches had fled on hearing of his approach, and tranquillity was restored to the people of the camp. From therh he proceeded towards JaunpCir. On the day when he reached the town Ni|imi- bid ^ the ceremony of weighing H.M. took place, and there was a great feast. Mankind receired delight from the 8hihin||iih’s bounty and offered up prayers for his long life and reign. There- after he marched on and arriyed at JannpQr. When this rich city was adorned by the adrent of; the Sbihindlth, and there appeared a great remissness on the part of the imperial servants in uprooting the rebels, H.M. determined on fixing bis residence there until the 268 seditious should be destroyed, root and branch, and tranquillity restored. In accordance with the order the nobles and pillars of the empire laid the foundations of grand buildings, and it fell from the

^ In Jaanpar, Jamtt 11. 164. The TA. says the weighing was prac- tised twice, vif., on the day, a year,

according to’thelHijra calendar, and again on the solar day. Set Bloch* maun 266.

396

AKBAftNlVA.

rojral lips that until the dust of the existence of the oppressors was removed from the skirt of this province, this city would be ike seat of empire. An order was issued to all the officers who had gone on leave and were spending their time comfortably on their estates^ direct- ing them to enrol themselves in the royal forces in the appointed ^ rendesvous. The army was ordered to pursue the rebels ouce more, and an order was given not to desist until ‘AlT Quit was captured* When the facta were known to ^Ali (Juli he sent to court M. hCirak Be^vt, who was one of his special companions, and repre- sei 1 his grief and pain. He made excuses for all his faults and by a thousand subterfuges and smooth speeches he induced Mun^im SI^An Khftn-I^tnAn to be once more his intercessor. The Kiiftn> who knew H.M.^a disposition, had not the courage for this office, and accordingly a number of honoured persons whom H.M. reverenced on account of his abundant sense of Divine worship, such as Mir Murta^a gliarifi, Mulli ^Abdallah SuUinpiiri, and Shaikh ^Abdun«nabf ^adr, were brought forward by him. They relying upon the Sh&hinihilh’B gra^.iousness opened the mouth of intacoession at the foot of the throne, and recited anecdotes about forgiveness. That mine of mercy, though he knew that their (the rebels’) hearts were not siaeere, and that the real object of the rebels was to gain time, yet granted their request out of favour to those ignorant men (the interoessors), and once more pardoned the rebels’ offences, ou condition that they repented of their evil deeds, and should in future never conceive the idea of opposing the holy will, but should always remain constant in the path of loyalty and devotion. When they showed signs of this, their estates were to be restored to them as formerly. The KbiQKhftnan and the other grandees returned thanks, and an order, was given that Mir Murts^, Maulftnft ^Abdullah, and M^uln FarankbudI should go to *AlI

1 Ba huljdr^t.-m*ahiid ; huljdr is given in the dictionaries as a Persian word meaning a place of refuge or of 6ghtinK. Zenker, however, gives V as a Turki iimnl. and as meaning ’the gather ef an army.

Sec also P. i’ourtciUc. AnotlHsr

form is muljar, and this is the word nsed bj Bad&ilnT II. 190, Blochmann 242, note 4. MulcAr or Malcir is the form in BSdshShnima 1., FArt II, p. 109, top line, etc., and apparently the word was often used to mean an intreiichment or place of refuge.

CHAPTEB LTin.

399

Quli Khin and confirm him in his repentance, and also give him the good news of pardon. H.M. thereupon renounced his intention of staying in Jaanpur, and decided upon returning. On the day of Din 24 Isfandirmaz, Divine month, corresponding to Monday 11 3rd March 1566, the march from Jaunpur to Agra began. In one week the camp reached MSnikpur and encamped on the bank of the Ganges. The oflicers in accordance with H.M.^s orders made a bridge over so great a river in one day, such as that the camp eonld cross by. (At the time when H.M. was returning to the capital, Ju** 20& naid Karar^nl, brother’s son of Sulaimln and son of ‘Imftd, ol>tained the bliss of kissing the threshold, and was encompassed by princely favours.

400

IK-BAENlMA.

CHAPTER LIX.

BsaiNHiNo OF THE IIth IlIhI tiab, to wit, the teas BaHMAN of toe FIE8T CYCLE.

A thposand thraksgiTingt UiAt the spring of dominion hat re* vived, and that the banner of the New Year haa been npreared I The world has anew tamed her face towarda equability, and the ele- mental foroea haye asanmed f reah power*

Clonda changed garden-duat into Tariar^mnak,

The aephyr quickened the fire of the rose.

The bloeaoming branch became a ball of camphor.

The dark hyacinth changed into burning aloes of Qamftr,

By the feet of the maidens of the garden-pavilion Dust became like mirror-holding water,

‘Twas the season of love-glances and beauty- worship The season of blossoms and of wine-drinking The rosebud and narcissus have joined hands Strive to commit your heart to an alert hand

• The verses arc rather obscure* and the fancies are, as usual far-

fetched, but the notes of the Lucknow editor are helpful. The first line means that tBe clouds by discharg- ing rain on the garden have evoked fragrance and so made tha soil into musk of Tartary. The fire of the rose is poetic for its red colour. The comparison of the blossoms to a ball of camphhor may re^mnd us of 6mar Ehayyim’s expression of the white hand of Moses on the bough. The hyacinth, or the spikenard, has become fragrant, and so sosms as if it were burning the sloes of QamAr,

ie., the best aloes. The earth has assumed the appearance of bright, mirror-like water from being covered by a profusion of white flowers. Or perhaps aspai means ** for the sake of** and the interpretation is that the earth has become a mirror for the use of the garden-maidens, that is, tb^ flowers. The lines aro Faisf *s and occur in his sfiison under the lett er sd. See 1. O. MS. $156, p. fi71h. There are two more lines in the original at tbe end; one refers to tulip-adorned wine and tbe enp- bearer’s looks, and the other bids Taif 1 guard his heart.

CHAPTIl UX.

4»1

The spring breeze gave like an invisible messenger the glad tidings of victory and fortune. The gates of Divine abundance opened for the terrene and terrestrials^ and the imperial servants were gladdened by the news of celestial victories. After three hours and fifteen minates of Monday 18 Sh’abin 973| 10th March 1566, the sun entered the Sign of Aries, and the year Bahmaa, viz,, the 11th year of the first cycle began. For two or three days Karrah was the exercise grpund of the sublime host, and the New Year’s feast took place there. The ^ftn-^&nan Mun’im Khin and Mozaffar Khin and others were left there for the settlement of the affairs of l^aii Zaman, and for the return of those who had been sent to him, and the royal camp proceeded towards Kftlpi, and from thence to the capital. On 19th Farwardin, the day of Farwardin, corresponding to Friday 7th Uamfan, 2dth March 1566, the shade of tlio imperial umbrella descended upon Agra, and thereby rhe dig?iity of that spot sutpassed the sky. After spending some days there, H.M. went to Nagarcln, which had been built then, and that delightful spot was irradiated by his presence. In fine when 270 H.M. the gb^hin^ah from a regard to his subjects proceeded to Agra, Mun’im Khan and Mozaffar Khaq awaited in Karrah the re- turn of the envoys. When the latter approached ‘Ali Qull Kh§n, he went forth to meet them and treated them with resp^t, and used H glozing tongue. He came back to the path of obedience by pro- misos and oatl.s, which are the documents of hypocrites, and then Mun‘im f^an and Mozaffar Kh§n, having been freed from their duties there proceeded, •stage by stage, to the capital. When they came to Etiwah, Mozaffa^ Khin, having become suspicious of MutPim Khln, posted on to the threshold, and was received with favour.

He explained the double-dealing of the grandees and impressed this on H.M. After ward.s Miin’im Kh§n and the other officers came to Court. Lashkar * Khin was removed from his office of Bakhlbb »nd Khwaja Jahftn was reprimanded. The great seal was taken IWin him and he was dismissed to Mecca. The severity used towards tlioso men, which was the retribution for their deeds, caused greater oircuinspectiou on the part of Mun ira KhAii. The reputation of Mozaffar KJian was increased, arid by the mediation of the courtiers,

» B 407 He .Mfr Rakh^h* niid MTr ‘Aiz

402

AfflARNlllA.

the offences of l^wfljah Jahftn were forgiven. H.M. the ghAhingi^ih personally attended to the. administration of affairs, and the result was that the world assumed a new aspect.

One of the occurrences wa.s that H.M. the gh&hin^flh displayed his world-adorning graciousness to the servants of the sublime thres- hold, and directed his attention towards the assessment (jama*) of the parganas. In accordance with his orders Mozaffar Khftn set aside the Jama* raqamt^ (assessment according to kinds of produce?) which had

I Cf.B.349. theMaaf!irIIl. pp.S21. 222 and J. II. 88. The name given to the old eettlements in the text is Jaimk-i^raqaml-uqalmx, that is, per^ haps ‘Thc assessment which was expressed in Raqam or Slyic| char- acters, t.e., in contractions of Arabic words, instead of In Hindi figxircs.’ See the advertisement prefixed to Gladwin’s Revenue Accounts, and Car- negy’s Kachchari Technicalities s.v, Raqam. But, most probably, the word rnqaml refers to the assessment being made according to the kind of pro- iluce. The word qcUml perhaps mfans that the assessment was a paper one and not based oc actuals. Blocbmann has taken his account from the MaafT and not directly fnwfi the A. N., see his note 1, p. 349. The Maa«ir pu.ssagc occurs in the i:otice of Mofaffar Khan and has the words qalmrurd, the empire, for go/ml rd, tut it is qalml rd in the I.O. MSS., aad trir> seems to be correct. D. also has qalla-wildyal which be . renders “ unsettlf^d state of the coun- try," but ill the A. N. and also in the Maafir ^t is “paucity." In

Jarrett, and also in the Pereiaii ori- ginal, the 15th instead of the 11th is giwen as the date when the great ol the Vistership devolved ‘ipon

Mc^affar and Todar Mai. think that 15th here is a clerical error for 11th, the words yazdaliaii and pazdahan difiering chiefly by a dot. It is true that the loth is mentioned lower down as the initial date of the ten years’ settlement, but the context show.s that the .settlement in question is Todar Mai’s which was made in the 27th year, and long after Mofaffar’s death. The paragraph before us is an im- portant one, but it is obscurely ex- pressed. The original estimate was a conjectural one, and not based on local inquiries Hence it was very unequal Now under Mo|affar ten Qftnungoes. as well as other experts, made the assessment, as far as possible, on the basis of the actual produce of the lands. A. F. rcmark.s that it wa.s not really a hdl l^tU as- sessment, i.e., an assessment Imsed on actual produce, but when compared with the first assessment it might receive that name. When A. F. describes Uiit now assessment as an iiistanceof Akbar’sgraciou.’^nessto bin subjects, he means that it relieved tlium from the iiiju8iicc.saiid inequali> tics of the old “ paper ’’ settlement a .d saved them from the necessity ol bribing the clerks. Sec J. 11,88.

CHaHTKK MX.

403

beoii mrule in the time oi Biiirfiin lyian in which, on aecijimt of the plurality {ka§ral) of men anil the paucity (f/illtU) of territory, a nominal increase had been made for the sake of appearances. All these (papers) had remained in the public offices and boo!i regarded as authentic, and had become the tools of euibczxlemcnt fur the slaves of gold. Qinungoes and others who were acquainted with the whole of the territories the empire fixed according to their own estimates the actual produce of the countries and established a new assessment.

Though it was not a regular estimate yet in compari-

son with the former one, it might be so called.

As the branding * department, of which an account has been given in the final volume, had not then emerged into being, at this time the number of attendants for all the officers and servants of the threshold was fixed, so that every one should keep some persons in readiness f(»r service. There were three classes of the ordinary soldior assigned to the officers. The first class had 48,000 dams a year, the second 32,000 and the third 24,000.

One of the occurrences was that ‘Abdullah Klifin Uzbeg, who had been defeated and had gone to Gujrat, was turned out by Cingiz Khftn in accordance with tlie agreement made with Hakim Ain-al-mulk. 271 From ill-fatedness ho did not become circumspect and wandered about in the desert of calamity. He again came to the borders of Malwa and raised the head of sedition. Sbih§bu*d-din Ahmad Khfln, who had been previously appointed to manage the affairs of Malwa got ready an army and marched against him. The wretch was nearly captured. With a thousand troubles he convoyed himself to ‘All Qull Khftn and Sikandar Thereafter he went to the abyss of an-

nihilation.

One of the occurrences yros the flight of JaUl Qurci. The

• The account of the substitute for the branding regulation has no con- nection with the paragraph about the revenue assessment. The sentence about the pay of the soldiers is ob- scure. It cannot mean that each private soldier got 24-48,000 dhms a year. This would amount to about Ra, 1 0*)*J a jeai’ whereas we find, B

251, that troopers did not get more than Rs. 30 a month or Rs. 300 a year. Probably the sums rcprcserl tlje amounts allotted to each officer for support of his contingent. See B. 349, note 1, where it is sugge.‘ited that the dam may have been of kss value at this time.

4(4

aKBAHNaMA

6lLplAnation of this ia that, 08 the holy persouahtv of ih^ ^ih’n|h&h is pure and chaste, he wishes that all mankind ami esp^^ciallj those near to him be so likewise. When he heard that Jalli fCh6n kept a beautiful youth and was immoderate with regard to him, ho was dis« pleased and separated them. That light-headed one (Jaial Kh&n) left the path of wisdom and one night went off with the young man. M. Tdsnf l^in and others were appointed to pursue him, and they seized him and brought him and the youth to Court. He was ordered to be suitably punished. For a long time he was kept in a portico (/V/aui&dna] ’ and was kicked by high and low. Afterwards H.M/s kindness remembered JaUl Kh§n’s good fellowship (nadlmi) in which he was unrivalled, and he was restored to favour.

One of the occurrences was the appointing of Mahdi yisim KhSu to prospect the territory of Garha. It has already been related how 2faf became a renegade at the time of service and trod the path

of disloyalty. When the imperial cani[) returned from Jaunpur to Agra, H.M. resolved to send to Garha Mahdi Qftsim KhSn, who was one of the old servants of the family. He was to administer the territory and to arrest isaf KhSr who had perpetnited so much wickedness. Mahdi Qftsim Kh§n girded up the loins of resolution and set out, but before his army arrived, Asaf l^an got information and with much regret left the country. Ho becanio a wanderer in the fields of wretched nesa, and, like a wild beast, tix»k refuge in the forests.

Mahdi Qasiin hQian arrived at that rich country, and aftiT taking possession of it hastened off after Seat Khau. ‘AH yuli Khin> ‘‘ho was always trying to win over Asaf hHiSn, recognised this as a good op- portunity, and wrote letters to him, and so showed tliat he was about to break his compact (with Akbar) The simpleton (Afaf) foolishly 272 went off and came to Jaunpur with his brother Wazir Khan and

I Jilaukhaua is given in Forbes as i^n antechamber. It does not occur in Persian dictionaries. It appears from a passage in the Maa^ir ‘Altlam- gfrl 175, and which U quoted in Maaiiru-l-umari 1. 603, that the jUitukhinn waa a recess under the public Staircase tc the Darbar or hall

ot audience and that the “kicking” lakad koh^koU was symlxilical. That is. JaUl was regarded as kicked be- cause high and low passed over the steps above his bead. 8ee the account in Maafjir-‘Ailamgtrl I. c. of the treatment of the Jodhphr idols.

CBAPTBR LIX.

405

joined ^Ail Qull Khin. Mahdl Qieioi became governor of

Oarfafk.

One of the occurrences was as follows : As H.M. the Sbihinabih wandered about under the veil of inattention and was continually arranging some pleasant screen for himself, he at the time he was residing at Nagarcin, both for the sake of administration, which the wise can understand, and for ostensible amusement, which all can appreciate, employed himself in polo-playing, which in truth is an image of world-conquest and government. In the season of enjoyment he carried off the ball of pleasure from the world’s plain. In ap- pearance he was engaged in sport and amusement, inwardly he was occupied with realities, and was carrying on the world’s business. In this pursuit he devised wondrous inventions. Among them was the burning ‘ ball. By means of its lig*ht he with ease followed the sport of polo-playing in dark nights.

With * the crescent-moon-like stick he drove the ball beyond the stars. In appearance the methods of sport were perfected. In reality horses’ paces were improved, and men were taught exertion and activity, which were indispensable for warfare.

One of the occurrences was the death of Yusuf Muhammad EJiin KokalUsby the elder brother of M. ‘Aziz. He died from excessive drink on the day of Khur 15 Khurdid, Divine month corresponding to 5 Zi Q’ada, 24th May 15G6, after five days* illness. ^ A remarkable thing was that when his body was removed next day from Nagarcin to Agra it was still warm. U.M. the gj^fthinob^h was, from bis kind- ness of heart, much grieved and showed much sympathy with the mourners, and behaved very kindly to them.

One of the occurrences was the departure of Mahdi Qisim Kbin for the Hijdz. It has already been mentioned that he bad been ap- pointed to the charge of Garha, and directed to drive out 2faf Khan. When that territory came into his bands without exertion, he was

^ Bloohmann 296. The hall was made of paUU wood which, A. F. states, is light and bums for a long tioia. It is dificalt to see bow it re- mained alight when knocked about by the polo-stick.

• It is very difficult to make sense of this. Presumably A. F. meant that the globe of fire, i e., the ball, snrpsss e d the stars or metsors in brilliancy when it was driven along by the oamgam.

40G

▲IBARNllTA

unable to manage it on account of its extent and bad condition. Ue was oyercome by depression, and in the midst of this year, ho, without the roijal permission, loft the country and went southwards with the intention of going to the Hijix. Seeing that proximity to great saints, who are possessed of *pur6 spirits, is not beneficial when there is no real connection, what can resnlt from proximity to holy places which have acquired sanctity from association with saints, especially when it is attended by the displeasing of so great a master ? When 2 /3 the fact was reported to H.M. he pardoned his (Mahdl Qftsim’s) folly and made arrangemonts for the administration of the country. Sb^h QuU Khftn Narauji and Kftkar ‘All Khftn with a number of heroes were appointed to the province. By their being sent, the distractions of the country wore set right. They themselves were treated with princely favours.

CnAPTKK I.X.

407

CHAl^EH LX.

Kxpidetion op tub to rOT down the sedition of

M. Muii^ammad (Iaeim, and other prosperous etrnts.

While the ^ahinahlk was enjoying kimsuif at Nagurcin, it came to his bearing that Mu^mmad Hakim Mirza had, at the instigation of short-sighted men, become disobedient and had marched against Lahore. The explanation of ht^ coining there is us follows. From the time that M. Sulaiman had fled at the report of the coming of the imperial army and had retired to Badaklisj^Xn, he csritinuuily )iad the idea of coming again to Kabul. Now, when he hecamo certain that none of H.M’s officers was there, ho thought he had his oppor- tiinitj, and having, in cenj unction with Harain Bogam, gathered together his troops the fourth time, he once more proceeded against Kabul. When M. Muhammad ^ak iin heard of his coming, he made over the fort of Kabul to M^asum,’ who was distinguished among his followers for courage and wisdom, and went off with Kbwija Ilasau Naqslibandi, his prime minister, to Sh&kardara* and Qhorband. M. Sulaimftn came to Kabul and besieged the fort. After some days he perceived that the lasso of his power was too shefrt to entangle the battlements. He learnt that the Mirzft was in Ghorbaud and its neighbourhood, and wished to accomplish his object by the deceit- fulness of Haram Begam. With this evil design Harain Begam left M. Sulaiman at Kabul and went herself to Ghorband. She scut able men to H. Hakim and gave him the message that he alway.s was dearer to her than a son of her own body, especially since there had been an additional alliance. ^ Her whole soul was directed towards perfect concord and hanuuny with him, and to building yet higher the foundations of alliance The object of her present coming was to have an interview, and to strengthen the bonds of friendship, and to guard them from being weakened or loosened. M. Hakim was deceived by the Bogam’s cajolery and agreed to moot her in the

Refernnp; lo lii;* m:ir» ‘Rgc willi hpp ’liiuphtp*-

< Blochroann 131. note 1 ’ NortJi of Kahn!

408

AKBAKNiMA.

274^^11^8^ of Qara-Bat^, which is twelve Aemt from Kabul, and to ratify the alliance. When he had determined upon an interview he sent his confidants ahead in order that they might make conditions and promises void of hypocrisy. When the envoys produced their ere* dentials, the Begam swore great and stlrong oaths that there would be no trickery, and that the heai^ and tongue would accord, and that deeds would correspond with the words. When the Mirza’a men heard the Begam’s oath^ they, iii their folly, arranged that they would urge the Mlrz2 to ha^•‘an interview with the Begam at QarA- Bilgh, and that he would tie tlie knot of sonship and concord.

Who the Begam saw that the plot was arranged, she sent mes- sengers to M. Siild)nian snying that she had engaged the MirzA’s men to bring him to Qara Bagh, and that now he should leave his camp and a few troops near the tort, and make a rapid march with some men and place Innnel^ in am btisit Tiear Qard-B§|^. When the Mlrzft came there he tSSulaiTnan) Sh hid make him prisoner. When M. Snlaimln heard this he left Muhamniad Quli who was

one of his trusted officers, with the camp to besiege Kabul, and hastened off himself by night-murches. He lay in ambush behind a ridge near Qari-BS^, The envoys of M. Hakim, who had returned after hearing the Begam’s strong oaths, looked only to externals and wero unmindful of the inward perfidy, and gave the Mirzl a favour- able account of the promises and of the interview. All the Mirza’s men nrged his going to see the Begam, except Bjqi Qfiq^ftl, who spoke against going, and ascribed the oaths to deceit and treachery. He plainly said that the Begam wanted, by this pretence, to deliver him into the clutches of M. Sulaimdn. He stripped off the deceit which that deceiver had contrived. In spite of this, M. Hakim was helpless and went off with some of his confidants towards Qara- Bagh. On the way one of the Kabulis who had come with the Badakhsliis on M. Sulaim&n^s rapid march, separated himself from them and joined M. Hakim’s people. Ho told them that M. Sniai- mftn was lying in ambush behind a certain ridge with a chosen body of men and was watching for his opportunity. The Kabul! himself had come with them that night. When the Mirzl heard this he •turned round and took the road to Kabul. When M. Sulaimln got news of this he followed him and came up with some of the Mirzd’s men and made them prisoners. Whatever was in the r^ar was

CHAPTIV LX.

400

captured. Biql Qaq^fll and bis bi’ethren were close behind the Mirzi and urged him on. Some of the BadaUiahis got close op to the Mirzft and it was thought that they would capture him. Bftqi Qiqsj^ftl and his brethren fought bravely and by arrows and ballets 27B occupied the enemy so that the Mfrzt could go on ahead. In this way they brought the Mirzi out of that dangerous place. M. Sulai- min pursued him up to the Sanjad defile, but when he recognised the fact that the Mirzi had escaped, he was compelled to halt. The baggage of the Mirzi and his men fell into the hands of the Bada- kh^Is. When night came on the Mirzi halted in one of the defiles of Ghorband and sent men to Ohorband to bring him some things which had been left there. Then he marched on to near the koial of the Hindn Koh. Next day he passed through the koial and came to Mazra’-i ashraf, which was in the possession of the Uzbegs. From there he advanced one or two stages. Khwija Heisan imd the men who were of his party wished to take the Mirzi to BIr Muham- mad Khin, the ruler of Balkh, and to ask help from him. But Biqi Qaqcd^il did not agree to this and said he would take tlic Mirzi to the sublime Court. Khwija l^san and a number of others went to Balkh, and BaqI Qaqibal and his brethren, and those who were in accord with him, went back from there and brought the Mirzi to Ohorband. From there they crossed over to Jalilibid by the way of Isi ^ and Babra. * From there they came to Peshawar, and then to the hank of the Indus. The Mirzi crossed the river and sent a hnmble petition, together with an account of the dispersion that had taken place, to the threshold of fortune. His ambassadors deli- vered this at Nagarcin. Inasmuch as fortune watches over the sublime family, the news of the troubles in Kabul had already arrived. At that time Faridun, the maternal uncle of the Mirzi, was in attendance on H.M., and had been given permission to go to Kabul As the Mirzi was young and unprotected, Faridun was to armnge his affairs and to confirm him in the path of loyalty and to take care that seditious men should not have an opportunity of speaking to.ihe Mirzi. The affair of the coming to Kabul of M. Sulaimin occurred

1 Perhaps this is the Isakhel of the I. G.

^ BttdiQni has Panjliar, arKl pro- 52

bttbly this is the correct reading He says that DJlwIja llasan NaqshbMniU got lost hy going to Bullsh

AKntRXAMA.

4J|)

hvforo Fanrlrm’s meeting with the Mirzi. W’hen M. Uakiiu’ft aml»R.v Kjulors arrived, H.M., out of his kindness, sent Khu^ Khabar Khan, who was one of the Court yeadvals, with much money and goods, a dre^s of honour, and a special horse, and he issued an order that the Panjab otHcers should proceed to Kabul and put down M. Snlaimin. When Khabar Kh&n came near the Mirzi’s camp, the latter

went out to welcome the dispatch, — the preface of eternal fortune,— 276 and received it with reverence. After some days Fariduii, who had left btlore VOiCisb l^abar Kliftn, arrived. That indiscreet one, influenced by notions which no sensible man would have entertained, put up the who had arrived there after a hurried journey, to

aim at the Panjab and inspired him with the idea that it would be easy to take Lahore, lie was not contented with this, but also instigated the young Mirzi to’ arrest Khust i^abar Khftn. Though the Mirzi was void of wisdom, and thought that Farldun’s wicked idea wa.s right, yet ho would not consent to the arrest of Kbufb Khabar l<han, and scut for him one night and dismissed him. At that time there was a writer named Sultan ‘All, who had been turned out of Agi’a and gone to Kabul, and had been given the title of La^kar Kliiii, and also one Hasan Kbftn, a brother of dfn Ahmad

Khfin, who had absconded before this and gone to Kabul. Tliese two wretches joined with Faridun in stirring up strife, until at length M. Hakim, who had not far-seeing intelligence, nor a loyal heart, was induced by the words of these vaunters to cross the Indus and to proceed towards Lahore. His men practised rapine in Bhera and its vicinity. When this news reached the Panjab officers, Mir Muhammad Khftn, Qutbu-d-din and Kb&n joined together and set

about strenghening tlio fort, and reported the state of affairs to Court. The flames of the wrath of II. M, the §hAbin^&h burst forth on hear- ing this news,, and he directed the assembling of troops. M”. Hakim, with the evil thought that perhaps he might by fraud and deceit bring over the Panjab officers to his side, advanced from Bhera to Lahore. He halted outside of the city in the garden ‘ of Mahdi Q§sim Kh§n. Next day ho came to the edge of the fort and drew up his troops. The Panjab officers made the eternal fortune of the Sbahinshali their fortress and by means of cannon and musketry prevented any

< Th»- Parbai Akharl. p >128, 4 »i>s wua wlicre JaliSrtglr s tomb now i«.

cumsa III.

411

liviag creature from treadiug on the hem of the fortress. Ever/ day they maintained the rules of the defence and displayed courage and loyalty. H.M. the Sh&hinfhfth appointed Mun’im SbAn Ebinhdi&nAQ to the charge of the capital, and Mo|affar IQ^ftn to look after civil matters, and set out on the day of Shahriyftr 4 £|ar, Divine month, or Saturday 3 Jttmadaral-awwal 974, 17 November 1666. He followed the pleasure of hunting during the whole of the expedition and after ten days arrived at DelhL In accordance with custom he visited the 277 shrines of the saints and made liberal gifts to the custodians, and then went and visited the tomb of H.M. Jinnat lohi/Anb When M. ^akim, who at the instigation of short-sighted men was revolving vain thoughts, heard the reverberation of the march of-H.M. he fell into consternation and ded to the bank of the Indus. On the day that the imperial army reached the Satlej the scouts brought the news of the flight of the Mlrsi. The army crossed the river and proceeded to- wards Lahore. In a fortunate hour in the middle rf Bahman, oorres ponding to middle Bajab (near end February 1567) it reached that city*

Und the quarters of Mahdi Qlsim Bi§n were made glcrious by the arrival of the ShUhinfbfth. Peace and tranquillity extended everywhere.

The loyalists who during the time of the siege bad contended with the rebels and jeoparded their lives were raised to dignities. Tho ghthe imperial servants urged that the Kabulis should be followed and punished, yet as the holy nature of thegj^fthindlfth is a^mine of kind- ness, he forgave M. Hakim for his folly and stopped the pursuit. Qiitbu-d-din Khgn, Kamil Kh6a and a number of other officers were deputed to tho borders of the empire in order that they might reas- sure the peasantry who had suffered from the oppression of the Kabulis and. that in this way the expulsion of the Mirzft might be best effected.) They received the order and went forth to execute it. H.M. stayed in Lahore, and oocupied himself with administration and enjoy- ment. The army proceeded to the bank of the Indus and looked after the peasantry, and learnt there that M. 9akim had proceeded to Kabul on learning that that place had been abandoned by M. Sulaimftn.

The adven tares of M. Sulaimln are as follows : When be inade his rapid march against M. Hakim he left Mn^^ammad Qiili with a large force to besiege Kabul. Ma^fum Kkta sent out of the fort a number of cavaliers of the hippodrome of valour to display their daring. They engaged Muhammad Quli and defeated him, and

412

AIBAlirlMA.

seized the baggage of the Badakhibis. The besiegers wai^ scattered, and Mahammad Qali conveyed M. Solaimin’s daughters, who were with the ezp^tion, to the Gir-diwir garden, which was in the neigh- 278 bonrhood^andfortifiedit. The people of Kabul surrounded Muhammad QulT and sent word to Ma’idin Khin^ that if he was quick and would bring help he could easily capture the men whom they had brought into straits. He wrote in reply that as M. Sulaimftu’s daughters were there it would be disrespectful to behave in such a manner ; and he recalled his own men. M. Sulaimftn came back from Sanjad-dara, disappointed of his project against M. Bakim, to the neighbourhood of the fort of Kabul, and resumed the siege. Ma’fum Kbftn sent out a suitable person with a force every day, and fought victoriously with the Badaklid^is. The latter waxed faint in battle and a pestilence broke out among men and horses. M. Sulaimin was constrained to propose peace, and accepted through the instrumentality, of Qftfi Khin Ba- dakblbi lome paltry advantage, which might be represented as a con- dition of his return. First he sent his wife to BadaUiAii^> Mid then followed her himself. Just about this time M. Hakim returned from India to Kabul, and the short-sighted ones of that place felt ashamed and sank down from their vain thoughts. The royid camp established itself in Lahore and cast the shadow of justice over the land. The glory of the standards of victory destroyed darkness in minds and horizons. The great feast of the holy weighment’ took place at this time, and was performed according to rule with gold and silver and other rareties, Gifts and alms were distributed to rich and poor, and the rulers of tracts of country, especially the governors and landhold- ers of the northern districts placed the head of submission and the forehead of obedience on the dust of the threshold and scattered largesse id proportion to their means. A number who were unable at that time to obtain the blessing of kissing the threshold sent their children aed relatives along with able ambassadors.

During there days Mohammad Biqi the son of ]|[. ‘Isi Tarj^in

^ The negotiatum is more fully dss- cribed in BadiSnf. It seems, that Ma^fSm was a disciple of QifT Khin and so out of deference to him he agreed to pay Sulaimin a sms|! tribute.

i This was the weighment on 1 Abin and tha more important of the two.

CVAPTBB LX.

418

and ruler of Tatta sent a representation full of snbmission and obedi- enooj accompanied by suitable presents, and oonreyed by confidential oflBcers. The purport of it was that his father had been a slare of the sublime court and had offered up his life on the carpet of sincerity and demotion. Now he (M. Biq) placed the head of respect on the threshold of obedience as being one of those firm in their allegiance.

At this time Sultin Ma^mQd Bakari was acting contrary to the code (of Cingiz ^ftn) and to the sublime orders and was at the request of the Mirzis of Qandahftr leading troops against him. On account of the writer’s being strongly bound to the eternal fortune (of Akbar’a family) Saltan Mahmud was unable* to lay hands on his territory and his troops had been dispersed. Now the writer hoped that he eonld on account of his loyalty and sincerity, be reckoned among the f^ith- ful slaves and that no dust of separation would settle upon the court of his union (with Akbar’s dynasty). His petition was brought to the royal hearing by the intervention of courtiers and in accordance with his prayer a world-obeyed order was issned to Sultan Mahmfid fQ^in to the effect that he should not advance his foot beyond his limits, and should restrain the reins of his fancy from territories 279 appertaining to Blqi Kbiu* The ambassadors received permission to depart after having received princely favours.

One of the occurrences was that whilst H.M. the Sbthindlih was casting his shadow over the northern regions a j^titiou arrived from Agra, from Mun^m Kbin the Kbinin. Its purport was

that the sons of Muhammad Sultin Mirzi and lJln|^ MirsI, who had been distinguished from among the other courtiers by the glance of favour, and who held a fief in the Sarkir of Sambal, had taken the road of rebellion and put out their hands against the villages in the neighbourhood of Delhi. He (MunSa) had gone to Delhi in order to extirpate them, but they had got news of this and had fled by the way of MindQ.

This Mubammad ^ Sultin Mini was the son of Sultin Wais Mlm the son of Bifqri the son of Manf ur, the son of Bilqri the son of*Uanr SbAikb> tho son of H.M. SihibqirinI Amir Timur Girgin, and kis mother was the daughter of Sultin ^usain Mirzi. This last Bad daring the time of his rule, educated Mubammad Sultan Mini, wko

^ Sec BlCchmanii 4C\ for the genealogy, etc., of the MTrzB^

414

AKBAENilfA*

w«8 hia nephew^i grandson. After SnltUn Husain Mint’s death, as a gneat dispersion took place in Qinrlsia, Muhammad Sultftn Mint entered the serrioe of H.M. Qetl Sitani Firdas^Maktnl (Bftbar), and was receiyed with &Tour. When the diadem of empire came to Jahinbin! Jinnai AshijrinI that prince also showed him kindness. He had two sons ; one was Ulu|^ Mint and the other 3hth Mint. Both were saocesafal as his servants. In spite of that, several times they showed signs of opposition, but H.M. (Humtjdn) from his innate kindness winked at this. At last UIui^ Mirzt met with the reward of his deeds in an attack on the Hasiras. He left two sons, Sikandar Mini and’ Ma|mmaiad Sultan Mfrsl^ After Ului^ Mini was killed, H.M. Jahinbin! Jinnat Ashiyin! oast jhe shadow of his favonr over his sons and gave to Iskandar Mini the title of Ulng^ Mini and to Muhammad Sulfin Mini that of Qhih MinL When H.M. the Qhi* hindlih came to the throne he showed kindness to Mohammad Snlfin Mlrsi and his grandchildren and relatives. When Muhammad Sultin Mirzi had grown old he was relieved from military service and given the pargana of ‘Asimpikr in Sarkir Sambal for his maintenance, so that he might spend his days in tranquillity and in offering up prayers (for Akbar^s success). Several children were bom to him in his old age- ist, Ibrihlm^usain Mtrzi; 2nd, Muhammad Husain M.; 8rd, Mas’ud 380 l^usain M.; 4th, ^Aiqil Husain M. As the kindnesses of H.M. thegbihin- dlih extend over all classes of men, every one of these Mirzis received fiefs suitable to their conditions, and took part in all the expeditions. Especially they were attached to the royal ntirrup in the Jaunpur commotion. After the royal standards had returned from there they got leave to go to their fiefs in Sambal. When the sublime army left Agra and went to the Panjab to extinguish the seditious flames of M. Hakim, Ulu^ M. and gb^^h M. in combination with Ibrihim Husain M. and Muhammad Husain M. raised the standard of rebellion, and having collected a number of vagabonds stretched out the hand of rapine over Sambal and its neighbourhood. The fief •holders of that district joined and proceeded against them, and as the latter could not resist them, they fled to Kb§n Zamftn and Sikandar Ebin. Bat their company was not acceptable to the latter, for every one in his folly want^ to rule. They came back from there and made an attempt on the Du§b. They crossed over to pargana Nimk&r. Yar- dtflhl, the sister’s son of Haji bkbin Sistftnl, Vfho was the jfijlrdtr of

CBAPTCt LX.

41»

that part of the country^ advanced to pot down those wretches. An the divine destiny intended to deal hardly with them, their destruction was tied in the knot of another season, and YftrAihi was defeated after fighting manfully. Many goods such as gold, elephants, etc., fell into the hands of those scoundrels, and they went on towards the borders of Delhi, committing rapine. T§tir ^ Kbin made Delhi stieng and Mun’im came from Agra in order to repulse them. Thoee ill-fated ones knew that Mftlwa was empty and went there. Near Sampat they fell in with Mir Mu lss-al-mulk who had donned the pilgrim^s ‘ garb and was going to the Panjab, and plundered him. MunMm Khftn did not think it advisable to follow them, and soretum- ed to Agra. ‘J’he rebels took possession of Mftlwa which at that time had been assigned to Muhammad^ Qull Khan Barlfts, but who, on account of sundry affairs, was then attached to the stirrup of fortune,

(t. 0 . was at Lahore on personal attendance on Akbaor). llis son-in-liiw Khwftja Hftdi, who was known as Khwftja Kilftn, strengthened Ujjain, but some traitors who were with him came out and joined the Mlrzfts.

The Khwftja’s goods were plundered, but he himsell escaped on ac- count of his high birth. Qadam Khftn the brother of Muqarrab KhUi^ Deccan! was in Hindia. Muhammad Qusain M. besieged him* Muqarrab Khftn Deccan! was in the fort of Santwfts, and Husain Khftn the sister’s son of Mahdi Qasim Khftii came back from escorting Mahdi Qasim Khftn who was going to the Hijsz. had reached Santwfts when the turmoil of the Mira&s showed itself. He too took 281 refugo in Santwfts. Ibrfthim ^usain M. prosecuted the siege, and at this time Muhammad ^saiu M. got possession of Hindia and put Qadam Khftn to death. When they brought his head to the edge of the fort of Santwfts Mnqarrab Khftn lost heart and submitted, ^usain Khan * too came out. Though Ibrfthim I;^u8ain M. offered him service he would not accept of it. YnienH.M.theghfthiin^fth proceeded to extirpate All Qul! Khftn he came forward and obtained the bliss of service. In fine, when the news of this affair was brought to the royal hearing, he issued an order that Muhammad Sultan M. shoufd be removed from *Aftimpur to the fort of Blftnft, and be guarded there.

i Bloch roanii 42.

^ BliM’hiuAnn 341.

^ ftloaniiifi that he wm going to

• Thi> is the t’ameus ^iisaiu Khin

visit A.kUir wboon A. F. represents

Tnkrixa.

n.<( a saint.

416

AKBAtVlKA.

CHAPTER LXL

BiatNMlVO OF THI 12i*H DiTINB TBAR from T0B Accbssion, to WIT, THB TBAR IsFAMDJLRMAZ OF THB FIRST CTCLB.

At this time, when the territory of Lahore became by the ad- Fent of the sublime cortege a rosegarden of fortune, and H.M. the ^ihinflliih was engaged in captivating hearts, the bounty of spring encircled the land, and the balmy breezes began to blow. The gar> dens afforded a wondrous spectacle to beholders, and the tulips and other flowers cast nooses of enchantment over the onlookers.

Verse.

Arise for the peacock of spring has come

The call of* the nightingale has come from the garden

The red rose has fallen all over the grass ;

Or^ have parrots set their beaks on their wings ?

After eight hours, fifteen minutes, of Tuesday 29 Sh’abftn 974, 11th March 1567, the sun entered (Aries), and the 12th year, to wit, the year Isfandirmaz of the first cycle began, and the equable mind of the 9^§hin^fth felt a desire for hunting and for the qamar^a,^ which is the most delightful form thereof. An order was issued that birds and b^sts should be driven together from near the mountains on the one side, and from the river Bihat (Jhilam) on the other. Each district was made over to one of the great officers, and Bakh- ttis, Tawicis and Sazftwals were appointed to every quarter. Seve- ral thousand footmen from the towns and villages of the Lahore pro- vince were appoi^^ted to drive the game. A wide space within ten miles of Lahore — like the capacious heart of princes — was chosen for the collecting of the animals. During the space of one month,

1 The Lucknow editor points out that this refers to the parrot’s crim- son beak and green plumage.

2 The T. Alfi, p. 627, ssys that such

a great hunt never occurred either before or afterwards, and that 50,000 beaters were employed.

OHAPTBK Lit

417

while the oflSoera and other peraons, both high and low, were actively engaged in driving the game, H«M. was chiefly engaged in stabliah- ing the foundations of jostice and in developing inward and oat- 282 ward civilization. At length there was a suitable completion of ar- rangements ; beaters were collected, and there was a large assem- blage of animals. First H.M. the went to the hunting

ground, and viewed it from the circumference to the centre. Every one of the grandees and other servants who had exerted himself in this delightful service was gratified bj H.M’s. approbation. Then he placed the foot of dominion in the stirrop of anspiciousness and made hit tiger-like steed career in the pursuit of the prancing deer.

He used the arrow, the sword, the lance and the musket. At the beginning, the hunting ground was ten miles in circumference. But day by day the qamarffha was pushed on, and its area lessened. Within the space his swift steed sometimes swept afar the game from the ground, and sometimes he caught the lightning- footed deer by the lasso. Yarious modes of hunting were displayed. Among the intimate courtiers, M. *Abiz Eokaltiffb came into the middle of the gamorjAa and attended on the auspicious stirrup. The officers put up screens in front of their stations and guarded the game, in the daytime by their eyes, and in the night by blazing torches. There was pleasure from morning till evening and from evening till morn- ing. After H.M. the SJ^ihindlih had, daring five successive days, enjoyed various kinds of sport, the great officers and the attendants on the harem were allowed to come into the hanting-groc(nd. Gra- dually the servants of the court were allowed to enter until at last the turn came of individuals from among the troopers and footmen.

One of the wonderful occurrences that took place daring the hunting was that Hamid Bakari (of Bhakar) one of the yesdwala had become evilminded and had placed an arrow on his bow and dis- charged it against one of the servants of the Coai4. The latter abided his time and reported the matter to H.M. in the hunting- ground. The royal wrath ordered that he should be capitally punish wd and gave his special sword to QuUj iSh&n, in order that he might relieve that unruly one of the burden on his neck. Qulij Kh&n twice struck him with that segment of a diamond, but did not injure a hair of his head. With the tongue of fate it was ‘Uttered

418

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Ferie.^

If Uie Bworda of the world move from their place They^ not tonch a vein so long as 6od does not will it.

On this account the mystery of destiny was accepted and his life spared^ but as a warning his head was shaved and he was mount- ed on an ass and taken round the hunting-ground.

One of the occurrences of the hunting-time was the arrival of 888 Muiaffar S^ln. He brought Wazir IQiftn the brother of l^af

and begged the forgiveness of the two brothers. The brief account of this is that when i|af Si^an by his bad fortune fell into the snare of ‘Al! Qull Qiftn and Bahftdur Khin^s society^ he did not like their company and was disgusted with their arrogance. Also ‘All Qul! cast eyes of avidity on his property, l^af Khftn was looking for an opportunity of separating himself from them. Meanwhile^ ^Ali Qull sent Afaf Ehftn along with Bahidur Ehftn, and kept Wazir under surveillance. Wazir !0^§n wrote an account of the facts to his brother and suggested a rendezvous for escaping. In accordance therewith l^af Ebiu separated one night from Bahftdur O^ftu and proceeded towards Rarrah and Manik- pur. Wazir ^ftn also came out of Jaunpur and hastened along the same road. Bahftdur E^ftn heard of what X^af Ehan was doing and pursued him, and came up with him near Cunftr. A fight took place between them, and A?af Eb&n was defeated and made prisoner. Bahftdur ^&n put him into an elephant-litter and went ofi. His men had ‘dispersed in pursuit of plunder when Wazir Ehftn and his son Bahftdur Ehftn arrived. When he heard that ifaf Ehftn had been captured he made ready, and while Bahftdur Ehftn^s men were

1 These lines are proverbial, and are quoted by Bftbar, Erskine 210, apropos of a blow be received on his urm. The translation there given is :

‘^However the sword of man may Strike, it injures not a single vein without the will of God.” In this t&aostation and in the Bib. Ind. text of the A. N. the Hna/cU is read tegi-i- ^Aalm, Lu P, de Courteille 8 ’ transla-

tion I, 453, the izifat is omitted, the translation being

“Quoique Vepee soit capable de bouleverser le monde, ejle ne coupera pas une veine sans la permission de Dieu.’* In the Clarke MS. in the Victoria and Albert Mnsenm there is a picture of Hc^mld’s punishment. According to the T. A. Elliot V; 317 Bamld was drunk.

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419

dispenad ha came up and fought bravelj. Bahadur Khin could not raaist him and fled^ but made a sign for the killing of Xfaf whom they were bringing along on the elephant. The guarda wounded him once or twice with swords. The top of his finger was eayered and he was wounded on the nose, when WaeTr men

suddenly pressed forward and released £(af They came to

Karra and reposed there. In this fight Bahadur {Q^ftn the son of Wazfr Kb&n distinguished himself, and on this account acquired glory by receiving such a title ^ (Bahadur Rhsn). A|af Kbsn repented of his past life and recognised in all these misfortunes and losses the results of his exclusion from the sublime threshold^ and with feelings of shame earnestly betook himself to the Court. He sent his brother Wazir ^ftn to Muzaffar I^an at the time when the latter was, in obedience to royal orders, proceeding from Agra to Lahore. Wazir Kbfin came to Delhi, and Mntaffar treated him with great

kindness and took him with him. He (Muzaffar) had an opportunity of representing the case when H.M. was engaged in hunting, and he begged forgiveness for A^af Khftn. H.M. pardoned him and his brother and issued a diploma of favour in Ajaf Khan^s name, directing him to proceed to Mftnikpur and act in conjunction with Majnun Qftqdj^L When the sublime cortige retuined to the capital he had the bliss of doing homage and received princely 284 favours. i

In fine, when the Qamarglia was at an end, H.M. ordered a re- turn and came to the river RivI, on whose bank Lahore is situated, and which flows with ocean-like majesty. H.M. tlie Sh&binsbfth took in his hands the reins of trust in God and put his steed to the river.

That fleet, fiery nature passed lightly over, like the breeze. The at- tendants, who necessarily were close by, also put their horses to the water and all crossed and arrived at the shore of safety except Kbfldl Kbskbr Tesivoal and NQr Muhammad, the son of Mubum* mad, who were drowned. When H.M. reached Lahore he spent his

^ The Iqbiu&ams in its account of the 12th year says that Wazir’s son got the prize of valour on this occa- sion and the title of Bahadur Sh^n. It adds that he afterwards became

insane and that he was alive and over 80 years of age in the 14th year of Jahingir, i.s., at the time of writing and 54 years after the fight,

^ Gf. BadayUni, Lowe, 92.

420

AKBARNAMA.

days in the administration of affairs and the distribntion of jnstioe which are part of his nature.

Among the occurrences was the flight of Muhammad Amin Diwina. The brief account of this is that he was distinguished among the champions [ikkajUdnan) for his courage and daring. He also led an ill-regulated, intemperate life. At the time that the camp was at Lahore, he encountered one of the faujddrs,^ as he was ridinga special elephant (fil kbd^a), and he launched an arrow from the quiver of unrestraint against him. When this boldness was reported to H.M., an order was issued for his being put to death. The oourtiers attached to the harem interceded for him, and H.M. granted him his life, but ordered him to be beaten. CProm his ilLfortnne he* left the road of fortune and fled that night to All Qull Kbftn, who was the head of strifemonger8.'^

One of the occurrences was that Junaid Kararini, who had ob* tained the bliss of service, and received princely favours, fled, owing to a groundless apprehension, from Hindaun,* which had been assigned to him as his jdgir, and went to Gujr&t. Those who are illfated and choose remoteness from the seat of dominion and fortune^ think that they are going to better themselves, but in reality they increase their loss and cast themselves into the well of wretchedness. At the time when after arranging the affairs of the Panjab, was meditating

a return, there arrived from Agra petitions of well-wishers and especi* 286 ally of Mun’im ^&n to the effect that All Quli ICbftn, Bahftdur

and Iskandar ^3n, had again twisted their heads out of the line of obedience and stretched out their necks for rebellion. The misbehavi- our of M. Hakim had increased their frenzy, and in their folly and disloyalty they had recited the £!j;iutba in the name of the Mirza I Those heedless, fortune-overturned ones had closed their eyes to the beholding of the glory of the gii^ahinsb&h, and for the sake of their own designs had cast the simple Mirzft into the whirlpool of destruct- tion.

• Superintendents of elephants. SeeB. 126.

• He was with Bairani Kian when he was killed and helped to save his child. B. 334.

^ J. II. 163. Then in Agra 8ar* kir, now in Jaipdr State, 71 miles S.W. Agra. It is a large commer- cial town.

cHAmm Lii.

4S1

Kingship is a of Ck>d, and is not bestowed till manj thousand grand requisites haye been gathered together in an individual. Race hnd wealth and the assembling of a mob are not enough for this great position. It is clear to the wise that a few among the holy qualities (requisite) are, magnanimity, lofty benevolence, wide capa- city, abundant endurance, exalted understanding, innate graciousness, natural courage, justice, rectitude, strenuous labour, proper conduct, profound thoughtfulness, laudable overlooking (of offences), and accep- tance of excuses. And with all those notes of perfection, of which a few out of many are mentioned in detail in the ancient books of ripe philosophers, so long as the subject of such encomiums has not wisdom sufficient to overpower improper desires and unbecoming anger, he cannot be fit for this lofty office. And on coming to exalted dignity if he do not inaugurate universal petice (toleration) and if he do not regard all conditions of humanity, and all sects of religion with the single eye of favour, — and not be mother some and be-stepmother others,— he will not become fit for the exalted dignity. Thanks be to Oodl The holy personality of the SlifthinsJ^lh is a fount of perfect qualites, and a mine of holy principles. Volumes would not be suffi- cient to describe the glories of the Lord of the Universe. How then can an incidental reference be sufficient? Give all that thou hast, and purchase eyes, and behold the world-adorning qualities of our spiritual and temporal king so that thou mayest know what is king- ship, and what is the meaning of sovereignty !

In fine when the account of the disloyalty of this t;rew was re- ported to H.M., his equable disposition was affected and he made over to IQ^an ^ Baqi Khaii M. Mlrak Rat^ivi who, at the time of the return of the royal cortege, had come to court in order to arrange about the fiefs of Ali (juli and Bahidur. H.M. resolved to proceed to Agra that he might punish the sedition-mongers. Ho rapidly arranged for the settlement of the Panjab, and alloted the parganas of

^ The text has Jin but many MSS. have Khin. and this is the form ac- cepted by Blochmann N. 141, p. 438. He is the Baqi Khan who was Adham 10^*9 elder brother, id. 381. How- ever, it is not certain that Jin is

wrong, for Bayazid’s fourth list men- tions Jin Biql, who apparently was a son of Gulbadan Begam’s husband KhizrKhwiia. The Iqbal iiaina has J in Biql.

42S

AEBABHillA.

UiBi pfOTince to great officere, such as Mfr Mohammad Sbin Kalin 286 Qntba-d-dln Kbin to their eons and brothers^ and to the other deyoted soldiers. The whole administration of the province he com- mitted to Mir Mnbammad Kbin, and on the day of T!r^ 13 Farwardin, Divine Month, corresponding to Monday, 12 Bamfin, 28 March 1567| he retnrned his standards towards the capitfd. He was encamped at Serai Daulat IQiLin when the elephants Ghajgajan and Panjpftya, which were noted animals, died on one day. A number of superficialists were saddened by this. H.M. said, We draw a good omen from the event, viz., that those two unlucky brothers (All Quli and Babftdur) will, in this campaign, hasten to the pit of annihilation.^ Good God I What capacity, what intellect, and what insight I

When the standards of fortune reached Sahrind, what shall I say of the folly displayed by Mofaffar B)b&n snch as that all were as- tonished ? The account of this affair is tbat H.M. the Sb^inA^h always kept himself informed of the condition of the soldiers and peasantry, and showed a paternal interest in amending the ways of mankind. He guarded men against improper actions and used to make efforts to elevate their characters* At this time it came to the royal hearing that Moaaffar {[bin had developed a fancy for the smooth (t.6., beardless) face of one Qutb Kbftn and had flung Away the veins of judgment. H.M. from his native kindness sent for the latter and made him over to keepers lest Mofaffar Sbin should fall into great evil from this snare. That besotted one assumed the garb of a faqir and went off into the wijdf. He did not recognise the extent of the royal kindness and thoughtfulness. H M. the ^fthinfbfth who holds with perfect control the balance of discernment and appreciation took no notice of all this ignorance and indiscrimination but treated him with princely graciousness and sent the servant (Qu^b) to him. He also guided him by weighty admonitions. He indulged in hunting during the whole of this march, and conferred joy upon mankind.

While he was encamped at Thftnesar, a dispute arose among the Sanyftsls which ended in bloodshed. The details of this are as follows. Near that town there is a tank which might be called a miniature sea. Formerly there was a wide plain there known as Kurkhet which the ascetics vi India have reverenced from ancient times. Hindus from various parts of India visit it at stated

ciAmt un.

428

times and distribute alms, and there is a great concourse. In this year before H.M.’s arrival, the crowd had gathered. There are two parties among the SanySsis : one is called Kur,» and the other PQri, A quarrel arose among these two about the place of sitting.

The asceticism of most of these men arises from the world’s having turned its back on them, and not from their having become cold- 287 hearted to the world. Consequently they are continually distressed and are overcome of lust and wrath, and covetousness. The cause of the quarrel was that the Purl sect had a fixed place on the bank of the tank where they sate and spread the net of begging. The pilgrims from the various parts of India who came there to bathe in the tank used to give them alms. On that day the Kur faction had come there in a tyrannical way and taken the place of the Purls, and the latter were unable to maintain their position against them.

Their leader Kisu Puri came to Umballa and did homage, and made a claim for justice, saying that the Kurs had fraudulently come and taken their place. He added that though they had not the strength to encounter them, yet they would, trusting in God, engage in fight with them, and would either shed their own blood or take the place from them. The Kurs represented that the place belonged to them by inheritance, though the Purls had settled there for sonle time.

Now they would sit there, and the site would remain* theirs as long as there was life in their bodies. When the sublime cortege came to Thanessar, and H.M. went to the spot and flung out the jewels of advice and counsel to those vain spirits, it was like casting pearls on the ground, and their absurdity and error only increased. Their desperation and disposition to kill themselves augmented and they entreated with fervent supplications that there might be a fight and a slaughter. As both parties were disordered in their minds and desires and had entered on the pathlessness of misery, they obtained permission to have a contest, so that in this way they should obtain the punishment of their wild deeds and so learn a lesson. It chanced that on that day a great number of each party had assembled.

The two sides drew up in line, and first one man on each side ad- vanced in a braggart fashion, and engaged with swords. Afterwards

1 Or Gur. Bat apparently the names represent the Kurus and Pftndft.s. See BadayflnT, Lowe, 94.

424

AnumlMA.

bows and arrows were used. After that the Puns attacked the Kars with stones. As the Purls were few in number, H.M. signified to some men who understood fighting with stones, such as the Petam- cahft, ^ of Turin, and the Girus of India, to assist the Purls. They joined the PQrls in their attack on the Kars and so exerted them* selves that the Kurs could not withstand them and fled. The Puns pursued them and sent a number of the wretches to annihilation . They came up with their Pir and head, who was called Anand Kur, and slew the miserable creature. The rest scattered. The holy heart, which is the colourist of destiny’s worship, was highly delighted 288 with this sport. Next day he marched from Thinessar.

When the camp reached Delhi Bi. Mlrak Ra^avi, who in Lahore had been made over to Jin Biql ni^d who was waiting for his

opportunity, fled from prison. Jin Biql hastened after him, and as he did not catch him he was afraid to come to court. H.M. the SbUhin^ih visited the shrines of the saints and sought for inspira- tion. He also distributed abundant alms among the devotees of those places. Titir Kb&n, who was the governor of the city, repre- sented that Muhammad Amin Diwina, who had fled from Lahore, had come to the town of Bhojpfir, and that Shihibn-d-din Kbin Turkamin, who was the jigirdir thereof, had kept him concealed for some days in his house and then supplied him with a horse and money and sent him to the rebels. On hearing this terrible news the wrath of the ^ihin|b&h, which never biases forth without just cause, grew high, and he issued orders to ^Ih Fam^iru-d-dm Mafih- had! to brings the wretch to court. Next day he marched on and, when he came to Palwal,^ Fakhiru-d-din^ did homage and pro- duced the inauspicious one« He was made over to |hsan Ca|^tii and executed at that place.

When the expectants in Agra heard the sound of the approach of the sublime cortege the Khftn-Kb4n4n and a number of loyalists

1 Icsnnot find the word Petam- cahi. Apparently it is a mistake for Tetimfthi or yetmishiha, mean- ing young men slaves, etc. The T. Alfi has ffladagSn sIomsIstUs Sama^kandi. The Clrfis (Cheerooe)

are a wild tribe in Miraipfir, etc.

< An ancient town in the GurgSon district. See J. II. 286 and note.

^ B 406. He married a daughter of Kftmrin.

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went oat to welcome H.M. end were exalted by doing homage. The reported the condition of the country and read a list of the crimes of 2l! Qali and Bahftdur Khfin, and of the other rebels who had raised their heads anew. How can I say that cle- mency and advice are profitable to one who is innately bad f They do harm, for such an one regards conciliation and monition as weakness and increases in his sedition. Accordingly eminent sages have seen no remedy for the inwardly bad except prison and stripes. And when even this remedy does not act upon the wicked, it is kindness to mankind and indeed to themselves to send them to the abode of annihilation. Those responsible for the affairs of the kingdom and the intimates of H.M. had not arrived at an understanding of this mystery and had on the first occasion not permitted the Khedive of the Age to make an end of those wretches. They brought the mind of H.M. over to their view^ and the raising of the veil remained in abeyance. When ill Qnli and the other rebels heard that

H.M. had marched to extinguish the flames of the sedition of Muhammad Qakim Mini they in their foolish thoughts considered this to be their opportunity and indulged in seditious imaginings. iH Qul! Khfin went from Jaunpur to the town of Sarharpur which was the jigir of Ibrihim IQ^in, and Iskandar Khin came out of 289 the city of Oude (AjQdhya) to join this rebel tyrant. All the sedition- mongers assembled in that town and agreed that vSli Qull Khin should, with his forces, proceed by the way of Lucknow and take pos- session of the whole country to the bank of the Ganges ; that Bahi- dur KhSn should proceed to Karra and Manikpur against Ifaf Khin and Majnun !^in ; ahd that Iskandar Khfin and Ibrihim Khin should take possession of the Sirkir of Oude and its neighbourhood. After making this evil compact they separated. All Quli Khin pro- ceeded to Sarkir Qananj. As the fief-holders in that part of the country had no leader who could cope with him, they went off to Qanauj. When All Quli Kbin reached Qanauj, M. Yusuf Khia, who was the fief-holder thereof, took refuge in the fort of Sbergarha^ The people dispersedi and petitions of the loyalists arrived one after the other at court. Fortune stepped out to do her work;

420

AKMIHiMA.

CHAPTER LXIL

MaBCH of THl SflAHlNSfiAH FROM AgRA TO JaUMPUB, AND THE DEATHS OF

Ebam Zamam and Bahadur Esan on the field of yictobt.

As the sablime ofSce of world-rule is in reality guardianship and watching, H.M. the gh&hinghfth in consequence of his rectitude of iutention, and contrary to the practice of tnost former sovereigns, finds his own satisfaction in the soothment of his subjects, and his own joy in the peace of mankind. Assuredly, the unique pearl of the Caliphate fitly adorns the diadem of such a crowned one who, in spite of so much majesty and glory, keeps himself at the Court of the Eternal and is strenuous in the administration of justice, and who considers the repose of mankind to be his own ease. Certainly, whoever withdraws himself from obedience to such a sovereign, works destruction to himself with his own hands. Especially if he be one who has been nurtured by the sublime family, and has gathered by its means the materials of outward grandeur j What inhumanity and baseness, and folly, are in those who use those mate- rials of grandeur in rebelling against their benefactor I Whenever there is such a sovereign, and such opposition, the Divine favour assists the f jrmer and gives victory in every campaign. The affair of All Quil Khftn and Bahfidur and the uprooting of those two haughty wretches are a specimen of this. The abridged account is as follows. When the sablime cortdge returned successful from the Panjab campaign to the capital, and the rebellion and crimes of All Quli Xhfin and Bahfidur Ehfin and the other leaders of sedition had been reported to H.M., he resolved to proceed to the eastern pro- 290 vinces and to extinguish the flames of sedition. He appointed Mun’im Ehfin ]^fin-Khfiafin to the charge of Agra, and chose out 2,000 war-elephants to accompany the troops. Before the army marched, he ordered Mo^affar Mo^al, M. QulI, Qulij Eb^# Saiyid Muhammad Mauji, HfijI Yusuf, to proceed quickly to succour M- Yusuf who was shut up in Qanauj. He himself put the foot of in- tent iuto the stirrup of dominion on the day of Adltad 26 Ardibi-

CBAPTKR Llll.

427

hi^t^ Divine month, correspondiDg to Tuesday, 26 Sliawwah 6 May, 1567.

When he arrived at the town of Sakit,’ All Quli ^In, who was engaged in stirring up strife at the Qanauj ferry on the banks cfi the Oanges, fled as soon as he heard of the expedition of H.M., and went towards Manikpur where his brother, Bahidar |^§n was confronting Asaf I^an and Majnun Khan. The royal army advanced from Sakit to tlie bank of tlie Ganges and next day it crossed that tem- pestuous river and went on stage by stage. When it reached Mohan,’ Muhammad QulI Khan BarUs was made leader and there were sent with him Moxaffar Khftn, Rajah Todar Mai, Shah Bud2|^ Khftn, his son ^Abdu-Umatlib Khin, Hasan Qiyft ^ftn,

Muhammad Khan Sistftnl, A&dil O^ftn, IG^wftjr Ghift^n-d-din Ali Bal^^T, and other brave men on the day of Dibftdin 23 IQjLardad, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday, 24 ZI-l Qftda, 2 June, 1567, against Iskandar Khin, who had opened out the hand of sedition in Oudh. H.M. himself went on towards Karra and Manikp&r. When he came to Rai Bareilly, reports were received from Ayaf Khin and Majnin Khan to the effect that Ali QulT^Khftn and his brother inten- ded to make an attack on Gwiliir, and wished to cross the Ganges. Immediately upon hearing this, H.M. resolved to make a rapid march. Most of the ofiicers, some from cowardice, some tirom sloth, and some from regard to their bodies, and some because they did not want the rebels to be disposed of until their own ends had been served (lit. until the market of their selling of themselves was brisk), did not approve of this rush. The wise ghihin^Ah did not strip the veil from the behaviour of any of them, but committed his design to God, and on the night of Zamiy&d 28KhurdAd, Divine month, corre.s- ponding to Sunday, 29 Zi-l-q’ada, marched rapidly from the town aforesaid.

A wonderful circumstance was that H.M. left the usual road on account of its length and took the middle road, which was shorter, in 291 spite of its being stated that it was without water, and that owing to the springs of secret aid which yielded abundance to the ^bahin^h’s army, plenty of water was found on the way. For before this the

I SftkIU in text. Ancient town in * In the Unao district of Oude. 13

EUh district miles from Lucknow

428

iKBAlKlUA.

rain of mercy had fallen and filled the ponds* He marched the whole night and half of the next day and reached Mftnikpur where Hnhibb ‘AIT;* the jigirdftr, rendered his services. As the march had commenced at the beginning of the night, and few were aware of the route, and a forest intervened, the troops got dispersed and missed the right track, and only a few kept in touch with stirrup. But what fear of paucity of followers is there for him whom Almighty God vouchsafes to keep ? (On the way, 2 faf did

homage near MinikpQr and was graciously received^ He was im« mediately sent on ahead in order that he might hasten to his own camp which was opposite Zaman’s. Hor had any long time

elapsed when Hatwt Ifewrah ^ who was a swift courier and a trust* worthy intelligencer, brought news that ili QulT and Bah&dur had made a bridge over the (Ganges in pargana Singranr* and had crossed* When HM. received this information, he at once mounted, and though but few men were in attendance, he went on trusting to the armies of the grace of God He left Rajah Bhagwant Dfts, m^wftja Jahin, and others in charge of the camp in order that they might conduct it to th^ town of Karra, and be on the watch. He went from the village of which is a dependency of MftnikpQr, and

at the end of the day, on Sunday, he crossed the Ganges on an ele pbant. As it was the beginning of the rainy season, and the river was in flood, astrange agitation and outcry arose from the people when H.M. drove his elephant into the water. For the crossing of such a des- trnctive river was an impossibility and it was only by the miraculous power of the Qhihindlih that this swelling ocean gave a passage to that mine of holiness. He crossed without trouble by fording the river, and the spectators knew that this was a proof of victory I At the time when the sublime cortege crossed there were not more than eleven persons in attendance, vit., M. Eoka, Saif £bftn Eoka, Das- tam Ehfln^ Ehin, Ehto ‘Allam, Q^wftja ‘Abdullah, Darb&r

Ehln, Bbehbiz EhAn# Saiyid Jamilu*d din, ‘Aidil Eh^n, Diliwar 202 E]^in. There were also several elephants. On the day when

t The Ifewfshs were natives of Mewlt. See B. 259.

t Singranr is the- old name o£ Nawibganj. The town of Singmur

is still extant on the left bank of the Ganges, a few miles above Allahabad. Xltiot Supp. Gloss. II. KMi and J« II. 161.

CUAPTIS LXn.

i29

»he oortige crossed the Changes and the river-bottom was trodden hj the elephants^ two of them, ]^ad& Bahhdl &iid Bftl Sundar were raging and roaring in their impetnositj. These two were noted for their courage, swiftness, fighting and rank-breaking qualities, but when the sublime cortege had crossed the river and had approached the rebels, the elephant Sbada-Bayi|]| abandoned his fierceness and became cantions. The drivers and fanjd&rs were saddened on seeing this condition, but H.M. the Sh^hinfllLih said with the inspiration of fortune that the circumstance of such a fierce elephant^s becom- ing cautious was an annooncement of victory, for victory and soccess accompanied the cautions and intelligent. Moreover, by the elo- phant^s becoming cautious his reliance was no longer upon elephants and their fierceness. He was confined to reliance npon the assisti^ice of Gk>d and whosoever was confined to reliance npon the Divine favour and goodness was bounded by victory. In truth two^ lofty points were made by that exhibition of marvels which were fitted to be the illuminated books of an inspired treatise. When night came on they reposed by the side of the river, while the rebels were one ko9 off. H.M. in reliance on the Divine aid ordered that they shonld halt here. At the same time Majnun IQ^in and A|af Kbftn name and did homage. Majufin Ebtn and a number of others were of opinion that they should, withont delay, fall npon the camp of the wretches that very night. A|af represented that they had

taken up a strong position and encompassed it, and that it was not proper to attack at this time. Moreover in the day-time men fonght better on account of their conduct being visible. His view was ap- proved of and H.M. dismissed the arrivals after giving them exalted admonitions. He ordered that they should report to him twice in each watch, and that they should arrange for sconting, lest the rebels should hear of his having come and should depart.

‘All Qnli and Bahftdur in their pride and arrogance were utterly careless and g^t no information. That night, when the sublime army had arrived, they spent in drinking, and with their

^ The Lucknow ed. ezpisins that one point wm the omen derived from the elephant’s becoming cautious or serious, and the other was that the

change in the elephant’s condition showed that they were to rely solely on Ood.

480

AKBARNlMA.

paramoars^ and had ^and feasts (&i|i ligilcan), by which very phrase they drew an omen for their defeat. More wonderful still, on that night a man went near the rebels^ tents and cried out ** 0 all ye doomed ones, know that H.M. the king has crossed the Ganges with an innumerable host to destroy you.*’ As the cup of their life was full, they oonsidered the report of the arrival of the royal standards to be an artifice of Ifaf KhRn and Majnun Kb^n and so waxed more presumptuous. It would seem that this warning came from an ignorant loyalist. He was apprehensive that as H.M. had crossed that river with a small force, while the enemy had 3,000 or 4,000 experienced horsemen, he might by this device cast a stone of dispersal among them so that they should not engage. He did not know that hidden armies were marching along with the world’s lord.

In fine, on the morning of day of Mftnsraiidr Kburdftd, Divine month, corresponding to Monday the Ist ZT*l-hajja, which was in truth the first day of royal victory and the last day of the lives of the wretches, H.M. called for his cuirass and stepped MS out in the armour of the mystic aid. He placed the helmet of fortune on the head of majesty, and all the gallant men of the company prepared for war. The centre was dignified by the presence of the Shihinsh^h, the right wing was commanded by Majnfin Shin Qiqihfilf the left wing by Afaf lO^Rn. Muhibb lit and a number of heroes formed the vanguard. H.M.

rede on the elephant Bil Sunder, and M. Koka rode in the canopy on the same elphant and thereby his position transcended the skies. At sunrise H.Mt proceeded against the camp of Khtn ZamAn. It appeared that the blackhearted rebels had begun to march off. An order was issued that MajnOn ShiQ should quickly advance with his troops, and not let th4m get away. Having such a strong support they pressed forward and engaged the enemy’s rear. After some tin^e l|at Khiu was also ordered to advance quickly. As the air was

< A. F. puns hers on the word tifUbem which means revelry, eto^ but which may also be read as teski* Defeatus, defeatns.*’ See the note a( the Lncknow editor. ffilhhoa-lh’ihlMm is explained in the

BahXr *Ajam as a ^eat feast accom- panied with singing and dancing. Possibly the word is (a-«kikan hc^ikikan, fold on fold^ or curl on curl.

ciArrn uii. 4tl

fttj warm, and the elephants were slow in moving, the world-eon’ qnering prince got down from the elephant and mounted a horse.

The wretohes did not believe that H.M. the 91i**‘‘lt‘ was himself present, and thought that the fight was due to the rashness of 2faf Shtn and Majnila Shin* When Uiere was mnoh oonlesi and they saw the majesty of the army and the onset of the elephants, they understood that it was the sublime oorttge of the Qh sliin^ sli, and that H.H. in person had set the foot of victory in tiie a ti rr u p of conquest, *ili Qnll Sbtn and Bahidur Ehin set their hearts tm death and stood in the plain of rebellion, and as eternal renegades deter- mined upon war. With this evil idea they drew np them forces and sent a number of Ukeir best men against the imperial vanguard and bowmen (s<|roi). At this time the whole force of the imperial army which was with the ghibinohih was about 600 men, and about 600 elephants. The distance between H.M. and the vangard was now less, and Bibi Qtqilttl, who was in command of the bowmen, joined this body (where Akbar was). A hot engagement with swords and arrows took place, and by the aid of the Bbihinihlh’s fortune the enemy was driven oft The victorious troops pursued them and drove them np to ‘ill Quli {^n’s line. The rebels got confused in their flight and could not distinguish head from trunk, or front from behind. It was an instance of fortune that, iq that flight, the horse of one of the fugitives struck *lll Qnlf Shin’s horse so that his turban fell oft Quli Shin was astonished and dispatched Bahidur Shin against Bibl Shin Qiq^ll. Bahidur Shin came up with the bowmen and made a hot fight. From time to time ‘lli QulI got reports from Bahidur and sent him 6«sh reinforoements.

Shin saw that the enemy were full of force and retreated. Bahidur Shin pursued him and advanced as far as Majnfln Shin. Just then SM his horse was stmok by an arrow and reared and flung Bahldui Shin on the ground. The brave men of the army of fortune fell upon him. Wazir Jamil* seised him; but from wickedness and greed took somethiog from him and let him go. Najar Bahidur, a loyalist and a servant of MajnQn Shin, threw himself upon him and captured him. (The victors surrounded Baltidur Shin’s and shot them with arrows}

Blochmann 47

482

AKBAIMlMA.

During this joyful time while the lord of the world was moving rapidly about on horsebaokj and the combatants were patting their hands on the collars of the foe and slaying them, and ‘Ali Quli was standing in the pride of his disloyalty and was inquiring after the position of Bahidur ^ moH elephant called Citrftnand, which was one of the royal elephants, rushed against the elephant 6aj Bhanwar, which was one of the sperial elephants and which had ceased to be maaL Gaj Bhanwar did not withstand him, but fled, followed by Citriiiand. Oaj Bhanwar’s driver drove his elephant among the ranks of the rebels and the latter opposed to Citrtnand the elephant tFdiya. Citrinand left Gaj Bhanwar and ran at Ddiya and with one mountain-breaking blow stretched him on the dust of destruction. A great discomfiture ensued among the rebels, and many of their leaders became the harvest of the sword* The weeds and stubble of their existence were burnt up by the fire of Divine wrath and the lightning of the Qb^hindlfth^B power. A number who fled from the field of battle were killed on the roads by the peasantry, whose animosity had been excited by their oppression. The spring-breeze of victory blew upon the nursling of fortune, and the Naisftn cloud of victory scattered pearls over the garden of dominion* The field of battle was cleansed from the dust of the sedition of the rebellions, and the figure of victory emerged from the curtain of Divine’ favours and gloriously established herself on a lofty dais. B.M. the Sb^hin^fth was on horseback and was making inquiries about ^Ali QulI and Bahftdur* At this time Nai^ar Bahftdur appeared before H.M., with the captured Bahftdur “Shkn mounted in croup behind him. H.M. the Sbfthin^fth opened the lips of commiseration ^nd said, " Bahftdur,^ what evil had we done to you that you have been the cause of all this strife and sedition? Confnsion and shame laid hold of him, he hung down his head and said nothing* After being questioned many times there came from his ungrateful lips the Bypression,^ “ God is to be praised, whatever happena.^^ It would seem t b^t4he wretch did not at his latest breath perceive his faithlessness wickedness. Otherwise words of repentance would have come

? The text has Bahadur-i-mft “ our P According to the* T. Aifh Bahadur

thanked God for seeing Akbar at the end of his (Bahadur’s) lifi. B.M M S. Or. i66, p. 630a.

CRARIB LXn.

438

upon his tongue. Bat whooTer turns away from sncli a migl)ty lord is ruined temporally and spiritually, and becomes bad outwardly and 286 inwardly. In spite of such sedition, H.M. the ghfthindlih did not wish to send him to the hollow of annihilation. After urgent solicitations from the officers, ghihbfts Shin and Bans! Dis Eambu were ordered to relieve his neck of the burden of his head by the edge of the sword. Just then the warriors captured and brought Shahriyflr Eul, who was one of ‘All Quli^s confidants. The servants cast his vexing head also to the dust. H.M. the 3hihin|bih inquired about ^Ali QuU Shin. A number of persons said that . he had left the field, and another set were agreed that he had been killed. Meanwhile they brought Bfttft who was/Ali Qairs/au^ddr. When they examined him, he said that he had seen ‘All Quli killed by a royal elephant with one tusk, and gave the marks of the ele- phant and the driver. By order, all the elephants of the vanguard were produced, and that man pointed out the one-tusked elephant Nain SuUii (delight of the eyes), saying that this was the elephant that killed ‘All QuU. Thereafter an order was issued that whoever brought a Moghul rebeVs head should get a gold mohar, and who- ever brought a Hindustani’s head should get a rupi. The crowd ran off after beads and brought them in, and were paid. Physiognomists examined them. At last one brought the head of ‘All Quli which had been lying under a tree. There was a doubt about its genuine- ness. Meanwhile a Hindu named Arxini, who had been all-power- ful with All QuU, and who was one of the prisoners, heaved a deep sigh on seeing the head. He came forward and took it, and then smote his own head severely.

It now appeared that a mysterious arrow had struck ‘All Quli, and M. Beg Qiqshil claimed that it was his arrow which had struck him. In fact the rebel was in the agonies of death from this arrow when the driver Somnftth drove his elephant Nain Sukh against him.

‘AU QuU said to him, " I am one of the leaders of the soldiers, take me before H.M. and you will be rewarded.’’ The driver took this to be idle talk, and drove his elephant over him. He was trampled un- der the foot of the elephant, er rather, under the weight of his sins and ingratitude. A contemptible wretch severed the head in order to get the ashrafl, and was bringing it away. On the road a slave ^

i The.Iqb.\lnama si^ys ho was one of Akbsr i chclakg. Blochmaiiii ‘ioJl

484

AKBAEMiMA.

iiEmed Qbilib carried off the head from him^ and brought it before H.M. and asked for the reward. Thereafter H.M. dismounted from his horse and placed the face of supplication on the ground of thanksgivings. The great officers and others who had distinguished themselves were rewarded by promotion, and the heads of ‘Ali Qnll and Bahidur were sent, along with bulletins of victory, by the hands of ‘Abdulla, son of Kbwija Murftd Beg of Qazwin, who had been for a SM time Diwin of H.M. JahinbinI Ashiyini, to Agra, Delhi, Multan and other parts of the dominions. Thus the imperial servants’ stock of joy was increased and advice and warning were gpven to the waiters upon events who had gone astray. This glorious victory, which may be oonsiderBd as the masterpiece of daily-increasing fortune, took place in the territory of the village of Sakriwal, which is in the province of llahibis. They made it a city and gave it the name of Fatbpur. The phrase fatk-i-Ahhar ^ m^barak is the date of tiie imperial victory.

One of the wonderful occurrences was this that when the standard of fortune marched to put down the ingrates, and Mun’im ^in was left in charge of Agra, the market of the empty-brained and talkative became active. The disobedient and disaffected exceeded all bounds. Mnn4m TSjfiin, who had faith in the Either, teacher, and director of Abulfafl, the writer of this volume, came to him and sought for moral support from him. That mine of testifiers (ifl^hud) spoke lofty words about the greatness of the Lord of the Age and gave a wondrous indication about the extirpation of the opponents of his dominion. At his request (MunWs) it was arranged that he should hold that night a special Sufistic service and that he should come and rej^rt what transpired on the occasion. Next morning, a marvellous joy was seen on his noble forehead, and he stated that it had been intimated to him in the night that the heads of ’All Quli and Bahadur would soon be brought in. Mun’im Shin was delighted on hearing this news, and returned thanks to OocU But a little time had elapspd when they brought the heads of those two bithless

A Blessed be Akbsr’s victory. Tho words yield 974* The l^bAlnAms says that du MSn ||^ud was’ the ^te of ^amsu-d*diii and Adliaku HLhSu’s

deaths and du l^un ^uda the date of tho deaths of the two brothers All Qiill and BahAdur, but this last chronogram yields 975 instead of 974.

CBAPTIR iXiT.

435

n^bela. What is strange in such a revelation being made to those who address themselves to the Divine Court and are followers of the mystic way P

When by the blessing of the heavenly aids which attend the armies of H.H. the Shfthinshsh both at home and abroad, such a dominion-adorning victory had been manifested, H.M. went off the same day to the province of Ilahabis, as sundry disloyalists were stirring up strife there. At evening that territory obtained the morning of dominion by the advent of H.M. He passed the night in that pleasant place. Some renegades from fortune who had fled and joined ‘Ali QuU, such as gh^ll^h Yusuf Cull, were captured.

H.M. spent two days there and on the third proceeded to Benares. There many of ‘All Quit and Bahftdur^s soldiers, such as Martafa Qull, did homage. From the innate kindness of H.M. their offences were forgiven. The women and dancing-girls of Bahftdur Kh&n ^ell into the hands of the imperial servants and l^wflja ‘Allam the eunuch there was attached to the saddlestraps of auspiciousness and promoted to near attendance on H.M. As the people of Benares had from ignorance and disloyalty shut their gates, the royal wrath decreed that they should be plundered. But he soon forgave them. Shihftb ^ftn and a Body of troops were sent to protect and rule Jaunpur, and Qullj Khftn was sent with a force to SirharpQ^ wliere the 297 families of some of the Uzbegs were. After spending three days at Benares, ha^j oceeded to JaunpQr, and arrived there on the second day. The lights of safety shone upon th<^ men of ‘All QuU who were there and they came under the shadow of the Qhlihinshfth’s favour.

He stayed three days in Jaunpur and the inhabitants who had been buffeted about, were tranquillised by the Sltthinshfth’s kindness. Prom there the royal cavalier of the steed of fortune made a rapid journey to Karras where the great camp was. He accomplished the journey in three days and came to the bank of the Ganges at the Harra ferry. At that time not more than four or five persons had kept up with him. He crossed the river in a boat and alighted at the Karra fort. Near Manikpur Khwftja ‘Allam absconded, but was recaught. From that*’ city an order was issued for the attendance of Mnn*im Shin Bl§n-Kbanftn, and the jagirdars of the country were allowed to go to their estates. They were exhorted to cherish their teiiants. Some of the evil-disposed and seditions, who had fled from

436

AKBAKNlMA.

the holy threshold end joined the rebels, and who were always stirring up strife, and had now been caught by fortune’s lasso, such as Khftn Quli Uzbeg, Yir ‘AK, ‘A4lm Badakb^l, Mir Badahjhshi, Yahiya Bakhg^i, Calma Sbftn ioaterbrother of M. ‘Askari, were made the subjects of wrath and trampled by most elephants. M. ‘ Mlrak of Magl^had, who was one of the special confidants of ^Ali Quli, and who had fled from the imperial camp and been caught in Karra, was, along with other offenders, trussed np and brought into the plain of justice. All the other strifemongers were executed in his presence, and then an elephant was let loose against him.* The elephant caught him in his trunk and sqneesed him and the stocksi and shoulder-boards, and flung him from one side to the other. As a clear sign for his execution had not been given (by the driver) the elephant played with him and treated him gently. For fivo successive days he was brought out and tortured in the place of execution. At last on account of his being a Saiyid, and on the intercession of courtiers, he was granted his life. On the same occa- sion Jai Tawflci brought Sb&h Ni|ir who was a ring-loader

of the disloyal, to Court, and he was capitally punished.

Mun’im Khftn Kh&n-Khftnftn came according to orders from 298 Agra to Karra and was exalted by doing homage. Out of the abundance of his bounty, U.M. conferred upon him all the fiefs of *Ali Quli and Bah&dur, in Jaunpur, Benares and Qhl^zipflr up to the bank of the Causa river, and he went off successful to Jaunpur and

^ Ba jazid tells’uSt 91a, that he was the Atka of SalTraa Begam. It seems from the Ic|balnama that ihe mahout was told not to kill him.

s The text has ba kundha u du qjl^dl^a AA.lik> ^ b A foot note states that most MSS. have bakundha *i-du qhakha. but that the conjunction is right ss kundJxa is a large piece of vrooil which is put on the feet of criminals, and du gh^kh^ is some- thing placed on their necks. But an illustration to the Clarke M.S- of the Akl)arnSma, Victoria aim Albert Museum, South Kensington, by the

contemporary artists Masklni and BanwAlI Majbr, which has been re- produced in the Journal of Indian Art for October 1904, makes me doubt if the ronjunction is right, and if a conjunction is required. The illus- tration refers to the passage in the text and shows the prisoners with a drcular piece of wood, probably the du f&aMa, or lignum duos raijios habens of Vullers, which conBnes their wrists while their feet and necks are tied with cords. Probably kundha^i-du should be reu-

I dered ** manacles.**

CHAPTBB Lllf.

437

that neighbonrhofod The anblimo cortege moved on towards the capital on the day of Mihr the 16th Tfr, Divine months corres* ponding to Saturday 20 Zi-1- hajja^ 28 June 1567. H.M. went on, stage by stage, hunting and administering justice. Every city and territory that he passed through was ennobled by his justice and the benefits of his advent. In the town of Kura^ which was in the fief of Farbat EibiOj ^ great feast was held at the latter’s peti- tion, and Shujia’t ^in had similar good fortune in Etawah. Like- wise other loyalists were g^tified by this favour in various places. At last on the day of Shurd&d 6 Amardfid, Divine month, correspond- ing to Saturday 11 Mubarram 975, 18 July 1567, he reached Agra. The world assumed special freshness, and mankind peculiar joy. The universe became the seat of peace and justice.

The account of the victorious forces that went against Iskandar, under the command of Muhammad Quli ]^ftn Barlis, is as follows : They marched, stage by stage, and on the day of Ardi-bihisht 3 Tir, Divine month, corresponding to Sunday 7 Zi-l-^ajja, they arrived at the city of Oudh. Iskandar, on hearing of the arrival of the imperial army, shut himself up in the fort of Oudh. The officers besieged it and distributed their batteries. At the side of the city there is a lofty hill which bears the name of Swarag-dwfiri,* and which is the citadel (sar-kob) of the city and the fort. Iskandar had established a number of his followers, including many musketeers, there, so that by shooting with bows and muskets they might prevent any one from coming within the city^s verge.

Muhammad Quli ly^&n BarUs first addressed himself towards the taking of this citadel and appointed a number of brave men to attack and capture it. They drove off the rebels and got full posses* sion of the city and the fort, so that not a single person could put his head outside of a window, and the Usbegs became doomed men and were utterly disconcerted. Meanwhile news of the victory of the imperial army and of the slaying of ^AH Quli and Bahadur reached both inside and outside of the city. This strengthened the imperial servants and disheartened the enemy. Although a letter had previously come from Bai Pattar Dis to Rajah Todar Mai, telling of

i The IqbalnSma has KBra. to be the place where Rima’s body

• heaven, said was burnt.

438

AEBAItVlMA.

the victory and of the slaying of * Ali Quli and Bahidurj and this had come before the troops reached Oudh^ yet as the common people regarded those two wretches as astei^^ headi^ they considered this 299 news to have been fabricated. When at this time the news became notoriousi Sikandar continued to keep it secret, and, using trick and stratagem, he sent for Rahman Quli Qu^begi saying that he had several things to communicate. The imperial servants did not agree to this. At last he sent ^iji Ughlan^ who was one of his con- fidants, to the officers. They had a discussion with him, and it was arranged that Ral^man Quli should go with tTghlan and come back after settling the agreement. The two t off the same day and returned. They reported that Iskamtar repented of his past deeds and was looking forward to his obtaining through the interven- tion of the officers the blessing of kissing the threshold. He wished that they should first, by themselves, see one another in an appointed place and confirm the agreement by oaths. It was arranged that as next morning was ‘Id Qarbftn, his desire should be fulfilled on that day.

In short, Iskandar vacillated and put off the imperial servants by stories and pretexts, and at night came out by the fort-gal^, which was towards the river, and crossed over by means of some boats which he kept in readiness for the day of his retreat, and came out of the whirlpool of danger, half-alive. When, in the morning, the imperial servants became aware of Iskander’s flight, they immediate- ly entered the city and beat high the drum of victory. As Sikandar (sic) had left no boats on that side, there was a delay of two or three days in pursuing him, on account of their having to collect boats from other ferries. Meanwhile Iskandar arranged for the siscurity of his family and sent a message that he still stood by his promise,

A This expression has .

several meaning^, one being that of ** scarecrow/’ bathers it means an intruder or one who is always turn- ing up unseasonably. Thus it cor- responds to our phrase** bad penny,” and also more nearly to the phrase, borrowed from Dickens, of ”King Charles’ head.” The people had got

so accustomed to hear of *A1{ Qnll and his brother rebelling, and then retarding to allegiance, that they did not believe this time they were really dead. The phrase paida

ittid, ** An ass’s head appeared,” is similarly applied to any worthless thing coming into one’s hr. ads again, on to false news.

CniPTtR LXII.

439

Rod that ho had crossed* the river on account of men’s fears.

He now wished that Muhammad Quli Khftn, Mozafifar Kh«n and Rajah Todar Mai should enter a boat and come into the middle of the river and that he should come with ten men and salute them, and hear directly what had been agreed upon. When his mind has been set at rest he would go to the world-protecting court. Those three magnates agreed to his proposition. Iskandar i^an came from the other side with four or five of his confidants in a boat, and held a confiT- ence which was a picture on water and a knot on the wind. The imperial servants took oaths and did what was proper in the way of conciliation. But Iskandar did not abide by his word, and said that he could not just now, when he was an example of crimes, have the courage to kiss the threshold. What was necessary was that, in for- giveness of his crimes, his jdytr should be loft as it was, and that ho should be nominated to service in the province, so that he might by good actions make himself fit for royal favour. As his tongue did not accord with his heart, he spent the time in idle talk and in spite of the rains he went off two stages down stream and sent an untrue message, alleging the force of the current on the banks. When tlm 300 imperial servants perceived that nothing would come from the rogue except deceits and valpine tricks, they crossed the river and pursued him. He, after traversing quagmires and floods, conveyed him- self to GorakpQr. There Sulaimin Quli, an Uzbeg who had fled to the Afghans from ‘Ali Quli Khftn, and who held the ferry on behalf of the Afghans, collected boats and crossed him over and his men with all rapidity, and so saved him from the billows of the wrath of the Sh&hingt^fth’s fortune. The great officers came to the borders of the Afghan territory, but as orders for entering that territory had not come from Court, they halted and sent a report to Court, relating tlio facts and asking permission to enter the country. The petition arrived on the day that H.M. reached Agra, and an order was issued that as that remnant of the sword had gone out of the dominions, they should content at this time with what they had done, and should set about arranging the distracted condition of the province.

^ It appears from the Iqbilnlma that he took them across with him on the first occasiem, and used the time

afforded by the negotiations in having them conveyed to a plaoc of safety.

440

AlBABKlVA.

Sirkftr Oudk was made the fief of Muhammad Qull Barlls and the other officers were summoned to Courts When the rescript reached the imperial servants, they established Muhammad Quli Kbio in the government of the Sirkir and set off for the capital. There they did homage and were recipients of auspiciousness.

CBAPTEE LXIII.

441

CHAPTER LXIII.

Expedition ron the Capture of the Fortress of CitOr.

To overthix)^ the neck-stretching rebel is to establish oneness, which is the choicest worship in the fore-court of plurality, and to make current the coin of peace and tranquillity. By the lord of the Age’s realising this truth, the pillars of the Divine vice-regency are revealed and a stock of bliss conferred on mankind. God bo praised I H.M. the gjkfthinsliEh, by the help of eternal favour, and the assistance of secret hosts, sees his own happiness in giving peace to mankind, and day by day increases his efforts to control and remedy the madness of the refractory and wrong-headed. The Divine aid keeps close to his holy personality and renders him •nccessful, both in spiritual and in temporal matters. At the time when the capital was made resplendent by the lights of his justice, and when the army was not yet rested from its labours, the news came of the rebellion of the sons of Muhammad Sultin Mirzil and of their scattering the dust of dissension in the province of Malwa. When they had withdrawn their heads from bearing the burden 301 of obedience to their spiritual and temporal kiog^and had become vagabonds in the land of destruction, they, after long wandering with little result (Ul. much twisting of heads and littleness of speech)^ had found Malwa empty and had gone there. It passed into the holy heart of the lord of the Age, who knows hidden secrets and is a mine of pity and gentleness, that if he, in consideration of the condition of his soldiers, overlooked the quelling of these sedition- mongers, he would be acting contrary to Ood’s will, and that if an expedition were undertaken to put down this disturbance, and he psiaonally took part in it, he would be acting contrary to the canons of reason, for the set were not of such a nature as to require his presence for their suppression. And it is an axiom of the laws of sovereignty that whatever can be done by words should not be done by the sword, and that whatever can be done by the courage of officers of middling or lower ran’K should not be made over to great ministors. In respect to the scale of duties, regard should 56

442 AiaAiiriMA.

always be had to the laws of eoTereignty, which are an expression for judgment and appreciation. If in accordance with the laws of sovereignty, attendants on the threshold of fortune were nominated for tins service, the first men of the country, who regarded obedi- ence to their king as the bliss of two worlds, would in a moment gird up the loins of eflFort and proceed to perform it, but delay would be caused by having to collect the soldiery, whose presence was indispensable, and in this way a little affair might become a great oue. Now the laws of sovereignty did not admit of delay in such matters. Accordingly the ^ahin^ah of the universe and the sage of the time resolved to dispose of this business by his own ripe understanding, and by giving attention under the guise of inatten- tion, aiid care under the screen of carelessness. He in appearance overlooked the thing, and in reality applied his genius to putting down the disturbance. On the day of Rasbn 18 gb^hriyur. Divine month, corresponding to Sunday 25 Safr, 30 August 1567, he set out to hunt in pargana B^ri, where he had often enjoyed himself in hunting deer with ct(as, in order that the loyal and devoted leaders might come without the notoriety of being sent for, while others, either their servants or not, would, seeing that there was no prohibi- tion, readily assemble in order to pay their respects. When men should have quickly assembled, a number of them would be picked out and sent on this duty. With this judicious idea he set out from the capital, and, having encamped at Bfirl, he went on hunting towards Dholpur and Gwilyftr which are in the direction of Malwa. The oflScers and other servants turned the face of hope towards the camp and arrived in crowds. If all the faithful servants of the court, who were associated with hunting, should be added up, they 302 would be enough to conquer a world ; if all the loyal heroes were gathered together, who could count them ? and if the servants of the servant were also collected, who could estimate their numbers?

When Dholpur had been made the camping ground, Sakat^ Singh, sob of Udai Singh, was in attendance on the victorious stirrup. H.M., either from pleasantry^ or in order that the presump- tuous rebels of Malwa might be led by the circumstance into the slumber of negligence, said to him that^ though most of the land-

^ Blochmann, 519.

OBAPTEB LXllI.

44;^

holders and great men of India had paid their respects, yet the Kanft had not as yet done so, and that therefore he proposed to march against him and punish him. H.M. also asked what service the prince would render in this case. On one occasion he spoke at large about these matters with the prince, and the latter made hypocriti- cal proffers.

At last that crooked-minded one, from want of understand- ing and from taking a jest serionsly, ran away. In his folly ho ran away from apparent dishonour, and fell into real dis- grace. For the ignorant fellow imagined that H.M. was meditating the punishment of Rtnft under the pretence of hunting, and that he himself would get a -bad name to the effect that he had gone and brought U.M. against his father. He did not know that it was all a joke, and that there was no reason why this powsrful and God- restrained one should personally proceed against such a class of landholders. Nor did he perceive that, on the supposition that his notion was correct, his running away from such p good fortune was to throw himself into the lowest hell of destruction and to hurry from disrepute to misconduct. When the news of his flight reached tho royal hearing, the gh&hinsh&h^s wrath was stirred up, and jest became earnest. And in truth this was proper, for, from the time of tho accession, most of the leading men of India who had cocked the hat of pride and had not lowered the head of obedience before any of the Sultans, had bowed down and kissed the grou^ud, except Rani UiUi Siugh, than whom there was in this country no one more foolish and arrogant. This audacious and immoderate one, in whom the turbulence of ancestors was added to his own haughtiness, was proud of his steep mountains and strong castles and turned away the head of obedience from the sublime court. His brain was heated by the consciousness of his possessing abundant land and wealth, and numbers of devoted Rajputs, and so he left the path of auspiciousness. H.M^s world-conquering genius decided to cliastiso him. In the beginning of Mihr, Divine month, corresponding to the middle of Rabl’-al-awwal, about 19 September 15fl7, the expedition took place and ho set off towards conquering the terri- tory of Hind warn. When the vicinity of the fort of Sivi Supar, which is famous in that country, became the encamping ground, it transpired that the tort was empty. Before H M’s arrival the 303

AJCBARNillA.

seiTftntB of Sfirjan, the yg» wn or of thu fort of Rantanbur, had become terrified and had gone off together with the peaeantry. H.M. the Shl^ingh&h too^ \e evacuation of the fort as an omen of great victories and remained two days in that pleasant spot. He ordered the fort to be victualled from the neighbourhood and made it over to Na|(r Bahftdur. From there he marched six stages and enoamped at the town of Kotah, which is one of the strong places in that country^ and then made over that fort and its territory to Sh&h Muhammad Qandahftri and left him there. Marching from thence, he baited in the vicinity of the fort of GftgrQn.

One of the occurrences was that the acute, wisdom^gathering, enchanting, spiritnally and physically elder brother (of the author) gh<^ikh Abal-faif Fai^ was exalted by being brought from the chamber of retirement to the court of service of the world-lord and was distingniahed by the 3itfthin^§h’s favours. This new fruit of the garden of knowledge had continually been gathering wisdom in attendance on the conductor of the heavenly caravans, the gar« landtwiner of the pinacothek of Plurality in Unity — his honoured father — and in a short-time had attained high rank in his truth- teach- ing school, which was the meeting of the two seas of perception and illumination, and the rendezvous of the comprehenders of theory and practice. One of the results of this association was that his tongue was loosed for word-adornment and for poetry. The renown of his excellences embraced the outer as well as the inner world. Inasmuch as it was the holy nature of his honoured father to draw hia<loQt under the skirt Of retirement and so conserve his spirit, and as*iie, for the sake of concealment, chose the teaching of rational and traditional sciences, he kept closed the road of inter- course with the classes of mankind. From the blessed influence of his spirit, hia sons did not indulge their natural inclinations nor were affected by the sight of this deceitful world. He (!^ub§rak) spent all his time in adorning his soul, and in hiving wisdom and in good actions. And tnough that enlightened old man divined the am- bushes of the spiritual and temporal !^edive, and was one of his faithful believers, he did not bring the unique pearl of love into the market. And in spite of its great value and of its being keenly sought after in the bazar, and df there being a purchaser who could appreciate it, he di d not tiring it into the mart of sale. And because

GHiprn Lxiii

446

the doing homage to him (Akbar) was to do homage to Plaralitj nnder the guise of Unity, he chose solitude rather than Plurality. Moreover, those attached to the unique worshipper of God (Akbar] received salaries from that fountain of truth. On this account he (Mubftrak) had no intercourse with the lords of dominion and pillars of the empire. And though many of his profession spread, by the 304 instrumentality of the outwardly great, calumnies agpiinst him out of envy, and made trouble — afterwards falling into the abyss of failure through the acute perception of the truth-dibcerning priuce — his mind was not at all disposed to have dealings with the well-meaning persons attached to the court, and did not take the customary mtans to remedy his affairs.

At the time when the O^dive ui cue world was meditating the conquest of Gitur, mention was made to kirn of the Kght-increasing lamp of perception and most excellent of brothers (Faiyi), and an order was given for the attendance of that nosegay of ability. A party of evil-dispositioned and short-sighted persons who did not know the real facts took this gracious summons to be the prelude of censure and sent a peremptory order to the governor of the capital.

On the night of Abfln 10 Mihr, Divine month, corresponding to the night of Wednesday 20 Babi-al-awwal (975), 24 September 1567, wh^n a portion ^ of the blue robe (of night) had disappeared, and that seer (didawar) had gone off to contemplate the^new flowers of the garden, a number of Turks came and surrounded our abode.

It appears that a part of evil-disposed, base people, who were -he scorched centres of the sands of envy, hiul snpplemeuted their wickedness by suggesting to those ignorant capturers that the Shuikb would hide his son, and seek excuses for notj^nding him. Their sole wish was that some harm ipight happen Faiyi). When the real fact was known there was an increase of astonishment, but ouing to the delay in the appearance ol that overflowing abundance of absolute excellence, their stratagems apd wie^^nessiassnmed almost the appearance of truth and th^ were ‘abou to commit an outrage, when my honoured brother arrived I Thereupon the disturbance was quelled, and that set was drowned in shame. As the gates of

I Apparently the meaning is tiiat il was neat iuoruing, and this T^ew is npported by the begi lining of the ode.

44G

AKBARNlMA.

acquisition were closed, it was difficult to make arrangements for the journey, but this obstacle was also smoothed by the exertions of pupils and friends. But a stone of distraction fell into the skirt of that night, and all the members of the family were sunk in the whirlpool of grief.^ He who was acquainted with the secrets of crea- tion (Mubftrak) set himself to assuage their restlessness. He said that at hrst the face of his heart had in consequence of human nature oeeii saddened by the evil-natured gossips, otherwise his feelings would have been joyous. Nothing but exaltation and delight could be pro- duced and maintained from this apparently grief-causing event. Just about then the good news of promotion arrived and the bolt upon rejoicing was withdrawn. In the first instance it was a draught of pain which touched the palate of him who did not know the con- gregation of wisdom, and then after some days the glad tidings arrived of the kindness shown by the Cyrus of horizons. A stock of everlasting joy came to hand. The following ode was composed about this time in praise of the favours bestowed.

I Presumably it was FaizI who at first felt pain, but possibly it means the other members of the family. FaisT was then 20 and A. F. 16 years old. The ode cannot have been com- posed or at least not completed for several years for it refers to the births of Akbar’s sons, of whom

Daniel was not born till 979. The troubles of FaizT and his family did not end with this introduction to Akbar. It was two or three years after it, ris., in 979 (1669-70) that the persecution of the family occurred of which A. F. has {^iven a long account in the Ain. bee Jarrett 111. 429.

CaAPTIB LXIV.

447

CHAPTER LXIV-

Paix1*8 Odi.

At dawn the Solomon momanner bearing^ good tidings 305 Arrived willi liieef FeKoity.

Hie laoe briglileMd the beari like a company of friends,

His lips shed pearls, like the band of the generons,

By his head he, like Genius, seised greatness.

By his feet he, like Power, gripped wide conntties,

Friend and «tranger gathered aronnd him As round a rich host on a feasting-day- His loins were girt with alacrity and speed As the path of the Zodiac firirdles the revolving spheres A lofty plume appeared in his cap le seemed a gracious biro * with outstretched wings An auspicious rescript bound upon his head Showed ’ its preface atop where Reason’s seal is,

A letter he had received in the glorious court Was a summons from the prince of the Caliphate Auspicious harbingers proclaimed, Read ^

Thy letter of release, 0 sorrowing captive ”

The distant view of the courier caused me an agitation Worth hundreds of non-agitations My heart fluttered at’ the motion of his bells ^

As flutters the^ Nazarene’s soul at the swaying ef the

< Perhaps alluding to Solomon’s being able to fly though the air on his carpet. Or possibly Solomon was the courier’s name. This is the view of the Lucknow editor. A EhwSja Sulaimin is mentioned, A. N. III. 460, as having been sent on a mission to Sh^bbiz Khan.

Literally, a pheasant.

• Apparently means that the head- ing or superscription was at. t^^^’ -

summons, and so resembled Reason which has its seat in the head. Per- haps the meaning is that the courier carried the document on his head.

• Couriers wore bells on their eaps or on their necks or had them on their staffs.

‘ An allusion to the word “ MriS.’* a trembler, which is a name for a Christian. The ndqfis is the wooden

448

ACBAftMlMA.

X kissed his crippled feet/ forgetting that This action was an impediment to his advance His sudden call produced such ecstacy ‘ in me As the Divine attraction excites in the pilgrim,

How shall I write of that time when my heart’s boat Was tossed on the billows of the tempest,

A quickening Spring visited my words-garden A youthful morning came to my spirits* tulip,

Whiles I was disturbed, thinking by what argument I could raise doubts about absolute verities.

Wherefore diversity of practice in IsUm ?

Wherefore ambiguities in the words of the Qorin f Why did false witness shoot out the tongue in the tribunal Of pride and hypocrisy, and claim belief,

If such be the religion of Islam in this world Scoffers can have a thousand smiles at the Mnsulman faith I Whiles I went on, like Reason, thinking how I could compre- hend

The secrets of the wisdom of Grecian sagei>

What ideas did the First Master ” (Aristotle) entertain ? What explanation was given by the Second Interpreter f What is Divine wisdom that the precepts thereof I may engrave on the tablets of my soul f But how shall truth’s light shine upon My heart which is not turned towards the holy lamps f What path is there to the genius which understands The nature of heat, cold, moisture, and the dryness of the desert and the mine f *

How does the sage bv the touch of his forefinger

t Perhaps he means that he kissed hih feet so hard that he made them lame, and this is how the Lucknow editor understands the passage.

• gawq. A Suflstic word. Jaqab.

• Alfrabius, Abn Na|ar. See D’Herbelot and Biog. Universelle I. 660. He died 339 A.H. It is not clear why he is called the 3iid Inter-

preter. He was called 2nd Mastei according to D’Herbelot He wai bom at Firlb in Turkey which is the same as Otrar whore Timur died He translated the Annlytios of Aris< totle.

A Cf. Blochmann 38. KinI per- haps moans mineral here

CHAfTIE Lllf.

449

Understand the condition of the heart by the arterial current^ What is the path to mathematics by whose discipline I may learn the mysteries of the rerolTing spheres f Why ii the fifth sphere the throne of Mars ?

Why the seventh the portico of Saturn f

Whiles I was taken with the weighing of the jewels of poesy

The scales of the balance were foil of words and meanings

My brain was perfumed with the ttr of FirdQsi

My fancy’s ear filled with the fame of

Whiles I meditated on prose and belles-lettres

And turned with a smitten brain to the OnlistAn’s nosegay^

Whiles I was occupied with riddles, ‘ since perhaps

They would act as a file upon iron,

My tongue full of wisdom’s words, and yet My head not a moment clear of secret madness Reason showed to my exterior * Tayfuri’s ^ asceticism The San’aSni’s * love impressed my brain

I Faixl composed enigmas or rid- dles on the 99 names of God. B.M.M.S. Add. 7794. p. 909,

I Literally “ to my akin.*’

« The famous saint T^jf **•, b. ‘Isa, commonly known as Bia|iml. He is also called B^yasld, and was born 777 A.D. See Beale. O. B. Kh»*lus Auliya I., 619, and Jarrett III , 353.

• 8anai is the capital of Yemen. The person meant seems to be ’ Abdu r-Rasaiq V>. Hammin and is com- monly known as Shaikh San’ain. He is the hero of a popular story which has been told in verse by JFarldu-dln ‘Altar in his Mant!q-a|-Uiylr. for the reference to which I aih indebted to •,ti article by Dr. Bacher in the Z.D. M.O. for 1980, Vol. H p. 614. See Garvin de Tassy’s edition of the poem* pp* 46-90, v. 1159-1564| 1867, nod his translation, Chapter XIV,.

p. 64, 1863. The story is also told in s 57

oolleetion of stories called the Jiml- al-bihaySt, I.O.M.6. 791, which,, how- ever, 1 have not been able to* see. See Ethe’s Cat., p. 694 See also the Bahar-i-*Ajam, and Vullert ■.¥. Qan’ain. It appeam that Shaikh San’ain was an elderly roan and in great repute for sanctity. When on his way to Mecca with several hundred disciples, he bad a dream in which be was told that it was fated he should go to RQm (Asia Minor or Greece) and worship idols. Heat once started off, and in RSm ht saw and fell in love with a Christiau girl, for whose sake he abjnred Mnhammadaniam. drank wins, and herded swine. He after a timo re- pented and was retracing hU steps to Arabia, when the girl also had a dream and was induoed to adopt the Muhammadan faith. She followed the 8k>tikh Into the desert, and ht too

toi

450

lICBARNAlfA.

There was intenect prologuising demonstratiTe reasoning There were rays of Tisionary love which burnt books There, were flowery gales of knowledge turning over their pages

Of my soul what shall I say ? One soul had a hundred appetites !

Of my heart what shall I boast ? One love and a hundred griefs f

The eyelashes which encircled the eyes of youthful singers Lacerated my liver as if they were tiger’s ^ hairs,

My father — may his kindly shadow long endure I Did not suffer me to abandon study As perchance I might by his assiduous teaching Become, like himself, one of the Divinely learned.

His advice ever was, “0 famished one of life’s morning

Receive wisdom’s morsels {luqma) from Luqman’s ^ tray

Lust not after beauteous fairy-forms

Lest Satan’s wings sprout from thine arms

Let not sweat ® be aye dropping from thy brow [t ion

For such floods, like heaping cotton in the fire, end in dcstrnc-

had a vision telling of her conver- sion. He turned back therefore, and the two lovers met again. But the girl was exhausted by her fatigues aW onl? lived to obtain the Shaikh^e forgivcn«!»Hs; and died at his feet after being insi^i’ucted by him in the true creed. M’^. Kllia has kindly shown me a nctii e of the story in Rieu’s Cat. of Tofrktftti. MSS. 1856, where it appears that uherc is a Turkish poem on the subjict by !}iyU Celcbl who died in 99%. A.H. An auto- graph note by Dr. Rieu states that ^ the story has been treated ir^ Kur- dish and is referred to in Jaba’s Kurdish poems, ; and that it is also mentioned in Ouseley’s Travels ttl, 258, and in^m MfrzA’s aiithology,

1496. Mir ‘All Shir also treated of it, and Pertsch’.s Berlin’s Cat. 674, 8, mentions a copy of the poem as an extract from Farldu-d-dln’s Ma^- navi. Ouselcy mentions in the passage referred to by Rieu that he saw a picture of Shaikh San’ain at SkrT. No doubt Faigl got the story from Farid u-d-dln.

1 Ghasilin. antelopes, and also musicians and siiigerB. Tiger’s whis- kers are supposed to be aphrodisiac.s. Perhaps the meaning is, As many tiger-hairs pierced my liver, as there are hairs in the eyelash of a fawn.”

• Luqman or Lokman is the east- ern £sop.

3 The reference is to :he sweat of shame.

Chapikr Lxiy.

Wbat is thy heart’s condition, and whal is Love ?

Be not o’ercome 0>y lovo), for glass ‘ will not make an aiivil Why hns thy heart opened to Indian love ? ^

Seek ^ not the key of the K‘aaba from the monkish cross In fine I moved between reason and madness For wisdom wsvs mingled with unwisdom.

The sound of the footsteps of the Sultan’s cotirier Roused me to wakefulness from the sleep of neglect 1 know not what was the magic whereby My mind was freed from foolish thoughts God bo praised I that attraction flung my soul From the stony field of sorrow into a condition of repose All those weeds and thorns of lusts were consumed By the sparse rays of the Divine lightnings 1 become an alert rider on a swift steed Which careered in its wisdom through the spheres,

Like Noah I traversed the tempestuous ocean 307

Like lQ^i%r I went alone in the desert In ecstasy of joy I so hastened along That I was like a spirit freed from the body’s chain I moved like a petitioner on the highway of respect With my heart’s fist I snapped the bonds of sloth Meanwhile all my imagination and inquiry were engaged In considenng how the affair would bo arranged On the way there came to the point of the pen of my thought The broidery of the gh&hinshfih’s praises with a SahbSnlike * eloquence

^ Faizt’s heart is represented m being ae brittle as glass.

• ^ Iihq-iHindnaEh-

dddn, The love treated of or felt by natives of Ind*%” I take this to refer to FaisVs being engrossed with tales of Indian love, and also perhaps to his having then begun his paraphrase of Nala and Damyantl. The line may also refer to Faifl’s having been smitten by love for Hindu girls and boys. It appears from the extracts

from Faifl’s poem giveir by A. F.. that he regarded India as peculiarly the land of love. See A. N. III. 688, line 16; id. p. 682, 1. 6; id. 694, 1. 6 from foot, which is a poem on love.

8 Probably this is a rcforlnce to Shaikh San’aan’s forsaking his reli- gion for the sake of a Christian girl

♦ Sa^ban b. Will. An Ar.ib famous for his eloquence. Hamni*?!’ Purgstah Hi.story of Arab. Litera- ture II.: OOJ.

452

ArBARNiMA.

Suddenly the bliK^kness of his encampment * showed itaelf afar off

‘Twas a blackness which made my eyes bright

It was announced to the royal tent Lo

The garden-bird has come to the gate of Phradise **

An order issued to treat it kindly and to bring it in.

Baising me from darkness’ abyss to the sky of bliss Fortune’s lord ^ drew the rein of my star Towards the conrt of the world-ruler.

First I kissed the dust of the thereshold I reached the fountain-head which cures the thirsty 1 placed my forehead on the ground in thankful adoration 1 made ablution not of my body but of my soul What shall I aaj of the door of his fortune’s abode ‘Twas a wondrous exemplar of the Dirine Court No earthly court, for in it there were A hundred times more things of pleasure and grace.

They who dwell in the precincts of that sublime place Are approximated to the attendants of heaven Men of light and leading stood aronnd.

The exalted Cyras sate on a Grecian ^ throne Akbar Shih ^ the bestower of glory on India’s night Lamp of the court of dominion of Taimur’s dynasty God be praised ! from the noble nature of that country Both trees and soil yield aloes and balsam ^

1 Akbar’s’Camp before CitQr.

• Qdld daulat. Presumably means the officer at the head of the division called the ** ahl-daulat/*

< I presume that the meaning is that Akbar nnited the splendour of tbs early Persian kings with the enlightenment and world-sway of Alexander. Or the reference may be to Greek philosophers.

e Cf. the varae in Jarrett III.* 406. This line is written in red ink in several MS8.

t hdsY. Apparaitlj by 6da is meant the fragrant 6a^ii, or If eVia

Bukayun, also known as Melia seraper- virens. which is also known as Persian lilac and is also perhaps the tedmof/tk or fragrant willow. The reference can hardJy be to Oil of Ben " for India doer not produce this, nor is it a perfume. Nor, T think, can lahdn, frankincense, be intended, for that too docs not belong to India. There is the variant Kinl, minerals* which is perhaps more likely to be right as the poet is speaking of what the ground (Qdk) produoee, but most MSS. teem to have «dnV

CHAPTIlr LTIV.

4S3

Twaa signified that I should sit and enjoy myself.

In the antechamber of the assembly of friends I sate down before the pedestal of the Shih^s throne My speaking tongue ran over with encomia Eloquent men of Irfiq and bj^urisan Poured out peiirls of praise over my words One was atnased and said, Who is this magician Whose tongue makes pearls and corals ? **

One said with wonder, This noble pearl From what cloud of Naisan ^ was it produced ?

What is this new singing-bird

That revives the notes of the nightingale ?

The tongue of the evil-thoughted was lengthened against me ;

As my heart’s palace had a lofty base

riie moisture of my spirit did not evaporate in a hot reply

For there was on Fail’s lips abnndance (fai^nl) of cool water

My SJhkhinibih soothed me with varied kindnesses 808

So that I gradually became less and less bewildered

He opened his month to ask, saying, 0 parrot,

Who was the doorkeeper of yoor garden of speech ?

Who gave brightness to the dark city of yoor fancy ?

Who laid the foundation of your lofty rhymes ! **

After paying the respect of ground-kissing I said,

** 0 Ruler, whose orders are obeyed by the spheres.

The peace of thy reign is my gracious teacher And the horn- book of its instruction is a large one If you ask the secondary cause, my father was my teachei For truly I have no greater or pui.^r than he.

So long as my tongue has wagged with the joy of speech My teeth have been sharpened by my father^s kindness From the beginning of the disease of ignorance till convales- cence

He administered remedies to my inward pains."

Then he (Akbar) said, Of those profound leaders •

Who placed the things of exoellance in the scales

^ Alluding to the story that in the month of Naisin the rain-drops form

AKHAftNAtf A.

4{S4

Which one has tullowed the right road ui verse So tliat there are no wrong steps in his gait Which one has traversed the spiritual world?

Whose vision baa been disturbed by the abyss of madness I humbly said to the Si^§h, O Protector of speech,

The record of the society of poets is not ignoble The eloquent who before this have uttered speech,

From whose lips have been struck out jeux d’esprit Were all wise and pure of heart And kept themselves pure from iniquity They drew true pictures by the movement of their thooghis They revealed subtleties by the quickness of their intellects All are present by the witness of their souls though their bodies are hidden (t.e. they are dead)

All exist by their divine personality, though themselves have perished

EspcciaMy that most eloquent one of Tus (Firdusi)

Who was an old husbandman of the gardens of speech

Estimate his deeds from the Sl^ahnftma

For liustum of SijisUn is not bis equal in strength of arm

Save this he reaped no harvest, it was loss

That he lived in the time of the slaves of NQh^ Samftm

Uad he been in the appreciative cycle of the gj^ihin^ih

His days would not have been dark nights.

Next comes the toper ^ whose spiritual wine

Gives lasting intoxication to the soul.

Ask not about that parterre-adorner of the garden For he has made pomegranate plots in his garden ^is a variegated garden so that were it terrestrial You might gather flowers from it for a hundred Springs It would be fitting to write with the ink of the heart The truth-showing excellencies of the Shirwftnl ^

< Nul^ b. Mansur, seventh king of the dynasty, succeeded his father 385 A.H., 995 A.D. His general Alp- tcghhi the master of Ma^mtld of (jrbaxni’s father.

• Qakim Sanil. See Jarrett III. 341 and n. 1.

’ ELSqtnT. The work referred to is his poetical description of the two Trftqs.

cnAPTtR I.XIV

45f>

His cho’ ’esfc work is the " Tahfa-al-‘Iraqin ’’

It should be passed from hand to hand like a flower Ask not after the magical work of the treasure-scattering 309 Treasurer ‘

For his pen was a dragon over hidden treasures If another’s poems are placed beside his It is like putting a false prophet’s ^ fancies by tlio text of the* Quran

Of An wan what shall I write ; from whose genius Burning ^ rays flash out to highest heaven The combination of spiritual fervour with ability Is like nature contending with the crisis of illness Behold the sweet-tongued Zahir* who produced A spiritual banquet of fresh dainties But his excellencies were not as fully known As is the collyrium ^ of Ispahan farmed in the world Critics call him ** the creator of ideas’’*

You will perceive that his lofty ideas are not threadbare God be praised for the hierophant who in the invisible world Became a Solomon by his Language of Birds ”

From ‘Attir^ comes the medicine for lovers’ pains For when his shop was broken up, he received the Holy Gliost. Beliold the sugar-sprinkling of S’aadi whose spirit’s plume W«avc8 o’er his sweet genius like a fly-flapping fan He shed joy among the spiritual nightingale$

» Nizami, who ws8 resident of Ganj tvhirli also means a treasure. Ganj I*? now a Russian town and is called Klizabctbpol.

^ MatnabUi. A false* prophet. Also the name of an Arabian poe< born in 915 A.D.

• A play on the name Anwaii.

• Zahiru-d-din Faryabi. See Dau- lat 8hah.

• That of Ispahan was the best.

Viillcrs s.v. surma, but perhaps the expression is merely an allusion to K.7Ti?ilu (I dm b. who is

styled Isfabanf. D’Hcrbelot .says the turtsa of Hamrvdan was tho best .

• Khallda-i-mJdnl, “Creator of conceits" Eicu Cat. IL 5806. Sec also D’Herbelot and Daulat ShUh. Hia name was Kamil Isfahini. A translation of one hundred of hip lovr- songR has lately been pubfislied by Dr. Gray. Sec Athenseum of 12 March 190i.

Faridu-d-din Attar, author of the MantIq-at-UIr. He was a per- fumer and gave up his shop on rc- crivi?)c a call *

45e

A H * A Hll A If jl »

Who sang sweetly in hia BosUn and GulisUn Kbu^ru * of Hind is ancestor of the spiritnal ^usrQs Who wielded sovereignty over spiritual thrones He is the admired Lord of Lords of speeches kingdoms For his sway extends over Irin and Turin What shall I say of the exquisite conceits of ^ifi^

Men and * spirits know the mystic tongpie>

The soft flow of the Kirmftni ^ garland*twiner

Gives fresh life to the adult brain

The eloquence of Ahhsikti * and tJminf *

Is not inferior to that of Isferangi ^ and *

In fine^ to number the pillars of spirituality Unless we pass over many like Rafi^ Lunbini ^

Requires that the eqnitabie critio of his rivals should possess Such rapidity as existed in the tradition of Solomon ! *

Hail to the inspired songster of Jim

Before whose eyes the spectacle of worlds was effaced

From his abundant pleasantness words mingled with subtleties

Spirituality shone forth in a beauteous form

No one after him attained to his universality

Eloquence in prose and verse closed with him

< The well’known Delhi poet, who by BSbIr, Erskine 5. His name was

was called the Saltin of poets. The AgTru<4^in.

test and MSS. have taa’ani, and ap* • For *UmSnf see D. S. 172. He

parently this must be right. If was A(Tni-d-dIn *U mini and was a

we could suppose Faifl to have pupil of NafTru-d-dTn JM, He .be-

written raughini, the line might be longed to Hamadin.

translated, ** Khusru of Hind is differ- * Saifii-d-dfn Tsfarang! died 1166

ent from the fire-worshipping Sh^is- A.D., D.S. 126, ahamsii-d-din

rSs, for, ete. son of a Qisi, D. S. 161. He died 626

• JSnl. Perhaps it means animals. A.H.

® Biwtja Kirmlnl. He is known t Rafl-u-d-d1n Lunbini ‘called the

as the nafi^l iand-tHlham or garland 2nd Sa^bin. He lielonged to the vil

twiner of poets. D.S. 249. Anthor lage of Lunbin near Isfahin. Danlat

of the Humil Hnmivin. He died Sh^h, 166. ‘Uminl celebrated him.

about 1360. i Alluding I suppose to Solomon’s

• So called from Akh^iikat in Far- governing the winds and flying ghins- P.8. 121. Ho was a contem- through the air.

porarvof 1Q)aqin1 He is mentioned

cnkfXtR LXIV

457

To compare competitors with him

Would be the tale of the swift steed and the pack bullock

One by one, all have reposed on the bed of death

They have drawn over their heads the sash of concealment.

In the ear in which such profound strokes repose

What place is there for such and such’s poetry T

Now, too, there are innumerable poets

But they’re set on property and the dog-keeper’s hoard

They have a dog’s hunger and in pursuit of their desires 310

And for want of bread have thrown all honour in the dust

They are blinded and are bad craftsmen of an obsolete pattern

Their darkened souls are mud-chokod, deserted wells

They are captives to the baying and selling noxious goods

In the market of disgrace, which may the dust of time cover,

Sometimes they bring out rough expressions

Which look like sheets thrown over the body of the sense

Sometimes they produce frigid conceits in a hot garb

Like cold water poured in winter into a hot bath

They carve undressed potsherds and on thorn

Affix the price of Badakk^in rubies

Their compositions are so rugged that they won’t stick

To the heart even if you fasten them with glue

If you dip their poems in the Seven Seas

They will come out dry as dust- scattering sand

They have robbed a hundred volumes from the masters

Sc what they have pillaged cannot be counted,

To the fancy the inky pages of their writings Look like the black blanketed, asinine Multanis ^

With iron pen, nay, with diamond pen The’ve drawn useless lines on truth’s pages A heart that looks for the colour of truth in their poems Asks from the rattan the flower of the anemone

< Moltftnl is a contemptuous name given to Hindus by the Turks as the first Hindus they encountered came from that quarter. See Vullers S T. goshio was the name of

a race of men with immense ears, and perhaps the expression tiytik giHma black-blaiikcted ” refers to this.

AKBAKNi&IA.

4.S8

’‘Fis best to shut tlio j^arden-door in their faces

For this ragged ‘ crew would throw the flowers into the dust ?

As no one (else) was in the world, I this day am he

Who makes speech new in a new d4^n

Foi a stranger from the spiritoa^ ‘country in this station

Of the caravan of speech ana have all its equipment

Now has heaven gra^rced rae the key of speech [me

The aperture ie^Trom the heart, the turning of the key is from

The augciic ones of the pleasant home of fancy

QsVe made all my meanings hourts and pages

They have watched over the beauteous tablet and writing

And preserv \ my pen from the scraping of calnmny.

My interview with the slave-cherishing ghahin^ih Was like the conversation of Moses with God He said^ Rise and draw wisdom from your pen For to-day the world of speech-knowing is entrusted to you Set your pen to subtleties for in the wonders of verse Farazdaq * is mean beside you, and so is Hissani ^

What magic is there in the tricklings from your pen That it should surpass in colour the masterpiece of Mani ?

The order was, Present to us of your subtle poetry

Whatever amount you can, in future

Any poet who contends with you in speech

Should have his neck twisted by you with correction’s hand '

What shall I say of the golden dress of red silk

Of me the naked being clothed in gold from head to foot ?

Whkt shall 1 say of how when drawn up from the dust

I was exalted by receiving a swift horse {caugdni) ?

I Cdk ddnidtt, alits made on right and left sides of skirt for orna- mental purposen. B. ‘Ajam. Brt here tiie allusion seems to be to torn slits.

• Farazdaq. An early Arabian poet who wrote panegyrics. See Daulat Sli®b‘

Farazdaq bln (^alib. Wrote sa- tires also.

3 ^issanf Hassin son of Sablt, horn 563 A.D., a-poet who sang the praises of Mu^mmad. He was a coropaniou of the prophet and was given by the latter, Mary the Coptic girl’s sister Shlrln in marriagd. Daulat Shah. 7. He is also called jyiusamT from ^iisain a sword. See Beale art. Uissan and Ha<ninfi Purgstall I

CRAFTIR tXir.

459

What shall I say of the treasures of his favour Of white aud red money I g^atherod in purses ?

Whst shall I say of how I received All that befitted a Khftu and a TurJthdn ?

Two blessings showed thomselvoe lo me from fortune’s door,

My evil horoscope ^ was changed to a good one

One was, I was made a tutor to the great princes

Who were branches of the tree of honour

1st, There was H.M. Sultan Selim the ocean-hearted

The bridal chamber of whose intellect is the billowy ocean

2nd, i^fth Murid the winged broidery of Hope

Who makes the ridrt of heaven his collar

3rd, The courteous Daniel whose happy stari

Have bestowed on him brotherhood

But in truth I was when beside them

Like a schoolboy before his old Instrnctor

Hail heaven-minded ones who in their perfect wisdom

Are joined with the spheres in world-government

Tis a mistake to turn to letters the eyes of him

Whose heart-eyes are opened to Reason^s tablets

For why should a head lighted by the rays of guidance

Deposit the blackness of ink in its hearths * core f

The other blessing was the prostration of disciple^hip

Whereby I lowered the strength of sensuality.

By heaven’s kindness each of those two great boons Is a bounteous favour to my star.

World-protecting Skih, Sun of mighty power Who is to-day the life of the world, and the world of the living

I speak the truth, for the seven * monlds You impart the soul ; and the soul which is the soul of souls. Together with the glory of fortune, majesty of nature, and height of power

^ The Lucknow ed. has a useful | notSp which states that the terms onirif and la^dn are two figures used in geomancy > one Licing indfca- iVe of evil and the other of good.

• A play 00 safodd blarkneta (of ink) and stitMiyo/f the blackness m:. core of the been.

S haft qalab. The seven Keavsas. or the seven climes.

460

akbarnImi.

Qiwe a thouBand times more than all that reason can compre- hend.

On theTeagt day of thy birth it would be proper To sacrifice celestial dromedaries Thou hast no option as regards kindness and grace What can come from the sun but sunshine ?

Repentance brings back with the acme of entreaty Him who on learing your door’s safety binds on the load of the litter

Let it not displease if for the glorious hearing I tell a new tale with confirmatory oaths.

By that €rod who hath implanted in the Sbfih’s nature

Princely graces and perfect humanity

By the hearens by observing whose motions

The acute philosopher governs nature

By the division of the stars into Fixed and Planetary

All which are drops of existence in heaven’s ocean

By the order of the elements which on Being’s page

All form feet ^ (metrical) in the poem of Existence

By the conjunction of organisms whose dissolution

Works the overthrow of progeny

By the talisman of man’s body which is a microcosm

Before which the senses and the intellect are confounded ‘

By the zeal of the pure sonls who have never made An untme oath for the sake of eternity (?).

312 forehead-adorning dnst of the performers of sijda

Who excel the devotion of the saints of Lebanon ^

By the road-dust of the travellers to the holy station By the guides of the path of certitude By ti^e acute unitarianism of the son of ArabI *

1 There is a play on the word ar- • k&nS^ which means both pillars and poetic feet.

2 buMdnf. It apparently means ^ to render stnpid.’*

^ of. A. N. 111., p. 84, line 11. Per- iapt the Druses are meant.

^ Muhiyu d dm ibn ’Ariljl. Set

D’Herbelot under Arabi Mohied- din. He was a native of Spain, and flourished about 1229. He wrote the Fa|dsal hukim and also the Kimiyi* i-S’aidat, which was a favourite book of Akbar. B. 103. This last is a book about the unitv of Qod.

CHAPTER LllV.

461

By the austere cloak of the Pir of '

I became not (I swear) from pelf a believer in Thy Majesty glorious in fortune and throne Whom the glorious Deity has placed in splendour.

That thou mightest henceforth be the qibla of me the beggar ’Tis worship to prostrate oneself before thy face For as regards worship thou art the world’s altar.

Enough ! The Ood-knower knows thy perfections Thou art the altar of the hopes of the pious The prostration of service toward thee is right for men In this matter there is no conflict of faiths Why should thy shrine not be my fortune’s tUtdr When judge and sage turn their heart-faces to thee Every hair of me speaks in praise of thy favours To me the charge of impiety is preferable to that of ingratitude Who can describe the niceties of thy favours The things of ecstacy come not within the bounds of words To put the woof of words and thoughts o’er the full moons ^ of thy justice

Were to place cotton raiment on the moon’s shoulder When I put^ on the pilgrim’s robe to visit thy throne’s shrine The rose of paradise became a thorn in comparupn therewith From eve till mom my bosom is pricked By the budding-breasted bride of my heart ;

My pen-bow has pointed word-arrows

For piercing the hearts of the envious

A holy strain is poured forth by the birds of my fancy

When my pen’s palm-tree swells with sap

All their pens do not equal the movement of mine

^ The person meant is Abul ^ttsain who wrote a book about Saftsm and died 986 A.D. ghargin is the name of a place near BistAm in Persia.

• 1 presume that h<idur-i-‘adal means full moons of justice. The ettxt line refers to the ides that

muslin or cotton is burnt up ex- posed to the moon’s rays.

^ 1 confess J do not fu)^ un- derstand the next four lines. 1 presume Fai;! means to say that in comparison with his pilgrim’s dress the rose of paradise is a thorn.

AUABMilfA.

4dS

There ie » diXerenoe between the 91lih’B ensign nnd the shep* herd’sIsUS

From the Attio enltiwhioh I sprinkle from mj pen My inkstuid can dsim to be n salt-oellar From thelglorions morsels at the Qbih’s banquet What comes to my sonl is like balmy wine If grace and favonr assist me 111 ascend hundreds of steps above Hope’s summit My tongaes wish does not exceed the bounds of respect Grant my desire sncb as Thon knowest it ?

This is the end of my request On Thee is my trust I

Where was 1 1 Whither has the plenteous flood of words car’ ried me f In fine, as the design of the lord of the world in under* taking this expedition was based upon benevolence to all, the great officers, who regarded service as the substance of their religion, gathered together for their duties without any arrangements having been made for the forming of camps. The great encampment as* ■nmad BT« 4her appearance from the assemblage of a victorious 319 soldiery. H.M.s innate dignity demanded that he should proceed in person to chastise the Rini, while a number of officers should be dispatched to Malwa in order to cleanse that province from the dust of the rebellion of the sons of Mn^^ammad Sultan Mirzi. The lot of this service fell upon Q]phibnddin A^mad Sbin; 8kihBodi|^ I Qfin, Murid ^in, Hiji MuJ^mmad Shin Sistini and others who had received fiefs in Malwa, undertook the preparations. They set out from the fort of Gigrin and did not draw rein till they reached Ujjain. The Mlrsis fled to Gujrat The details of this are that when they heard that the grand array had left the capital and was advancing stage by stage, Ulu|h M., who was the eldest brother, and whose head itched with contumacy, departed and went to Ibrihim gn—m M. and Mn^mmed Rosain M., who were in Ujiain, in order to join them and plot his own destruction. When those wretohee got the news of the arrival -of the imperial forces at GigrSn, they were amased and went ofl to MindO. There Ulugjt M. quitted his body (».e., died) on the uplifting of the noise of the drums of for tune. The other brothers perceived that to resist the royal anny was

cHArriB uiT.

463

beyond their power and fled towards Gnjr&t. There they joined CingiB Sbftn, who had been a slave of Saltin Mahmud of Gujrftt, and who, after his death, had seized several of the forts of Gujrftt, such as Cimpftmr, Broach and SnrAt. There, too, they misconducted them- selves and spread dissension until they threw the dust of destruc- tion on their own heads after the conquest of Gujrit. An account of that masterpiece of good fortune will be given in its proper place. In short, the victorious troops cleansed Malwa from the dust of those ill-fated ones, and then went to repose in their tiefs They sent to Court reports of their success and of the abandonment by the rebels of the imperial territories.

45 -;

AKNARNAIIA.

CHAPTER LXV.

(ThU chapter baa been translated by Major Price. MisceU. Trauslation, 0. T. F.

Vol. IL

Shoe of the Fortress op CitOr.

At the time when the sublime camp was pitched in the environs of Gftgrun^ on account of making arrangements for the Malwa cam* paign, iyaf Khan and Wazir Khan, who had fiefs in this neighbour- hood, went off in accordance with Orders to attack the fortress of Miydal . It was one of the strong forts of the Raua, and was defcn- ded by the valour of Rawat Balvi Solangi, but by the prestige of the Shkhin^ah they conquered it. After the completion of the arrange- ment for the Malwa army, though the imperial forces were in S14 appearance few in number, yet H.M. relying on the Divine aid, and being contented to have secret auxiliaries, ordered a march forward with the idea that perhaps the Rfini might hear that the army was small, and so might come out of the defiles, and be thus easily disposed of. But. as that ill-fated one knew that the army had not much of a siege-train with it, and thought that on that account H.M. would not attempt to take fortresses, he strengthened the fort of Citur, which, in the opinion of the short-sighted, was such a place that the laisso of conquest could not attain to its battlements, and supplied it with provisions sufficient for several years. He also left in it five thousand gallant^Rijputs, and devastated the surrounding country so that there did not even remain gp:^8s in the fields, and himself retired to the defiles of the hill-country When the sublime army encamped in the neighbourhood of Citur, H.M. did not judge it proper to pursue that doomed one, and to enter the heart of the hills. By Divine inspira- tion he decided to capture the fort of Citur, which was the founda- tion of the Rani’s power, and the centre of his dominions ; and on the day of ibin 10 iban, Diving month, corresponding to Thursday 19 Rabi-^al akhir, 20 October 1567, he arrived at the outskirts of the fort and pitched his camp. At this time there was a great storm of wind, accompanied by thunder and lighlning. so that the earth was

CHAPTER LXV.

ahaketi. But after an hour the sky became clear, the world was repealed and the fortress appeared in the distance.

Verse.

A fort on the face of that monntaui Beared its head up to the fourth heaven The bird of the imagination could not reach it No one knew its nature and condition.

The world-conquering mind decided upon besieging that sky- high fortress and upon hemming in the garrison. Accordingly he next day marched from that station, and encamped on the skirt of the mountain, on the* summit of which was the fortress. He then rode out, accompanied by some of his courtiers and made the circuit of the mountain. The surveyors, who are always in attendance on the royal stirrup, found by measurement that the circumference was more than two koa, while it was five koa at the part used by the general public, H.M. applied himself, to the task of taking the fortress and directed the BaU^dlla to set out the batteries. The troops who had come along with H.M. went to their batteries, and those who came up afterwards had separate batteries. In this way the whole circuit of the fort was encompaa^od in the space of one month. Daring the same time some of the officers were sent to devastate the Rftni’s territorry, and to punish the contumacions.

Asaf Khftn ‘»’nth a number of officers was sent off to Rimpur, and 315 he opened it with the h^ey of the sword, and received the applause of the 3ib&hinsh&h. A^ the Rini was pointed out as having gone to Udaipur and Komhalmir, Husain Quli l^ftn was sent with a large force to lay hol^ of him fjlasain Quli ^ftn arrived at Udaipur, which was tho Rent’s capital, and slaughtered the rebellious Wherever he )ioard of any ^thering of rebels of Udaipilr, or the hill- country of Kombalmlr, be consumed them with the lightning of the fiery swor^. He obtained much booty and made great search for the Einft. But as he could get no trace of that vagabond, he, in accordan^^ vrith the royal obmmaud, returned and was exalted by the blis^ Qf doing homage.

W hilst the army was engaged in besieging the fortress, it came to the foyal hearing that rtaiid Khto ol Gujrftt had been defeated 50

466

AKBARiriMA.

bj CingiB Skill and the Minis, and had comb to Donga’^pAr. About this time iHmid Shin’s petition, accompanied by Bnitable presents, wi^ received. Among the latter was a sea-elephant^ which had exceedingly long ears, and had strange motions. H.M. the Shihindlib received the envoys gracionsly and dismissed them along with Hasan Shin Sbssind and a conciliatory rescript. At this time he (Ptpiid) had not the good fortune to come and kiss the threshold, ^asan Shin came to Agra from Gn jrit and there had the felicity of doing homage.

As H.M. was very desirous of taking this fort, which was famous for its height and strength, the gallant spirits of thn army were continually rushing^, upon it and daringly attacking it* Thus acted Kh4n Ailam and ^JLdil ^ftn. Bnt as terrestrials cannot reach celestials, so these efEorts were abortive. H.M. was very solicitous aoout this and was continually forbidding those intrepid men and saj^‘ng that such mode of attack should not be called oourageons. dlather it was to be called rashness which the wise regarded m remote from moderation, and as blameable. But those men wore overcome by rashness and did not give ear to these wise counsels and were oontinuelly rushing to the ambit’of the fort, with the result that many had the cheek of their courage stained with red wounda Many also drank the wholesome cup of martyrdom, for the arrows and bullets which those rank-breakers discharged passed off after grazing the surface of the walls and bitttlements, while those which . the ill-fated garrison discharged reached >i^sn and horses. Ac- cordingly an order was issued that proper spots should be selected 316 and thai there the walls and bastions of the fort should be mined, and that ihhmtheee minee should be filled with gunpd^^sr and set on fire. Whpn tbe walls and bastions had thus been destroyed, brave men oouln enter. A^so that at one place a oover^i^ ^y should be madijh The .^rvante of the Court girded up tbeir Ioim of effort for these tiro works. Though there were maify ]m>Mc^ss, Sot

t FU^i-d»ri§fi. Major Price thinks this Biiast have besn a hippepotamaf , ant in reality it was sn African i ephant. This speeiss has very Icn^ art. sad the epiibet dariyll whkh

mssiis rivm, oesan. refe^ ^ Its baring been hreught by The bippppotamus bas sh6rl ears, Ja^ bangir mentions tbe animal tJ^ rio- pbantia kisIfsBioire TSsuk^ P*

CHArns Lxv.

the holy warriors had made various shelters and enolosures for their protection all ronnd the fort^ there were three principal batteries. One was the Shihin^ih^s special battery and was opposite the Lfthbuta Gate, and was in charge of fflasan Shin Csf^tiip Kai Pattar Dis, Qftfi XU Baf^dftdl, lU^tiyftr Shin Fanjdir and Kabir ]^in; it was here that the miners worked. The second battery was in charge of Qhnji^at Shin, Kaja Todar Mai, Qisim Shin Mir Barr-n-Bahr. In this battery they constrncted, in the height of the rains, a covered way of the length of a bowshot, from the middle of the hill, on the summit of which the fort was situated. The third battery was in the charge of Shwija ^Abdu-l*Majid Xfai Shin and Wizir IQ^n and many other noted heroes. As to send for large mortars from the magazines would cause great delay, a large mortar which could throw a ball of half a man was oast in H.M.’s presence. When the garrison became aware of this fact, which never had entered into their ideas, the smoke of astonishment suffused their obfuscated brains, and they recogpused that the foundation of their destruction had been laid, and that there would be daily progress to this consummation. As they were helpless, they had recourse to craft and sent, firstly Sindi Silihdir, and secondly, §a]|;iib £bin, and made use of entreaties and lamentations. They offered to enrol themselves among the subjects of the sublime court, and to send a yearly present. Several of the officers approved of fliis offer and made representations to this effect to H.M. They advised that in accordance with this agreement they should withdraw from this difficult task, but the sovereign dignity did not accept this view, and made the coming in of the Rini a condition of release from the siege. Although the great officers were brought into straits by the long contest and endeavoured to get away from the dangerous place, they were not successful ; and as the defenders did not know the bliss of service, they assembled on the walls and bastions and waged hot war. There were many dexterous artillerymen among them and they continually showered balls on the trenchers and other workmen. The latter protected themselves by shields of raw hides and laboured hard at making the covered way. But, in spite of all precautions nearly two hundred men were killed daily. Day by day the edbaf was pushed forward, and the mines advanced. The coin of presents was poured into the lap of the workmen’s hopes, and silver and gold

AKn^HN AKA

4f)A

were reckoned hi the rate of earth. Oo two * sides thej produced a broad, mud wall such that balls could not penetrate it, and it was sinuous in shape as being for the destruction of those viperous and 8CO];pion-like natures. The miners also drove their mines and 317 brought them up to the foot of the fort. Thej made two excavations contiguous to each other under the wall and in one thej put 120 mana and, in the other, 80 mana of gunpowder. An order was given that the brave and enterprising should stand armed, and in readiness, and be on the watch so that when the mines were fired, and the wall broken down, they should rapidly take possession of the fort. On the day of Isfandflrmuz 5 Dai, Divine month, corresponding to Wednes* day 1 5 Jamftda-al-akbin, 1 7 December 1567, the gunpowder was set fire to. The bastion was pulled up from its foundation and sprung into the air with all the ill-fated soldiers who were on it. The match of the second excavation had not taken fire when the assailants, seeing that the wall had been demolished, rushed on heedlessly to the breach in order to enter by it. All at once the second mine exploded, and the troops who were entering, and also a body of their opponents who were preparing to prevent them, were involved in the catastrophe and their souls severed from their bodies by the fierce storm. Their limbs were blown here and there, and stones were carried for leagues. The report of the explosion extended to fifty koa and more, and astonished those who heard it. The cause of this accident was that there was one train for both mines and so it was fired from one place. One mine took fire after the other, and the brave men made their attack without noticing this and withont refiection. Before this, when it was reported to H.M. that the mines were ready, he had observed that they should be fired from two places lest there

i I understand the ** two sides " referred to here to be the two side walls of the tShdt or covered way.

NifSniu-d-dln Elliot V. 326, speaks of “ two sides of the fort " as if there were two ^dhati one on each side of the fort. My friend, Mr. Irvihe, in his learned work on the army of the Indian Mnghals, p. 276, considers a tdhdt to be mainly a trench, but from

what Nif-amu-d-din and others say it seems to me that there was net much excavation of the ground and ( that the idbdt was mainly a covered way above the surface of ground. It had earthen walls on each side and a roof of planks, etc., which was strong enough’ to carry a sentry box or other house from which a man could fire.

CNAPTm LXV.

4i9

should be delay in tho ignition of one of them. Thus he had fore* ^ seen the accident with his far-reaching vision. Kabir Sbftn and the other anperintendents of the work formed their own ideas, and the fire ran quickly from one point to two places. But as the thing was fated to occur, planning was of no avail, and that took place which took place. Nearly 200 of the victorious troops ascended to heaven, and among them there were about 100 men of note. About twenty of the latter were known to the king, and among them were Saiyid Jam&lu- d-din son of Saiyid Ahmad, one of the Saiyids of Bftrha, and who was distinguished by H.M.^s favour. Others were Mirak Bahadur, Muham* mad SUh son of Mirak l^fln Kulftbi who was in his early youth a fiery spark of valour, Qayat SuUftn, gl^fth ‘Ali Ighak Aq&, Yesdfin Quli,

M. Biluc, JSn Beg and Yftr Beg, brothers of SboivBeg Yesftwahbft^i and Mirak Bahadur. A number of about forty who were, as they thought, protected in the defiles of the mountain and were waiting 318 their opportunity, were overwhelmed by earth and bricks from the fort. After the taking of the fort it was ascertained how they had been destroyed. Of the enemy, about forty were consumed by the wrath of Ood and sent to the abode of annihilation. When the catastrophe became known to the other combatants they advanced and engaged in battle. Their opponents sacrificed their lives in one place^ and in the other exerted themselves in raising up a wall, till in a short time they succeeded in building another ^broad wall as high as the former one. On the same day a mine was exploded in the battery of i^af Kh§n, but it did not take fire properly. About thirty of the garrison were killed, but, though no injury was sustain- ed by the imperial army, the progress of the siege was not advanced. Although the situation was such as might have opened the eyes of the doomed garrison and have led them to supplication and lamenta- tion, yet as something had occurred to the besiegers which the superficial might regard as a subject of exultation, the besieged made it an adminicle of presumption and pride. The genius of the sovereign recognised the catastrophe as a cause of increased exer- tion, and strove more and more. Though some of the assailants had been slain, the devotion of the others increased, and though the garrison shewed exultation, H.M. the 3h&hin^fih was tranquil, for he knew that there had been a want of plan and gradual progress in regard to the siege, and he pointed out to the eager spirits that haste

470 akbarnIma.

was not effeotive in matters of this kind. PbkUt>Mce and platming were necessary. For firsts there was the strength of the positiosj secondly there was the strength of the fortifications^ and thirdly there was the large supply of provisions and the number of fighting men. His mind fixed upon the completion of the covered way, which was the best mode of capturing a fortress, and he devoted himself more and more to this work. He frequently visited the sdbdt and went close to the fort and used to fire at those of the garrison who showed themselves. One day that tiger of the might]f forest was going round the fort. When he came near the L&hbuta battery the holy warriors were engaged in prosecuting theseige under the protection of the wall. H.M. stood under the wall and fired from the loop-holes. His servants were in attendance. Jalil Khin was standing two removes from H.M. and had placed his shield on the top of the wall, and was watching from behind it the shooting by the garrison. The devoted men who were in the battery were admiring the skill and rare failure of one of the musketeers of the fort who had injured many of the Sudden-

ly that seldom-erring marksman aimed at Jalftl SlMhi^s head and fired. He shot him through the flesh but did not do him much harm.

319 H.M. the Sh&hindtfih remarked, Jalftl Shto, that mSrksman does not show himself, if he would do so, Td avenge you.’’ He aimed at the musket which projected from the loop-hole and said, We shall this very instant take revenge tor you on his gun.’* The firing and the passing of the bullet through the aperture and its striking the marksman were all one and the same thing. Though it could not be exactly ascertained at the time, yet the lowering of the musket indicated that its owner had been hit. Afterwards it was found that the royal gun had finished the wretch, and that he was named XsnUlTl and was the head of the musketeers. The king’s good fortune calmed the men of the battery. Similarly, H.](L killed many of the noted members of the garrison and sent them to the aleep of annihflation. One day he came to the battery towards Citfirl, which is a little hill near the fort, and was superintending the work. He was going slowly aloi\g at a place where many bullets and cannon-balls were coming, and aa he had perfect reliance on the Divine protection and assistance, no dost of apprehension entered his mind. Suddenly a Ifurfe cannon-ball fell near him and

CHAPTKR LXV.

471

Mrtyred twenty of the brave combatants. On another day a bnllet ■tmok Oin ‘Ailmj who was atanding near the King; it passed through his onirass but When it came to his under-garments it was, by the Divine favour, cooled by his sweat. This, too, increased the confidence of the leaders of the holy war. One day a bullet struck Mofailar KlMiu, but eventually did no harm. During the sieg^ many such instances of the Divine protection occurred, and were a cause of guidance to the simple, and increased the devotion of the loyal.

A lofty genius is the key to difficult enterprises, and a lamp of the mysteries of destiny. Especially, wherever such a lord of fortune put his heart into an arduous task, he easily accomplishes it in spite of the apprehension of worldling^. Thus it was by the lofty genius of the 8kihin|b4h, which is the interpreter of the Divine aid, that the work of the sdbdf was accomplished under the supervi- sion of Bajah Todar Mai and Qftsim Kbtu Mir Barr-u-Bahr Ex- cellent quarters were constructed on the top of the sftbftt, and H.M. stayed in them for two nights and one day before the work was completed, and directed the operations. The fortunate combatants strung up their hearts to the taking of the fort and destroyed its walls. The besieged also displayed bravery. H.M. personally put his heart into the conflict, and kept up a fusillade. He took up a place on the $dbat and watched the spectacle of the brave-hearted and of the ohain*breaking tigers. During these t^o nights and a 320 day those gallant men so engaged in conflict that they took neither sleep nor food. The strength of both sides was exhausted. At length on the morning of Daibamihr 15 Isfandarm&z, corresponding to Tuesday 25 Sh^obftn, 23 February 1568, that sky-based fortress was conquered. The account of this glorious event, which might serve as the bulletin of fortune, is that on the previous night an attack was being made on the fort from all sides, and several breaches were made in the walls. There were manifest indications that the fortress was ruined. Near the sibd/, brave men of the conquering army had pressed forward and had destroyed much of the solid wall of the fori^ Half of the night had passed when the g^arrison crowded into the breach and. while part of them gave them- selves up to destruction, the other brought muslin, cotton, wood and oil and were filling up the breach so that when the gitoris should approach they should set fire to the heap and prevent anyone from

472

ARBARNAMA.

entering. At this time H.M. perceived that a person clothed in a cuirass known as the hoidr (thousand nails) which is a mark

of chieftainship, among them^ came to the breach and superintended the proceedings. It was not known who he was. H.M. took his gun Sangrftm, which is one of the special gans> and aimed it at him* To Shoji^at Khftn and Rajah Bhagwant Dfts he said that, from the pleasore and lightness of hand such as he experienced when he had hit a beast of prey, he inferred that he had hit the man. The Sh^n Jahin represented that the man had been continually there during the night and been directing the operations ; if he did not come back it was evident that he had been killed. An hour had not passed when Jabbir Qull Diwini reported that the enemy had all disappeared within that space of time. Just at the same time fire broke out at several places in the fort The courtiers had various ideas about tfiis, but Rajah Bhagwant Dis repreaented that the was the johar. For it is an Indian custom that when such a calamity has occurred a pile is made of sandalwood, aloes, etc., as large as possible, and to add to this dry firewood and oil. Then they leave hardhearted confidants in charge of their women. As soon as it is certain that there has been a defeat and that the men have been killed, these stubborn ones reduce the innocent women to ashes. And in fact on the morning when the breeze of victory and domin- ion arose it was ascertained that the Qh^hind^ah^s musket had reached Jaimal, the governor of the fort, and had at once destroyed both him and the fort The fires were the johar, and they took place in the house of the Fata who belonged to the Sisiidia dan and was one of the Rftn&’s principal servants, and in the house of the 821 Rlthors, of whom 9^ib was the chieL There was also a

great johar-Bre in the house of the Cfihin-s whose chief was Aissar Dfis. As many as three hundred women were burnt in the destruc- tive fire of those refractory men. Though on that night no one remained in the breach and though every one had given up heart on the killing of Jaimal, and withdrawn to a corner of retreat, yet the rules of precaution were observed and the heroes and ghasis were collected from every side and directed to enter the fort at dawn. When the morning-breeze of dominion arose, the active young men and the bold warriors came from the batteries and entered the fort, and engaged in killing and bin£ng. The Rajputs gave up the

CHAPTER Lir.

thread of deliberation and f ought and were killed. An order was issued that the active and experienced elephants should be brought in from the front of the sdbdf. First, GirdbUz Dhokar was brought and stationed at the head of the wall. Then came Madhukar, and then Jangia, Sabdaliya and Kadira. Elach of them did things which surpassed imagination.

Verse.

Two armies raised their lances

They formed ambuscades, and drew up in line

They were all iron-fisted, biters of steel,

All were famous and were clad in iron

The heroes brandished swords rod with blood

One was yielding up his life, another was flying.

They mowed down with swords the elephant-trunks ’ You’d say serpents were being rained down from the clouds The Commander on a mighty, raging elephant • Continually assailed the bow string One paid off his debt of hate with lance and sword Sometimes the heart was riven, sometimes the breast was consumed

Tulips wore painted by his dagger

There was a rain of rings from the heroes’ armour.

A

At the white dawn, which was the morning of fortune for the imperial servants and the evening of destruction for the enemy, H.M. the Shahinshah mounted on an elephant, majestic as heaven, and pro- ceeded to the fort. Several thousand devoted men accompanied him on foot. A wonderful thing was that Aissar Das Cohan, who was one of the brave men of the fort, saw the elephant Madhukar and asked its name. When they told him he, in a moment, with daring rashness, seized his tusk with one hand, and struck with his dagger with tiie other and said, *‘Be good enough to convey my res- pects to the world-adorning appreciator of merit.” The elephant Jangift displayed great deeds. One of them was that a Rajput ran

1 Referring to the number of ele- continually used his bow. There are pliant-triinka that were cut off. various readings.

• I presume this means that he 60

474

AKlARMlMA.

and struck his trunk with his sword and cut it off. Though his trunk was severed, which makes life difficult, it made wonderful 822 conflicts before it died. It had killed thirty distinguished men before it was wounded, and it slow fifteen afterwards. Tho elephant Madliukar also displayed wonderful deeds. A wonderful thing was that tlie elephant Kadira ran away inside the fort on account of the noise and tumult, driving before it a number of doomed men who were coming to the breach. Tho lane was narrow, and it trampled and scattered them all. It was by the Divine aid that such a great boon was conferred. ‘A^mat Khan, who was riding on the elephant, was wounded, and died of his wounds a few days afterwards. H.M. used to stato that, at this time, he was standing on tho wall of the fort arid contemplating the Divine aids. The elephant Sabdiliya came inside the fort and was engaged in casting down and killing the Rajputs. A Rajput ran at him and struck him with his sword inflicting a slight wound. Tho elephant, however, did not regard it and seized him with his trunk. Just then another Rajput came in front of him and Sabdiliya turned to him while the first man escaped from his grasp and again daringly attacked him from behind, but Sabdiliya behaved magnificently. H.M, also said that in tho very heat of the conflict a hero, whom he did not recognise, came under his observation. A RSjput who was separated from him by a low wall challenged him to combat, and he joyfully went towards him.

of the imperial soldiers, whom also H.M. did not recognise, ran to the assistance of tlie other hero, but the latter forbade him saving that it was contrary to the rules of chivalry and courage that ho should come to his aid when his opponent had challenged him. He did everything to prevent him from helping him, and engaging personally with his opponent he disposed of him. H.M. nsed to say that, though he endeavoured to find ont this brave and chivalrous man, he did not sncceed. Presumably he was one of the mjsterions men who put on a bodily form in order to help the spiritually and temporally august one. In the beginning of the fight there were fifty elephants, and at the end as many as 300 entered the fort and trampled down the enemy. H.M. related that he had oome near the temple of Qobind Sy§m when an elephant^driver trampled a man under hia elephant. The elephant rolled biyn up in his trunk and brought him before H.M. The driver said that he did not know

CHAFtll LlTft

47ft

the name, but that he appeared to be one o( the leaders, and that a large namber of men had fought round him with aaorifioe of their lives. . At last it came out that it was PetS who had been trampled to death. At the time he was produced, there was a breath of life left in him, but he shortly afterwards died. There were 8,000 fighting Bajputs collected in the fortress, but there were more than 40,000 peasants who took part in watching and serving. When the standards entered the fort some of the garrison squeezed themselves into the temples, thinking that they were holy places and 828 and that the idols would help them, and awaited the sacrificing of thei^ lives. Others awaited their doom in their own houses. A number lifted ud their swords and shortened thei/ lances and came " forward to face the holy warriors. The latter disposed of those evil- fated ones by their swords and lances. A namber of those who were in the temples and in their houses came out on /weing the but were struck down before they oould reeoh ih*im«

Ferss.

Ko one ever saw such battles Nor ever heard of such from the experienced What shall 1 say of that battle and engagement I cannot mention one item out qf a hundred thousand*

I

From early dawn till midday the bodies of those ill-starred men were consumed by the majesty of the great warrior. Nearly 30,000 men were killed. The reason of so many being killed was that on the former occasion on 3 Muharram 703, 16 August 1303, when Sullian ^Al’au d-din took the fort after six months and seven days, the peasantry were not put to death as they had not engaged in fighting. But on this occasion they had shown great seal and activity. Their excuses after the emergence of victory were of no avail, and orders were given for a general maamcre. But a large number were mad# prisoners.

One of the wonderf ol things was that the Qhlhindll^’s wrath had been greatly excited against the skilf ol mnsketeers, but though much search was made no trace of them oould be found. At last it transpired that those evil-doers had, by means of the disgois# of iribkery, carried olf their lives in safety from the fort. The way

476

iJtJUUUllKl.

they got out wee ^ this t When the victorions ermy Was hotly engaged in plundering and oaptaring, these mosketeers^ who were a thousand A number^* bonnd their wives and children as if they were prisoners and set off with them. The truth remained concealed from the Bwohers^ and they thought that they were royal troops carrying off their prisoners. The stratagem was effectual at such a time and they escaped. Though on that day there was no house or lane, or passage where there were not heaps of dead^ yet there were three places where the numbers of the slain was very great. A large number of Bajpdts had collected in the house of the B&na in the fort. They came out by twos and threes^ and threw away their lives. A large number collected in the temple of Mahldeo^ who was much reverenced by them, and gave their bodies to the winds in the lUm« 834 ptlra gateway. A glorious victory, such as might be an embroidery of increasing dominion, displayed itself from the ambuscades of for* tune, and the fumes of pride at once departed from the heads of the contumacious ones of India, , and they adopted submission after a special fashion. Except ^arb Att Tuw&ci no one of the armies of fortune drank the cup of martyrdom on that day. ILM. the Shahindiiih offered thanksgiving and after midday proceeded towards the camp. He remained there for three days arranging affairs, and made over the whole of the Sarkdr to l^waja ‘Abdu-l-maj!d Ayaf As, at the commencement of this great enterprise, he had vowed that after the achievement of victory he would go on foot to the dirine of ^wfija Muinu-d-din Cisti in Ajmlr, he, when he returned from the fort, in accordance with his vow, walked back to the camp. On the day of Farirardin 19 IsfandftrmSz, Divine month, correspon- ding to Saturday 29 Qk*ab&n, 28 February 1568, the drum of return beat high and he set off on foot as before and went on stage by stage over the biming desert-sands and while the wind was extremely hot. Although the order was that the troops should come on, mounted, yet the courtiers did not fail to do as he did, and many of the ladies

^ The Iqbllnima says that the mas- death everybody that they met. keteers were natives of KilpT,and They also said that Akbar had or-

that the way they escaped was that dered them to take the men ontaide

their leaders bound them and brought and kill them, dnd then make a pyra-

them out of the city, and put to mid of their hsada

CHmiB UCT.

477

of ike tmtoUed on foot under the ahadoir of H.M/b protection. , When he reached the town of Mftndal, ahagttna Qnrftwal; who had gone in advance to Ajmir and had conveyed the good news of H.M/s approach, came quickly and brought representations from the ascetic hermits of the shrine to the effect that his holiness the Shwaja had appeared in a vision imd had announced that .the spiritual and temporal king had, from feelings of religion and righte- ous endeavour, formed the intention of visiting the shrine of his humble self on foot, and had directed them to restrain the t^aravan- conductor of Truth’s way from his design by every means in their power.

If he knew the amount of his own spirituality he would not bestow a glance on me the sitter-in^the-dust of the path of studentship.’* When this representation reached the royal hearing, he allowed himself to be conveyed from that stage, and on the day of Isman 27 Isfandarmas, Divine month, corresponding to Sunday 7 Ram^n,

6 March 1 568, made the district of Ajmir fortunate by his advent.

The last stage he, in accordance with his vow, performed on foot, and, without going to his quarters, at once proceeded to circumambu- late the holy shrine. He encompassed all the attendants on the shrine with liberal favours. He stayed there for ten days, intent on the worship of the Author of all good.

Among the fortunate, things which occurred during the siege of CitCir there was this, that Sulaiman, the governor of Bengal, again recited the ^[hutbain the name of H.M. the Sh^hind^h. He also had 825 an interview with Mun’im Shin the Shin-Shinan, and made an in- sincere peace with him (gurg iflkti). The account of this is, that at the time when Mubiriz Shi^i^ho was known as ^ Adili, became an ingrate and a claimant of rule, T&] ^an Kararini fled with his brothers and came uu Bihftr, and continuously practised hypocrisy and feline strata- gems, bovh while Muhammad ]Q^ftn the ruler of Bengal was lifting up the head of dissension, and also after him, during the time of Bahadur.

At last after ^Adili had been killed in battle with Bahadu^ the latter died of a natural death, and his younger brother Jalalu-d-din laid claim to the sway of Bengal and Bihar. Taj Shan and his brother were sometimes at strife with Jalalu-d-din, and sometimes were on friendly terms with him. They also laid the foundation of a friendship with the Qian Zaman and behaved in a hypocritical manner. After many adventures Jalalu-d-din also died, and the rule

478

of Bengml ud Bihar fell to Tlj QMIn. After a sU t ttme, ddnii^ which T&j 1^^^ had, by fraud and deception, obtained poaaeesion of Bengid and Bihar, he too died, and hia younger brother Sulaimfln ob- tained the power. He formed a frien^hip with the ^§n Zaman and stroye to make his own position secure. Heaoquired strange powerand the brainless Afghans all gathered round him. He collected treasure and a large number of elephants. When the Sib§u Zaman got his de^ eerts by being punished, and H.M. the Sh^ihmdlfih had returned after granting Jaunpur, etc., to Mun^im ^dn ^an-!^anan, as has already been narrated, Asad TTllah K^an was holding Zamaniya, which had been founded by the Khan Zaman, on the latter’s account. When the Zam&n was killed, Asad ‘Ull&h, from weakness of intellect, sent a person to Sulaimftn and asked for an appointment. He pro- posed to make over Zamflnya to him and to become unfaithful to his salt. When the Sbtu-KhaUan became aware of this, he sent men to him and conciliated him. As he had some goodness in him he hearkened to the adyioe, and made oyer Zamftnya to Qasim Ma^kki^ the agent, and personally appeared before the Shftn

]Q^ftnan. The Afghan army which had come for Zamftnya returned unsuocessful. Lodi, who was distinguished among the Afghans for wisdom and goodness, and was Sulaknftn’s prime minister, was on the bank of the Son. As he knew the KbtoSb&uau to be a sedate man and a loyer of peace, he made friends with him and planned by this means to save his country from the impact of the gbfthiniOkfth’s troops. Presents and messages passed between bim and Munim close relations were thus established. When the world- conquering standards marched against Citur, Sulaimftn was engaged in extirpating the Bajah of Orissa, and Ibrfthim. As he was not at eafte about Mon’im Skftn Oftn-Kb^ium he, at the opportune time when H.M. was engaged in taking Citur, endeavoured through Lodi to come to terms with him, and laid the foundations of friendship^ After a friendly correspondence it was arranged that the

should come to visit him, so that by coming face to face allianoe might be confirmed, and that the ^utba and the coinage might be adorned by the lofty title8»f the gb^bin^ftb. The Sbin- deeided upon visiting Sulaimftn and so completing the out-’ wild arrangements. Though far-seeing well-wishers endeavoured to diaraada bim from this unsound idea, he did not listen to them and

CHAPriB UL?.

47#

set off for Patna with 300 chosen men of his own and with Mnl^ibb ‘ah IB^in, Ibrahim SIbftn TTsbeg, L^al Skiin BadaJd^tfb^i Kncak ‘Alf Sbin son of Mir Saltan Wais Qibciq, Mir brother of Abu4«

(nUUj Hi^im Bnd their dependants who might altogether

amount to 1^000 men. Lodi came and paid his respectSi and after him came Bftyazid the eldest son of Salaim§n. When they were live or six ios from Patna, Sulaimftn came to welcome him and resnoct- fally embraced him. First, the bad a feast and in-

vited Salaimftn to his quarters, and had a brilliant assembly Next day Sulaimftn exercised hospitality and exalted the pulpit by the holy name ( of Akbar ) . He also glorified the coinage by the sacred stamp and offered suitable presents. A number of his strif e-monger* ing nobles urged the seizure of Mun^m Et^ftn. They represented that the sublime standards were engeg^d in conquering Citur, and many of the great dSoers were thste. If they disposed of the .EJ^ftn-Eh^nan there was no one between them and the throne who could oppose them. When Lodi heard of this perfidy he spoke wise words and said that it was far from wisdom to make an enemy of such a lord of fortune, the lights of whose power shone more power- fully year by year over countries. Moreover the S3^ftn-Ebftnan was only one of the slaves whom H.M. had reared. Whatever humble individual fell under the glance of the Ood-assisted one could be a ElMln-ElMlnan T What benefit would result from killing those few men ? Then they had an opponent such as Ibrfthim lying in wait for them. How could such a plan (as that of seizing Mun’im be

successful f Though Sulaimftn accepted these views, the other Af ghans, who were drunk with the wine of ignorance, did not listen and plotted mischief. When Mun’im Ebftn heard this news he, by a clever stratagem, left his camp and, by Lo^’s advice, came away quickly with a few men. The black-hearted A%hans only heard of it after he had gone a long way. As the business was at an end, th^ could only ba- Ibave in a soothii\g manner. Bftyazid and Lodi came rapidly to the Ehin-ShiHian, and after doing him honour th^ retufhed. Ifun^ Ebftn had crossed the (Ganges and made two or three marches when the bulletin of the riotoiy of Gitfir arrived. This increased the confidsiioe Hi the imperial servants a thousand times. Sulaimftn went with a tranquil mind towards Bengal, and engaged in the diqpoeal of his own bosinesft. He by fran^ got poseessioii of Orissi>| where the

480

AKBABVilU*

827 temple of Jegaimetli is, end perfidiondj put the Bajeh to death. He alflOj by oathe and deception^ got Ibrlhfm into hie handle who had taken ref age with the Bajah and indulged in ideas of sovereigaty. Him also Salaimln sent to the abode of annihilation. Mnn^im QMln engaged on his duties with a mind at rest.

CHAPTim LXTI.

481

CHAPTBE LXVI.

BcoixMiNa Of THE 18th Di?nri tsab, to wit^ the teae FaewabdIm

Of THB 8B00VD OTCUL

Verse,

O thou opener of the eyes of the far-aeamg Supplier of those sitting in went.

Stretch ont thy handj for the edf-relient spirit Has fallen into the abyss of a boundless flood.

By the help of daily-inoreasing fortune my utterance has oome thus ^ far and the burden on my heart has become somewhat lighter. I hope that by the increasing brightness of the morn of auspioioua- ness my heart may hare new enlightenment and my tongue new strength, and that ereiy moment the difficult task may become jumj and suitable.

Verse.

I

When my heart’s guardian angel beheld me He exclaimed from the portico of resolvoi Bring up the new Spring from life’s fountun Clothe speech with a newly-woven garment

The auspicious cortege of the Near Year arrived during the pleasant time when the 3h^hin|h&h was staying in Ajmir after the conquest of Citur. The world-adorning standards of the sun entered ^ieg — iJie house of exaltation-— and the fortresses of the buds were opened by the alert hands of the vernal gales. The armies .of vegetation adorned the parterres of the garden of equability.

^ A. F. indalges lu Uiose refloctions becauto ho has coins to tho end of the £l^t duodenary cycle of Akbsr’e ragu.

61

AXlAtMllU.

4ffi

Fotm*

lliflj qpiMd a oarpdt of China hrooado On ife mra fomu fran all tha seven oUmes Theae adorned the floor of that banquet-hall of joj Thej invited the grandeee and called for wine Lore showed itself and desire incr e as e d Thsj ohoee their lores and grasped their enps.

After the passing of three hours and nine minutes of the night of ^nrsday the 11th Bamyin 975, 10 March 1568, the auspicious transit (of the sun) took place, and the thirteenth year, to wit, the year Farwardln, which was the flrst year of the second revolution, took place. It is to be hoped that thoosanda of revolutions and i^oles (qarn) will possess the qualities of spring for the spiritual and tBis|iesdl Khedive. HAC., after completing the circnmambnlations tasd peUirating the New Tear’s feast, left Ajmlr for the capital on the day a< Isfandlrmaf 5 Farwardin Divine month, corresponding to Bncsdsy 15 Bamyan, 14 March 1568. He travelled by Mewit and in^dgnd in hunting by the way. While doii^ so the huntsmen pointed out a tiger-jungle and H.M. the Shihinahth went there to hunt the beest. When he came near the reed-bed, suddenly a formid- able tiger came out. ‘The courtiers lost control of themselves and pinned the animal to the earth with life-taking arrows. H.M. the Qllhhindtih did not approve of such haste, and commanded that no ene should, without ordeiu, snrronnd any wild beast that came out of the jungle. While H.M. wus saying this, another tiger, as formid- able as the first one, came out and moved towards him. When the attendants saw this, their hair stood iqp on their bodies, but on peoennt 4f ^ sn ou ud oomiaand no one ventured to advance to kill the tigUSt myated as he was, watched the tiger’s eye and

shot an {sanaia hiaa The tiger, wounded as he wasi, daringly adswMiafl,4Mid .MoBrOntjon the high grohnd and sate there (?) in his w’rath. jCPb uB hifl horse and stood there, whfle the brave

tiger-throwers drew a circle round hinu^ H.H. took aim witii a gun nd flrUd & the bger, so that the ball entered at the comer of his aK>ath,and gmsed thotaWnhelow the ear. H.H. was endeavouring to discharge another ballet, and was seeking for an opportunity, but

caArriB tin.

488

to whotOTor aide ho tarnod, the tiger wes on the wetoh there, end • fitting opportnnity for shooting did not present itself.

I ‘have heard from the holy lips of the Sltihingblh that H.M. Jahtnbtni Jinnat-ldiiyinT nsed to relate tfiat Ood had so ordained it that when a pinmber of persons went tiger>ahooting the tiger always kept his eyes on the person who was deetinod to shoot him. 11.U. told me that he had notioed this on many ooossions when he* went ont shooting, and found it oome tme.^ In fine, when he oould not get an opjKotnnity he bade JDawtam Skin advance, so that on the tiger’s attention being drawn to him, H.M. might get a shot. »ldil. the son of Sbih Muhammad Qandahiri, who had been chidden (for shooting the first tiger) thought that the order to advance was given to all tile attendants, apd he too went bn from behind H.M. with a 88 8 bow and arrow in his hand. The tiger tnmed towards ‘idil, and when he came near, ’£dil shot, and by force of destiny he made a miss. The tiger came on and struck him’with his two paws. ‘I’hac strong man attaoked the tiger, and put his left hand into his mouth, while with the other he drew hia dagger. As fate destined uome- thing different, the dagger was mstened to tne hilt, and while ho was unfastening it the tiger chewed his hand. Then he drew his dagger and inflicted two wonnds on the tiger’s month. Then the tiger seized his right hand with his month. Meanwhile the brave ^en in atten- dance mshed in from all sides and disposed of the tiger with their swords, and at the same time ‘Aidii received a sword-wound. That tiger-hearted brave man lay in agony lor four months and at last the poison of the wonnds caused his limbs to m(Hrtify, and he died in Agra.

It wonld seem that this was a retribution for hu disrespect to his father. The cirenmstanoes were that the shameless one lusted after the wife of his father’s diman, and that the chaste lady gave her lifo to death and did not yield her body to him. His father need to restrain him from this improper behaviour, and one day, he being annoyed by his father’s remonstrances, skmok him with hia swbxt .1“ fact, if ‘Adil escaped in the judgment-ball of Ood by sneh a pnnish- ment, from the abyss of his prime he was fortunate. How could so great a transgrsesiop roemve its retribution by such an event !

‘ Apparently it did net come true on this occasion Akbsr did not kill the tiger.

484

AKBARMlMl.

In fine, enjoying the hnnting, H.M. sent off his camp which had been pitched near Alwftr, while he himself went by way of Nftmol and there joined the camp. From there he went on hunting, and on the day of Isfandftrmaz 5 Ard! bihi^t, Divine month, corresponding to Wednesday 15 13 April 1568, he arrived at Agra. In

this fortunate year Hftj! Begam returned t6 the imperial dominions after visiting the two holy places (Mecca and Medina) and distribu- ting large benefactions and charities to the inhabitants thereof, and was rejoiced by seeing the altar of her heart and soul, and the •piritnal and temporal king.

One of the events was the inarch of the victorious troops to take the fort of Rantanbhor which, for strength and solidity, was the equal ol Gitur. But in the middle of the way tho army turned back in accordance with the orders and went off to Malwa to put down the Mirzis. The account of this is, that when the world-conquer- ing forces returned to the capital after the victory over Gitur, it occurred to H.M. the Qh^hind^h that some of those leaders who had not had the happiness to serve at Gitur, or who had arrived late, should 880 be appointed to take Bsiiitanbhor, which was a stumbling-block in the way of peace. In accordance with this good idea Sftdiq Biba Ebih Qlqdlilf Saminji Safdar Shin, Bahftdur

Dost Sh4n Sahirl, and other great officers were dispatched on this service under the leadership of The army had

marched some way and then retnmed. Messengers brought the news that IbrfthTm Husain. M. and Muhammad Husain M. ]^ad collected a number of vagabonds and had come from Gujrftt to Milwa. They were besieging Ujjain, which is a gpreat fortress in that province, and thereby had introduced disorder into the territory.

The circnmstances of this disturbance are as follows. When Shihibn-d-dSn Al^mad Shin, together with many of the great officers fueh as Murid Shin and Qh^h Bndig^ Shin> were sent against the MTrsis from the vicinity of Gigriln, when H.M. was proceeding against Gitflr, the Mfrzis felt that they could not cope with the victorioos forces and hastened towards Onjrit. They joined Gingfs ShiDf ^ of Soltin Mahmid Onjrifl, and who had, after the Baltin’s niertyrdoin, takon pos sessi on of Cimpinir, Surat and Broach. He was then aiming at getting po ssessi on of Ahmadibid and was wish-

CHAPTBH tlTL

ingto lesid an armj against Ttimid K]i§n. Ho regarded the coining of the Mirzfts os a yalaable prizo, and marched with a large force against I’timad. A hot engagement took place near the city and I’timad Khin was defeated and Ahmadub&d taken. As the Mirzfts distingnishod themselves in this battle, Cingiz l^ftn gave them suitable fiefs in the neighbourhood of Broach. As the clay and water of their bodies were composed of turbulence, there too they extended the arm of oppression. In their presumption they laid hold of several estates and villages and traversed the country with unruly steps. Cingiz ^iin sent a large army against them, but it was defeated. As, however, they could not withstand Cingiz Khin, they stirred up the dust of calamity and went off to IQiSndes. There too they were not safe and set off for Mftlwa, and spread the table of strife on the borders of Ujjain. Murid the jigirdir of ITjjain, and M. ^Azlzu-nllah, the diwin of Sarkir Milwa, had heard of their designs two days before, and repaired and strengthened the fort oi ITjjain and stood firm.

When the news of this disturbance arrived, an order was issued that the troops which had gone off to take Ranthanbhor should proceed to Malwa. Thereupon the oflBcers turned towards that province, and proceeded there in spite of the intensity of the rains. S81 H.M. the 3bfdiinibih separated from his court and added to the troops several of the great officers such as Qulij IQ^in and Gj^wija C^isiu-d-din ‘Ali of QazwTn, the latter of whom had been appointed Bakhd^i.

When the troops reached Saronj, Qbihibn-d-din Ahmad tibin, who was jigfrdir^here, joined them with a proper equipment. In SirangpQr gbih Budi^jh ^in, who was governor there, joined them. When the Mirais heard of their approach they lost confi- dence and fled in confusion to MIndu. Murid Shin and Mir ‘Asizu- nllali Diwin and other great officers pursued them, and the Mirzis fled from Mandu and went off in confusion to the Narbada. A large number of Iheir followers gave their lives to the waves of anifihila- tion. While there, they heard of Cingiz Shin’s having been killed by the treachery of Jajhir Oin J^ab^I and of the divisions in Oujrlt. They considered that On jrit would be a grand asylum for them and went off there. The officers continually pursued them and came up to the Narbada. But as the conquest of Gnjrit was reservM for

486

AKBAIMAHA.

•nothor knot of timo, they did not, in the absence of otden, proceed further and so tn^ned back. ‘|he jtgirdirs of Milwa remained at their fiefs, and tho other .officers, snch as A^raf Oin, Qnlij Sliin, Sidiq, and Shwtja ‘ilT, returned to conrt. As HJ(. had

heard that they had shown tardiness in setting off and in pnnoing the Mirsis, they were for some days nnder his displeasure. Bat when it appeared that the tale-bearers and stirrers np of strife had reported what was nntrae, they were encompassed with princely faronrs. The Minis managed to drag themselres to Onjrtt, and as they foand the oonntry withonlT a rnler, they got possession, without a contest, of the forts of Cimpinir and Sarat, Ibrihim ^usain M. went to Broach. Bnstam IQ^n, a Tnrkish slare, in whose house lived Cingia Ellin’s sister, made the fort strong and shut himself upi in it. The strife- mongers besieged it for two year^ and Bnstam Shin oontinaally sallied out of the fort, and did Bustam-like feats. Butashe waswitii- out a head, and despaired of help, he came to terms and surrendered the fort. By perfidy and deceit the lords of dissension caused his life also to come ont of the fortress of his body. The affair of the Minis, and tiie end of those tronblers will be related in this noble ▼olame in its proper plaoe.

One of ^ the ooonrrenoee was that the officers of the Atka obur wsm removed from the Panj^ and that the government of that country was entrusted 40 QnU Shin, who on aooonnt of his

good services received the title of Shie Jahin. It is not hidden from the hearts of the Bur-seeing and clearsighted that the spiri- tual garland-twiners of sovereignty { m . kings) resemble gardeners. As gardeners adora gardens with trees and move them from me place to another, and reject many, and irrigate others, and labour to rear them to a proper sise, and extirpate bad trees^ and lop off evil branches, and remove trees that are too large, and graft some upon others, and gather their varions fruits and flowei% and enjoy their

• Tha fumoral of the Atka Bhad from the Panjab is referred to ty

Btjrisid, and hodaso r i be paconw ir sa’ .tka oa ’tiie snbjeet botneea Akbar aad Munim Khiu. Akbar took gnat orsdit to himself to tbie Slap,

aod .mUl that he had aea tt e r o d the AQmShail ao that thqr had baoome lika tbs alars of the oonatellation of “The daughters ct the BMr,* ** not ehuderod togsAsr lika the Plaiadoa

ciTAmt unrt.

487

alukde wheu necoasary, and do other taingp which are established in the science of horticultare, so do just and far’Seoing kings light the lamp of wisdom by regulating and instructing their senrants, and so uprear &he standard of gnidance. Whenerei a large body is gathered together of one mind and speech, and show mnch.pnsh and energy, it is proper to disperse them, firstly for their own good, and secondly for the welfare of the community. Eren if no improper act in conaeqnence of the aggregation be seen or suspected, such dispersion is the material of union, for peace cannot be establisncd when there is damage from the man- throwing wine of the world, and the weak-headed drinkers ot the cop of its intoxication ! Espe- cially when strife-mongers and tale-bearers abound ! Negligence is implanted in the human constitution. Accordingly the wisdom and statesmanship of the gkihindtih demanded that the loyal members of the Atka O^ail, who had for a long time been gathered together in the Pan jib and been admmistering that province, should leave it, and after appearing at Court should have charge of another territory. Although previously to this, tms., when the Eilftn had gone to Kabul, or when M. ^aldm had with a few troops besieged Lahore, wonderful stories had been told about those loyal men, they had not been credited *by H.M., who is a world-revealing cup of terrestrial and celestial mystecieek But in conformity with the aboYe-mentioned canon, which is consonant with the religion of sovereignty, he resolved that all the officers of the Pbnjib and the jftgirdirs of that province should be summoned, and that the oontrol ot that territory should be entrusted to some other persons from among the intimate courtiers.

At the time when the snblime army had conquered the fortress o’ CitOr and retnmed to the capital, an order was issued calling for the officers of the Panjib^ and those anspicions ones made respectful haste, and in Sbahrijftr, Divine month, corresponding to Babi^-al-aw- wal 976, Augnst 1568, did homage in Agra, the capital. ‘ After a short period, the Sftrkar of Sambal was made the fief of Mir Mnbamioad 838 Khin# Sarkir Milwa given to Qatbu-d-din Mohammad and

SarkAr Qananj to Qbarif ShAn. All the descendants and scions of this glorions clan were distingaished by the grant of suitable fiefs.

As M. Eoka was oontinnatty m attendance on H.M., his PanjAb jAgir was left as it waa^ while the proyinoo was made over to the govern- ment of Hufain Qnlf QMbi who was sntnmonod firom NAgor. Ho

488

AKDASNAMA.

arrived aud mado the dust of the subliuio threshold tho collyrium of the eyes of his fortune at tho time when the army was proceeding to conquer Banthanbhor. He accompanied this expedition, and when the fort was taken and the country conquered, he came to tho capital and was sent off with his brother Ism’ail Quli to administer the Panjftb.

In this fortunate year 31iihftbu>d-din Ahmad l^Sn came, in accordance with orders, from Sarkar M&lwa and did homage. The world-adorning mind directed that as the management both of political and financial matters was beyond Mnsaffar KhAn’s powers, and he could not give proper attention to exchequer affairs, one of the able, peasantry-cherishing, honest and laborious officers should be specially appointed to this high office. In accordance with this idea H.M. nominated 31tihftbu-d-dia Ahmad KhAn — who possessed a large share of those qualities — to the office of the Exchequer. He took proper pains to administer this department, and as the ex- chequer-business was large, and honest men, or rather officers ^ who did not much embezzle, were few, he abolished the yearly settlement {^fi’hindla) which was a cause of great expense and led to embezzlements, and established a rate (ntuq), and by his acuteness * suppressed the fraudulent.

1 Text ‘inan-yiriflaAdi, “ thorn who hold the rains.” Add. 27, 247 has ‘inayat giriftahiT, " those who had re- ceived benefits.”

• The text has bajwS

tod fostda, which 1 do not under-

stand unless it means “ by arriving at details.” The Maisir, in its notice of ShihAbu-d-dln II. 569, has “os juKMVu-Adrddni” by his pene- tration and skill.

unrii.

489

CHAPTER LXVII.

ElPIDITION Of THB SfliHINSfilH POB THI CONQCIST OP RaWINBHOR.

The chastisement of the stiff-necked ones who cocked the cap of pride^ and whose heads held the brain of turbulence, as well as the cherishing of the obedient who bow themselves beneath the burden of submission and move swiftly under it, are for great princes the most exquisite form of religions worship. Thanks be to God I H«M. the Shihin^js^fth has always kept this praiseworthy objeOt in view. Accordingly he has by daily-increasing fortunes from time to time cleansed the heart-expanding territories of India 334 from the weeds and rubbish of strife-mongers. When the lofty fortress of Citur had been conquered, and the rebellious ones trodden by the elephants of the troops of fortune, he turned his attention to the fort of Rantanbhor which was Citur^s equal. As officers who were organisers of victory had repeatedly been appointed tp take it, and something had always occurred to prevent this — and indeed it would appear that the arbiters of destiny had reserved this great feat for the expedition in person of the Sbihind^fth — he by Divine inspira- tion decided to accomplish the undertaking at this auspicious time. Accordingly, on the day of A^r 9 Dai, Divine month, correspond- ing to Monday the 1st Rajab, 21st December 1568, the expedition for the conquest of this great fortress took place. In order to strengthen his heart by the influences of holy recluses he marched by way of Delhi, and in the sacred places there sought for amplitude of light. Especially did he visit the perfumed shrine of that sitter on the spiritual and temporal throne, U.M. Jahanbftnl Jinnat A^ianl, and did he confer princely largesse on the attendants thereupon. Similarly he bestowed liberal alms on all the custodians of *othor shrines, and weighted the skirts of the hopes of the empty-handed ones of the city by^generous gifts. In the neighbourhood of the town of Pfilam, which is near the city, he had a qaviargij,a hunt and engaged in the pursuit of joy. Itv that pleasant locality he had various delights, and engaged in spiritual and physical hunting.

62

480

From thence he ^/ent, hunting by the w*y, throngh Mewit» and after spreading the shadow of his jnstioe over the oi^ of Alwar he moved further forward.

One of the instructive occurrences was that in the neighbour* hood of the town of lAlsot^ the elephant Maasokba* (mind’s de- light)^ which was one of the special elephants, became moat and rushed at the elephant of Shai^i Muhammad Bokhin. With his two tusks he so lifted up that elephant as to amase the spectators. That famous elephant received an injury to its chest, and died after two days. Its female companion for three days after this occurrence did not touch water, or rice or fodder. The more they tried to induce her to eat, the less inclination did she show to do so. At last she died on tho third day, from grief at the separation from hei companion. When such marks of affection appear in beasts, what deeds are there which may not be displayed among human beings ?

, But no one must reason from this to persons who are human in shape, but not in reality, for such persons are lower than fossils. In brief, by seeing this catastrophe spiritualists had the lamp of their understandings illuminated, while the simple ones of the school of loyalty received a tablet of instruction in devotion. After travers-

335 ing various stages H.M. the gh^hinsh^h reached Rantanbhor on the day of Anirfin 3 Bahman, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday 21 gb^bdn, 10 February 1569. This fort is in the middle of the hill- country. Hence they say that all other forts are naked, while this is mail-clad. The real name of this fort is BantahpClr,^ and Ran is . the name of a high hill which overtops it. On this account the fort has got this name. The fort is very lofty and strong, so that the lasso of the imagination cannot reach its battlements, nor the catapult of the fancy be effectual against its high walls.

^ A town in Jaiptir, Bajputana, 40 m. 8. Jaip&r, 1.6.

• The IqbilnSma has Mini Singh, sad it tskoB that elephant to be the one that died. Perhaps this is because the epithet “ndiai,” famous, is applied to the elephant whioh died, and possibly his interpretation is right.

The editors say in a note that they had previously spelt the name Ranthanbhor in accordance with Mr. Bloohmann but that it now appears that the name is BantahpUr, i.s., the city in the hollow of the Ban, and that they will in future so spell it. But AF.’s derivation is doubtful.

OKAmi UTIL

491

Vwm

They saw a hill with its head on Areinnu,

Not made of handfi^ or by water and day On it was a fort which since Time The bird of thought had not passed by The Pleiades were its first pillar No each fort was to be seen in the world.

At that time Snrjan Hir& was ruler of the fork He had strengthened it in varions ways, and had proTisioned it^ and having prepared for war, he had in his folly grounded his presumptuous hopes on this piece of stone. On the day after his arrival H.M. the Sblbindllh had come out of the defile where his camp was pitched and examined the hill in company with k few of his special courtiers. He went up to the top of the hill an^. stndied with far- seeing eyes the height of the fort. He broni;ht the figure of its conquest into the mirror of his imagination and tightened the straps of resolution for its capture.

Feres.

Thus spoke the illustrious Kkdqin

0 famed one, the memorial of the world.

By the favour of Qod the Creator ^

1 shall cast this fort to the ground.

In accordance with the world-conquering commands the able Bahhdt^*e arranged the batteries round the hill on the snmmit of which the fort war situated. The ocean-like army surrounded it with ^ its billows, and took the form of a devastating fiood. Egress and ingress were so blocked for the garrison that the wind could not enter. They were active in firing cannon, and the thunderbolt of wrath burnt up the life-harvest of the ill-fated enemy.

One of the occurrences during the siege was the arrival of 886 Mahdl Q&sim the journey to the He from a

confused brain had gone off on this journey from Oarha, which was his government, without leave from H.M« Having been struck with shame he had come to Qandahar by way of ‘Iriq, and from there he came to Banthanbdr and ^did homage. He pres ent ed ^Iriqt horeoi

492

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«ad otber things, and as the oatnre of H.M. the g h al»iTnfl |ili is each that he feela ashamed * for tonnsg rc aaors , he showed kindna— and humanity and gave ham a robe of honenr, etc. He also gave him the Sarkir of Lnoknow and its territory as his fief, and afterwards conferred upon him the dignity of an Amir.

i This Mema an athuion to a Taraa in the pieiaoe to tha Onliataa.

CHAPTKX LZVIll.

493

CHAPTER LXVm.

Bkoinhino or the 14th year froii the Holt Accession, to wit,

THE YEAR ABDi-BIHIST OF THE SECOND CtCLE.

While the a^fthindifth was engaged in besieging Ranthanbhor the standard of the army of Spring was upreared, and the “ ‘atr of the New Year took possession of the world. The mouth of the bud opened, and the fire of the rose shed sparks*

Vene.

The new spring was like young men^s minds And fresher than the brains of the wise The garden^fortress shot fire from the rose The armies of the jasmine and cypress careered.

The hyaointh-bed.shed everywhere perfume And excited more joy than the mountain-shado The tulip in the field seemed to hold up a flag,

The thunder in the clouds was like a mountaiu-Acho The breeze brimful of the bounty of the world’s mom Suffused the earth’s brain with fragrance.

By tho felicity of the Sh3hindi&h the outer world took the freshness and pleasantness of the spiritual world. The Great Ltimin* ary— the gift-bestowor on the world — entered its house of exalta- tion after 7 hours, 0 minutes of the night of Friday the 22nd Bam- 9ftn 976, 11 March 1569, and the 14th year or the Divine Year Ardl-bihisht of the 2nd cycle began. Tho vernal breeze gave the news of the blowing of the rose and proclaimed victory to fiiortals, and the birds of the garden sang in chorus. As after consideration it appeared certain that the enterprise was impossible without tho application of sabafs which are the demolishera of the stiffnecked, an order was given to Qisim SbAii Mir Barr-u-Bahr to prepare one.

I^or greater security Rajah Todftr Mai, who had tho control of the viziership, was also employed on this service. Able superintendents 337

494

IKEABNlVA.

raised a lofty $dhdt near the valley of the Ban. Strong stone-cutters as well as smiths and carpenters addressed themselves to this duty^ In a short space of time the work was far advanced, and the work became on a level with the fort Great cnlverins, each of which was frith diffionlty dragged over levd ground by two hundred pairs of oxen, and which threw a stone ct sixty man$ and a bullet ^ of thisty mans were drawn np such a mountain full of heiglits and hollows by winding paths by iron-armed kahftrs and strong-shouldered porters, by the genius of the SUiihini^h who is the opener of physical and spiritual knots, over the hillock of the Ban where the royal battery was. In accordance with orders firing began. At every discharge there was a reverberation in the mountain, the ears of the solid rocks were opened, and there was a breach in the walls of the fort and the houses went to dust.

On seeing this state of things the smoke of amaseroent rose in Sfiijan’s brain, and dust was evolved from his breath. His pride was shattered, and the fire of his disposition quenched. At the end of the month of Bamfin, Idth March 1569, which was the first day of victory, the Sbihin^Sh remarked : If the garrison do not to-day come to do homage, next day, which is the ^Id, the fort will be our target (qahaq)J^ Surjan’s heart gave way. He employed the inter- cession of the courtiers and sent his sons Dfida and Bhoj to court. They succeeded, by the instrumentality of some high officers, in ob- taining an interview and placed the foreheads of supplication on the threshold of sincerity. They begged the pardon of their father’s offences and requested that they might perform the prostration {aijda). Inasmuch as the ocean of the Shihin^fth’s forgiveness is always in motion, the ear of- their hope was made heavy by the jewels of favour. They were attired with robes of pardon and sent to their father. One of the strange things that occurred on that day was that when the sons of Sfirjan were brought out from the royal pavi- lion to receire their robes of honour, one of tne doomed Bajputs, who was with them, oonceived the notion that possibly an order bad been ianied for the seisure ol the lads. In his loyalty he got excited and proceeded to draw his sword. Biplkdas (f) Sakrwfil, a servant

1 The hidlet is celled a ksifijikk, a •sfSB-BMtiilM or a ocaspoead

of iron, antimony, lead, gold, tin, copper and silver.

CHAPTIK LXTin.

495

of Bajah Bhag^ant Ditoi was near at hand^ and began to rebnke the Bajpnt and to give him adyice. The fated one attacked him with his sword, bnt that excellent man did not budge and continned his admonitions, saying that his duty was clear, that he was the friend 881 of both parties, and that the Rajput should desist as he was under a mistake* The furious man did not attend to him, but ran towards the royal daulatkhdna. He wounded POran Mai, son of Kinth Saj&wat, and also one or two others. He also clove to the middle Bahftu-d*din Majznb of Budftun, who was in the circle of admirers of the holy beauty (of Akbar). Meanwhile one of Mo^affar ]0^§n^8 servants came up and disposed of him. H.M. the Shfthinrf^Sh was astonished at the occurrence. Though the sons of ^urjan were not to blame and were not censured, yet they were somewhat ashamed. They were encompassed with favours and joyfully rejoined their father, and communicated to him the happy intelligence. Surjan, in order that his honour might be preserved, begged that one of the intimate cour- tiers might come and introduce him to the court, and H.M. the gh^hin^fth granted his request, and nominated Husain Qnl) Sbin. When the latter drew near the fort, Sdrjan hastened to meet him, and to convey him with honour to his house. On the day of Mfth the 12th Farwardin, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday 8 Slpiw- wftl, 22nd March, he came out of the fort and prostrated himself at the threshold. He tendered suitable gifts, and the keys of the fort> which were made of gold and silver. He was treated with great favour and attained to security and tranquillity. Through some courtiers he represented that after three days spent in the fort he would bring out his family^ etc., and that thereafter he would make over the fort to the imperial servants and proceed himself to the capital. Meanwhile his sons would wait on the royal stirrup. H.M. accepted his proposition, and gave him leave to depart. An order was issued for the dispersal of the troops. SOrjan entered the fort,- and was occupied for three days in bringing out his depeddants and his goods, and then made over the fort, with its granaries, and stores to Mihtar IQ^ftn, who was one of the great ofBcers. The conquest of such a lofty fort, which great rulers had not been able to accomplish after long sieges, and which Sultan Al’aa>d-din had 88 taken with great difficulty after year, was effected by H.M. the ’ Shthindtib in the space of one month. Next day H.M. entered the

499

AKBABNAMA.

fort. The cries of Qod is great ” (Allah Akbar] resounded in that heaven-like monntain^ and songs of exultation rose high from holy celestials I

Verse.

Wherever the eye looked, there was sign of victory.

Wherever the ear applied itself, there was news of conquest.

When by the help of fortune the standard of victory had been raised high as Capella, and the management of Ranthanbhdr had been arranged for, S^wftja Jahan and MofatFar |^§u were, in accord- ance with orders, sent off to the right with the large camp towards the capital, while H.M. the Shihinshflh went off with his intimates to- wards Ajmir and the illustrious shrine. Every day he enjoyed the pleasures of hunting till at length he reached that delightful city (Ajmir}. H.M. paid his respects to the shrine and scattered coin into the skirts of the attendants. Daring the week that he spent there he visited the shrine every day, and in going and coming showed great reverence. Afterwards he proceeded towards the capital.

When he alighted at Amber, Bajah Bhagwant Dfts, whose native town it was, came forward with sincerity and arranged a feast. He abo tendered noble gifts. The royal cortege moved from thence, stage by stage. On the way news was brought to H.M. of the death of Darbir S^n. At the time of proceeding to Ajmir he had, on account of severe illness, obtained permission to repair to the capital. In accordance with heaven’s decree he died in that city. As H.M. is a mine of gentleness and an appreciator of merit, he was rendered very melancholy by this catastrophe. As in the world of asceticism and isolation patience and endurance in such matters is proper, so in the world of association are restlessness and disturbance approved of. But in the case of an all-sincere king such events are but the polishers of the jewel of devotion ! In accordance with his directions (tooiiyot) that faithful servant waB buried at Uie foot of the royal |4Qdog,^ where formerly a dome had been erected by him. His

i The text has mmglf a stone, bat Iqbilnima says the directions were

tho true reading is soyf, a dog. See given in his last moments, and that

Blechmann 404. Possibly the dog Darbir Shin asked to be buried

was the one that refused to eat till under the feet of tho dog. Unlike

Akbar recovered of his wound. The the author of the M’aieir, he seems

CHJlPTIE lxtiii.

497

children were encompaaaed by royal fayonrcu May almighty Ood840 preserve this loyalty-rewarding gh^hlndtih for epoohs and cycles on the throne of dominion, and not suffer the dust of sorrow to touch the hem of his ever-vemal heart I

Ver$e.

0 Qod, as long as there is a centre to the sky Make not the world vacant of this King May the heavens be his signet ring May the key of the world be in his sleeve.

In fine, after traversing various stages he arrived at Agra on the 31st Ardibihidlt, Divine month, oorresponding to Wednesday 24 ZT-l-q^ada, 11 May 1569, and alighted in the centre of the citadel in the Bangftli-MaJ^ which had been newly constructed. The gates of justice and graciousness were thrown open for mankind.

to approve of DarbSr Qiiu’s^wish. Sal(In, as we learn from p.d49, seems The tomb was in Agra, and it was to have gone mad. there that Darbir died. His sou, Deo

6S

40S

CHAFTEB LXIX.

CAfTOBP or FoIT KILIXJAB ^ BT nCB AID or THB SmTAim * or

Doxnrioii.

The breeies of fortane wkioli blew from the yent-bole of fortune ceuied the flowers of the gerdens of sacceM to smile, and the boughs of yictory to become heayy with fmit. The aspirations of joy were fnlfilled. Proolamations issued from the * four pillars of dominion, and joyful tidings from the six sides of fortune. As an instance of this, on the 82nd day of Amardftd, Diyine month, corresponding to Tuesday 29 $afar 977, 11 August 1569, messengers brought the news of the capture of Fort Kftlinjar. That fort is built upon a hill, and is equal to the cmrulean fortress of the spheres.

Feres*

If one yaws to ascend the hill

He afterwards searches for a means of fulfilment

When one sees a higher hill than it

His to-day will be the day after the resurrection.

1 49ee Qeneral Maitey’s report on antiquitiss of Kilinjar,

1848, and CSnningham’s Arch. Sur- yey,XXI, FSrtI.,p.20. Ailinjarlies 90 m. W.9.W. Allahabad, and the fori stands on a llat-iopped hill of the Tindhya range, which here rises to a height ot 800 ft. abore the plain. See* also I. G. and Pogson’s History of tho Boondeelas, Calontta, 1898, p. 148.

• Thai is, Akbar’s offloers. He himself was not there.

• Cakdrmka, en expreesioti some- times used far the four ckmente.

• I hare found these lines rerj obscure, and though the Lucknow editor’s note helps, it does not re- more all the difficulties. He says that farSa in the second lino refers to the granting of the prayer, so that per- haps the meaning is that if one tow to ascend the hill on tho fulfilment of his desires, he is in a difficulty when his prayer has been answered for he does not see how he can climb the hill. I suppose the last lino moans that ho will never see a higher hill, unless in the other world.

CnAPTKR LXIX.

m

This fort was in tlio possession of Rajah KAni Cand, the ruler of Panna. Daring the evil time of the Afghans he got possession of it by giving a large sum of money to Bijl! Khan, the adopted son of Bihftr ^in.^ At the time when the army of victory proceeded against Ranthanbhor, an order was issued to Majnun QiqlbAli Sb^ham ^An JalAir and other officers, who had jAgirs in the eastern 341 provinces for the taking of Fort KAlinjar. They obeyed the com- mand and laid siege to the fort. The garrison was brought into difficulty so that no one could put his head out of the fort. When the report of the captures of Citur and Ranthanbhor resounded in the ears of the haughty ones, everyone whose eyes had been in a measure touched by the collyrium of understanding saw that there was no remedy except to lay down the head of presumption on the ground of submission. Rajah RAm Gand, who possessed some rays of intelligence, heard of the arrival of the holy cortege at the capital, and asked for quarter. He made over the fort to the imperial servants and sent the keys along with splendid presents along with confidential agents to the sublime threshold, and offered his con- gratulations on the recent victories. His wisdom and foresight were approved of, and his agents were received with favour. The government of the fort was made over to Majnuu KbAn QAq^al. By the felicity of the gblhin^Ah^s fortune such a fortress upon whoso battlements the eagle of the imagination of former rulers had never alighted, came into the possession of the imperial servants without the trouble of a battle or a contest.

One of the occurrences was the arrival of the ambassador of the Rajah of Kajll * which is a province of India near MalabAr. I’ho ambassador made many demonstrations of loyalty to the Sh&hinshfth.

The Rajah was distinguished among the landholders of that part of the country for his territory and wealth, and on one occasion having received benefit from the sect of jogis ho had since a year adopted their costume and treated them with honour. This Rajah had beheld in a dream the spiritual and physical glory of H.M. tho

BikAr Khin *Asam j^umAyQn, JCHiot, y. 333 n. 2.

• 1 have been unable to identify this place, but it seema not imprub-

able that GocKin is meant. The native name it Kockclif (LG.) and Ka>ll and Kochchl would be wrlttea nearly alike in Persian.

500

ACBAftVlMA.

SJbfthinsl^ih and had become one at hia diaciples and continually made inquiries of travellers concerning him. He was always medi- tating the sending of the rarities of the country to conrt^ and the expressing of his devotion. Bat on aoooont of the distance and the intervention of islands (peninsulas T ) and mountains, and of opposi- tions from enemies, he could not effect his purpose. None of his servants accepted this mission which was distant, and the path of which led through enemies. The Son of his Visier in his wisdom and disinterestedness undertook the journey. He said that though the journey might not be aooomplished by preparation and expendi- ture, et cetera, yet he would as a single individual give his energy to it, and by every exertion in his power reach the court. He would both discharge his duty to his master and show his devotion to him, and also attain eternal felicity for himself by beholding the Sblhin- fh&h. As the Viaieris son was dear to his father and mother they did not give him leave to go, but at last that auspioions one, after a 842 thousand efforts, obtained a willing or unwilling permission and set off. The Rajah said, ^‘Though you are conveying to the court the best thing in the world, ots., genuine sincerity, yet it is indis- pensable that the dues of dependence be paid. But if all my jewels and my wealth were taken there, what show would they make, and what value would be placed on them f Especially, how can you carry rarities in this condition, and how can you protect them from the dangers of the road f But I have a knife which was made by former physicians of this country, and who oonstruoted it ac- cording to talismaiiB and charms. Though in appearance it possesses no value, yet its virtue is that whenever it is applied to a swelling it removes it. I make over this rarity to you that you may put it into the hollow of a staff and carry it vrith you, so that it may be amemorial of me/* The ambassador set off ; he was for a long time in attendance on the court but could not get an introduction. At last be was introduced through Rajah BIrbar. That protector of the poor and favourer of the humble (Akbar) sent for him and granted him his desire. After doing homage he pro- duced that rarity and was rewarded with favoura Afterwards he took leave and returned to his country. To this day the knife is in the general treasury. I have frequently heard from the holy lips of the 3hfihinjihfb that more than two hundred persons, who were near

CHiniR LXIX.

501

to death, obtained health by touching that knife. Such refulgent power has been shown by the world-adoming Creator ! When one is of a lofty nature and exalted genius, the world-bestowing Deity casts without entreaty into the bosom of his fortune the fulfilment of a wish which has not yet entered into his heart What wonder then if He grant wishes that such an one has formed f The wise man knows how the desires of that spiritually and externally great one are granted daily. An instance is the happiness-increasing existence of a son which the sovereign was always imploring from the Divine Court. In this year that great 1>lessing was bestowed, and the lord of the world and of men obtained the fulness of joy.

502

AKBAftNlllA.

CHAPTER LXX.

Ajjsricfoas Bibth or the Woblo-illttminatiho Piabi. or the MaK8IOM or DOHINIOK AND FOBTUKE^ THE IflGHT- QLiAHiMo Jewel op the Casket op Geeatnebs and Globt^ viz.^ or Prince SoliIn SelIh.

The Lord ot the world, Depicter of the External, Rerealer of 848 the Internal, after his outward and inward conditioa had attained perfection, was searching for some individual among the sons of men that he might hold fitting converse with, as is indispensable in the world of associations. Thongh he made much search, he did not find anyone. The evangelists of the inner world, and the informants of the external, all announced that a person who could hold converse with the cream of existences must be born from him- self, and that he should be urgent in begging a son from God the Creator and the Giver of life, so that there might both be a confidant of the holy feast of the Shfthin^h who was worthy of the title (of son ?} and also that an ocean of Divine bounty, which had been for so many thousand cycles reared under the sacred eyes of God, might emerge into the world of existence. The noble series would thus go on from fount to fount and from column tb column {jadil), and the grades of mankind would, in proportion to their capacities, partake of the banquet of spiritual and physical blessings, and be zealous in respect and obedience. The pious King, who used not to make any other requests to God, became a wisher for this great boon. The Great Giver has unasked granted him a spiritual and temporal king- dom, and has bestowed on his unique servant such things as do not come within the world’s comprehension. The far-seeing sage knows what sort of glorious pearl will be granted if such an unique one of the world ask a boon from his constant Patron. In a short space of time there appeared signs of the attainment of this desire. Inas- much as it is the noble natfire.of this that in spite of the

possession of boundless treasures he seeks the knowledge of God from dervidies, ascetics and theologians who withdraw their hands

cnAvrtK uz.

503

from ovorything and regard as the most acceptable service of God the contemning of their senses, and so pass their time in worship and austoritics, he employed supplications and continnally cultivated the regard of the toilers in the fields of search (after God) who spend their days in ecstatic devotion. At this time the lights of God- knowingness, God- worshipping, and of austerity were conspicuous in SU^aikh Selim of the town of SikrI, which has become a capital by the glory of the 3]^fihinsb&h’s advent and is called Fat’hpitr.^ By means of Shaikh Muhammad Bokhirl and ^klm ‘Ain-al-mulk and a number of other courtiers who had the right of audience, this was brought to the royal hearing, and it was determined that the matrix ^ of the sun of fortune together with several of the officials attached to the Zenana (U. the screens of chastity) should be conveyed to Fathpur and should enjoy repose in the vicinity of the Shaikh.

It was also ordered that a royal palace should be established there so that the saintly Shaikh might address himself to tho Author of bounties for the attainment of the groat boon. The blessings of his proximity were manifested in the appearance of the desired object. Provious to this also, the Bostower of gifts had presented tho sove- reign with several children, but they had boon taken away for 344 thousands of wise designs, one of which might be tho increasing of joy in the acquisition of tho priccloss pearl. Tho general suspicion referred their loss to local circumstances, and expressed itself in various stories. Hence the ruler of things, spiritual and temporal, wished by changing tho locality to place tho seal of silence on gossips. He accordingly adopted this course and was always hoping in God the Giver of many things, and was waiting for the advent of the unique pearl of the Caliphate. At length, in an auspicions moment the unique pearl of tho Caliphate emerged from the shell of the womb, and arrived at the shore of existence in tho city of Fathpur. At the ascension-point of tho 24th degree of Libra after seven hours had elapsed of the day * of Badiu 18 3tMdiriy war, Divine

1 Matm, the ascension point of a j nant. TIic idea was to have tho star. Here it moans the pregnant t birth in a lucky place as Akl)ar*s mother of JahftngTr. SelTm was not j other children had died in infancy, conceived at Fat^par, and the mother * A. F. ni)t Ktvs the Muham-

did not go there til! she was preg- 1 roadan mouiti and day of the birtli.

G04

AlOABNiMA.

month, corresponding to the beginning of ib (Angnst) 1880 Bumf, 11 Bahman of the year 938 of the old Yezdijird era, or ^ the day of Din 24 Sjpihriywar of the; Jalftli year 491, or 977 of the lunar era, the star of auspiciousneas rose from the horizon of fortune.

Ferse.

The flower of joy bloomed in the glorioue garden Fruit appeared on the plant of realm and religion*

Messengers conveyed the happy tidings to Agra, and there was general rejoicing. Delight suffused the brain of the age.

Time arranged an assembly of enjoyments

The cup*bearer sate and the glass rose np

There was a banquet more joyous than life’s foundation

A cup-bearer unequalled as a drawer of cups

They made an illumination for the world

There was a vernal assemblage

The flower shot up and the garden shone forth

A lamp came and lighted up the family

There was a fortune like the brain of the wise

The world arose with an awakened fortune

The zephyrs moved while scattering flowers

The earth rose up and joined the sky

The king came and the desire of friends was fulfilled (liL sate)

He sate at the feast by the cup and the relish

His diadem he raised to the sky

His forehead he fastened to the ground

He issued a proclamation for enjoyment

He invited the world as his guest

The cup-bearer opened the lid of the gablet

The treasurer opened the ddor of the treasury

The skirt and wallet of the sky were filled

In order that it might shower pearls on the earth.

It was Wednesday 17 Rabl-l-*awwal 977,d0Aagost.l569. Elliot, V. 38A wrongly has 18th.

• The text has mmddaq which means friendly* and does not seem

appropriate here. Add. 27, 217 has ma$ad{f ss to meet with, and this is probably the tme reading.

• This refers to the birth of a son The meaning is that the king’s

CEAPTIl LXX.

509

Among the notes of thankspring for this evovlasting favour 345 there was this, that all the prisoners in the. imperial domains who were shat up in fortresses on account of great crimes, were released. There was a fresh market-day for joy, and the lamp and eye of fortune was rekindled. It is great wisdom to dea) with the condi- tions df mankind in accordance with the notions and understandings of each of them so that all may be brought into order. The art of eloquence donsists in having regard to the condition of one’s audience. Every one who has studied ancient histories knows that the chief cause of the troubles of the world has been that rulers and the great ones of the age have ignored the measure of the capacity of their hearers, and have carried themselves towards the generality with reference merely to their own far-sightedness. The general public have had no notion of the grand conclusions of the eminent.

Few indeed comprehend such high matters, and hence they abide in eaclusion and loss. God be praised ! H.M. the Sb^^inshdh merely by the help of God while be is in the crowd of the short-thoughted and superficial does not proceed upon his God-given wisdom, but converses with every group, nay with every individual suitably to the latter’s comprehension. Accordingly the acute of every group conjecture or rather are certain that the prince of the world has no other understanding or knowledge except what he shows to them I Aooordingly at this time when the Great God had bestowed such a gift, it was proper that he should go with all possible speed ar.d illuminate the eyes of that blissful infant with the light which a secret power hath implanted in him (Akbar). But as the common people of this country have an old custom acoording to which when- ever God, after long expectation, has bestowed an auspicious child, he be not prodnoed before the honoured father till after a long delay, H.M. respected this feeling and put off his visit to Fathpur.

exaltation mode him raise or fling his diadem to the nky, while his feelings of thanksgiving mode him bow his forehead to the eorth.^ Perhaps the translation of the 13th line should be, ** The king came and sate as a lover." The word for lover is do 9 ikam, and the 64

Lucknow ed. says it means here ** object " or ** the attainment of the object." It may simply be ** The king came and his beloved sate by him." The Koshf-aMogiiat explains the word os meaning a thing done for the pleasure of friends.

S06

AKBARKiXA.

That new fruit of the garden of fortune was kept in hia birthplace^ and the care of him was entrusted to eminent persons. From spiri- tual and physical associations he received the name of Sultin Selim. It is hoped that he may grow up in spiritual and physical well-being under the guardianship of the Sh^hingh^h, and be fortunate hj pleasing H.M., which is a sign of pleasing God. May he, by the blessings of the holy breathings of the Shfthindiih, attain to spiritual and physical old age and be green and full of sap in the spring of fortune ! In accordance with directions, astronomers calculated the 346 powers of celestial sires and terrestrial mothers (the planets and the elements) and presented the horoscope. And as there is a discrep- ancy ^ between Greek and Indian astrologers with regard to funda- mental principles and their consequences in the matter of the stars, a horoscope was prepared according to each scheme.* If time allows aud my mind be vigorous I shall, under the orders of H.M. the Sb&hin^fth, and by the strength of my own understanding, draw out a new horoscope in accordance with the Greek and Indian canons and record its judgments for each year, so that it may be a code for horoscope- makers of the age. At present, my time is occupied night and day in the service of H.M. the 3hAhin^fth, and I cannot do as my heart would desire even in that respect. Where then is there time for other occupations f As the horoscope which Maulftnft

I j i)jM dar asUl, u

faro-*i-^iaJvmy ** Lea princip^s fonda- mentaux et leura xonaequencea : Kazimirskfa dictionary. See also Lane. 23796.

^ Two horoacopea of Selim’s birth are given, pp. 346, 347, but I have not thought it neceaaary to reproduce them. The firat ia called the horos- cope according to the Ghreeks, and the second that according to the Indians ; but a note to the text says that in most MSB. the second horos- cope is called ** the horoscope accord- ing to another method.** And in fact I doubt if the second horoscope is according to Indian methods for it '

differs very little from the Greek horoscope. If it had been an Indian horoscope there would probably have been a difference in the Sign nnder which Selim was bom. Both give / Mlsin or Libra as the Sign.

It will be seen that Abul Fafl does not give the name of Selim’s mother. There is little doubt, however, that the statement of the Kbalifat-at- tawirikh that she was Bajah Biharl Mai’s daughter, ia correct. Her title was, it seems, Miriam-Zam&nl, and there is a mosque in Lahore which was built by her, and has an inscription put up by her. See Latlfs History of Lahore, p. 131.

CHAPTER LIX.

507

Cand drew np according to the Greek canon appears moat worthy of confidence, it is set dbwn first.

Poets composed gratulatory odes in honour of this eternal joy and received great gifts. One of the able ones found that royal pearl of the great ocean, Dar-u$hawdr^ldl^ja akbar, 977/^ was the date of the auspicious birth. A learned person found A pearl ^ of the Shthinaliih’s mansion/^ and another “A pearl of Akbar casket/^ Gohar-i-daraj-i-Akbar SUkthi.

KhwEja ^usain^ of Merv presented an ode, the first line of 848 every couplet of which gave the date of the ghihin^ah’s accession, while the second gave the date of the birth of the pearl of the casket of auspiciouaness. In spite of the inclnuon of two such wondrous dates, the poetry was not devoid of excellence. Some verses of it are given below.

Verne.

God be praised for the-glory of the King A splendid pearl came ashore from the ocean of justice A bird alighted from the nest of grandeur A star appeared from the aenith of glory and beauty Such a rosebush cannot be shown in the parterre Such a tulip has not opened in the tulip-bed,

Hearts were gladdened because the world revived From the heaven of justice as spring does from ^e sun That new moon of the house of power, beauty and pomp came forth

That nursling of the bovlVb desire of the King fruited.

The King of faith’s realms, the Sultan of purity’s portico.

The lamp of the disheartened, the desire of the expectant.

The just and perfect Muhammad Akbar, Lord of Conjunction The renowned King, seeking and attaining his desires.

Perfect in wisdom, the most just of Kings,

Just, noble, unparalleled for understanding,

Pleasing shadow of God, worthy the diadem aad#ignet, *

i The editors point out that this chronogram does not yield 977 and suggest that the copyists have made

a miatsICe. Theye gi^e another chTonofg e ia their own invention, t EloehmMii »74 .

508

AKBARNltfA.

Defender of the faith, just centre of the world,

Know that the fourth heaven (the sun) is the censer for his assembly

That ^ Arcturus has come as spearman for his cortege Light of the mansion of existence, pearl of liberality’s sea A falcon who hunts souls from his desire of capturing the summits of hearts.

O King, I have brought a chain of exquisite pearls A gift from a glorious mine * : seek it out, hang it in thine ear. No one has brought a better gift, if any has Tell him to bring it, let him produce what he has,

The first hemistich contains the King’s accession

From the second, receive the birth of the Light of the eyes

That the count of years, months and days may last

And that it may endure for cycles

May our King be permanent and also the Prince

For countless days and unnumbered ^ years.

One of the joy-increasing occurrences was H.M. the ghahin- ^fth’s engaging in the hunting of citah^. The lord of the world, though under various forms he appears to be enjoying himself, is in

1 Simdku-r-rdmih, This name for Arcturus means the bearer of the spear.

^ lext has hdtjuxdn go^ddr. Bada^Ani has hdyul-u^go^tddr. The Lucknow edition has bdzjui go^itddr. * {^o§idar has the double meaning of lusing as an earring, and of listening. A MS. of the IqbM- nima has hd% vneCjiS or go^ddr, Seek no more, hut presei it.”

• The complete Ade is given in Badly ttni, Lowe 125. Khwlja l^usain received two lacs of tankaht for it. (Estimating the iankak ^t 4d., Jairet 111. 352 m 8, the present was about ^,300). He also composed one on the birth of Prince Muridp Lbwc 136, Blochmann 574. The ode

is also given in Beale’s Aliftah-i TawArTkh> PP- 309, 310 of Agra ed. of. 1849. He prints the dates, line by line, and for the last line he has a slightly different reading which seems to obviate the remark of the Bib. Ind. editors who say the line yields 978 and not 977. Beale has ha9%b for hizdih and salhd-i for 9cUha%, The ode is also given in the Iqb&lnima. The IqbSLnima points out as a wonderful coincidence that Akbar was in his 14th year at bis accession, and that Selim’s birth took place in the 14th year of the reign. Perhaps this is why Ehwlja gave one line to the accession, and one to the birth.

CHAPTER LiX.

reality carrying on the woreliip of God. He both tests mon and discovers the secrets of the kingdom. With this view he makes bunting a means of gaming knowledge, and employs himself in real 349 devotion. Among these things he especially inclined to the hunting of citahSf and be has traps made for catching them. The custom was that when news was hm^^ht of a cita having fallen into a trap,‘ he immediately mounted a swift horse and went off to the spot.

By proper methods the ctta was brought out from the hole and made over to the skilful in the business. On this occasion news was brought that a powerful cita had fallen into a hole in the neighbour- hood of Gwilyar. On the day of Ormazd the 1st A^r, Divine month, corresponding to Sunday 4 Jamida-al-fthhii*) he mounted his horse and proceeded towards Gwfilyftr. When he came to the hole he himself bound the cita and took.it out. Just then the news came that in the holy harem a daughter had been born on the day of Dibfizar 8 Azar, Divine month, corresponding to Sunday 11 Jamftda- al’ftkhir, 21 November 1569. He gave to that auspicious arrival the name of Slb&nam,^ and ordered rejoicings* It is hoped that the notes of auspioiousness in her will increase day by day and that she will he a cause of increased life and fortune to the lord of the world. After some days when high and low had been delighted with the hunting, he returned to the capital. When the holy cor- tege reached Agra it was reported that Deo Sultfin, the^son of DarbSr l^§n, who was like a die (deo) or a wild animal for bloodshed and strife, and was always a receptacle of turbulence and dissension, and would not listen to advice^ was lying in wait in his father’s tomb, where H.M. would pass, and was armed and indulgirg in evil designs. In accordance with orders he was arrested there and made over to Jagmal ® Panwftr. In prison he went to annihilation and mankind was freed from his wickedness* H.M. arrived at Agra in a fortunate hour and established the spiritual and physical throne by justice and equity, and spent bis time in administration.

• odi. Blochmann 286. There is a representation of cita hunting in the Clarke MS. in the Victoria and Albert Museum, S. Kensington, in which Akbar is seen holding the d/a by the cars.

• This is Sh^haida KhSnam. daughter of Bibl Seloinm Begam, Price’s Jahangir, p. 46. She was married in August 1594 to Mo^affar Husain M. A. N. 111. 044.

5 Blochmann 476.

510

AEBARNiKl.

CHAPTER LXXL

H.M. THI JoOBNXT FROM TBS CAPITAL TO AixIB,

AND HIS BlCOlflNO SUCClSSfOL IN THR FiCLD OP FOETUHl,

BOTH SpIBITQALLY AND PbTSICALLT.

Ab the holy underetandiDg of the Eiog desires inspiration from saints, he, at the time when he was seeking for a son, had made a tow to his God that if this blessing should be attained, he would perform an act of thanksgiving which should be personal to himself^ vis., 350 that he would walk from Agra to the shrine of Xhwija M^ninn-d-dfn Cisti, and there pay his devotions to God. It was settled in Rajab ^ (the 7th month), Vrhich was the month of the saint^s anniversary, (‘liras) that this intention should be carried into practice. When such a night-gleaming jewel of the casket of the Caliphate arrived at the shore of hope, he recognised his obligation and set out on foot from Agra on the day of £bln 10 Bahman, Divine month, cor- responding to Friday 12 8b&bin (the 8th month), 20 Janaary, 1570, and traversed stages and deserts. Each day he journeyed ten or twelve Icosj less or more.

The following is the list of the stages ’ of the journey from Agra:~

1. Mandhftkar.

2. Fath^piir.

3. Passed Sbtnwa and halted near Jana.

i. Slaroha.

5. Basawar.

6. Toda.

1 The festivsl is held from 1 to 6 Bajab as the exact day of death is not known. Bajputana Gaaetteer, 11. 6S.

^Ajmlr is 228 as. W. of Agra. Akbar’s jonmey seems to have aver> aged 14 m. a day. Mandhakar is nmrked on a Survey map of N.W.P.

It is 8.W. Agra and S. Sikandara. and on the road to Fa|hpir. The proper spelling seems to b4 liidhS- kor; see Gasetteer, N.W.P.rVn. 756^ where it is described as lOi m. W . Agra and on the metalled road from Agra to FatbpOr.

CHAPTBR LIXI.

511

7. EaUwall.

8. Sbftrandl.

9. Disa.

10. Passed Hansma^al and encamped near Phulmakal.

11. Singflmr.

12. NearNeota.

13. Jhftk near M’nizBibld (Jarrett U. 278).

15. KajbiL

16. The holy dwelling of the Sbwtja in Ajmfr.

Then he straightway went to the shnne and placed the forehead of sincerity on that spot and implored help. He spent several days there in derotion and good works. He distribnted gifts among the attendants of the shrine. As on the occasion of the division of the gpftSi which came to a large amonnti those who claimed to be descen* dants of the ^w&ja, and who had the snperintendence of the shrine— their cheif was * Qnsain — ^took possession of the whole of the

money, and there were disputes and qnarrels between him (ShaiU Hnsain) and the attendants on the shrine, and there wae the allega- tion that the Shaikhs who had charge of the shrine had told false- hoods with regard to their descent^ and as this dispute had gone on a/long time, E.M. appointed trustworthy persons to iiiqnire into the 851 matter and to report thereon. After much investigation it was found that the claim of sonidiip was not genuine. Accordingly the charge of the shrine was made over to Shaikh Muhammad Bukh^n, who was distinguished among the Saiyids of Hindustan for know* ledge and fidelity. H.M. also arranged for the management of the shrme, and for the treatment of pilgrims and for the erection of mosques and kbinq&s in the territory. In fine, after having made over the presents he set out on his return, and proceeded to visit the shrines of the saints of Delhi He went there, and in Isfandir- maf. Divine month, corresponding to Ramtin, Febmary-March, 1570, he arrived at Delhi. Ha spent some days in that pleasant spot, in visiting the shrines and in the administration of justice, and glad- dened the hearts of friends and strangers.

1 Sakoon in the maps.

• Blochmann, MO. Badiyiliil III. 87.

512

AXBABNlVA.

CHAPTER LXXII.

BioiinnNO or th* 15th Divini tub tboh thi Accbssiok, to wir, THl TIAB SsiBDlBi THI SlOOHl> CtCLI.

During this gracious time that the cortege was

gathering hidden light in Delhi^ the yivifying spring arriyedj and the bounteous New Year remored the reil from her face. A temperate breese breathed a fresh soul into the body of the earth. The power of vegetation developed the new comers of the vegetable kingdom. The morning gales^ like the breaths of the enlightened of heart, opened the knots of souls. The spring-clouds, like the bosoms of the noble and liberal, exuded abundance and laid the dust of lives.

F«r#s.

What flowers expanded, and what birds sang t So that the soul ran to the eye, and a vision came to the ear Pm like the bird captivated by the presence of the rose Sometimes I faint, and sometimes sense returns What need is there of a message to the companions of the garden

When Time is calling out with a thousand tongues.

With auspicious lights the world-adorning Sultftn of the east (the sun) cast the shadow of his entry into the mansion of Aries after whe pas^ug of two hours and twenty-three minutes of Saturday, 3 March, 1570, and the 15th Divine year from th&

Accession, viz,, the year ^irdid of the second cycle began. For- tune s market again became brisk. In this spring-time H.M., in gratitude and thanksgiving, visited the stations and buildings which right-thinking princes had erected in former times, and 352 received instructive warning thereby. He scattered gold among the humble dwellers in those ruins. He then visited the tomb ^ of H.M.

« BedsTQm> Lowe 136, tells us that this year by Kirak MlrzS the wausolotim was completed in Sec Darbhrl Akbari 131. None of the

i:HAfTiR Lxxn,

513

Jinnat- J^tiyftni, which is the altar of purt’ sj>irits and bodies, an«l implored political and spiritual light. From here he pro- ceeded towards Agra and crossed the Jamna. He passed tli rough vil- lages and several times took the pleasure of deer-hunting by moonlight. He went from stage to stage in enjoyment, and at length on the day of Bad, 22 Ardibihi^t, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday, 26 Zilq‘ada, 2 May 1570, he arrived at Agra. The people of the city rejoiced. In the beginning of this year SJ^uja^at Khan, who was one of the great officers, and a favourite, invited the Sijahinsbah to a feast. As H.M/s disposition was to favour his servants and grant their desires, he accepted, and in an auspicious hour made his dwelling brilliant. He proffered the prostrations of loyalty and made special exertions for H.M.’s entertainment. A magnificent feast was arranged, and H.M. spent one night and one day in that assem^ blage, and enjoyed spiritual and physical pleasures, and behaved with kindness and benevolence.

Delhi guide-books seems to mention the name of the architect. They only

refer to ^RjI Begam who furni-thrd the funds

614

▲IBABVlMA.

CHAPTER LXZIII.

Thb Auspicious Bibth or Panrci Mumli).

Inasmuch as the celestial fathers and the terrestrial mothers engage in making the Qk&hin^ih successful, every spring a fresh flower blooms in the garden of fortune, and in every cycle an aus- picious star emerges from the horizon of the Caliphate. When the ghihin^fth, who is the progenitor of dominion and fortune, wished for noble children, the incomparable Deity displayed special liberal- ity in granting this boon, and this daily-increasing favour, which is the great gift of heaven, came, one after another, as an adornment 3S3 of H.M. New and powerful aids, which could succour sovereignty and buttress the Caliphate, arose, and showed to the four pillars of the world, and the six sides of the universe that God had granted to the Qhibinihfth the kingdoms of fortune together with all blessings and boons because he had no equal or similar among the sovereigns for dispositions and qualities and for devotion to what is right and for Divine worship. Among these blessings was this, that in this fortunate year, after the passing of fifty-two seconds (pul) of the night of Asmii); the 27th ^irdftd. Divine month, Thursday, 3 Muharram 978, 7 June 1570, 29 Shirilftd, of 1881, 492 JaUlI Maliki, corresponding^ to 17 Abin 939 of Yezdijird, 8 Hazfrftn Rumi, under Capricorn according to the Greek philosophers, and Sag’utarius, according to the Indian sages, a noble son, in whose forehead the lights of high fortune were visible, appeared in the fortunate quarters of Sh^iUb Selim in Fattpur. A new rose of the Calip ate btoomed. In a fortunate hour the name of that fortunate prince was insdribed in fortunate page as 3h&k Murftd. In rejoicing for the rising of this star of fortune, great feasts were held, and largesses bestowed. The skirt of time was made heavy with the coin of success (murad).

^ Add 27, 247 has matidiq here, which throws doubt on the

maridifmii a

tHAPTlE LIIIU.

515

Verse.

From tlio joy which came to the age Thoro was a Dew market-day for delight Spring caDDie beating her foot in joy Sweeping the ground with the breeze of morn Joy upon joy was added to heaven The world struck coins ^ of light upon light The morning broke out into congratulations For the box- tree ^ sprang from the jasmine-bosom The spring of rejoicing had honour {dhrU)

For it received water (it) from the fountain of wish Hope drank water from the seven seas For the look of the jewel-treasnry was being turned * The shedding of ^atar overwhelmed the senses Jov leapt forth and pleasure became intoxicated.

Encomiasts composed verses and chronograms for this birth, and received rewards. A horoscope * was made according to Greek methods, and another according to Indian rules. For the sake of 350 offering congratulations and for disposing of the affairs of the eastern provinces Mun’im Khan KhdU’^anftn came post from Jaunpur and htf ^ the bliss of doing homage. ^

^ Apparently referring to the flowerg of Bpring.

• The prince is the box- tree and the jasmine his mother’s womb. The word translated bosom is jit, literal- ly pocket.

^ Tab mil^urd. The Lucknow ed, has a note here. There is an allusion to the seven treasures of Khusrii^ Perhaps idl ml^urd means “ is

brightened.” Bat more probably the meaning is that hope bad access to seven rivers, i.a., treasures, because the locks of the treasuries had been opened.

♦ Both horoscopes are given in text, but no explanations. I have not thought it necessary to translate them. One puts the birth in Capri- corn, and the other in Sagittarius. •

516

AKBARNAMA.

CHAPTER LXXIV.

Expedition oi the ajjAHiNSBiH to Ajmir and other Fortunate

Occurrences.

As in the end of the days of spring, while yet the fragrant breezes were playing round the collar of Time, and the garden- zephyrs hung from the skirt of the sphere, a new rosebush bloomed in the home-garden of the Sultanate, and a fresh cypress sprang forth from the spring time of the Caliphate, the §l^§hinsifih deter- mined that in gratitude for this great boon he would visit the holy shrine of Khwaja-Munina-d-din, may his grave be holy ! On the day of ibin 10 Mihr, Divine month, corresponding to Saturday, 22 Rabi^-as-s§ui, 23 Sept, 1570, ho set out with the intention of obtaining this blessing, and halted at the village of Mandhskar. There Mun^im Khftn IQbftn-O^Snftn obtained leave for the sake of disposing of the affairs of the eastern provinces. The noble Khedive proceeded from that stage to Ajmir in enjoyment of various pleasures, and especially of that of the chase. When Ajmir had received light from the shadow of the ShfthinsbAh’s umbrella of fortune, he spent some days in devotion at the shrine and distributed gifts among the attendants thereon. So liberal were the bounties that no single individual was excluded from the feast of good things.

At this same auspicious time an order was issued for repairing and enlarging the fort of Ajmir. Accordingly able architects laid deep foundations and in an auspicious hour began to construct that noble building with stone and lime All the mansions, and all the abodes of high and low were included within the area, and in a short space of time much work was done, and praise was given by the 31l§hin^lh. Towards the east of the city, halls of state were erected. In the course of three years all the buildings of the fort, and the Shihinshah’s mansions were completed, and in the following year they were made places of light by his advent. Similarly, all the nobles and officers made, in accordance with orders, suitable dwell-

CHAPTER LXXIV.

517

inga and gardens. By the blessing of the noble advent such a grand city arose in a short space of time as could not be seen in the 357 imaginative mirrors of magical geometricians. After the Sb&hin- •bih had laid the foundation of those buildings, he tor political reasons, and for subduing oppressors, etc.» otc., and under the veil of indulging in hunting, proceeded on the day of Ram, 21 2bfin, Divine month, corresponding to Friday, 4 Jam§da-al-d^in, 3 November, 1570, towards Nagor.^ On the day of Ardibihi^t, 3 izar, Divine month, corresponding to Wednesday, 16 Jamada>ala-ftlAiri, be halted at that city, Kh&n Kilfin, the governor of that province, recognised the advent of the Sb^hin^fth as a great happiness and arranged a feast H,M. honoured bis house with a visit, and poured into the lap of his wishes eternal glory.

At the same time the glance of H.M, fell upon a tank. Several of the nobles of the city, who had come out to welcome him, represen- ted that the prosperity of the city was bound up with three ^ tanks.

One was called Eaid&nl, another was the Sb^^ms Talao, and this one which was known as the Eokur Talao. As by lapse of time much of it had been filled up with earth, matiy of the inhabitants had on account of want of water left their houses and gone elsewhere. For the public benefit, an order was given for digging out the Eukur Talao, which was very extensive, and able Bakb^is made measure- ments and divided the work among officers. By a little attention on the part of his ocean-like mind that mirage became a sea such as could water a vast camp. To this fountain of sweet waters the name (U^ukr Talao was given. The origin of the first nama was that Kfikur means in the Hindi tongue a dog, and the name of the tank had reference thereto. The story told was that a merchant, owing to embarrassed circumstances, deposited his dog, which was an embodiment of sense, with a rich man and went off to a far country in order that he might seek fortune. He spent a long time in doing

t Or Nigaur. See Rajputana Hsetteer II, 260. Much of the city s now in ruins. A. F. probably gives details about it and its tanks on account of his father’s connection with the place.

• In the IqbSlnimaonty two of the tanks are spoken of, and this seems to be the correct n umber. In the same work the name of the first tank is KlIinT or Gilanl, and not KaidSnT.

518

KBABKlMA

80. One day the dog from its gentleness set off on the road, and by a beautiful coincidence the merchant had gained his object, and came there. The dog learnt this and came fawning to his master’s feet, and from excess of joy gare up his life. He became famed for his fidelity, and the merchant, in gratitude, made a tank there and named it after the circumstance.

When the sublime cortege of the Q^fthingliSh came to this part of the country to put things in order and administer justice, the great men and the landholders hastened to do homage. Among them was Gander Sen, the sou of Mftldeo, who is one of the great zamindftrs of India. He was received with royal favours. Also Rai Kalyftu Mai Rai of Bikftnir capie with his son, Rai Rai Singh, and had the bliss of a reception. In his good fortune he represented through those who had access to H.M. that his wish was that his brother Eahflu’s daughter might be included among the inmates of H.M.’s harem. The Khedive accepted his proposal, and that occupant of the howdah of chastity was brought within the screens of purity.

One of the joyful occurrences was that Bfts Bahftdur hastened to the summit of fortune and paid his homage. By the kindnesses of the Sbfthindlt&h he came out of the dust of loss and obtained a ray of auspiciouness, or rather he had a new birth. His honour had declined since he left Malwa, turning his face from fortune, and for a while he went from door to door. First, he went to Baharjl, zamindar of Bag- Una. From there he went to Cingiz Kbfln, and after that he joined 3 her Kh&n FuUdl. From him he went to< Ni^Smu-l-mulk of the Deccan, but everywhere he met with loss, and then he took refuge with the Rftnl When the ^Ihin^fth heard of the misfortunes and wretchedness of this man, who had been debauched by the World’s wine, his innate kindness moved him to send one of his servants to summon him to court. Accordingly Qasan IQiLftn SihasftncI was appointed to this service. He made him hopeful of the royal favour and brought him to court, and there he was encompassed with princely favours.

One of the occurrences was that one of the empowered of the holy assembly represented to that Rftwal Har Rai, the ruler of Jaisalmir, had secretly bound the saddle-straps of desire on the waist of his soul and was desirous that his daughter, who was a chaste, secluded one, might be exalted by being included among his female

CHAFTBE LXllV.

519

servants. But as, on account of impediments, he could not personally come to court, he begged that one of the courtiers might be deputed to come to his country and to give him the news of a favourable acceptance, and might convey that secluded one to court. As H.M/s habit was to grant the requests of the needy and 1 ) loose those who were bound by distress, he accepted the petition, and Rajah Bhagwant Dfts, who was favoured as one of the firm-footed of loyalty’s banquet, was despatched on this service. He completed 359 it at the time of H.M/s return (from Nftgor), and that holy and happy*Btarred lady obtained eternal glory by entering the female apartments. When H. M. had disposed of that country’s affairs, his devotion induced him to visit the shrine of Sbaikb Farid Shakarganj> which is in Pattan in the Panjab. He gave permission to Sftdiq ]Q)ifin, Beg Nurln S]^ftn ^ and many other servants to remain in the country, and went off to Pattan.

AKBAIiNAm.

:)20

CHAPTER LXXV.^

Brief Account op Shaisb FarId Ss^karoanj — May his Gravi bk Hallowed ! Ac ounts of Akbar’s Hunting Wild Asses^ etc.

The Sliaikb was one of the ascetics of the age^ and one of the chosen combatants of sensuality. They say that he was descended from Farrukh Sl^ih Kabuli who was commonly called King of Kabul (§h^h>i>K&bul). In the time^of the Great ^ fin and sublime Cingiz Khan, one of his (Shaikh Farid’s) grandfathers, Qfi^I gh’alb by name, came to Lahore and settled in the town of Qayur. Sul (fin Balban regarded his advent as a great honour and treated him with reverence. The Sh aikh (Farid) went to Multan and applied himself to the study of the sciences which were current in India. K^wfija Qutbu-d-din Ushi,* the successor of l^wfija M’uinu-d-din, and who had turned his attention from penmanship ^ to the sacred writings, and from the picture to the Painter, took notice of him, and gave him valuable counsels about contemning routine-sciences, and devot- ing himself to real knowledge, and so led him into the Way. The torch of search was kindled, and the flames of zeal were lighted. He

^ The heading of this chapter, as mention of the makiub or sacred

given in the text, very inadequately Writings may refer to the circum-

represents its contents. As the edi> stance, stated by Ferisbta, that

tors have remarked, two of three Qutbu-d-din used to repeat the

MSS. do not give the heading, and 1 Koran twice a day. A. F.’s mention

find that it is also wanting in Add. of Qutbu-d-dln’s good counsels refers

27, 247. to an alleged interview between

• Jarret III. 363 and Ferighta, Qutbu-d-dIn and Farid in Multan,

etc. He died in l235 A.D. The when the latter was a youth and

Qutb of Delhi is said to be named studying scholastic theology. But

after him. according to Ferighta, Qutbu>d-dln

• Ke an kitdbai bamaktub-u an Tiaqgh afterwards exhorted Farid to travel

hamaqqdii rui dwarda hud. The w^d to study, and remarked to him

meaning of this sentence is not very ^hat an unlearned ascetic was Satan’s

clear. Perhaps kitdbat here means jester

the study of profane literature. The

CUAPTICE tXl^

521

witliilrew from all other thiaga aud gave iiis heart to the service of the ^waja. By hia devotion and long aervice he became an exhibi- tor of wondrons miracles^ and a station of marvels.^

J The account o£ the saint given in the text is very brief, and aQn\ e- what misleading. A fuller and per^ haps more correct account is given in the ATn, Jarrett III. 363. The dif- ferences between the two accounte are so great that one can hardly sup- pose they are by the same author. Perhaps, however, A. F. had got more information when he wrote the notice in the Ain. There is a long bio- graphy of Farid Shakargani in Ferifihta at the end of his history, and there are also accounts in the UazIna-al-affeyE 1. 278, and in the 8air-al-iqtab, N. Kishored., p. 161. The Qftfl Sh*iilb referred to by A. F. was, it seems, Farid’s paternal grand- father, but authorities seem to differ as to whether he came to Qafffr, or to Khotwil near Multan. Kor are they agreed as to whether it was Farid’s grandfather or :&kther who came from Kabul. Ferishta says the father came from E[abul to Multan in the time of 8hahibu-d-dln Ghorl. But of course this may mean that he came with his grandfather. The K. A. says the father was the sister’s Son of MahmUd of Ghaanl. At all events the family eventually settled at Khotw&l, and Farid was boi^i there. His father’s name was Jamilu- d-dln Sulaimin. Qayilr is described in Saiyid M. Latif’s history of Lahore as being the sister-town of Lahore and as having been founded by a son of Bftma. It is also noted In the Ain, JarPett II. 110 and 319. Farid was 66

bom, it seems, in or about 684 A.H., 1188 A.D., and he died 5 Sept., 1269, A.D. (668 A.H). He was, it is said, eighth in descent from Famish Shfth. who was King of Kabul before the Ghasnavide dynasty, and 17th in descent from the famous saint Ibr&hlm b. Adham who was originally king of Balkh- In the text it is stat- ed that Qazl Sh*alb was received by Saltan Malln, but there is the variant Malban. There does not seem to have been any king of that name. There ; was a Bellm or Behallm or Behllm who was viceroy of Lahore during the reign of Bahrara 8hah (1118-1162 A.D.), but I do not think he can be the person meant, for be does not ap- pear to have been ever called Sultan, and moreover he was killed before Gingiz Ehi^u was born. He rebelled against his master Bahram 8hEh« and was tvrice defeated by him. On the last occasion he and his ten sons were all swallowed up in a quagmire. This must have been before 1152, and Gingiz was not bom till 1154. On the other hand SnltSn Balban, i.e., Ghliflu-d-dln Balban, was twenty years younger than Farid Shakar- ^nj, having been born about 605 ^ A.H., 1209 A.D., and so could not have been in power in the tinle of his grandfather. Perhaps A. F. has confounded Ballm the viCbroy, and Balban the SultEn ; it is even pos- slblo that in his enigmatical style of writing he means that Snlt&a Balban welcomed Farid, and not the

522

AKBlBNlXA.

The prince of theoBophiaU proceeded towards his goal. In appearance his mind was taken np with the pleasure of hunting; inwardlj» there was in his heart the longing to know God. On the way* a strange^ thing occurred on the borders of Rai ‘Alft’u-d-^n^s Talondi* near the Sutleji which is there called the HarhirL The brief account of this is that the scouts reported that there was a herd of wild asses (yor&har). The sovereign proceeded to hunt them^ attended by three or four special huntsmen. When he came near the plain he dismounted and proceeded on foot At the first shot lie hit an ass, and the rest of the herd fled far away at the report of the gun. That Divine worldhero took his piece in his hand and pro- ceeded rapidly on foot over the burning sand, attended by the same three or four huntsmen. He soon traversed the plain and came up with the herd and killed one after the other with his gun. He continued to follow them op, and on that day he shot thirteen wild <860 asses, Whenever he killed one the others went further off than at first. At this time he became consumed by thirst. There was no sign of water As he had decided to follow the prey on foot, those attached to the hunt thought that H.M. was near at hand, and so kept in view the place where the game was and did not leave their place.* When the lord of the world had traversed some kot, his attendants, though they searched, could get no news of the water-carriers, nor any trace of water. A strange condition super- vened, and the weakness from thirst increased to such a degree that he lost the power of speech. At this time, when the courage of.the loyal was turning to water, mystic guides led the special water- bearers through the boundless desert. Thanksgiving was offered to (3od/ and the hearts of the loyal were rejoiced. It appears that a

grandfather. This would apparently be true, for Feriihta speaks of Aliph Khln, who afterwards became ShlyiSQ-d-dln Balbau, honouring Farid at the time when he (Balban) was the Yisier of Ni|Iru-d-d1n, the son of Slpunan-d-dln Altamsk 1 This means, on his march from Nagaur to Pik fsttan or AjAdhan A.F. has inserted his notice of the

saint, Shsikh Farid, before Akbar visited the shrine this time.

• There is a Talondi entered in the Alo, text 1, 544, under Sirkir DAib Becnan.

• The meaning is that tbs servants thought that as Akbar was on foot he would not go far off, and so they stayed behind to watch the dsad gams.

CB4PTBE LXXV.

%2S

Divine message impressed itself by a mystic tongue on tlie lieart of H.M. that he should consider his own holy person and be more care< ful in guarding it, for in reality that was the watching over mankind at large, or rather it was the returning of thanks for Divine favours, and the preserving of the Divine gifts.

In the beginning of your thoughts, think of the end

Do not sport with your life.

One of the occurrences was that the zamindar of Bhimbar, (in Kashmir) destroyed by wickedness Qabul Khfin.* The latter had put down by the sword the disaffected persons in that country. The zamindar craftily represented himself as a weh-wisher, and the simple-minded Turk, without proper examination >f the matter, and withont studying the lines of his forehead, was led away merely by his plausible, gold-incrur>ted speeches. In accordance with the recommendations of this zamindar he sent away his soldiers to dis- tant places, and his son, Yadgftr l^usain, went off to the borders of Nauf^hra. Though far-seeing and right-seeing men said that he should not separate all his men from himself, yet as the thing was predestined, their remonstrances were of no avail. (The zamindar) led his son away from Nan^ahra into the defiles, and the heads of the passes having been occupied by the enemy, many of his men were killed. Tfidgir Husain was wounded and was reckoned among the dead. A zamindar behaved kindly and sheltered him. At the same time that these men were caught in this evil, Jalftl fell upon Qabul He from the courage which he had, and the skill which

he had not, did not regard the plurality of the enemy and the paucity of his own men, and on the day of R§m, 21 Bahman, Divine month corresponding to Wednesday, 5 Ramzfin (31 January, 1571) came out of his place and fell valiantly. When H.M. heard of this he issued orders to Jahfin to apply himself to the extirpation of those evildoers, and to gather an army of brave and experienced *men.

Lucknow edition. Apparently the Hrst line is^Respice 6neni.

• Blochmaun 437 *nd 616.

• This verse is obscure, and I am not sure of the ?T>oanin^. What I have given is the exj ’snation oLthe

524

AKliAKVAMA.

Id accordance with orders a select body of men hastened to that 361 country and exerted themselves to destroy those presumptuoas evil- doers. They cleansed that land of roses from the weeds and rubbish of the seditious.

CBAPTAH LXXVl.

525

CHAPTER LXXVL

BeOiKNINO OF THE 16tH TEAR FROM THE ACCESSION^ TO WIT, THE .EAR Tfa OF THE SlCOND CyCLE

Tho cavalcade of spring arrived at this auspicious time, and the news of growth was communicated to all, and bodies and souls received fresh bounty. The disposition of the age expanded, tho world became equable. The bounteous clouds, like the eyes of those that long, dissolved into rain. The beautiful fountains got\into commotion, like the hearts of saints. Verdure spread an odorifer- ous carpet. The parterre waved with fragrant streamers. The emerald buds put forth flowers of red coral.

Verse.

The clouds came with world-kindling lightning Water came up to the waist of vegetation The cypress showed the standard of K§us The tulip brought the diadem of Darius ^

The rose kindled a sulphur-flame ^ in the garden The water glided like quicksilver.

After eight hours and twelve minutes had elapsed of Sunday 14 978, 13 March 1571, the Illuminator of time and the

terrene cast his ray on the mansion of Aries, and made tho earth fresh as the mind of the Sh^l^lndtih, The atmosphere became aromatic like tho delicious nature of the world’s lord, and the 16th Divine year from the Accession, viz., the year Tir of the second cycle, began. In the commencement of this auspicious year H.M, was encamped at Pattan.^ The God-worshipping IQ^odive visited

1 The Orientals sp^k of red sub phur.. Probably cinnabar, which is a sulphurei of mercury, is what is meant.

• This isFik Fsttan in the PuniaR

526

akbabnIma.

the shrine of Farid and implored strength. Those associated

with that warrior against sensuality, and the inhabitants of those environs of the sciences of beauty and excellence, received advance* ment. He halted for some days in this town for the sake of spfritual and physical benefits. A thing which pleased him here was the spectacle of fishing. The fishermen here dive and catch the fish with their mouths ^ and hands and also strike them with iron prongs and draw them oat of the water.

One of the occurrences was Muhibb ^Ali Kbfin (the son of) the Mir i^alifa^s obtaining permission at the instance of Nahid Begam to go and conquer Tatta. The brief account of this is that previous to 362 this, the chaste NShid Begam who was married to Muhibb ‘Ali Khan, had obtained leave to go and visit her mother Hajl Begam. Before she arrived, MlrzA had died, and Muhammad B&qi had become ruler in his stead. He,* from his want of sense, did not regard the arrival of the Begam as an advantage. On the contrary, he behaved badly to Begam. She was displeased at this, and wicked men of the country, among whom were Khfin Bfiba and Miskin Tar- khftn, joined with the *Begam in trying to lay hold of Muhammad Bfiqi. He got wind of this and endeavoured to extirpate the faction. ]g[jban Bftbft and. Hajl Begam fell into his hands, and he put ^&n Bftbfi to death, and confined ^ajl Begam till she died. Nahid B^gam by courage and skill escaped and c me to Bakar. Sultan Mahm>’<‘l

1 The text has badaii-u-ddman girtfta. But the variant dahan, the mouth is clearly right. It is sup- ported by at least two B.M. MSS«> and was the word read by Erskine. See bis MS. translation. Add. 26, ^ 20 .

^ Mubamad Biql was a man of violent temper and eventually com> mitted Auicide. He married Baca Begam, a daughter of NAh!d Begara^ and consequently a grand-daughter of M&h Begam. But Baca Begam was killed in a nigbt-attack made on M. B aril’s boat by his own brother Jin Baba. Thi^ is the fi^in Biha of the

text, and it appears from the T. ml, Malet 135, that the variant Jan Baba is right, and that the Miskin Tarkhan of that text is properly Yad- gar Miskin. They were both put to -death by M. BaqI. Both M. Baqi and Sulton Muhammad sent their daughters to Akbar, but the daughter of M. B^i was rejected. Sec Elliot I. 282, and Malet 143. It is fair both to the lady and to Akbar to point out that the latter did not say that SindhI Begam was of a bad disposition! Elliot I, 283, but that her father was a murderer (khunl).

CHAPTER LXIVI.

527

of Bakar propooed to act in harmony with her, and said that if Muhibb ^All ^an and his son Mnjahid ]^§n came with a small force, he would join them, and that Tatta would be conquered by the imperial servants. The Begam believed his dissembling words and came to court, and begged that the above-named persons might be allowed to go (to Tatta.) As she used mnch importnnitv. she got leave and came to Tatta.

Nfthld Begam was the daughter of Qftsim l^ftn Eoka who in his loyalty devoted himself for H.M. Oetl SiUm Firdds Makinu It appears that in the battle with Ubaidullfth Khftn there was an apparent ^ want of success, on account of a great work in the futnre.

H.M. Firdus MakAni fell into the hands of the enemy. The brave and loyal servant came forward and said, I am the king, why have you seized this servant of mine ? ** By this act of fidelity the king was saved, and as the enemy put the other to death, H.M. took his family under his protection. Qljl Begam, who was the daughter of Muqim Mirzd, son of Mir Zu-l-nun, married (secondly) Mlrz& Bbsan/ and afterwards MirzS ls&, and her daughter was brought up with princely kindness. She was given in marriage to Muhibb ‘All (the son of) ^allfa, who had behaved as a faithful servant^

In fine, when they came near to Bidrar, Sultftn Mu^mud sdht a message to the effect that he had spoken ^ hastily and that he could not joiu them in this enterprise. If they were determined to go to Tatta they should do so by Jaisalmir. Muhibb ‘All S^ftn was in a difficulty. He could neither turn back, nor had he confidence in going forward. As he had auspicionsness in his disposition, and was comforted by the help of so great a support (as Akbar) he resolved upon attacking Bakar and on fighting with SultSn Mahmud. The two armies met near the fort of Matila.* What kinds of two armies were there ? Muhibb ‘All S^an and Mujahid £hftn had not more 368

^ LU; “ In which battle the time r^t the appearance of designs was in .he arena of the future, and Time apparently did not render assistance for the sake of a great work in the future.”

• The Sh&h Qusain of I. 687, and the son of Qh^h Bag^ king of Sind.

^ The Iqbilnima says that sent a message to the effect that he had only said what he had said in order to please the Begam.

• In Sarkir Multan. Jarrett. II. 889, and T. Mifami, Malet 148.

528

AXBlItKllfA.

than 200 men with them^ and Snltan Mahmud bod sent 2;000 ! By the help of Ocd, who looks after the affairs of those connected with the eternal dominion, this small force was victorious after a hot engagement. The other side fled and took refuge in the fort. The gallant victors set themselves to besiege it, and the garrison applied for quarter and came out. When the fort was taken and they had acquired confidence they girt up their loins for the conquest of Bakar. The fortune of the ShahinshSh brought division among the enemy, and Mubfirak I^an/ Sultan Mahmud’s and who was his

factotum, came and joined Muhibb Ali Khun with 1,600 men. The ostensible reason for this was that the wicked ones of that country had caused his eon Beg ^ 5ghll to be suspected of intimacy with one of Snltan Mahmud’s women. Hence the simpleton (S. Mahmud) was, without makincr inquiry, endeavouring to extirpate his family. He (Mubarak) was not candid. He was suspicious about his treat- ment and was searching for an opportunity of separating himself (from Muhibb). Muhibb ‘AH Khan longed for his possessions and put him to death. He conciliated his men (by bribes)— who were like dogs and flies — and engaged in the siege of Bakar. Merely through his connection with daily-increasing fortune this fort was captured, as will be told in its proper place.

As the health of Prince Sh^h Murad was a little off the path of equability, H.M. stayed some days in that city (Pakpattan). When the prince recovered, the drum of return was beat high on the day of Kbivdftd 6 Ardlbihi^t, Divine month, corresponding to Monday 20 Zfilq’ada, 16 April 1571. Every day there was hunting. Worship was performed under the veil of pleasure. One day the huntsmen reported that there were several citahs, and the ^ahin ^ah went in .quest of them. Six ^citaha were caught that day in a kheda, and among them was Madan Kali who became the head of the gh^hin- dlfth’s citaha. When the standards of fortune reached Dlbulpur, ]Qtfln ‘Asim Mirzu Koka, who held this district in fief, begged that

^ The T. MifSml, Malot 142, calls him S. Ma(mQd*a slave.

8 Of. Elliot V, p. m and the T. Male! 144, 140, and A. N.

111,91.

’ I Perhaps this is the occasion re> ferred to in Blochmann 286, when six leopards fell into the same pit in following a leopardess.

CHAPTtK LIXVI.

529

H.M. would visit him. H.M. conceded his request and visited his quarters. He exerted himself in preparing a feast and in tendering presents. As a right disposition adorned his loyalty, and as he knew that for an intelligent servant to give a feast is to return a little of what has been bestowed on him, he made this an acceptable enter- tainment. Mozaffar Husain, who was in the Mirzd’s service, made this hemistich as a chronogram of the event. “ The Shfth and 364 Sl^ahzada were guests of ^Aziz (978).” H.M. went on from there, and hunting and administering justice, he arrived at Lahore on the day of Khirdad 6 ^irdad. Divine month, corresponding to Thurs- day 22 Zn hajja, 17 May 1571. Husain Quli ]^an performed the rites of service and loyalty, and at his petition H.M. visited his quarters which had ‘been newly prepared, and so he received ever- lasting honour. When the affairs of this country had been disposed of under the guise of progresses and hunting, H.M. desired to go by way of Hiair in order that he might make that province an alighting- place of illuminations. He also wished to visit ^ the shrine of M’uinu- d-dln (CistT). Accordingly “he in the end of Khirdad, Divine month; corresponding to 1 Muharram 979, proceeded to that district, and on the day of Mah 12 Tir, Divine month, corresponding to Sunday 1 encamped at Hi^ar FirQza.

One of the occurrences was that the justice of the Shfi^iushih inflicted punishment on Lashkar Khan. Though he held ^he offices of Mir Bal^shi and Mir ‘Av^I, etc., the just prince did not refrain from this. The brief account of this instructive affair is as follows : The world’s intoxication made Lasbkar Ki^fln leave the path of modera- tion, and made him become the author of improper acts. In his folly he came in open day drunk to that sublime court which is the asylum of the wise of the seven climes, and made a disturbance.* When the truth of the case came to the liearing of H.M. he, for the sake of instruction to him, and warning to others, caused him to be led round, tied to a horse’s tail. He then sent him to prison. He

i Elliot V, 327, 12, eventually, ai Ajrair.

• TU« te.xt has *arbada but

the word appears to be ndX:i and to be an affix to (Ubeda. viz., full of di»-

57

tnrhance. It is ndkl in B. M. MSS. Add. 27. 247 sad 76bl. See Blooh- mRnu 407 lor sccouut of Laihkar Kh in.

530

AEBARNAMA.

cMt a glance of patronage on and made over La^kar

Span’s offices to him. As there %re degrees of the ghahin^ah’s patronage^ that one^ who was imprisoned on account of his own <^cts in Fathpur, obtained his release at the intercession of favour- ites’. The ^edive of the world, although it was the rainy season, inarch*.d every day in the discharge of his kingly duties, and, hunt- ing on the way, arrived at Ajmir. On the day of Rash 11 Amardad, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday 1 Rabi»al-awwal, 21 July 1571, he alighted at the delightful place, and visited the shrine of M‘umu-d-dln, and implored strength. He worshipped bis God, and united supplication with exaltation. When the stewards of fate and destiny desire to make a happy-starred one’s outward and inward dominion increase daily, they restrain him from the heights of saint- 865 ship. His thirst for pleasing God increases, and from excessive capacity and abundance of spiritual thirst the ocean round him ap- pears as a mirage and he searches for the fountain-head of purpose. With this view a new stage of holiness is continually brought before hijn. Such is the condition of our Lord of the Age. After paying the dues of justice and after satisfying the desires of those attached to the shrine, he proceeded towards the capital. On the day of Jsmfin 27 Amardfid, Divine month corresponding to Thursday 17 Rabi^-al awwal, he alighted at Fathpur. He took up his quarters in the lodg- ing of ghckikb Selim. The grades of men who had been oppressed and were waiting to do homage obtained happiness.

Among the dominion-increasing events was tbe making of SkrI, which was a dependency of Blana, into a great city As the IQ^edive of the world is an architect of the spiritual and physical world, aad is contintially engaged in elevating the grades of man- kind, and making strong the foundations of justice, and causes the longing 01^8 of the age to be successful, so also does he strive for increasing tbb ^ory oi the earth, and cherishes everjf place in accor- dance witlfSts condition. Inasmuch as bis exalted sons had taken their birth in Sl^ri and the God-knowing spirit of ghai^l Selim had taken possession thereof, his holy heart desired to give outward splendour to this spot which possessed spiritual grandeur. Now that his standards had arrived at this place, his former design was pressed forward, and an order wa^ issued that the superintendents of kffairs should erect lofity bnildiogs for the special use of the Qbl^hin-

CaAFTfCK LXXVI.

531

^ah. All the grades of officers^ and the public generally made dwellings for themselves^ and a high wall of stono and lime (hl^dr was placed round the place. In a short time there was a great city, and there were charming palaces. Benevolent institutions, sucii as khitnqas, schools and baths, were also constructed, aud a large stone bazaar was built. Beautiful gardens were made in the vicinity. A great place of concourse was brought together such as might move the envy of the world. H.M. gave it the name of Fathabud, and this by common use was made into Fathpur.

One of the occurrences was that Mogaffar Khan conceived the lofty wish of entertaining H.M. the SJhahiusi^ah in his quarters which had been recently constructed and were the admiration of the critical. When this request Wiia made known to H.M. ho accepted the pro- 360 posal, and on the day of Dibadin 23 Dai, Divine month, proceeded from Fathpur to Agra the capital. His quarters were spiritually and physically illuminated by the advent of H.M. Gifts were presented, and there was great rejoicing. From there ho retiinied to Fathpur. The wishers of the seven climes attended and obtained their desires without the intervention of anyone. God bo praised for that tho farseeingness and profundity of the sublime Khedive sup- presses the market of the evil aud covetous I This evil tribe de* scends into the abyss of discredit, and the crew who mj|ike a way for themselves by a wheedling tongue, do not get au opportunity of speaking. Nay even these good men, who solely for tho public advantage recommend men of merit, are rendered unnecessary by the abundant personal atteutioii of the S^aliin^fih. From tlie ample illumination of his soul he shuts up the petty stalls of the hypocrite.^ and the dissemblers. How shall I describe how that tribe learns its evil doings by the light of the torch of instruction and comes into the ranks of the good, aud how the grades of humanity, high and low, come to their level and pray for tho permanence of daily-increas- ing dominion ? The wise prince from his wide capacity and exten- sive knowledge treats every one according to his position and makes outward sovereignty consonant with spiritual sanctity.

Verae.

Indispensable as life, desire-granting as intellect

Successful as fate, powerful as destiny.

532

AKBARNAMA.

CHAPTER LXXVII.

Beoinninq or the 17th DiriNi Tear from the Accession^ to WIT, THE Year AmabdId or the Second Cycle.

In this auspicious time when the age had increase of spiritu* alitj, physical growth also took place. The pageant of springes cavalcade rubbed the rust off the mirror of time and the terrene. The world^-illuminating New Year gave equability to night and day. The bounty of epring circulated in the veins and fibres of life. The morning breezes associated with the spirits of vegetation. The canopy of the rainy clouds was drawn together from the four quarters by the ropes of the swift winds. The army of odoriferous plants speedily arrived, and received splendour on the banks of the streams of abundance. The gales of the rose-garden produced intoxication in the mind. The twittering of the birds of the parterres struck the ears with silken bows and so unclosed them I

Verse,

367 The ravishing breeze of the dawn began to blow,

The lips ^ of the buds sucked the morning

The quaffers of morning-draughts formed a circle

The longers for sweets drained their glasses

The fragrance’ of the rose made the rose garden uneasy

The nightingale was aroused by the perfume

The hyacinth shook in every curl

The narcissus glorified bed on bed

The fragrance of the rOse stirred up a hundred parterres

The wine-cellar was poured into the mouth of the cup

Love’s drunkards were in every tavern

Love’s hands were in circle upon circle.

i Text has the lips of morning, but the Lucknow edition has lips of buds, this seems more poetical.

CHAPTKR LIXVII.

538

The polisher of the sky and earth, and the illuminator of heights and hollows, after the passing of two hours and three minutes from the night of Saturday the 25th gh&wwal 979, 11 March 1572^ cast the shadow of light upon the mansion of Aries and the 17th year from the holy accession began, to wit, the year Amirdld of the second^ cycle. It is to be hoped that by the blessing of the Sh&hin^ah’s justice this cycle may be joined to ages and epochs.

01 the occurrences which marked the beginning of ttiis fortu- nate year was the bringing to court by Mun’im Khan Kb^n-Khiinin of Sikandar IQiian, and the latter’s being pardoned for his offences at his request (Mun’im’s); It has already been related that Sikandar I^Sn Uzbeg had from inborn inauapiciousness turned away from the God-given dominion, and that he had leagued himself with the evil- doer ‘All Qull I^an and had lifted up the head of sedition. When what was predestined had happened to ‘Ali Qull, and his rebellion had come to an end, Iskandar ]^an, from wickedness of disposition and evil fate, joined Sulaiman Afghan. Ha spent some time in that country. The narrow-minded Afghans did not think his being among them was proper and laid plots against him. He learned their apprehensions and petitioned Mun’im ^an He represented that what had happened to him had been the result of ignorance, and that he was ashamed thereof. The treacherous Afghans had killed Sulaiman Uzbeg, and now they were thinking of killing him. If Mun’im ^an interceded for this wicked and ill-fated man (himself) to the sublime court, it* would be granting hidi life for this world and also eternal life. Mun’im ]^ln sent his letter along with his own representation to court and requested orders.

H.M. in his abundant graciousness sent a favourable order and made him hopeful. The l^in-Kbmfin, who on account of the great- ness of the offences did not expect a forgiveness, made a prostration of thanks for the kindness, and sent for Iskandar Khan. On receiv- ing this good news Sikandar Hhiln took with him Yusnf the son of Sulaimun Uzbeg, and came away hastily from the Afghans without informing them. The Khan-Khanan behaved kindly to him and taking these proteges along with him, came to court. In the begin- ning of Tir, Divine month, they were received. At MunWs868 intercession the penitents were forgiven, and treated with royal

AKBARNiXA.

favours. In a short space of time the KhBKiKhanan was encorn. passed with favours, and dismissed to the eastern provinces. Sikandar O&Q * was gianjted the Sarkar of Lucknow and sent off with him.

One of the occurrences of this time, which was the spring of fortune and dominion, was that ^Abdullah Khan Uzbeg, the ruler of Turan, was induced by tlie fame and majesty of this sovereignty (Akbar^s) to send Haji Altam^ aa an ambassador. He brought with him letters of respect and affection, and curiosities of his country. The purport of the letters was to recall ancient relations and to renew friendship, in order that by the help of such Divine glory he might act vigorously against the other princes of Turan. Another object was that he might repose in peace and be without apprehension of the strokes of the world-conquering armies. For greater security and success he sent presents to Mun^m ]^an ^an-Khanan and the {Qiaa A^azim Mirza Kokft in order that they might exert themselves to lay the foundations of friendship. The prudent sovereign received the ambassador graciously, and gave him his dismissal after he had discharged his duty. Presents consisting of the rarities of India were sent along with him

One of the occurrences was the falling out of favour of Mozaffar ^au. At all times, in spite of the rise of the sun of direction of the Sliohinab^h, an unique veil hung over his world-adorning beauty* At this time he made the game of caupar ^ the veil of his esoteric beauty and carried on the amusement with keenness. Special rules were framed for the game, iu which hundreds of designs were involved, and all the servants of the court were continually present for this business. There were great feasts and entertainments. Though in appearance the market of the play was brisk, yet in reality men were being tested. The lord of wisdom under the guise of sport did serious work and was testing men’s qualities. One day Mozaffar IQ^an, on account of the intoxication of the world and his small capacity, behaved in a savage and rustic manner in consequence of having lost many games and of having been long

I Sikandar died shortly afterwards, Elliot Y, p. 389. ^ Mochmluin 808.

CBAPTIR LXXTII.

535

in the Presence.^ H.M. cast him off from the pinnacle of confidence and Bent him on pilgrimage in order that by playing the game of unimportance and exile^ hie unaoond condit«^n might be amended.

^ This expression seems explained by Blochmann 304, where we are old that sometimes there were 200 )layers, and that none of them was iUowed to go home till he had

finished sixteen games, which in some cases lasted three months ! If Moi^affar were kept so long at the palace, no doubt he woold lose bis temper.

536

AKBABNitlA.

CEIAt’TER LXXVIII.

Expedition op the World-oonqdeiuno Army op the gHiHiNsaia FOR THE CoNQDEST OP THE CoUNTRY OF GUJEAT.

The pious lord of the world always regards external administra- tion as the decoration of the world of reality, and without any con- 369 tamination of human desires recognises that his own satisfaction lies in the soothraent of mankind. He always perceives what things are most important, and applies himself to the gathering together of the distressed and dispersed ones of the age. In conquering countries and cities his first thought is to inquire into and sympathise with th« condition of the oppressed. Hence wherever the rulers act wisely and exert themselves to protect their subjects, he does not set himselt to conquer that country though the means for doing so be at hand. And although it is clear to the front of hia holy mind — which is truth’s arena — that every extension of territory brings the plurality of the world into the majestic uniqueness of one of the sublime administrators of justice, and thus brings the highest form of worship to the bridal-chamber of manifestation, yet as the motive of his genius is the preservation of the general public — who are a wondrous trust from God — he does not address himself to such worship. But as the incomparable Deity is engaged in increasing the dominion and in exalting the foundations on H.M.’s sovereignty, it happens from time to time that He makes a country empty of just rulers, in order that the truthful sovereign may direct his royal attention thereto, and may eradicate it by his justice. So that those burnt up in the desert of misfortune may be c/ o!od by graciousness, and also that compulsory unity, which is the Ivr u of voluntary unity, may take proper shape ; and that the torch ol Dvalty may be kindled even aimong the superficial, of whom the orld is full. For the power of God has established a great gap r tw -aen the merits of the various sections of mankind. Glory to HIl me ! ^ One section has,

I JaU Jaldla. This is the pass- word of the followers of the Divine faith, cf. Blochmann, and belongs to

this sentence, and not to the preced* ing one, as is done in some texts.

cuArricK Lixviii.

537

by beholding the brilliant wisdom, the walk and couversation, the giving and forgiving, the winking at men’s faults, and the wakcful- heartedness of the j^edive of the age, become his followers and regards him as the Unique one of God’s Court. They regard his service as Divine worship and go on augmenting their loyalty and deVotion. Another section, whose glance has not fallen on those acts, have come to believe his esoteric greatness from seeing his external grandeur, and the increase in his territories, and havo bonnd the noose of discipleship on the neck of their souls and become of the number of his devoted followers.

Accordingly, at this time, when the kingdom of Delhi was cleared from the dost of fily-like sedition-mongers, and the blind- hearted ones had descended into the abyss of defeat and aiinihila> tion> the Siiahinahah’s genius determined upon the conc|uest of G ujrat, and the amendment of the distractions of that country, for the oppression of the subjects thereof had reached its climax.

From the time when Sultan Mahmud had from carelessness taken the smooth-tonguedness of enemies to be friendship, and had died from the evil nature of servants who regarded the loss of their master and benefactor as their gain — as has been brielly noticed ‘ in the account of the province of Gujrat — the ofticors of Gujrat, 370 especially Saiyid Mubfirak, ‘Jtmfid ^an, and ‘Imsd-ahMulk had looked after their own interests. In order that their power might be real, they had produced one of the sons of Sultan Ahmad and given him a noble name. But when he came to years of discretion they got rid of him, and brought forward a worthless boy named Naniiu who was of low origin, and gave him out as a son of SuHan Mahmud. They gave him the title of Mozaffar gbilh and pursued their own private advantage. Ahmadabild, which is the capital of Gujrat, Cambay and much of the country foil into the possession of ‘Itmad !^Sn. Sarkar Patan fell to Musa Khan and Khan Fuladi ; Surat, Broach, Baroda, and Campanir to Cingiz Khan, the son of *Imftd-al-Mulk ; Dandfiqa and Dulqa, etc., came to Saiyid Hfirnid, the grandson of Saiyid Mubarak; Junagarh and the district of Sorath to Amin Khan Ghori. ‘Itmad Khan craftily kept that low-born child in his own presence, and so passed his days, while the country was,

^ A. F, must here be referring to his Ain. See Janet 11, 266.

68

m

AICBAKNABA

owing to tlio prevalehce of erabezzlerH, the sceno of varioas oppros uions, and heedless beads strove with one another. Meanwhile, when Cingiz I^an died, Nannu, at the instigation of SJ^er Ehan Ful4di, fled from A^madab&d and came to Patan. 3ber ^)iazi Fuladi and a number of vagabonds got together an army for the taking of Abmadabad. ‘Itmad ^ftn siiut himself np in Ahmadabad and asked the help of the Mirzas. Strife rose high, and the market of contentioir became brisk. Tne holy heart of the ^bibinghi^b recognised that the taking of Gnjrat was tne important matter, and applied himself to making preparations for this. Mirsa Yusuf Khan, Fattu, Rajah Birbar and a large force were sent to the Panjab tu help ^usain Qull i^an lest Hakim Mirzd should at the instigation of short-sighted men, and from thinking that the imperial army was at a distance, allow seditions thoughts to occupy his brain. An order was issued to^usain Qull Khan that he should aniiex Nagarkot aiid make it over to Rajah Birbar, as Rajah Badh Cand, the aamindar thereof, had been convicted of bad service and evil intentions. If his people should regard the strength of the fort as materials for pre- sumption, he was to besiege it with a large force and capture it. Similarly prudent men were despatched to every quarter, and on tlie day of Bahram 20 Tir, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday, 20 Safar, 4 July 1572, H.M. marched out from Fat^pur to conquer Gujrat, and halted at Dabar.

One of the acts of justice which were performed at this time was the punishment of Baba Ktftn Qaqshal. The brief account of this act of justice is as follows. Sb&hbaz Khan was the Amir-Tflaak, 371 and was engaged in arranging the procession. That ignorant Turk behaved presumptuously and was rude to Sb^hbaz Khan. When it was reported to the adornei: of the rose-garden of the Caliphate, he ordered him to be severely ^ punished as a lesson to himself and ns a means of amending other transgressors. Thus, by a single advertence of the Sb^lhinsbah was a matter appertaining to a large

1 Sid$at-i‘Mhn, ** A groat punish- ment.’ Sldsat is often used for a capital punishment, and as it is here one might have expected that Babi Kliiii Q^sh»l WAS put tc* dtiiih Bui

it appears from Blochmann 369n. that B&b& Ithsn Qlk|ghsl was not exe- cuted, and lived to die a rebel in Bengal in 988

CHAPT3B LXXVIII.

539

army) and for which many experienced ^ adminietrators would have Foand it difficult to make proper regulation, disposed of with ease.

One of the joyful occurrences was that at the time when the army was encamped at Sangfinir, H.M., according to oastom, engaged in hunting. He was at this time much devoted to hunting with citas> and after assigning citas to numerous parties he went off himself with some special attendants. It chanced that they loosed a special cdta (cTta-i’kho^) called Citr Najan at a deer.* Suddenly there appeared in front rf them a ravine which was twenty-five yards broad. The deer leapt into the air to the height of a spear and a half and con- veyed itself across. The cila in its eagerness took the same course, cleared the ravine and seised the deer. On beholding this astonish- ing occurrence the spectators raised a cry of amaxement and there was great rejoicing and astonishment. The Khediv j raised the rank of that ciia and made him chief of the citas» He also ordered that as a special honour, and as a pleasure to men, a dr*im should be beaten in front of that cita. On the day of Gosh ^14 Amirdad, Divine month, corresponding to Saturday, 15 RabT-al-awwal, 26 July 1572, he according to custom went one stage to AjmTr on foot and proceeded to circumambulate the shrine of M^iiinu-d-din. On the way the scouts reported that there was a powerful tiger there thut always lay in wait for travellers and killed them. Inasmuch as the extirpa- tion of causers of evil is one of the duties of sovereignty, the prince went forward to destroy him. He did so, and then went on to that delightful spot. The advent of the Shahinsh^h produced fresh joy, and the rites of supplication and circumambulation were performed. The river of bounty overflowed, and the grades of mankind shared in great gifts. Next day he proceeded to inspect the fort * of Ajinir, which is on the summit of a hill. In that lofty place he visited the

• Tlie text has kdrgu 9 ar-i-pairav. The MSS. generally seem to have 6eru, and Add. 27, 247 has he-ao,

• Possibly the name was CItr&nga, f.c., spotted, or variegated body.

• The text has but that is the 4th day of the month.

• This is Taragarh. See Baj> ^lutana Gazetteer II, 15 and 16: It

is there stated that Saivid Qusain fras a servant of Qutbi]-d>dTti, and that he was killed in trying to defend the Fort. See id., p. for further account of Taragarh. See also KhazIna^Auliyi. II, 254, for an ac- count of the martyr. He is said to have been killed in 610 A.U.

540

AKlABIllMA.

shrine of Saiyid Hasain who is commonly said to be a

descendant of Zainn-l-abadSn. Bnt by investigation it appears that the Saiyid was* a servant of gbihftba-d-din Gborf, and that at the time when he returned from the conquest of India he made him Shiqdftr of Ajmtr. There he died. From lapse of time and general assent he became famous as a saint, and hia tomb became the circnmambulation-place of mankind. As H.M. the Sk^hini^fth was 87S always a painful seeker, he took into consideration the popular report and implored his aid. On the day of Ruz ^ 7 AmirdAd, Divine month, corresponding to Tuesday. 2 Rabi*-a|>gAm, 12 August 1572, the l^ftn K il to was sent og to Guirat as an advance-guard along with many officers such as Ashraf Kbinj Shfth Qnli l^hsn Mahram, Qh&h Budl^ Sbin, Saiyid Mahmad QMin, Qulij l^kn, Sftdiq ^ftn, Fal^ru- d-dfn, Haidar Muhammad Akfeta Begl, Saiyid Ahmad iObiAn,

Qntlaq Qadam Muhammad Qnli Oin Tuqbfti, Sbarram l^ftn. Beg Niirin Beg Muj^mmad IQi&n, Muhammad Quli Khftn.

•Oo-in-law of the JQf&n Kilftn, Mihr ‘All Siln Silduz, Saiyid ^Abdullah Sbftn, Mirzida ‘All and Babidnr Kbftn. On the day of Farwardin 19 QbahriyUr, Divine’ month, corresponding to Monday, 22 Rabr-a$-{ii^ 1 September 1572, HML. marched from Ajmir in order that he indulge iu hunting, and sdso that the officers

sent in advance might the better show their merits, and also that Ga]rat might as soon as possible come into tue possession of the imperial servants, and that the sufferings of the oppressed ones of that oountry might be redressed in the best manner. In two stages the army had arrived within two stages of Nftgor when news came of the birth of a noble son, and also that of a victory.

• Thite was on#? of the intorcalary days and the second or first ctth» two added w the «ud ofi the month.

CHAFTIR l.fXir.

541

CHAPTER LXXIX.

Tfli Ausncious Birth of the Nobeqay of Fobtumi’b Spring.

TO WIT, OP Prince Suham Daniil.

It is not concealed from the heartil which closeij Bomtinise the established law of the elements and the celestial bodies, w. from the acute descriers of the associations of loins and wombs, that as the stewards of things terrestrial and celestial have distinguished the IQiedive of the world by daily-increasing fortune, and eternal dominion, and have made him successful in his desires, spmtaal and physical, and auspicious as regards the objects of realm and religion, 80 also have they every morning caused a fresh spring-flower to bloom for him in the gardens of hope, and every evening huve made a felicitous star arise from the horizon of his wishes. Inasmuch as the amount of Divine aid in respect of the 3 hihindt&h of (the universe is beyond human calcnlation — ^for Almighty God, after having gathered together all the blessings and glories whioh a *e in the hidden stores of the eternal decrees and having placed them in his fortune’s bosom, hath attached to his personality many unwished-for great gifts — how could there be room for things which he had wished or, to remain secluded behind the screen of delay f Accordingly as his holy mind was desirous of obedient truth-seeking, truth-recognis- ing children, Almighty God bestowed on him this favour without limitation and this blessing without cessatio thich is styled ^‘the creation of copies,^^ ^ and from time to time makes a priceless pearl of the secret ocean glorious on the shore oi ‘^estation.

1 sSm»| y AT ke vdci-

i-iaifl S6drai osdnatl. The passage is obscure, and I am not sure of the meaning. Most MSS. seem to have which I suppose must mean the creation or increase of copies, i.e., increase of copies of Akbar, or of Qod in the sense that man was made in Ood’s image.

Add. 27, 247 seems to have i^nosl, ** increase of the linsaga** The Lucknow edition has qgjtc a different reading which looks Hke a gloss inserted to explain an obaeaore expression. Instead of b’riif i mifrf it has ljdd^i*banl nu i-tiMOJi, “the creation of the sons of men " !

542

AS:BARNAlfA

At the time that the subliine cortege was proceeding from Ajmir, one of the secluded ones of the screen of chastity had come near the 373 time of child-birth and was unable to endure movement or a journey. In searching for an auspicious place the house of Daniel ’ — a follower of the illustrious shrine (or M’uinu-d-dln) — was found. It was made empty and the lady was placed there. The cortege of fortune had halted in Phaludi,^ which lies in a desert (ran) belonging to the Sarkar of Nagaur, when couriers came from Ajmir and brought the joyful intelligence that after 41 puht of the night of Ssman^ 27 Shahriyur, Divine month, corresponding to Wednesday, 2 Jamada- aUawal, 9 September 1572, according to visibility ^ and to the night of the third according to supreme decree, under the sign of Aries ac- cording to the Greek philosophers, and of Pisces according to the Indian sages, the Giver of life and Adorner of the world had, in the blissful land of Ajmir,* the longitude of which is 111® 5’, and latitude 26’, bestowed on the Shahins^ah a lofty-starred son. By the emer- gence of this brilliant star favour had been conferred on souls and on horizons. When the lord of the world heard this news he placed his forehead on the dust of prostration, and returned thanks to God. He recognised in this news the foretidinga of incalculable victories, and inaugurated splendid feasts. The people received fresh joy by general gifts, and the coin of liberality was poured into the lap of the world.

i The Piagina Auliya, p. 443, mentions a Shaikh Daniel CistI, who died in 994 A. 11., aged 111.

• Rajputaiia Gazetteer, II. 26*). “IPhalodi is’ a large town to the N. W. of Marwar near the borders of Bikanu and Jaisalmlr. ” It thus belongs to Jodhpar. The fort is still in good order.

A Here again is the expression used at p. 3, and which 1 do not fully understand, but which, I think, “efers to the Muhammadan practice of not reckoning the month to have

begun until the New Moon ha.s be- come visible. ‘ Amr ;»usat ’ I now take to mean supreme decree, ausat having been written for which is Turkish.

• The longitude and latitude of the city of Ajmfr are 74°39 ‘31” E. and 26^26’ 30” N. It is 677 m. from Bombay and 232 by rail from Agra — Rajputana Gazetteer, II. 66. The lat. and long, here given by A. F. agree with those given in the Ain— Jarrett 111. 59. The longitude is calculated from the Canaries.

CHAPTER Utlll.

54S

Fertfe.

A BouUsustaining rose bloomed in the garden

The fragrance reached a thousand gardens

When the cypress sprang from the noble * root

Gratulations were uttered by the seven planets

I’he Khedive gave fresh wings to joy

He proclaimed a wine-distribution to the seven climes

Rapture was hung on the chords of melody

Song penetrated the brain of the Age

Liberality, when it gave a glance of genius

Removed the curtain from in front of desire.

H.M. had regard to the birthplace which was the honRo of Shaikh Daniel, and having implored aid from His Highness Daniel the Lrcat (the prophet) g^ve to that nursling of fortune’s rosarium the name of Sultan Daniel. Acute poets wrote congratulatory odes, and rare chronograms came from the tongues of the skilful, and were rewarded with gifts. (An order was issued that when this celestial star should be a month old, his cradle should be conveyed to the town of Amber and the care of him committed to the Rani, the wife of Rajah Bara Mai.*) It is hoped that this cypress of the Caliphate will for long epochs be watered by the Shahinabah 8 fortune, and will grow up under his shade and protection. Now that the eternal aid has guided me astray in life’s assembly to the exposition of the instruc- 374 tive account of H.M. the ^b^bin^nh, and makes me more impatient and mobile than my pen, I here insert the horoscope of the Iiappy birth according to Greek and Indian calculations, but leave the extraction of the judgments to the subtle eyes of astronomers.

t ^im^dd ban, lit. the box- tree. But shimsli&d is also a name for any tall and straight tree, and an epithet of a beautiful man or woman. Here it may refer to Akbar, or to Daniel’s mother.

• So in text. Should be Bahiri Mai. The making over Daniel to this Rani would seem to imply that the luoihcr of Daatel was related to

her; it might also strengthen the tradition that the Rint’s daughter was Jahangir’s mother.

3 Here follow two horoscopes, bat by some mistake they are those of Prince Murad. That i.s, they are for the signs of Capricorn and Sagittarius, and not for Pisces and which,

w« have just been told, were those of Datncl’s horoscope The mistake

S44

AKBABMllA.

376 lu fine, after the completion of thanksgiTings for this great l>oon the g^fthin^ah’a cortege continued its march, and on the day of Isfaudarmaz, 5 Mihr, Divine month, corresponding to Wednesday, 9 Jamida-al-awwal, 17 September 1572, encamped in the town of Nftgautt.

(JOMCLOSION.^

God be praised ! On 7 Ardibihifjbt of the ilst year of the Divine Era, corresponding to Friday, 27 ab^abftn 1004, 16 April 1596, the noble task of the record of a cycle (qam) of everlasting dominion and of many marvellous incidents in the fortune of the Lord of the World during thirty years received a happy completion by the strength of a wordrweigfaing intellect and the swiftness of a heavens-like moving pen.

Fene*

Lamp of six arches. King of nine pavilions Akbar 3hih, the King of the Age May fortune’s day gain brightness from his face M^y the age be<3ome a rose-garden from his Spring.

Many great princes have been commemorated as complements to that unique one of oSeatton, and so the garden of history has been watered,’ and the countenanoe of life Sternal has glorified those who were resting in the sleep of non-existence.

Ferae,

Hundreds of thanks for that this Gallery Has assumed everlasting decoration He who is a chief for acuteness Kjiows what has been the spiritual outpouring.

appsfently originated with the Lucknow editor whom the Bib. Ind. editors have here blindly followed.

The correct horoscoji’’.^ for Prince Danisl srv ;;iYen in B. ,•!. MSS. Add. MIC, pp. M06 and 541a. and 5553, pp. 282, -83 ; also in R.A.S. MSS. Nos. 114, 116 and 118.

• TS!;,s concision also appears in the third part ot A.. F.’s letter.^ aud

miscellaneous writings — the Mnk- t&bat ‘All&ml. See Newal Kisho/‘’s ed. of 1280 A. H. (1867). pp, 277.;ir, and the earlier Mir Hasan presaedy pp. 275-95. Both have marginal notes. They ‘are nearly the same in both, and 1 have found them very useful.

• The lines are Faiff’s and are be fomdin the preface to B. M. . id. 77*^. p. 3a.

CHIPTIB LZXiX.

545

Had my confosed glanoe fallen npon myself, I skould have seen that I was unfit for this great emprise, and have accepted the words of the sage and tamed away from the execution of the great task.

Ferae.

If thou hast not a nature olear as running water Lay not hands on the record of princes If the mouth^ is to remain free of food nHs best to leave the table unsupplied.

But the SUifthinshth’s command and the potent magic of loyalty opened my mind’s eye to the exhibitions of fortune, and victoriously withdrew me from myself..

The beginning of my education came from Arabic. In Persian I was less versed. The paeings in the alleys of a spiritual Springy and the sontemplation of the honse-gaiden of theoretical and practical wisdom abstracted my attention from all other matters. Especially did I live in alienation from old stories about dies.* Methought it great loss to give up current coin for antiqipited bills of credit An extensive survey showed me that the palace of history was in ruins, and that the ample plain of chronicles could be no arena for Truth’s cavaliers, seeing that it did not meri( even a glance from exoteric persons who were capable of making a right choice. It is essential that the sons of men should not gra tuitously cast away the precious jewels of the spirit, and shoillc keep life’s brief tenement in repair by obedience to the wise, anu not spend their days in folly, or sell life’s precious pearl fo. worth- less potsherds. (Cupidinous persons and confused babblers introduced 877 untrue statements for their own ends. They designedly mixed truth with falsehood, and thus incurred the reproach of the onlighteued) Unexperienced physicians and qaacks who had no proper understanding of goodness oi purity fabricated tales of hopes and fears. They supposed the bitter medicaments of faiseiiood, and a mixture from the poisonous herb of untruth to be a remedy fc .

• Probably the meaning is— If the oessor Daqiql. See Qhiiliiiftma, Tur-

mouth is incapable of eating, or is ner-Heoan’e ed. Ill, p. IlOf A. F.

to remain empty. The lines are seems to have altered the second line

FifUUsl’s and are applied to his nrede- • Probably a hit at FirdiUI

69

546

AKDARNAMA.

the chaQieleon>like spirit, and for the melancholy engendered l>y opposing humours, and so entered the wide field of error. Many 1 rugged-dreamers * and worshippers of fancies took their evil imagi- nations to ho called celestial visitants, and became blatant babblers. From mental confusion and long-continued turmoil of spirit tln^y mixed up presumptuous imaginings with the delightful utterances of Truth. Very many truthful, well-constituted, well-meaning simple- tons and writers have given way to dejection (literally, loosed the tress ends of dejection), and, from shortness of view and want of under- standing, indulged in foolish discourse, and at the instance of silly persons, who did not know what truth was, brought false tales into vogue. Owing to tho lapse of epochs, to the mustiness of records, to wisdom’s retiring to a corner, and to the predominance of natural temperament, typhoons of strife were let loose, and floods of evil seethed over. Class upon class of mankind and all sorts of natures heaped up great punishments (for themselves) from the reading of old and erroneous books, and fell into eternal loss. From the dulness of their fortune and the dreaminess of their understandings, they chose, instead of the unique pearl of science, which quiets per- turbations, physical and spiritual, and gives light to darknesses ex^rnal and internal, an injurious intermixture (of truth and false- hood). They covered up the illuminating light with dust and rubbish, and devastated the city of bliss. More extraordinary still ! they> while in that burning desert of indiscrimination, where no restful shelter is to bo found, are eager to fashion the life-destroying simoom thereel into the material of a refreshing sleep! They go down into tho gloomy abode of error, and build joy and sorrow upon miserable dreams.

Versed

Ala’s * How shall one enter a road

A^hich a sword- edge, and a track of thorns ?

At ODcq wounding the heel and swelling the sole

How can 1 set foot on a diamond-paved desert.

I Kanahfjirifiirdn^ “ takers of hemp or bhang.” Tho reading of the litho- graphs and also of B.M.M.S. 27,247 kuiubgir^Uifdnt i.c., pedants or hook worshippers, but 1.0. MB.

has kanab and this is probably right. Kanab is the origin of tho Latin oannabis.

• The Hnc.s arc FaizVs and are quoted in A. N. 111. 684.

CHAPTKR LXXIX.

547

lu the darkness of my heart and perturbation of my mind tin* star of truth shone out, and my reason’s ear was opened by the feli- city of my temperament. Celestial reproof struck a blow on ray dis- torted spirit, and admonished me with a toiigueless tongue. ** Son of Mubarik, to whom has been allotcd a select lodging in the honour- able mansion of right thinking, what has come into thy head ? Why has the eye of fault-finding been unclosed, and how long wilt thou cavil and utter improprieties ? How long will the peaW of goodness be covered with the dust of misunderstanding?” Asa general rule whoever has not a constructive hand, abuses what he does not under- stand and stains his heart and tongue with abuse, and takes the road of ignorance, and does not exercise deep discernment. If the 378 brilliancy of story, and the radiance of annals did not exist, where would so many lamps of knowledge be lighted ? Or how would the holy seekers after retired wisdom of old times have come down to u.s. Speech — a painting upon air, and a knotted (articulated) wind — was young in years, and ancient eloquence had not received its acompani- ments. In their gratitude for the mighty boon, far-seeing appreciators of work do not give so much as a glance at faults, much less do they speak of such or listen to remarks about them.

Verse.

i

Look at perfect love and honesty, not at defects For whoe*r lacks wit, casts his eye on faults.

Why does the combination of excogitated (ra‘aqul) and acquired (manqCil) knowledge remain hidden ^ in thy heart’s antechamber — which is a fountain of Divine bounties — ^and why does thy prudent* soul become dejected and the tongue of chiding bo unloosed? Know that high resolves and lofty genius are rare, or rather, non-existent. If all obscure verities had been recorded in the primsoval writings, mediaeval

^ iS’ar dtnelj^Utgi. The Inohi* or Muktabat, has satrimef^tagT, ‘Hhe mixture of the veil ” I suppose the meaning is, ** Why do not your reason and learning act ? ”

^ Ilniht/dr dil The Mir Hasan

lithograph has fievambanl, do* quence, and B. M. Add. 5610 has ^dh$uwnr dil, A note to Newal Kishor’s edition says that linshyir here means i*eprt>a<-hful.

548

AKBAftKiVA.

wayfarerii in the Helds of inquiry, and laggards in the wilderness of search — of which last the world is full — would not have tasted joy, and writings of the past age would have been consigned to the closet of neglect. Clearly, the wondrous Showman of creation (God) hath introduced such singular combinations, and His mag^c power hath drawn such charming uncoloured sketches on the wondrous tablet in order that there may be both spots ^ averting the evil eye from the daughters of the houria of the spirit, and chargers for the conveyance of those veiled and mystic beauties.* Chronicles unfold the feasts and the fights {hazm-razm), the strivings and sports, the glooms, and the glories and other things relating to the knowledge of mankind and civilisation, the perspicacities of the wise, tbe mistakes of the learned, the various ups and downs of the world, the simplioities of the great of the earth, the vain knockings* at the door of inaooessible Fortune, the empty * satisfactions of many members of the households of Beason and Testimony, and other singularities of the wonderful world. They also record many experiments and lessons in a pleasing and impressive manner. If enlightenment be brought to the task (of chroniole-writ- iog) and regard be had to what is proper, a second life is bestowed on the inquiring and the laborious, such as they died wishing for, and the matoriiils of eternal existence are gathered. Moreover, if the wooers of knowledge {iltdhid-i-*urfdn) have, from lacking the light, of wisdom, not been able to seat ^ themselves 00 the genial bride-bed, and if the veiled one of the spiritual bed-chamber has not wholly nnveiled her cheek, owing to there befog no ray from the night-gleaming jewel

1 JK7u2/. A mole or freckle.

♦ The meaning is that the imper- fections of early writings were de- signed in order to prevent Truth from being too much exposed, and to avert the evil eye from her beauty.

3 Halqa iqbdl ndmamknn jambdni- dan. Literally, the moving of the knocker of impossible fortune. The phrase is used by quoted

in the BihAr *Ajain, p. 341a.

« BaJiec ^arsand. From the man- ner in which this phrase is used lower

down, text 38U, 1. 8, it seems that It contains a sneer. It refers to those who are satisBed when they should not be so, i.a., satisfied with knowledge which is no knowledge.

t Cf. Tholuck’s Ssufismus, Ber lin 1821, p. 94 : ** Hinc factum eat ut Dachalaleddinus doctrmam soam et (nuptias) appellat, inque alio loco dicit Ssnfioa primi gradua spon- sam sine velo adspioere, eosque secun- di gradils quasi toris genialibus dia* eumbere

CHAPTKR LXXiX.

549

(wisdom), jet the ooiitroller of Truth (God) has given the means of light by the avenue of the senses. Especially has a profusion of light been admitted by the wicket-gate of the eye, and the lattice of the ear I and this is brightened by the seeing and hearing the vestiges of past generations, whereby an embroidery is furnished to daily- increasing beauty. Moreover, in the spicery of varied traditions there are remedies for melancholy, and medicines for sorrow. Such agreeable electuaries are indispensably necessary in the social state {niiiidh^- Vaalluq),^

Apparently, my refractoriness was due to my strange sours being perpetually excited by the thought of liberation. It sought an emp^ hand and a vaoant heart. How could’ it be satisfied with 379 the mass of story-telling (logography) which is the best thing which worldlings [VaaUuqiydn) have to show. How can perfect Beauty be seen under oonorete forms f At the present day when men have been relieved from internal straggles and are proceeding towards the pleasant abode of peace with all, and when they are invited to come out of the stony hollow of formalism to the spacious mansion of Liberty, how will it be surprising if the glad news of Cognition reach my blissfnl ear, or how will it be strange if my heart cease from its aversion (to the world) f

The truth of the matter is that everything which the heart passes on to the tongue, and the pea transfers to ps^r, is the offspring of the patriarch (d6s-2-d&df) Reason, and is the magical work of this wondrous draughtsman. But, by heaven’s decree, that refulgent gem of existence became, from companionship with Wrath and Desire, and the embraceries of Heedlessness — which last is the true descendant of those two ogres (ghoul) in the path of bliss — in- crusted with ever-duriug rust, layer upon layer, and the encrustations still remain. As a result of this mischief, a deadly mixture caused under various designations the bewilderment of trant|ail hearts, and still does 80 . The blackness (of the rust) sometimes prevents Truth from being seen, but sometimes it cannot weave a screen against the luminary of intellect, though it make the workman to stumble. Any birth of Reason which has been so far cleansed and scraped that the veiled ones of the sacred chamber can be recognised, and that, owing

^ 1 presume that the celestial admonition ends here.

550

AKUARNAMA.

to the brightness of the jewel and the illumination of the heart, mysteries can be perceived, is termed Revelation {mak^uf). If the incrustation has come to have the appearance of being the magic offspring of celestial sires, ^ and terrestrial mothers, it is called ** in elegant language^’ a compendium (majmal,) The Why and the Wherefore ** which are part of its properties are regarded as right and are termed in the language of the world Rational (maqul). The rosy fruits of wisdom receive the name of ’’ Acquired {manqul) and are cast away with contempt. Alas ! where has an atom of contingent (tmfean) dust the strength to grasp such matters, or Reason which seeks to serve, the audacity to describe her sovereign’s privy- chamber ? Such matters are the glorious work of the incomparable Deity, and are the unveiling of the many-coloured countenance of destiny ! The wise man perceives that Good and Evil are alike * (harahar), and that “ Victorious Evil, i.e.. Pure Evil is impossible (lit. is in the secret chamber of impossibility). The luminary® of existence which is pure Good, and unmixed light, can only be kept bnrning by victorious Good.^

My troubled and devious heart left off those thoughts, and by a strong bond held back my foolish tongue. To conclude : after long discourse and little result my mind was relieved somewhat from various troubles, and relief came to my straitened capacity. I abandoned my aversion and applied myself to the amendment of

^ That is, celestial influences, such as the stars, and the terrestrial ele- ments, the former being regarded as fathers, and the latter as mothers. Of. Spenser’s Fairy Queen, Canto I, stanza 6.

• This is the Suffstio doctrine. Good and Evil are alike, for both are manifestations of God. Of. Eth^, Morgenland, Stunden : ** In fol- gerichtiger Consequenz sind auch das Gute and* Bose vollig gleioh, also beide in Wirklichkeit gar nicht existieren, sondern an Gott zurnck- gefiihFt werden mussen.” Dardbar, however, may also mean “ set over

against one another *’ ; cf. the des- cription of the perfect man in the Ain text II, 351, and Jarrett III, 409. A. P. says that there are three condi- tions of humanity, and that the third is ’that of the perfect man {mardam tamdm). He takes no account of men and consequently has no thought as to whether they are good or bad.

3 The B. M. MSS. and the litho- graphs have naiyir, light, before Jiaatl, andHhe word seems required, for further on we have the metaphor of kindling.

♦ Po.ssibly the speech of tiie celes- tial interlocutor only ends here.

CHAPTER LXXIE,

551

raankinil. I set my foot resolutely to the task of tlioir spiritual and physical improvement. It seemed to mo indiapensahlo that in- correct delineations should bo erased. My design was to lay down certain principles which might at tho time of question and answer assist both the impa<‘ters (lit. sellers) of knowledge, and tho seekers 380 thereof. Now when ascetics seek for a chain for tho unruly spirit, they begin by collecting tho things pertaining to the forge. After that, many sliacklos are put together which may be fit to control the swift, qiiicksilver-liko spirit, and which may preserve seekers after God who belong to the house of search from daily decrease (in numbers?) and may assist them to strengthen tliem for tho adorn-monts of Iho deceptive spirit. God-finders * {^udaydbdn) who are satisfied anyhow, abandon their wrong notions and perceive, after failure, that the sublime threshold of Divinity is too high for the soaring birds of the zenith of contingent existence, and that they cannot flap their wings there. The dealers in tho market-places of religions ^ base their transactions (lit. their profit and loss) upon this fact, and withdrawing from boundless and bottomless bewilderment they cease to stretch their feet beyond the carpet of their capacities, and neither act nor speak foolishly. But from cautiousness and opportunism, which are indispensable for the seek- ers after happiness, and the active-minded, I say to myself, “ Seven thousand years have elapsed during which the turmoil^of indiscrim- ination had gone on iucreasing, and mischievous ignorance has confused all, high and low. On this day, which is the beginning of a nG’.v cycle, is tho marvellous Host (God) weaving as of yortf various veils, or is lie about to remove the screen barring admission, and to guido mankind to Truth’s glorious mansion. I long to get a hint of the designs of heaven and earth, and I seek an enlightening explana- tion from tho aspect of the Ago,” Suddenly I descry a line of despair on its forehead, and it becomes apparent in perception’s foreground that many more revolutions of the juggling heavens are

and this makes better sense, the meaning being that the founders and exponents of religions have seen that certain matters aro beyond human

kcD.

I arvw aacafv ivvvvvi v^avaaQaas^ w mwam ii ii p

^ ^vddydbdn. Probably alluding to tho pantheistic Sufis who identi- fied themselves with God.

^ Text has danyd, tho world, hot I.O. MS.564,B.M. Add. 27, 247 and

07 OJil /ITmT iw%1rvnrrin»

/VrBAttNiMA.

552

required. After experiencing the waywardness and tardiness of Hope I sate in expectation of that time. Suddenly the light of bliss cart a ray and my heart turned back from foolish ideas. It became clear that the pen of destiny had not decreed that every one should become possessed ol the truth, and that I had been made the physi- cian of myself, not of the world. The physician ^ said, ** Since silence is hollow, and understanding is, like a madman gnawing at the knocker on the door, intellect, which is termed the key of action, has become the lock on the treasury of troth-seeking and the happiness of every section of mankind is impledgod to jnst thinking ^ and honest intentions,”

My heart was relieved from the notion of instructing mankind, and I came to think that if genius helped me and time granted me leisure, I wonld compose a history snitable to the temperament of mortals, and wonld treat of the mysteries of truth with a cryptic ^ tongne. May it be a pendant in the ear of a sage (^dMbdil) and a oollyrinm for his eyes I

Verse,

It was long in my thoughts

That by a knowing and thoughtful heart

I might set hidden wisdom in the open field

< The text has nagafidn Uihiydt gufl^ “ suddenly idiosyncrasy said.** But the lithographs of tbe hishd and the B.M. and I.O. MSS. which I have seen read nd yihdn, i.e., ** not the world,’* and tahlb guft, and I have adopted this reading. The sentence, however, is obscure, and possibly the text is corrupt. B.M. MS. 27, 247f has the word shvd inserted by some- one after hetq pa9huliX, Possibly qajl is used in the sense of something guarding the Treasury, and not of something preventing access to it. The expression ** gnawing at the knocker of the door ‘* is curious. Perhaps it hast been formed on the expression used tupm about shaking

the knockers of impossible fortune. It would perhaps make the sentence clearer if we took ciin, ” since, ’* to mean here “ How, ** and to suppose the physician to remark on the per- version of A. P.*8 faculties. The physician probably means A. P. him- self.

• The text has an “ ao ** after i.e., ’ his, via., intellect’s ‘ right-thinking, but the pronoun seems to be omitted by all MSS.

^ Z€3>an^-g(mago, a tongue that speaks and does not speak, i.e., the words are only to be understood by the initiated. See Behar *Ajam s. v. xabin, p. 4Sa.

CHIFTU LZXIX.

553

Might bring predons goods for sale Might give enlightenment to the heedless Might revives the position of good will.

At this time, the Great Ruler, the gb^hinsb^h of the world, commanded the writing the account of his rule. Wings came to my soul, and strength to my tongue, and in an admirable manner I brought the hidden things of the heart from the sours ocean to the shore of paper. The duty of obedience was performed, and the thanks due for favours received were in part paid.

Ferae.

Though my desire was always seeking utterance Tet fulfilment was in pawn to the proper season May the life-soothing inspiration come soon So that it may be ihe adorner of my soul.

Most old authors and many writers of the present day, who all hold the same language, and string their words atter one fashion, and display a worn-out embroidery, give all their attention to the orna- mentation of words, and regard matter as subservient to them, and so exert themselves in a reverse direction. They consider cadences^ and decorative style as the constituents of eloquence, and think that prose shonld be tricked out like the works ’ of poets. They make the collo- cation ^ of words, the art of derivations,^ the rules of paronomasia/

• Utff literally, “the ooeinw

of doves.”

• The lithographs have

simply ** memorials of

poets."

• ^‘Tanisab is where the author unites things that have affinity, such as the arm and moon, the rose and the nightingale, bow arrow.’* Gladwin, 62, 6S.

• Ci.ALie

“Litwull, •igniflM to iplit, u4 in 70

the language of rhetoricians is where

• words are brought together whose letters approximate in sound ; and it is desirable that they should be from the same primitive." Gladwin, 10.

‘ ev Tarsi. " Literally signi- fies the setting of jewels in anyt)]ing, and in composition is where the author in prose or verse divides his sentences into distinct parts and as- sigpis to each word another correspon- ding with it in measure and rhyme." G. 6.

554

AKBARNAlfA.

and homonyms ‘ their central point. They expend their talents on quotations (iqtibas), the use of synonyms (istihildl), allusions,* the invention of enigmas and the reciting of panegyrics and genealogies. They think that fantastic embellishments are language’s capital and do not look to the weighty matters of eloquence, and the glories of the spirit. A few abandon the old methods when they career in the spiritual arena. Tliese regard minutiae and fantastic notions as the game to be pursued in that region, and consider an involved style, and far-fetched metaphors, which bear upon themselves the marks of the disapproval of good judges, as the ornaments of discourse, and do not discriminate between novel obscurities, out of which they fashion the philosopher’s stone of wisdom, and the initial difficulties of cognition. The general crowd of writers set down nothing but what is true and commonplace, and open the lips of reproach against both the above kinds of obscure diction. By the commands of my heart, the help of my resolution, and the robustness of my good for- tune, a new palace has been constructed for composition in this aus- picious record {humdyun ndma), and description has assumed a new gait. The weaving hand of idiosyncrasy has been clasped by the teaching of wisdom and the guidance of choice and brilliant spirits. My jewel has been taken to acute connoisseurs,^ and water-drops have moistened the burning hearts of those in the desert of search.

Verse,

I broke to pieces my talisman

But from each letter I made a new one,

1 Tajnis. Literally sig-

nifies similarity, and in rhetoric is where the author uses two or more letters resembling each other in read- ing or in speech, but having different significations, and of those there are seven kinds.” 6. 6.

ft Taltnih. ** Literally signi-

fies using something savoury, and is when the author alludes to some pop- ular story or verse.” G. 66.

Itirdd, ‘^Is praising any

one along with his ancestors in genealogical order.” G. 53.

• There is the variant j “to beautify” which per- haps is preferable. The meaning then would be that such writers do not distinguish between novel or affected obscurities and ornamenta- tion, and embellishments of real knowledge.

• ^airaftdn. Money-chan- gers and jewellers, and a class of officers in the mint. Blochmann, 18.

OBAPTER LXXIX.

555

Know that whoever desires to see me May behold my life’ s marrow in this roll If I ’m a veiled spirit, this is my body,

If I were Joseph this were his coat.

Meetings were held to praise and to blame (A. F.’s book), and there was a new market>day for approbation and disapprobation. Those who took the path of reflection and did not fall a prey to castom (taqlid), who opened the seeing eye and exerted themselves (lit. practised sweeping) in searching for heart* touching language and for a heart appreciative of language, and who did not from the pressure of circumstances and the length of time required give way to weariness, received the reward of their labour and exulted in joy. Their congratulations drowned me with the perspirUion of modesty. Those who remained in the thombrake of their nature and who from failure in ability, and from oompanionsh’p with the faction which had staked their money in the old petty mops, uplifted their heads for disapproval. Incompetent oritios underwent the torments of envy, and sate wasting their hearts and their souls. They loosed i the tongne of reproof and begrimed with dust the simple-hearted.

Ferae.*

I am dust on the path of those jewellers ^

Who, when they, differing from the malevolenti Open this day this treasury of jewels Will open eyes which choose justice.

A certain enlightened man was well-disposed towards me, and tised to regard me with friendly eyes. Our conversation turned upon the book, and out of kindness he said to me, ** Why do you take such pains (^ahmat), and why do you write in such a style f Will one out of thousands come into existence who will read this glorious volume aright, and be instructed by the new magic of its method f From whom do you expect the effectual recognition of the Truth f When shall an exalted sage draw the veil from over your work r Twere far better to fold away these new-fangled coverlets

I The lines are FsifT’s. flee A.N. Til. 6 lints from foot

556

AffBAXHlMA.

(tablQ carpets), and to speak in the language of the age, and to spread a plenteous table for the generality 1 **

My souKwas soothed by his appreciation, and I was delighted with his affection. The nobleness of his personality induced me to answer him, and I opened out the casket of truth. Theresa ample provision for ordinary guests. 1 am preparing a dainty morsel for the Unique One of Time. What have I to do with a crowd f Celestial things are glorified by being presented nobly to the king of enlightenment. What connection have they with the common herd?

Verse,

What business has the kite with the pigeon 7 Buch game is only for the royal falcon.

The passed^ master of acute seekers after wisdom was also convinced, and rendered powerful help to my enterprise.

Mankind may be divided into four classes : First — ^There are the darkened and contumacious who do not listen to reproof (lit. do not make reproof a constituent of their hearing) and do not convey it from tho wicket of the ear to the chamber of the heart. Or if it does find its way, it is not accepted. Or if accepted, it is not acted upon. Second^Those ilhcoiiditioned, evihnatured ones who reckon their own ignorance as knowledge, and who are proud of their health when they are suffering from incurable disease. Third — Those seekers after light, and those welhconstitnted natures who have escaped from the demons-castle of envy and the dark pit (siyih«:Al) of ignorance, and engage in the pains of Search, but who from peiWerse fate and their evil star cannot attain to lofty, spiritual knowledge and to whom the veiled beauties of Wisdom’s Mraglio but rarely show themselves. Fourth — ^That illustrious man of a happiy ‘star who, along with treasures of knowledge, possesses loftiness of soul ai^d great genius, and who from profundity of per-

1 I pretnine that Akbar is intended here, but possibly the reply U> the enlightened friend ends here and the meaning is that he became con- vinced. The repetition of the wonl didawar perhaps points io this.

Otherwise A. F.’s reply may be taken to extend down to the end of the description of the fonr classes. Tbe lithographs have ra after didcwmr and some MSS. have hdwoir for ydwair

CHAPTIR LXXIX.

557

ception ever fares forward. He who knows the world chooses naught but silence with respect to the first three, and opens not the casket of speech save to this truth-seeking jeweller (%.$,, expert), so that the lamp of knowledge may be kindled, and its radiance may embrace every one I ”

‘‘Son^ of Wisdom, why do you tattle and utter vain things f Since you have introduced speech of a new texture, and have not adapted it to the appraisement of con’yemporaries, what is the end of all this word-selling (i.e,, speech). And wherefore is the head of assertion exalted T Though you may be speaking truth and not be praising your own idea, yet it is far better to erase from the page 888 of existence a feature which looks like arrogance, and not stain the garment of your pure mind with this unbecoming language.

Verse,

Be not drowned in the water of thy own merits.

Look to a standing-place for thy feet Thousands of boats have sunk in this whirlpool And not a plank has come ashore.^^

The truthful and appreciative assayers of speech, and jhdges of its lofty rank know that in this noble hall * of audienoe five things of great price should be gathered. First — Spiritoal brillianee must cast her ray from high heaven on a pure heart and make it her auspicious landingplace. Second— -A ohoioe oombination of opposite qualities must clothe the secluded ones of the heart’s bright chamber with the painted silks {pai^iydn) of words, and so associate thoee daughters of the spirit with elemental forms that they may make a wondrous compound like that of soul and body. Third — A new, heart-delighting and grief dispelling plan must clarify the ears, and exalt the soul. Fourth — Arrangement * and taste must give epiritn- ality its proper setting. Ambiguous^ expressions must be reieoted«

i Possibly this is meant to be the reply of the enlightened friend, but most, likely it it A.F.’t being ad- monished by his own toul.

^ This meant the Akbamima.

^ Na^lbandi. Literally, the art of veaviug garlandt.

« laff j wi M%* i y e, lit, ws Nt seek- ing e side. Sxpheeed by tbe esea* mmiieton by the words ei e ^eieie i el-medei * bearing a spirilmel mteaiag,’ ia, dpnhle-enltadrss, bet ia e geod or ssotans sflMS.

558

llTBARNlMA.

The theme must be brought into its proper mansion, and speech — the lover — must be adorned both spiritually and physically. Fifth — The rhetorician must keep his style free from obscurity and disagreeable tautology. Nor must frigid ^ glances, or heavy features be admitted into the assembly, and also there must not be anything trite or hackneyed. There must be animation and rosy friendliness. To all this oolleotion of goodness there must be added suitable time, and opportunity must help speech so that a right intention, singleness of aim, strenuous search, and the vigorous help of wisdom may all meet in one place. Constant supplication and the favour of the Incompar- able Creator must be accompaniments lit. shoulder to

shoulder). And every one of these requisites carries along with it many conditions and ancillary points. This noble volume cannot reckon them, nor my limited leisure admit of describing them. But a trusty helper is indispensable who should by the light of his intelli- gence search for faults inth the eye of an enemy and should address kimsalf as a friend to their amendment. Evidently the companionship of sneh a distinguished man, elixir of wisdom, and arranger might oonstitdte a sixth jewel of great price. On this day when my heart is distracted, and my soul pawned in a thousand places, and when I am unfamiliar with Persian diction, and the trne gnide unavailable, how can my heart’s desire be accomplished T And what hope is there of a happy issue f Above all, at this time, when the glory of spiritu- ality, adorner of speech, balanoe of wisdom, scale of truth, my eldest brother Sbsihb Abu-l*faif-faifi, who was as a father to me, has departed from the troubled house of the elements to the holy resting- place, and eloquence’s bride sits mourning ! My condition became still mere bewildered and my heart snapped the links of understand- ing. I was aroused by a Divine message,^ and fell into a long repentanee.

^ TW isxt has tha litbo-

gri pils have dry. Tbis also

eecnrs in MSS. and is probably rif Hi, kkoihHrSi or ** dry looks " be cngoppmidto sahairUI, ** friendly glance.

• Either* thi meeaegb mentioned

lower down as baring come to him in A^ar, or the communication mads by Akbar to him after Fai^I’s death. Onewrould have expected this sen- tence to come after the verse, rather than before it.

Cl! If Tift LIXIX.

559

Vers$.

Alas for this confused medley of knowledge The breast full of learning, and nothing known,

I am nought, and my thoughts less than nought,

Nothing comes from me but yet wilder words.

The fault-recognising eye ^ was found, and my head nnk into 884 the fold (lit. pocket) of shame. In the beginning of the roll of fortune (the Akbarnftma)) my design was that when the story of stories (dftstftn dftstftn) should have been written, it would receive beauty’s rouge from being decorated by that chief * of the eloquent. Suddenly, a deadly sorrow appeared, and it came into my mind that there was no happiness for any one. Accordingly I in my distress and feebleness of capacity hissed out idiotic * cries, and revealed my rawness.

Verse.

0 lord of speech, look not on the crudity of speech For Tm consumed by the death of the pattern of sages ^

And am more brokenhearted thkn that crystal vase Which lies far off within the rock.

Up to the tenth year (of the history of Akbar) the assemblage of wisdom (Faifl) had revised the composition of this know«uothing ; not, however, to the extent that his heavenly mind was satisfied therewith, or that this bewildered pupil in wisdom’s schooK was pleased. Time showed such jugglery, and pointed to a soul- exhausting day ! Life became difficult to me, and my heart grew yet more disturbed at the mutability of things* The charm of the graciousness of the Khedive of enlightenment, and the wisdoin- atnulet of the spiritual and temporal caravan-leader (Akbar) re- called me from the aversion (to society) and bound me anew to

^ 1 suppose he means that his own eye detected the faults in his work.

• His brother Faisl.

^ {SaflrJ behush^na. ** A senseless whistling or hissing." Perhaps this is what tho physician alluded to

aboTe when he said that intellect was gnawing the knocker like a madman. ^ txprese

the lamenting of the nightingale.

• The imprisoned gem ie repr^ •cuted as lamenting its fate.

560

AKBAKMlMA.

aociabilitj (t^aallaq). With a disturbed heart and a confused mind I summoned up resolntion to write the glorious {gauharin) history. Bat difficulties and bitterness caused from time to time fresh dis- tress to my confused heart and distracted it more than ever. And ever-new bewilderment ruined my thoughts^ metropolis. Why should not the dust of rebellion arise, and why should not the foot of re- solution tremble ? For, together with various tumbles and contrarie- ties, a lofty sage, who helped me on every side, had departed, and a companion, who in respect of intellect possessed a nine-tenths share, had taken the veil. Would that in the famine-year ^ of humanity there had been a helper who could have written the pages when my heart was distracted so that they should not disgrace those which had gone before I Or if this stock of knowledge were not, an expert was indispensable who could amend* the writing of a distracted soul, and could erase clauses and introduce words and elicit meanings. Or if Time grudged even this, some persons were indispensable who might from the brilliancy of their enlightenment, and the strength of their courage perceive faults. Inasmuch as in the ambushes of my heart there was a daily-increasing agitation for freedom, and as there were various competing, outward engagements pressing upon me, and the oonfidential and loving friend was under the veil, what could be the value of the matter supplied by the heart to the hand, and by the latter to the pen. As my thoughts were clear, and gratitude to God increasing, and my loyalty sincere, and the genius of the Qh^hinghib was assisting, the light of fortune cast a ray in that darkness of struggles, and bestowed energetic strength.

FerM.

What is within my heart Is spiritual coin beyond count I did not earn this enduring wealth myself I received it from my patron’s glance.

On the first iiar of the 40th Divine year (about 11 November

• Ndl^ni hf.nd kanad **Sx hie nails/’ A phrase meaning **to in- terfere, to have one’s say/’

1 Presumably the year in which Fai^ died: ct for expression Ain test II 254/1. 10.

CHAFTKE LXXIX.

561

1595. I shftt ^ the door of mj hoaae * of angaish. Oatwardlj I was occupied^ to the exolasion of everything else^ in writing the noble 386 history, inwardly I was snpplicating the Incomparable Giver, and was imploring a lamp for my darkened heart. I was laying the head of entreaty at the threshold of the Divine greatness, and begging for the accomplishment of my wishes. Suddenly fortune’s morning unveiled her countenance, and a ray of light brightened the window- less closet. When I had time to meditate, and surprise had departed (literally had packed up), the morning-glory canght the slit of my pen. A great joy seized me, and a wondrous delight showed itself.

My sore* and adust body donned the robe of spring, and a guide for my enterprise appeared. My heart renewed its vigour, and my useless (literally, headless and footless) pen drew a wondrous sketch. The stewards of glory roused up the wedding-minstrel * of discourse to a mystic * dance. In a short space of time I was made a rich treasury of eloquence, and a lofty diploma was granted to me.

The titles of Nadtr-aUkaldmi * (marvel-of- oratory) and Sbnms-i- peshtftq-i-goyftl * (sun of the portico of speech) were conferred. Some delightful expressions were put into writing (by Akbar). Thanks were returned for favours and a jewel-volume was completed as a gift to truth-seekers and connoisseurs. A great good fortune and brightener of the countenance arrived.

i

Fcrss.

Fortune ran and opened the door of success She gave a gift greater than my wishes The nightingale of speech flew up from my mind’s rose The veil of concealment was rent by my pen’s point

1 Fardx. It means both to shut and to open, and it is not clear which is intended here.

• Kadurat kada. Possibly this means his heart.

• Tan mihrgan. Milirg&ii is the 7th mouth of the Persian year and corresponds to September. A. F. means that his body was decaying.

t iSur ardi-i»baydn. The N. K. commentator takes ibis to mean the

71

singer at a wedding. The other commentator says it means the marriage house.

^ SanM. The mystic dance of der- vishes.

• It docs not appear elsewhere that these titles wore conferred by Akbar. Blochmann says A. F. never accepted a title, but these epithets are just as much titles as was Faifl’a title of Pool- Laureate.

562

akeamama.

Host open host of apiriti joined me

Called and uncalled, they passed throngh the door

The idols of the heart ran forward

My pen incited them with a melodions murmur.

It is now fitting that there should be the melody of joy and the whispering of delight. But how can he whose resolution is attached to the recording of cycles upon cycles break his fast by writing the account of one of them f With what provision can he satisfy his heart and indulge in pleasure? Especially on this day when by heaven’s decree there is a fresh agitation in my head, and another consideration has come to my perturbed mind P The body is urban inclined to sociability) but the soul is campestral ; there is the thought of the last journey which will dissolve associations. There is the futility of my contemporaries whose tongues speak, but whose hearts are silent. There is daily^increasing anxiety about the com- position of the book of fortune (Iqbilnftma, t.e., the Akbamama).

Ferss.

Alas t A mountain {koh) of grief has fallen on a straw {kdh) The moon has become the beloved of a tiny ant This strange thing has happened The beggar has fallen in love with the king.

The sole desire of my thoughts is that when the marvels of several cycles shall have been described, and my obligations of gratitude shall have been paid suitably to my wish, I may by the 380 Divine aid withdraw my foot from among the world’s servants and earnestly myself to the service of God. May I emerge from the defile of toociation and relationship, and obtain repose at the sublime stage of elriightenment I May I emerge from the strivings of this soul-destroying abode of demons, and enjoy happiness in the holy ebambej^ of etesnity I

Verae.

Remove your goods from this caravanserai

For the roof has holes and the clouds are big with tempest,

1 LuAumrir. It means iho sound made by his pen in moviut; ‘>vfr the paper

CHimB tzxix.

563

*Ti8 a cell where you cannot remain

Be your years 10, 100, or 1000

Lift up the screen so that they may bring in

The Divine Couch to the dais (of the heart).

But in the atmosphere of this lofty eyry the wings of the courage of the highflyers of the fields of cognition grow faint, what then must be the condition of the sensual and selfish ? Shall I speak of the thorny and dangerous road f Or shall 1 allude to the grief of those who, from the wickedness of the robbers of the desert, which is full of evil, have fallen short of their goal ? Or shall I speak of pain from the cowardice of selfish fellow-travellers ? In the garish inn of natural existence, Wisdom sits in the corner of euntempt, and Self-will on the height of ostentation. The varied phantasmagoria of the outer world hunt after the soul, and the spiittual physician has assumed the veil. The last evil is the soul-toisnenting of the wicked. Some by smooth speech, and some by Silence sell evil things (nikihidigi) as good things (nekukdri) and in the garb of guides practise highway robbery (dar l%hd$ rahnamuni rahtani kanand), Mos^ after having been deceived themselves, practise fravd upon others, and regard the injuring of men — what need the.i to speak of animals — as matter for boasting. How can the number of those who have yielded their hearts to the blandish- ments of this harlot (the world) who robs the wise, and destroys Bustum-like strength be reckoned up f How can the jugglery and sorceries of the workers of iniquity be enumerated? The eldest of them is baseness of disposition which is enchained by the pled^ge of love for this friend- slaying, foe-soothing One (the world). On the prosperity of this quicksilver-waved mirage it (the base disposi- tion) has the triumph of sloth (hbartandt) and a joy composed of heedlessness. In the adversity of this wheat-shower, barley-seller, shall it not feel the being trampled under the fopt of regret, and the exhaustion of grief f On this account the wise and eloquent, in tiieir diagnosis of mysteries, call the first ^ the ^^Father of that quickly-perishing mountebank ’’ (the world). The second is the fool who on the coming or going of the old dotard snaps the thread of discretion and judgment, and becomes bewildered with joy or

1 Text oifs ** him/* but, probablj, this should be av:

564

AKBARNAMA.

Borrow. His hanger ib not Bati^fied by her many Beeming bnt un- Bnbstantial dainties^ nor his yrishea quieted. Nor is hia orphaned * Btomach filled by the deficiencies of this something-Beeirirg bnt in re ality nothings nor is the foot of his desire made lame. In the allegory of truth this (the fool) is called son of the capricious drunkard (the world). The third is the purblind and low man who on account of old errors does not come away by the highroad of trnth from pursuing the desires of this world — which has ^me to the meeting- place of the furious blasts of destruction — but who trusts to the worthless remedies of the cheating Age, and lays his hand on the skirt of deceit and frauds and thinks to convey himself to the shore of safety by his own devices (dastdn aarJi). Great men have called him in their allusive style the slave of that thonsand-wiled magician. The fourth is that slumbrous confused one who is led astray by the 887 crowding of desires and seeks to make a shield for himself out of frandulent traditions. Moralists point him out in enigmatical langu- age as the handmaid of this faithless juggler.

It is clear to the leaders in the assembly of judgment what must be the state of the man who looks for repose in such a place of tur- moil> when such is the state of those who have chosen it. If in expounding this thesis I should write of the sects’ of ancient times and of the present day, my work would be like filling an abyss, and the foot of my travelling pen would be worn out at the first stage. Hear now a little of my own story I And let me stretch out the foot of effort for curing myself.

Verse.

If I tell my story from the beginning 1^11 travel so far that I can^t come back.

My honoured father practised contentment in seclusion and lived apart from the world’s house of turmoil. He regarded me with more affection than he did my brothers, and from the beginning of my

1 The meaning is that when de- prived of the world’s pleasures he feels like an orphan, or n man of a sorrowful stomach, though in reality the same pleasures would not have satisfied him.

• Jedr baralAna fardham aid. The Inshas and B. M. 27, 247 have kdr h*an raJAna “ The work would stop at this hssure.”

CHAFTIR tXXIl.

565

growth he, by the strength of precept »nd example, did not permit the approach of the wayward and the defiled. He always watched over me with an inward and outward purity, and instructed me with an eloquent tongue in the lessons of truth.

Verse.

From my first infancy I did not play Hide ^ and Seek **

For my gpiardian was both my father and my mother.

As the acquired sciences {‘ulmm muktasahi) hold the veil over spiritual Beauty, my father, in his love to my bewildered self, wished to oondndt me also to the study of them. But from my fifth year I was in a confused state, and my heart in nowise inclined to hear or speak about’ such things. It seems as if my temperament robbed me of * that guide {rahhar) to the abode of perfected pupils, and of that light of the portico. The stupendous dangers of an endless desert— which make men of men to stumble— had taken possession of my soul’s chamber. When my years increased and my knowledge developed, my heartfelt disgust increased also, and the truceless agitation became more intense. I withdrew from everyone, and de« lighted myself with the companionship of madness. I came ’ to long

iSirMimaherBSbak. SirMSmak is the game of ^^Hide sad Seek.’* See Ynllers 11, 685t. Perhaps the meaning is that ht was guarded both bj his lather and his mother. Or it may mean that his father was both father and mother to him, or to the author of the verse.

• 1 have adopted the variants raksanl whioh is supported by MS.

266. A. F.’s account of his studies in Jarrett III. 448 may be consulted, and also his account in the third book of the A. N. text p. 8d-85of his early confusions, which has been translated by Blochmann.

• This is a paraphrase. What A. F. says is, ** And I was deprived of the breath of tranquillity by the thought of death. Bargiriftan seems

to mean to carry away, to deprive of. Of. text 34A 1* 8. According to the commentators the expression dam* i-dfdish is— ^tsdam, i.e., retention of breath, but I do not suppose that A. F. means here that he tried to hold his breath in imitation of the yopif who, he says in the Ain, were able to breathe only once in 12 years. Perhaps the passage means, “The thought of death destroyed (har- girift) my tranq.uillity. Cf. Jarrett III. 409 where A. F. says, “ In the beginning of knowledge I was over- whelmed with sorrow at the thought of existence, and at sacred places and auspicious times I prayed for re- lease from the flesh." It is this pas- sage which has made me translate the text as I have duilc.

566

akrakkana:

for death. The secret attraction of the leader of Truths caravan (his father) bound me, the heedless and heartless one, to the cus- tomary abode of knowledge, and in my fifteenth year, when the heavy sleep of thoughtlessness holds all men, I traversed the wide field of wisdom, and the ample space of the doctrines of many schools. The advancement of knowledge^ increased my arrogance, and the intoxi- cation of enlightenment augmented my confusion. In spite of my having such a powerful guide and perpetual overseer, the turbu- lence of self-willed intellect increased, and egotism showed itself under various forms. By the favour of the fount of lofty ideas (his father) the secrets of the Platonists,^ the hidden treasures of the $ufis, and the wondrous observations of the Peripatetics^ were acquired by me. It was natural that so much learning and the arro- gance produced by it should reduce the importance of the deceptive world. The same principle which increased self-glorification and self- worship, broke the connection with other men. I was dissatisfied with 388 the unprofitableness of the world^s booths and my heart was captivated by the anchorites. The thought of a hermitage displayed fresh vig- our. There was not such madness of bewilderment that I turned away from the command of wisdom and took a pathless direction. Nor had my disorder such ungentleness that I would grieve my visible gods (hbuddydnrt’fnajdzi) his parents). I spent my days in the hollow of joy and grief with a dejected mind. The thought of freedom contributed somewhat to my repose. From the base disposition which was in me, and the timidity which was part of my constitution, together with my complete aversion to society and my love for the desert, I

^ Ishrdqiydn, i.e,, the Illuminati, but a name given to the ‘Neo-Plato- nists of Persia. See Dabistin, Troyer and Shea II. 374. Perhaps they are the same as the Sab&hl^ mentioned by BadAUnl, Lowe 201, where he says that A. F. lit the lamp of the §abAh* Ian.

• Mafiiiaydn, An Arabic trans- lation of the Greek word. See Frey- tag who refers to its use by the early Arabic translator of Cebes’s Picture cd. 1040. p. 2b. and also Dabistan id.

II. 173. See also Jarrett III. 126 where A. F. says, It is my hope that inquirers may carefully study them (Hindu systems) and compare them with the principles of the Platonists, the Peripatetics, the Suffs, and dog- matic theologians (tncUaMlam), and removing the destructions of preju- dice, seek alone for demonstration, and putting aside the estrangements of ignorance exercise scrutiny and caution."

CHAPTIS LXXiX.

567

entered the lofty hall of bewilderment, and fell into a strange state from the enchantment of inward perturbations. The displeas- ing (nardzamandi) of my illustrious teacher (pir) by those ertatio wishes was very present to me (literally, very near) and yet the giv- ing up of a contrary itotion was very far off. At every breath sub- mission to that unique one of enlightenment’s kingdom was on the increase, but from time to time various impulses acquired fresh strength.

Verae.^

The luck to associate with my beloved was wanting,

I had not the endurance to refrain from love No hand to contend with fate No foot wherewith to flee away.

At length heaven told my story in the glorious (fcumaywn) assembly of the §hfthinAfthf and the star of a happy fortnne shone from the horison of prestige. The pursuivants {cdwuil^n) followed, and a summons shed glory upon me. By the machinations of my extra- ordinary soul the picture of ambition had been erased from my mind’s* antechamber, and the longing for asceticism displayed its power. I was on the point of treading the desert of frensy with bared head and foot, and of breaking to pieces the enclosing wall of environment, and taking the path of liberation. My spiritual physidian (his father) knew that the king of the Age was the caravan-conductor of God’s worshippers, and had also some acquaintance with fate’s decrees, and so he addressed himself to my cure. He opened his casket of jewels and inculcated sociability upon me. Through the magic and en- chantments of this guide I hastened to the shrine of dominion and glorified my forehead by prostrating myself at the threshold of the glorious, enthroned one. Without any stain on my spirit’s skirt from corruptive canvassing, or any rubbing of the foot of search on the wide plain of avidity, and before there could come the shame of expectancy, or self-respect be thrown* away, and without the media- tion of this or that person, and without having to supplicate any one.

• dbru bar datkd ralfia, respect be scattered on the doors.

^ Those lines are quoted by Bada- yOnl, Lowe 260, and applied to hie

$68

AtBABMlMA

the SbfthindilVa graciousneaa laid hold of me, and raised me from the hollow of obscurity to the height of lofty rank. The alchemic glance of the spiritual and temporal lord gave fresh impluse to my energy and a new expansion to my heart. I was cured to some extent from the obstinate malady which my father with all his curative skill had been unable to remedy. By the strength of per* ception I spread the cloth of concord and union with mankind, bat there was something hypocritical in my down-sitting, and 1 was, as it were, in ambush.^ Many mental faults displayed their lineaments, but I found strength to delete some of them. The very resurrection of hate ended in love. Nor could the refractoriness of many groups 889 of men stop me from the noble pursuit,’ or stir up the dust of failure in my hearths pleasant home. Some of those in the glorious entour- age of the world’s lord eagerly seized the opportunity of attaining wisdom, and there was a new and daily market for the investigation of ideas, and the examination of evidence. Owing to inacquaintance with soientifio principles, and to their being void of real knowledge, the praters of the day — who, on account of their humbug and plausi- bility, were looked upon as men of much enlightenment — ^fell into difRoulty. Sometimes they practised trickery by keeping silent, by elevating their eyebrows, and by turning up their eyes, and some- times they replied by speaking in enigmas and by talking nonsense. By heaven’s favour they were so brought to a stand that their base-metal talismans broke in pieces. They were obliged to give up that plan, and to hav^ recourse to absurdity. They esteemed Reason and Faith to be opposites, and some simple-minded descendants of Turks’ were led’ away. Belying on the help of those ignorant and foolish persons, they .now pressed forward as if to victory. The

1 He means apparently that there was still something false in his atti- tude as he was not cured altogether of his aversion to society.

• The noble pursuit apparently is his seeking to be at peace with all men.

’ This explains the word Bkbirlin in the oonolusion of the Ain, JanreU III. 412 and text n.2H 1*8. ltdoos

not mean there friends of mbar^s household, for such persons must have been long since dead, but men of Turkish origin. The word is pro perly BAIrf in.

• Bdk sodand. Originally means to singrand so came to mean the being entranced or carried away and also to be robbed.

CHAPTER LXXIX.

569

assistance of a happy star and an open brow brought them down from that high ground, and they proceeded to cavillings and to the discussion of minute points of acquired (tnanqul) knowledge. In accordance with the tactics of such a crew they set up false principles and introduced ^ worthless arguments. There were long discussions about creeds and sects, and they represented the critical examination of doubtful points as laying pitfalls in the articles of faith and so inveighed against it. Some behaved badly on receiving these hypocritical warnings. Old ^ intimates and friends of long standing gathered up the skirt of caution so that 1 was surrounded by a wall of exclusion in my own city. Sometimes 1 uttered songs of joy at this solitude in the midst of society. I knew it was the result of right-thinking and so increased my supplications to God. Sometimes from human weakness and feebleness of capacity I mur- mured to myself ** What strange thing is this ? I spread the carpet of right-thinking and well-wishing towards men, and 1 strive against myself, and spoil ^ my own play. Why do men lie in ambush against me.^^ By heaven’s help, and a happy star, the world’s* glories, and the mental sloth and the frowns of friends and 8traDgei*6, and the futile talk of far and near, and the agitation of short-sighted male- volent men wrought no breach in the continuity of my soul. The ilatness of Truth’s market gave me fresh joy. ^

Verse,

Like the pearl-oyster I smile * when tormented

‘Tis for the untrained to smile when successful.

Vv hen several revolutions of the heavens had occurred, the doors of dominion opened, and a new glory was given to ambition. The world’s slaves exchanged the rage of envy for religious animosity and occupied themselves with evil designs. From narrowness of view

^ Nakhan ttadan girtft To knock in nails, and to interfere.

» Cf. Ain. Text II. 254, 1. 8.

^ a phrase de-

rived from the game of aard, meaning a square where the player is blocked. 72

^ The text reads yd rosgdr, but the variant hd seems pre- ferable and is supported by M88.

• The opening of the valves of the oyster when force is applied to it is compared to smiling.

570

akbarnAma.

and from spite they entered upon war with Almighty (rod, and heaped up for themselves everlasting destruction.

Verge,

Those two or throe slanderers demolish their own bed They attack their own profession as well as me May I be like the revolving moon 1 decrease not, or if I do I wax again.

390 Inasmuch as my intentions were right, aiid my devotion firm, the sorry tricksters were defeated everywhere, spiritually and temporally. ‘J’hey were informed of the true condition of enlightenment and had to sink into the street of humiliation. At that time I, in my ignorance of the heights and hollows of the world, was seeking the companion- ship of that crew, while they took the course of showing dislike to me. Now this slumbrous’witted faction wishes to conciliate me, the once troubled and now quiescent one, and to enter into my service, whilst I reject them 1

The am of auspiciousness lighted up the darkness of the desert and by the encouragement of the world’s lord I came to the pleasant abode of peace with all men. My perturbed spirit rejoiced in the clear chamber of tranquillity and as 1 seised the skirt of rejoicing 1 sang thus ** If men think * you wicked, and so choose the path of enmity they are acting according to their lights and are treading the path of piety. Why are’ you irritated T If they know you to’ be good and yet follow* this course it is evident that they are suffering from the disease of envy. Why look for healthy acts from a sick man ? ” From human frailty and mortal weakness the murmur of a wish arose from the bottom of my heart, and this desire came forth How good it would be if my inefficient foes could understand the tranquillity of tny disposition and my antipathy to revenge so that they should not use fawning bodies and supplicating tongues for making^ excuses, and might make their external acts correspond

A There is no verb in text, but the lithographs have jrindd§ita after nikohfdtt.

• The text has bafiriitade, but

MSSv snd lithographs have na/i- rietade, and this seems to be the pro- per reading.

CUAFTKB LXXIX.

571

witn their internal feelings, and be delivered from mental troubles ! Would that the good feeling which I bear to my ill-wishers, mud mj observance ^ of right— which does not know the path of hjpooriqr— were known to my ignorant and childish friends so that the coin* of friendship might not bring any pain along with it/’

Verse. ^

I threw fire into my sheaves with both hands When 1 did it myself why do 1 plain of an enemy ?

No one is my foe, I*m my own enemy Alas for myself, my arm and my skirt !

With regard * to my panegyrists and defamers I have passed from the second ^ stage and arrived at the third. I hope that there will be no retrogression and that the guidance >f a happy fortune will bring me to the delightful fourth station ! May I repose there, and keep apart from (the doctrine of) copartnership* with the Incomparable Deity. Most persons cultivate friendship with tlie first class (that of the panegyrists), and behave in an opposite fashion to the second. Dissemblers are apparently unaffected by either class : secretly they are delighted with’ their panegyrists, and cherish resentment against their censors. A few heaven-helped ones see the

^ Hada parasti. Perhaps this means his impartiality and that his friends pain him by asking for favours.

• Banaqd at dostJ. Perhaps we should read zang “ rust ” instead of ranj and translate ** that there might no rust form on the coin of love,” s This quatrain is quoted by Bad- ay finT, B. 170, and Lowe 202. I venture to think that Blochmann has misunderstood Baday uni’s re- marks here, and that the latter means that A.F. applied the words to himself and not to the *Ulama, just as he does here.

^ The In^a lithographs have- in^ stead of dar /mI dilani dar ihdn.

j

^ The commentator explains that the second stage means the con* dition of being at peace with every one, aalh kul ; the third that of loving everyone, mahahai kul ; and the fourth that of arrival, or union with God, mantU-i-vHtful. There will be no thought of the creatnre then, and nothing but God ; and he who has arrived there shall there- fore be free of the sin of making anyone a co-«harer with God, ambdtgirl.

^ Is this a prayer that he may not adopt Christianity P Or is it merely^ a prayer that he may not regard himself as i npeccable P

572

.xXBAKXiMA.

strange decaptivenesB of it all, they regard both olaeees with ao equal eye and are not perturbed by either of them. There are many ^ho are deceifed by the protean spirit which says to them ^^Evil speech against one such as you who are on the right path, carries with it the Divine displeasure/’ They swallow the deception and rise up in abuse of their detractors, and thus turn aside from the highway of bliss. When an accurate estimate^ of their actions is made, it is found that they themselves have omitted to reckon many foolish and wicked acts. The noble position is to regard the admirer who supplies food for arrogance as an enemy and the detractor who points out faults as a friend. Would that I might attain to this form of enlightenment and reach the height of my aspirations, and be deKvered from the sting of a domestic ioe to self-knowledge ! By the help of my temperament and by firmness of soul I was soon freed from Inj aversion * (to society). 1 waged war with myself and renewed the incessant combat.

Ferss.®

How shall I make war with myself From whose collar shall I exsert my head ?

Fll make a rent in the veil of my trappings May it be that I strike a blow at my own skirt.

1 Imam aoeM. The text and Add. 87, 247 have cnamdm, the litho- graphs (iaihd) haTe imira, and ex- plain the word as ^reckoning/* The senteuce is to me very obscnre and I am afraid I have missed the meaning. The text has hadkartam, • One lith. has badkir (ydnr evil deeds) and the other has out^ hadkdr rd. Add. 27, 247 has apparently y I think that the pronoun is rigjhi, and that the meaning mast be that in consequence of men’s being prompted by their vanity to think that people who criticise them are in the wrong, they do not give heed to what they say, and 80 cherish many secr«t faults which come out at the final reckon-

ing. This final reckoning is a Hindti belief and is mentioned in the Ain. It is also a Muhammadan belief that there are two recording angels — Airdsiu-l-kdfi6in— and that they keep a book of actions which is pro- duced on the day of judgpnent.

^ NafraU Explained by commen- tators as meaning A.F.’s aversion to society, but the wqrd may be nufrat, and refer to the despotism of the spirit, or it may mean aversion to detractors. The lines are Faisl’s, see A. N. III. 677, line 7.

^ The commentators explain the meaning of the verse to be “ he wars with himself and if so whence will he get help.” “ I have tom away

CHAPTIB ULXIX.

678

1 continually smite myself and rehearse my self-disgust with a reproachful tongue, Seeing that the Unique Witness, whom the ancients designated by the phrase ** strength of eye>testimony has by the lamp of proof shown you to be one of the right-minded and enlightened, why are you depressed f Running away from what, do you seek the corner of despisedness 7 What has wearied you and made you stretch out the hand of wish 7 I admit that you have no inspiration, and that the light of brilliant knowledge has not been granted you. But by a happy star and a robust heart there have been given to you the search for truth and a large capacity, so that in the court of business and in the decision of cases, friend and foe, stranger and acquaintance a^‘e regarded by yon with impartiality and that ^ neither the satisfaction ^ or the dissatisfaction of a world can cloud your mi iid. An eager ^ lover cannot gain his ends with you. Wliat need then to speak of others 7 Why this hurrying to the realm of solitude 7 And what will you gain by being unknown 7 ” But * what does the poet say and write 7

My heart grasps the sleeve and skirt of sorrow As when Wimiq seized the tip of Anri’s tress, I feel towards the world’s turmoil and to men Such disgust as was felt by the *Anq&.

my wrappings, perhaps I shall get at my real self.’* The Mir Qasan lithograph quotes a line of Qifif about tearing one’s own vest. Da$t a phrase meaning to be very near anyone, and also to make war or commotion, Bihar * A jam 445a.

i The text has ekti shihid-i-wajUd but the correct reading seems to be ektii as in the lithographs and Add. 27, 247. The literal rendering then would be “ The unique one of visible eye-witnesses.”

^ The text has nd, but MSS. or have (d, and this seeing correct-

• The text has ‘^sikan b’isarmjSi

** the lover seeking for honour ” Tlia N.K. has dostin dar isarmjUI. The M.H. lith. has dorian dar baadir>i rasfajtg, and the explanation appar- ently is friends in the market of war-seeking.”

• The MSS. and lith. have uUkm before eah yild, and the Bib. Ind. gives this as a variant.

• The meaning seems to be thai his heart clasps grief at tightly aa Wimiq clasped A^ri, and that he feels the same disgust to society as the ‘Anqa or SHmurgh did whan he

j flew away to the Caucasus and never I was seen again. Wimiq and Agri

574

AKBABMlXA.

The truth of the matter is that hun^aii effort is not successful. What can be done with regard to what has been written in destiny antechamber ? And upon what do the resolutions of the stars and the heasens depend. We cannot devise any remedy against the deceitful commixture of heavenly and earthly bodies. No shield can be framed against the archery of the skies.

Verse,

The bow of heaven is drawn from the side where the cuirass is

I^m my own enemy^ what use is there of donning a cuirass ?

Now a wrestling-match has begun with my thousand- wiled spirit. The friends of each stand firm and from time to time the jugglery is renewed. There is wondrous rising and falling and the counten- ance of instruction is illuminated. 1 1 know not what the end will be and in what station I shall repose, or with which of the three forms ^ of Divine knowledge I shall be eternally conjoined. Or by

are two lovers celebrated in Persian romance. See Haniiiiar!s History of Turkish Poetry, 1885 II. pp. 46-63. There he gives an abstract of the Turkish poem by Lamia who died in 1531 and who apparently translated Anwari’s*poem. The poem ends with the bridal of Wimiq, the prince of China with Asri, the daughter of the king of Ghasnf . See also Wimiq and AsrS by Hammer, Vienna 1883.

< Gf . corresponding passage Barrett III.’ 444 and text II 373, 1. 9 from foot.

< The paEsage about the three forms or substances (stAiofi) is obs- cure, and is differently explained by the two commentators. The commen- tator of the M. Hasan lithograph says, p. 298 margin, that the throe things are the three kinds of or spirit, ris. the nafs iawdmma or the irascible spirit, the nqft mtlAcMMS, or inspired spirit, and the im/i niahiidtm or the

contented spirit. The N K. com- mentator derides this view, and says the three things or conditions are Fear, Hope, and Resigpiation, sec p. 296 n. 3. Probably this view is correct. Cf. Blochmann 181 where BadSLyanT quotes a remark of gb aikh Tiju-d’dTn, and Blochmaun’s note 8 where he says, ‘* The Islim says Alt- mkn Iminu-l-khaufi warriji, * Faith stands between fear and hope.’ ” It may, however, be that the sUitan arc three great divisions of the SUfls, viz . the Wft^ilin, The Arrived ” the Sil- ikin, or The Travellers ’ and the Mnqtmin or ** The Stationaries.’ See Dabistin III. 250. See also the description of the three classes given in Jiml*s Na^aJ^ and translated by DeSaey N. E.‘xil. 326. Cf. also Tholnok’s SsoAsmus, p. 820, and Efchd Morgenland. Stonden, pp. 99 and 100, where the three stages are said to be Tftrfkat, Ma’rifat,

CHIPTIB LXXIX.

575

what eschanfcmeDt will the final refreshing slumber take place.

Fear has a knot on brow (thinking) that the varied glories of the 392 universe may not enter her house of toil. Hope has an open brow (thinking) that she may with joy bear the griefs of mortals on the shoulder of her genius. The swift and prudent walker who has abandoned the dunghill of Fear^ the petty garden of Hope, the fire- place of Contraction^ and the recreation-ground of Expansion is not bound by joy or sorrow. Every moment an order for residence oomes to the station, and ere I have made the place warm, I am summoned from another door.

Verse}

I am my own varied world.

With such inward struggles, I became by loyalty’s com^mand engaged in writing this weighty history. The loyalists of devotion *8 feast do not turn to other work. Why should this not be so ? And why should it appear strange ? After serving the King of enlighten’ ment the world’s gauds cease to weigh in the balance of the soul, and the gorgeous spectacle of the outer world has no value in vision’s antechamber. Of necessity the pen moves in laud of the great gift, and praise grows fervid. To some extent a fresh lustre is bestowed on my heart for the writing of the tale of truth. J do not, like a se^sualisV measure water in a sieve or pound air in a mortar. It is far better that I do not uncover the lid of my strange soul and that I do not cast ont into the op^n my inward secret. It is not proper to proclaim things that do not penetrate the ears of contemporaries, and which the eyes of the conventional do not comprehend.

Veree,

If I were to tell the thoughts of my heart You’d either be amazed like me or not believe.

“ Abul Fa^l, son of Mnbftrak, why has yonr wisdom-seeking

^ The N.K. commentator says that A.Fk here refers to the versatility of his d^ispomtion.

• The text h%s haieaniii|t|dftiia» **Ukea sensualift.*’ which is hardly

intelligible, Add. 27, 247 bat hoe^mat^ daua and the lithographt put a na before it, so that the meaning it ^ like a fool.**

576

AnAfiNAllA

be*rt grown full of wbispera of things, and of speech about

subjectcB of silence. Are you bringing yodr characteristics into the hall of publicity, and are yon giving the stranger an audit into the secret chamber of your heart f A spring of vision is trickling from your clear, inner chamber. What wise man^s part is it to let wine flow * ont ? Stand resolutely on the cloth of service and make supplication to God while praising your king. Convey holy mysteries in a secular strain.’^ The message of truth brought hack my heart from folly. Strength was given to my purpose. Vigour for work increased, and a fresh glory was bestowed on my nature ! The inscription which Fortune wrote on my destiny^s portico and which impawned this slave of Gratitude was that I should be tied to the saddlestraps of eternal dominion and become a historian of marvels. This constellation of intelleot’s horizon, and this star of a spiritnal heaven (the Akbar- nima) was, from its glorions ascension, day by day presented for the auspicions hearing (of Akbar), as it came to the tongue of the pen and was transferred to paper, and was welcomed by him. Happy the slave whose service is approved by the Sb^diindlih, and who gets a mark of approbation from his Court I

Farss.

God be praised I This first narrative I have made right in an excellent way,

During the period of this composition

The word was mine, the inspiration the Sbih’s

Should genius make me hopeful

Heaven grant leisure and Fortune courage

I shall by the motion of the heavens-traversing pen

Carry to an end this lofty writing.*

^ ffirilh- VThiohniay mean wine, or sny liquid. It is also used in a mystic sense like ** the pure milk el the word."

• The Sh&tima or coneloskm of the second volume, the one just ftuished being the conrinsion of the drst volume, appeers in the Ind^

end elso in B.M.M.S. 27, 247 fol. 287a, sad in other MSS. of the A.N. ; but does not occur in the JBib. Ind. edition. It belongs to the account of the 4dth year. In reality, however, Abnl Fast did not live to the end of the second i.e., Akbar*s 80th year of lif4. Akbar

CHAPTIE Lmx.

577

born on 16 October 1548 and A.F. was killed on 12 August 1602 in the 47th year of A.’s reign or two months before the second qam was completed. And his history was not brought down by him beyond the end of ihe 46th year, *.6., March 1602. The 2nd ShAtima is much shorter than the first, and A.F. must have written it in anticipation of the completion of the cycle ; that is, if he counted by solar years. If > however, he reckoned by lunar years the second cycle was completed on 5 Bajab 1009 (Akbar having been born in 949), about 20 months before A. F.’s death, 4 Babf 1 (1011). From the position of the Blietima in the first volume it Appears that A.F. meant to reckon

the qam according to solar years for he puts’ it in the middle of the 17 lh year. Now that year began on 25 ahawwil 979 or 11 March 1572, t.s., three months and more after the completion of thirty lunar years, i.s., after 5 Bajab 979. A.F.’s languag«j in the beginning of the 2nd Slittima perhaps implies that the qam was not finished, for he says that a portion of the events of the 2nd qofa has been described. But this may only mean that he has not recorded every thing that occurred. It appears from A.N. III. S, that AT. got orders to date the commencement of the second cycle with reference to the birth of Akbar.

INDEX

TO THE

SECOND VOLUME.

The iiumbe^f refer to the pages ; n stands for “ footnote.

A.

^Abbis Sultan, s. Yftr Mu^. and hus- band Gnlchahra fi. 189 and n.

*Abda-l-BiqT, Sadr, MauUni, 174.

Do Biri, Shwija, sent by Ha- iniyQn as ambassador Kialighar, 37.

Do. La|tf of Qaawfn, at court, 36, freedom from bigotry, do. sent to advise Bairim, 162.63.

Do. Majid, Shwija, styled Afai K. ( No. I ) and as Visier receives charge Delhi, 169, sent Pannah against B. Bim Chand, 229, sent against Ghunar, 231, de> feats Rim Chand and SbisT K., 281, 282, takes Ghidhi-katanga, 323 et $€q,, 348, ordered send ele* phants, 369, 377, makes offerings and reviews troops, 379, 380, flies,

382, his revenue-settle- ment set aside, 402, 404, forgiven, 418, wounded, 419, 425, opposed Baha- dur, 427, does homage, 428, 429, in army against ‘All Qull, 430, takes Man- dal, 464, takes Rimpflr, 466, in charge battery Chitor, 467, explosion, 469,

Sarkir Chitor given to, 476.

Abdii-I-Matlab, s. S^ib Budigh, 243, at Mairtha, 249, 390, 391, 437.

‘Abdu-n-Nabi, Shaikh, made Sadr, 374, account of, do., intercedes for ‘Alt QulT, 378 and n. 1 .

‘AlMitt-l-Qaddns Gangtll. grand- father ‘Abdu-n-Nabl, 374 and n. 1.

*Al)du-r-Rahlm, Mlrza K. s. Bairam, birth, 76, at Tabarhinda. 167, taken A^nfiadibad, 203, broiTgbt Akbar and made Mlrzi K., 203.04.

Rahmin s. Sikandar Sflr, sent to court, 91, sent hy Bairim to Ohiz! Tanilr, 148 and a.

Do. Bahrain Beg, s. Muyld Beg Duldai, friend of Shiham. 127, marries Aram Binu, 128, 129 and n. 2.

Do- Raohld, ruler Kaahghar, sends ambassador, 36, 37, gives Kh. M’uTn jade river, 301.

Do. Razziq, or S. San’aan^ h. Hammim, 449 and n. 4.

‘Abdu-f-Samad, ShTrlnqalm, arfi.vt, 67.

‘Abdu-flh-^aMd, saint, comes court, 196. “■

‘Abdn-l.Wlsf, Akb»r t»kes wife of,

2 Indtm

!

‘Abdollah K.Utb«g, ruler T&rin, j seDdt embassy, 5d4.

Dp, K. Uzbeg, in charge K&lpf, 25, in l)attle against Hemd, 48, with vanguard, 54. at PanT- pat, 61, styled g)iuji*at K. and appointed K&lpi.

71, acts against ‘All QnlT, 126, proceeds Malwa, 208, 211, returns K&lpT, 214, Akbar visits, 228-29, appointed to take Malwa, 260, rebels,

341, Akljar’s message to,

345, flies, 346. gives battle, 347, defeated, 350, joins CingYc K., 351, be- comes a vagabond, 40S.

Do. 8. Eh- Murid Beg of

Qaawin, takes heads of *Alf Qull and Bahidur to Agra and Delhi, 434.

Do. Ehwija B. Mnh- Zakariah,

defeats K. KspQr Cand.

116, with Akbar, 428.

Do. Moghal, Akbar marries

daughter of, 88, 167, beaten by Eh- M’uaz- «am 335.

Do. SnltinpOrff Mulli, also

called Mahhddmu-l- Mulk, Billed by Af- ghans Shaikhu-l^Islim. invites Sikandar Sllr,

73, sent Bairim, 179,

338, intercedes for *A]i Quit, 398.

Abu-l-Faif FaifT, see Faif f.

Do. Fathf nephew Munim K., sent Kabul, 187, 286, killed, 288-89.

Do. Fafl 8. Mnbirik, write! Firmftn aboat Brai, tf.

({ueBtions Akbar, 68, remarks on scanty materials for life of A., 122, reflections, 178, anecdote of A., 225, conver- sations with A., 284, 354, ac- count of himself, 545 el ‘%eq,. receives titles, 561, addre.ss to, 575.

Abii-l-Husain, or Pfr Kh arqinl. writer, 431.

Do. M’aill, misconduct and seizure of by Tolaq K., 27—29, releas- ed by Bairim, 152, account of and expedition against Kashmir, 153—55, second coming of, 398—11, sends the assassin Faulid, 314, misbehaviour at Kabul and execution of, 316—21, widow marries Eh- Qasan, 364-65.

Do. M*akll topchT, 292.

Do. Muh- of GhasnT, Imiih and astrologer, 11.

Do. QEsim s. Kimrin, taken by A. towards Delhi, 142, Bai- rim enquires for, 145.

Do. Qisim, brother Qisim Mauji, Minkot fort entrusted to, 91.

Abi-u-Nafar, or Alfarabius, 4^8 and n. 3.

Acceasion of A., 1 — 9, date of, 5.

‘Adall or *AdlT, nickname of Mubirlz K., which see, 215, 477.

Adam, officer Bis Bahidur, 212.

Do. 8. Fath K., 215.

Dc Gakhar, Saltan, 38, does homage at Lahore, 95, kind to Mun’im, 293, expedition - against, 296-300, imprisoned, do.

Adhagi K. b. Miham Anaga, bravery at Minkot, 8i, sent against Bhadauriyahs, 119, 120,

marrioad. M* Hindu’s Sec-

Indea.

3

reUry, 129, writes Ibo Plr Mu^., ]32, Akljar tells plans to, 141, ^usain Qull made over to, 169, father-in-law’iS name BaqI K. BaglInT, 205, appointed Malwa expedi- tion, 208, defeats BIc Bahi- dur, 21M14, gets Sirang- pBr, 214, interview with Akbar, 219, evil designs, 220, spirits away two wo- men. 221, ( omes court, 285, kills Shamsu-d-dtn and i« slain, 268—275, body sent Delhi, 274.

Adham K. s. Mulli KiUbdir, injured by elephant, 342.

Adhar Kayath, serv. DnrgAvatl, 226, 228, 830,

*AdH K. a. ahih Mu^ Qandabirl, 208, at siege Chitor, 466, dies of wounds from tiger, 482.

Affal K., see Bultin *A]1.

Agra, in charge Iskandar Dsbeg, 26, A. visits, 117, description of, ri8. A. leaves, 141, A. comes to, 187, his adventure near, 225, do., 233, founding’ of fort, 272-72, A. visits, 487.

A^mad Beg, prisoner at GOnftoir battle, 172, killed, 310-11. Do. Junaid, MauUni, intro*

duced to A., 196.

Ah Q-i-^aram, title of page, 286 and

n. 2.

Aim&qs, tribe, 190.

‘Ainn-l-kfulk, ^aklm, treats A.’s wound, 318, brings Rajah of

‘All, 849, brings Cingis’s presents, 351, makes agreement with Cing- fs, 408, represents virtues of 8. Selim of Slkrl, 503.

Aissar DIs Chohin, daring of, 473.

Ajmere, visited by A., 242, besieged,

804, stages from Agra, 510, A visits. 516, 580. Prince Danief

born at, 542.

Akbar, emperor, .«5. BuraiyAii, author’s eulogy of, 2, accession. 5. horoscope, 10 — 14, chronograms of accession, 14, Divine Era, 15, 18. firmftn on snbject. 19—24, makes over administration to Bairim, 9 and 26, marches against Hemfl, 50, victory over, and refusal to slay him, 65,66, drew picture oi Hemft, 67, marches against Sikandar SAr, 75, arrival of mother from Kabul, 86, deaths of two sisters, 86, marries ‘Abdullah’s d., 88, takes Minkot, 89, proceeds Lahore, 91. riding adventure, 92-8, marries Bellma Sultan to Bairftm, 97-8 and i». 1, visits father’s corpse at Sirhind, 102, goes Delhi, 104, love lor elephants. 111, goes Agra, 117, interviews Ha^.S]^u|, 184, Bai- rim’s misbebaviour, 188, A. styled him Sh6n Bibi, 140, leaves Agra on pretext of hunting, 141, letter to Bair6m, 161, ^ 81famsu-d-dln sent to Mupprese Bairim, 168, Bairam forgiven, 181, gives sister in marriage to Sharifu-d-dln. 197, sends eipedition Kashmir which fails, 199, illness, 205, marches Malwa, 217, marches Sastem provinces, 227, elephant- adventure, 282, visits Ajmlr and marriei Bihirl Mai’s d., 240—43, fight at Paronk^, 261, 8hah mftsp’s letter to, 268 — 67, Adham K.’s punishment, 268, employs 1‘timid, 276, T6n Sen comes court. 279, hunting, 294. pilgrim- ux abolished, 295, attempted assassination of A., 312, story about dog. 214, punishes his uncle

4

Index,

Kh . M*uayi(am, 334, elephant- iiunts, 343, 368, 371, marries d. Mlrau Muhirik 3bfth, 351-62, birth and death of twin-sons, 356-67, marchcH against *Ali Quit K. Zam&n and Bahldur, 378, visits Chiiiiir, and hunts elephants, 303, rapid march of, 304, pays attention to revenue-matters, 402, re gu lar tions about grades of soldiers, 403, night-polo, 405, expedition against M. IjlakTm, 411, hunting, 416, swims the RivT, 419, Hindu Kght at Thanes war, 420^ defeat apd deaths of ‘All QolT and Bahftdur, 426, etc., has reliels trampled under elephants, 436, entertained by Shujrat, i.9, MuqTm, 437, referen- ces to A. in Faifl’s poem, 452, siege of Chitor, 464, etc., tiger- hunt, 482, removes Atka olan from Panjab, 486-87, takes Ranthan- bhor, 495, takes Kilinjar, 408, ambassador from KajlT, 499, birth of Sultan Selim (Jahangir), 502, releases prisoners as thanks- giving, 505, birth of d., et»., Shahs ftda 509, walks

from Agra to Ajmir, 510, birth of Shih Murid, 514, goes to Ajmir, 616, marries nieoe Kalyin Mai of Bikanir, 518, marries d. Riwal Har Rai of Jaisalmlr, 518, 510, visits shrine of Farid Sliakarganj, 619, hunts wild asses, 522, worships at shrine, 625-26y hunts chitas, 528, practises gp^me of caupar, 534, Gujarat expedition, 536, punishes Bibi Qiqidl^l, 638-39, hunting, 639, birth of Prince Daniel, 641-43, arrives Naganr, 544, orders A. F. to write history.

Akkalkltf, poet, 466 and n, 4.

Alimin M. s. Hnmiyin and Dijf B., 367;

Aliwal K. faujdir, at SakTt, 254.

AlaO-d-dln Sultan, takes Chitor, 475, 495.

AH, the AH Rijpir of 1. G. also known as ‘All Mohan, Native State Central India, 349, and n.

’ AH Akbar, Mir, 214, 390 and n,

з .

Do. Mu^. Asp, officer of M. Hakim, 284, 288, 359.

*AH QuH Shaibinl. Khin Zaman s. Gaidar Sultan, holds, Sambal, 26, marches against ShidT K., 46, at Pinipat, 61, 64, styled K. Zamin, 71, defeats Afghans, 87, infatua- tion for 31|6ham Beg, 104, A. orders expedition against, 125, sorrows for Shiham’s death, 129, victory over Afghans, 215, misconduct 227, submits, 229, defeats Fat^ K. Bat- nl, 338, rebels, 3’^6; etc., submits, 388, agpun rebels, 394, A. marches against, 426, defeat and death, 433, founder of Zamkniya, 478.

• AH Shukr. ancestor Bairam, 97 and

и. 3, 98 n,

‘AH Yii* Beg Afab^r, Persian general, defeats Bahidur, 83.

Almanacs, Hindu, 20.

Altaipsh. division of army, 64.

Do. 9^jl> ambassador of ‘Abdul- lah of TQrin, 684.

Atwar, HernH’s family at, 71, A. st^ps at, 490.

Aman Dis s. Arjan Dis, stlye<l Sangp’im Sih, father-in-law Dur- g&vatl, 325, his misconduct, 326.

• Ambar, Nayir Khwftja, 86.

Amin Biwina, 46, 160, flies, 161, brings ^Abdu-r*Ra^Im to eoart, 208, 876, made prisoner, 377, 384^ 890, aies to *A1I Quit, 990, 424.

Index.

5

Amin K. Qhorl. gets Jilnagarh and Borat^, 637.

Amlmi-d-dln Ma^mQd ghwftia. of Herat, sent Plr Mu^., 131, styled Eihw&ja Jahin, 145, sent by Bairim to court, do. 143, 150, sent Bairim, 179, loft in Agra, 218, 228, 350, 378, sent to *All Qull, 387, comes court with *A. Qull’s mother, 388, 384, censured and sent Mecca, but for- given, 401, 402, 428, sent Agra. 486.

Amir Kknsrau, poet, 239, 456.

Amir Martafa, theologian, comes court, 338, 398.

Anaga, Miham, mother Adham K. sent to welcome ladies, 86, soothes Bairim, 82, promotes his marriage with Salima B., 97, Adham ’s marriage, 128, 141, 144> suggests Bahidur’s appointment, 149, she real minister, 151, accused by Bai- rim, 159, styled Wftlida, 183 and u., marriage of elder son, 204 and ir, message to Adham, 219, arrives Sirangpir, and kills two girls, 221, intrigues against 3])amsn-d-dfii, 231, Adham arrives court. 235, she takes harem Ajmlr, 240, 243, grief and death, 274, 275, her Madrasa in Delhi, 313.

Ananda Kur, leader of sect, killed,

An war!, poet, 455, and n.

AprQp, elephant, 350.

Aram Jin, prostitute, 127, 128.

Arjan Di.« mtbe> .^mau D., 325.

Arzinf, Hindu, identiOes heads of ‘All QuH, 433.

Asad Ullab, holds Zaminiya, 478.

Asaf K. I., serv. Abdul- Majid.

Aaht^f K. title of Mir Munahl, 48^ (real name Mn^. Asgbar) im- prisoned, 52, returns court, 178,

sent Bairim, 179, sent to Mun’im, 275, to ‘Abdullah Uzbeg, 345. 348. to Iskandar Beg, 876, a prisoner, do. in charge JannpQr, 393. im- prisoned by Bahidur, 397, sent Rantanbhor, 484, returns Court, 486, sent Gujarat, 540.

Asses, wild, hunted by A., 522.

Athgarha, eight villages in Saklt, 251.

Atka Ebail, class, removed from Punjab. 486-87.

Atka K., see Shi^i^eu-d-dlii.

‘Attir, Farfdan, poet, 455 and n. 7.

Awk8,or Awin town Bijigarh, 256 and n.

Awiz K. 8. BalTm 9]|ih, chosen king by Afghans, 338, joins imperia- lists, 385.

‘Azdu-d-daula, title Pat^ Ullah Shlrisl, 17.

‘Affm K., title 3}|amsu*d-dTn, 175, also title of ‘Aziz Koka.

‘Aziz Koka, Bhamsu-d-din refers to, 184, with A.. 343, 344, 348, at ring- bunt, 417. ^

Azri, beloved of Wimiq, 573 and note.

B

Babil Qiqshil, nccompanics ‘Abdu- 1- Majid, 327, 387, in battle against ‘All Qull, 431, 484, his rudeness to Shahbic K., and punishment, 538.

Bibil ZambOr. with Bairim, 180, comes Agra with ‘Abdu-r-ItR^Im. 203

Bibor, emperor, 70, 72, marrie* daughter Gulljarg to Nflruui-dln, 98 and n., 301, Sarv Qad, lady in Bibar’s service. 385, life Saved by Qisim Koka, 527.

Biblls, sent Kabul, 31, -imprisoned by Abu-)-Pat^, 288

BadakUshls, 359, 360.

6

Indm-

Bl(UlgAdh», Agr* citadel. 117.

Baday &dT. 24 n. 1, etc.

BadTcand, Raja Nagarkot, 264, mis- conduct. 636.

Bahabal K., defends Gwalior. 88 and n. 2, 118.

Bahidur. ruler Bengal, 477.

Do. K. 8. Wailr K., 418, 419, 484,640.

Do. K. brother *A1I Quit, waits on A., 81—84, sent Multan, 94. accompanies Adham against Bhadanriyahs, 120, sent Malwa, 138, Bairim thinks of joining, 147, made vakil, 160, 151, kills TQlak, 166, 168, kills mes- senger, 176, does homage, 289 376, 877, 384, 389, 894, releases mother, 397, takes ‘Abdu-l-MajTd pris- oner, 418, 419, 426, 427, opposes A., 481, seised and killed, 432-88.

Do. Sultan of Gujarat, 826,

Baha6-d-dln, MajiGb, killed, 496.

Bahlttl S. elder brother Mu^ Ohani, account of, 185, his embankment, 215.

Bahraich, grave of Silir MasMd, 225.

BairSm K. Khin-Ml^nin, s. Saif *Al1 Beg, prime minister, arreets

• Abdu-l-M’allT, 28, promotes 8. GadiT, 36, executes Tardl Beg, 51, 52, 58, sends on troops, 64, arranges battle, 62, kills Hem6 66, 66, 67, birth of son, 76, pro- cures Balladur’s pardon, 81, opposes A.’s marriage, 88, illness of, 91, marries Salima B., 97, his mother’s name Naglna Sk^nim, 100, n., visits HumftyOn’s corpse, 102, favours

• AH Q611 107, had punished Jalilu-

d-dln, 109, quarrel with Ptr 180, 131, 132, puts A.’s mahout to death, 139, 140, hears of A.’s flight 142, recognises position, 146, hesi- tations, 147. in Mew6t, 157, A.’s letter to 161 Gfln&car battle, 170, goes Siwaliks, 178, submits and is pardoned, 181, departs Mecca, 181, assassinated, 199—203.

Bakhihl Bftnii B. A.’s half-sister^ married to Ibrihlm of Badakhsbftn and afterward to Sharafu-d-din. 147 and n. 1.

fiakht Bftland, elephant, 389, 384, belonged to ‘Ail Qull, 896.

Bakht Mai, Zamindar of Mau, 96.

Balkh, 189.

Bindhfl, fort, Rim Cand takes re- fuge in, 282.

Bangill Ma^al, Agra, 497.

Binl, a balsam, 452 and n 5.

Biql K Baglinl father-in-law Adham K., 129, misbehaviour of, 142, d. married to Biql Mu^., 209.

Do. Mu^. elder s. Miham Anaga, his marriage, 204-06, 884, in battle near Khairib&d. 390-91 .

Do. Mu^.y ruler of Sciude and s. Tsi Tarkhan, sends embassy, 412, 418.

Do. Qiqal|4l» imprisoned by Abi-l- M’aill, 319, opposes Badakbshls, 869, letter sent to, 363.

Biran, river, made boundary, 43, Sulaimin halts at, 860.

Bitfl, ‘All QuH’b faujdir, 438.

Biyaald, eldest s. Sulaimin Kararinl, 479.

Do. Beg Biyit, his Memoirs, 89. n. 1, 292 and nn. 1 — 5, 293 and nn., defends Hifir Flriza against Ab6-l-M*aill, 811, laccompanies Mun’im in boat, 886 and nn.

I Biz Bahidur a. 9h’Vl64t alia9

Index.

1

Sujiwftl, governor Malwa, 136, misconduct, 708, dissipations, 211, defeated, 213, defeated by PTr Mu^., 256, defeats Pir Mu^, 268, in exile, 352, pardoned, 518.

Beg Barlas M. ambassador of Sulai- mSn M., killed, 190*91.

Beg Oghll, 8. Mubarik K., 528. Begams, to be brought from Kabul, 31.

Benares, A. visits, 393, offended with inhabitants, 435.

Bbadauriyahs, tribe near Agra, 420. Bhagwan Das Rajah, 242, at Par- onkh, 254, 394, at Chitor, 472. re- ceives A., at ‘Ambar, 496, sent Jaisaimir to fetch d. Rawal Har Rai, 519.

Bhera, vill. 143 and n.

3h11 K., 88, see Bahabal.

BhTls, tribe, 354.

Bhiran, elephant, 355 Bhoj 8. Sdrjan H6r&, 494.

Bih&ri Mai, Rajah, at Narnaul, 36, bravery inpre^’sea A., 70, d. married to A., 240, 242-43, Daniel made over to Raja’s wife BIjaigarh, in Malwa, 256 and n. 2. Bijll K. adopted s. Bihir K., sold K61injar to Ram Chand, 499. Bikram&jlt Era, 20, 22.

Bilflchis of Multan, defeated by Ba- h&dur, 194.

Bipak Das Sakrwal, serv. Bhagwan D&s, killed, 495.

Bir Narayan, s. DurgftvatT, 326, 329, wounded, 330, killed, 331.

Bir Singh Deo, grandfather Ram Gaud of Pannah, 325.

B«/bar, Rajah, introduces s. Vizier of Rajah of Kajli (Cochin P ) 500, 9^sain Qull directed to give Nagarkot to, 538.

Blstiml, saint, 449 and n. 3.

Blochroann, quoted 7 n. 448 and passim.

Broach » taken by Mfrzis, 486.

Burj ‘All, serv. ‘All QulT, killed bj’ Pir Mu^. 107.

0

Caghatai K. represents loyalty of Bihirl Mai, 240, introduces him to A., 242, 346, 349.

Calma K. 126, styled Khin ‘Alam and present elephant-hunt, 343, 347, 384, 390, 428, 466, wounded, 47.

Do. K. foster-brother M. ‘Askar!, put to death, 436.

Cambay, in possession Itmftd K., 537.

Camel-fights, A. interested in. 111.

Camyftr!, Khifr K., defeated at, 74.

Candar Sen, younger s. Rai M6ldeo, defends fort Jodhpllr, 305, at court, 518.

C&rbagh» battle at, 292.

Casma-i’Gazarin, 191 and n. 1, 192.

Caupar, game of, 534.

Cauragarha, fort iit Garha-Katanga, 324, 331, taken, 332.

Chitor, expedition against, 441, siege of, 464 et geq.

Chronograms, 14, 203, 303, 306, n., 357, 434, and 507, 529.

Chfinar fort, 231, A. visits, 393.

Cingiz K., ‘Abdullah goes to, 351, is turned out, 403, Cingiz joined by Mlrz&s, 463, defeats I’timSd, 466, 484, 485.

CTrfis or Cheroos, tribe at Thanes- war, 424 and n.

Cltahs, hunting of, 509.

Citr Najan ( Citrange F ), name of special cltah, 539.

Oiturl, hill near Chitor, 470.

Classes of soldiers, 403.

d

IndtTM

CaneluMion of work, 544.

Cfll-i-Zardak, 190.

CQn&r, 8ec ChQnSr,

D

Dihar, A. halts at, 598.

Dahmlrl, or N QrpQr, in Kingr&, 35, and 77.

DAkQ, a dress, 174 and n. 8, 185.

Dalpat s. Arnan Dis, husband Durgivatl, 324, death. 326.

Dftm&d, son-iQ’law, but aometiroeii means brother-in-law, 168 and n. 4.

Damob, city of R. Durgivatl, 327, 328.

Daniel, Prince, 311, birth of, 543 et seq.f entrusted to RinT of Amber, 543, horoscope of, do.

Darblr K., Akbar’s reader, 343, 345, 428, death, and burial beside A.’s dog, 496.

Darvesh Beg Uzbeg, 159, imprisons Mojfaffar ‘All, 167, Bairim’s letter to, 182, sent Kabul, 187.

Dastam K. s BTbT Najfba, 274 and n. 2, 295, at Sh- M‘ua|(f(am’s house, 336, 428, at tiger-hunt, 483.

Date of Accession, o.

Days, Persian, names of, 16.

Deh Ghulamln. vill. Afghanistan, 291.

Deo Dis, at Mairtha, 249-50.

Deo Sultan, s. Darbitr K., mad, imprisoned, 509.

Deotl MacirT. Alwar. resid. Hema’s family, 71.

Dhir, 345, 346,

Dharm Cand, R. of Nagarkat. 35.

Dikdir, pargana, 170.

Dildir B. 98 n.

Dilsankar, first elephant ridden by A., 115, given him by Hiimiyan, do.

Divine ‘Era. establishment of. 15 et seq. founded in 992(1584) 17.

Dongarpur. R. of. 136.

Duodenary Cycle, 17.

Durgivatl. Ran? 334 et heroic death of, 330.

S

Elephants, A.’s interest in. in. adventure on one. 114, female elephant die.s on loss of her mate, 490.

Era, Divine, founded 992 (1584), 17.

Eras, A. s Firmin about, 19.

Errata, end of volume.

Etawah, given Bah&dur, 151, 175, 289 and n. 1, A. entertained, 437.

F

FaisT Shaikh Abu-1- Faiz, elder brother Abu-l-Fa?l, quatrain by 13 and n., verses by, 400, intro- duced A., 444 — 46, ode, 447—463, ver.se 544 and n., revises Akbar- n^a, 559.

Fai^r Jahin B. d. AbQ Sild, 37.

Fakhru-d-dln Shib. son-in-law Kim- rin, 346, 354, brings Shihibu-d-din Turkaraan to court, 424, Sent Gujarat, 540.

Fakhru-n-nisi, d. Hum&ySn, marri- ed Abu-1-M‘aiill, 318, married Pi . Hasan, 364.

Famine ’n beginning reign in Delhi and Agra, 57, and n.

Farazdaq, Arab poet, 458 and n.

Farhat K., also called Mihtar Sakai, helped kill Adham K.. 272, enter- tains A., 437.

Farid Shakargani, saint, 239, A Visits shrine, 519, account of saint, 520, etc.

Farrukh ^usain s. Kb^^^ja Qftaiini Hazftra. friend Bahadur, 82

iMbiB.

9

Pftrrukb SKl&h Kabult aneeator Farid Shakargan^. 520.

FatV Oak of Kashmir. 154, 198.

Fatti K. Batnl or Patnl, Afghan “ISS, 3d6, 380, 384.

Fatfi Ullah Shirks!, arranges Hi vine Era, 17.

Fat^Sbid, aftenrards Fat^pQr, founded, 581.

Fatt^pdr, in Allahabad, 119, 297.

Patf^pftr SikrI, 237, Prince Salim born at, 508, 610, S. Miirld born at, 514, A. inhabits, 530, made a city. 530-31. 538.

FktimaBibl, Hamiydn’s Urdu-Begl, 335.

FattS Afghan, governor ChQnir, 215, 231, 3M, 399. 538.

Pawn, e.scape of, 122, do. and jackal, 226.

Fasll Beg, blind brother MuiiMm, vakil Mu^. Qakim, 284, 288, caught and killed, 289.

Festivals, list of, 24

FirdOsI, puet, 454«

rirmkns, abont Divine Era, 19, to Bairim, 148-49 do., 161.

G

Qharfbkhkna. old name Landikbina or kotal, in Khaibar, 860 and h.

fib^uQ Mnb.» siint and charlatan, 188, 134, death, 135» Fatt3*s quest about, 282 and ti.

Sb5sl K. €ak, mler Kashmir^ I5A parentage,*^ IQS, defeats Qarti B., 199.

QhlsI K. Tan&r,-A.‘8 officer, -9). |

Batrim incites to rebellion; 148, 148, Hub. Sftdiq sent to pnt doi^, 157, had gone Pannnh, 229, defeated by Abdu-Miajld and killed, 281. 282.

Sblyiia-d*d1n ‘All of Qacwld;-^

‘Abdu-l-LatIf, styled Naqfb K., 8§, at elephant-hunt, 348, to act for Lashkar K. 869, sent interview ‘All Qull, 885, in boat with Muu*im, 386. is ha khsh l and ac- companies A. against *AlT Qnll, 427, sent Malwa, 485

QLivksu-l-Loghit. dictionary, me- morial distich, 19 n. 8.

Ghorband, river. 286, district^ 407.

Gladwin F.,^ quoted. 16 n. and passim.

Gobind Dks Kacwiha, serv. Aman Dis. 326.

Gonds, tribe, 323.

Gujarat, conquest of, 586, etc.

Gulbadan B. balf-sister HnmiySn, 40 , to come India, 44, married Khifr K. 5C h., arrives Minkot. 86, 313H.sDd^3a5a.

Gulchahra B. sislar Onlbadan, 40, 86, 189 n., 197 n.

Golrubb or Gulrang B. sister Onlba- dau. mother Salima Snitan, 96 *i.

Ganioftr, battle at, 170.

Gwalior, fort, 88, surrendered, 118. K. M^iinfipam imprisoned at, 887.

H

Habib ‘Ali K. appointed to taBe Gwalior, 118, sent to take Ranthan- bbor. 132, J88, sent Malwa. 208, waits on A., 222, abandons Malwa and is punished, 259.

Qiablb Ullah, Mir, sent to forbid Bairim. 146.

Hid! Kb- known as Kbwija Kilin son-iu-law Hub. Qnll Barlis, 416,

9i6s, omen taken from, 76, refine to iu FaisT’s ode, 466.

9i6i Qabtblf reciter Hnmiyli^ 166 R.

^idar Beg, brother Hamm JL. pm to dettb. 40. 41.

10

Indea.

PildMr]L.BiW’t ooMin, MT.

in ohnrge BItnn, 36, in Mbi-iintUe igniut HemS, 48, MB* witi» Taagunrd, 64, Mt nt Kabal. 187, 390, 398, 887, go«« Qnjnrnt, 640..

9*)^ Q6nn Kohbnr, Ekia-Kh6nio of Kdral, 389, put to deoth, 819.

9ijl B. wilt Hnmiyan, miitm M iakotk 8^ goM on pilgrimago, 888,i«tnnu48<618n.

96jl B. d. Mn(|‘im BC. wife Qltim Kokn, Moondly, w. IL Qmui, thirdly, w. 1C. tu, 686, 687.

96jl K. dnvo Sher BL, 86, in Ahrnr, 71, didante B6nl Udni, TSnndn.. lOSgOM Onjnimt, 108, 301, n. 1.

Wllk Indudrt, 164k 198.

H8il Vn^ SiMInt toittupM *Ab- doJlah Snltltt|ilrl, 78, At taking QfwMitt lli, lent AgAinm *AiT Qiil1« nidi Tskilp 18S, lauH ootirt hf BnifSm 14^ sent by A. to 179, reproidied by Bni- rim. Ud, Itt, 349, sent Snlnimiii Knnrini, 300, taken to *AlX Qnli And imprisoned, 181, sent oonrt, 388, 437, seat MaIwa. 433.

^jlpir, Bet JilAndher Danb (f)304.

I^jlpar, in Alwir (F] 300.

jdaliinnr^-Halk, phyBoimn, 803, and ii,A336

Qnklm Mn^. Mini, A/s half brother, 85, left in Kabnl, 85, 887-38, Hon*- im gnkrdikn of, 380-1-91, Abi-l- M^aili aeix^a, 010, 320. Salaiman*s d. married to, 388 )359, 350, 351—34 marehea India, 407— 41A rebels recite Sh^lbA in ’tame of, 480, 538.

Qaklm San«,454Andfi.

Qiakfm ZambTl, physician, A. sp^ds nighh in house of; 141 and n, 1.

PiamSd of Bhakar, misconduQt And punishment, 417-18.

^maa, AmTr, name of romanoe,,

343-44.

Hipa, brahman, complains to A., 252.

9aram B., knpwn as *WalI N’iamat, d. Sultan Wais, w. Sulaimin, qnamrel with husband, 39 and n. 2, 40, 41, 19A 320, 322, 863, 407-8.

Oasan and ^tiaain, A.’s twin -ohildren, 857.

Qasan *A11 Tnrkamln, in charge Chinir, 282.

9asan, brother 8hihftbn-d-dln, 890, 410.

^asan Bachgotf, ‘AH Qnll defeats, 87 and 216.

J^Asan- of Mewit, 75.

gasan, Sh-» known as Qiwijaalda CeghinTIn, 97, 98

Qiasan K. Patnl (Batani) y. brother Fat^ K., 338, 339, 355, governor Bohtis, 380, 884, 385.

ISasan, Eb’» hnsband Fakipra-n-nisl d. Hnmiy&n, 859, 850, marrifge, 364, 355, 407, goes BalUl 409 and n.2.

Jdasan K. SbasinchT, sent to Bis B., 352, envoy Orissa, 381, 382, 465, brings Biz B. court, 518.

Hishim, Mir, brother Al)u-l-M*ailT, 30 and n. 3, goes Patna, 479.

Hitkant, Adham sent to, 119.

Hatwi Hewrah, oonrier, 486.

HawiI, Hemft’s elephant, 54, ridden by A., 232-34.

Hemil, serv. Mubiris, gains 22 battles, 45—47, defeats Tardl B., 48—50, defeated by A.% army at Pinipat, 58—55, executed, 55, A. Faf 1 regrets death, 58, head sent Kabul, 57 and n. 1, 69, his father pat to death, 71, 78, 85.

Hijra Bra, had lasted nearly 1,000 years, 81.

Hilin, town Uaxiiar country, 299.

JfMlM.

H

Btindi^an, Junaid’s fief, 420. pBim S.’s tomb, Bairim buried near, 202.

^Tfftr Flrflaa, A. visits, 102, hunts at, 180, 311, A. encamps at, 523, Qisir fOildmlxi, 180. j^issftnT, poet, 458 and n. 8. Horoscope, of Accession, 10-11, of SelTm, 340-47, of Murftd, 354, 356 ( of text ), horoscopes of Daniel, pp. 874, 375 ( of text ) wrong, see p. 548 n. 3 of translation.

Houses, of horoscope, 11^18 Humijiln f. A. marries elder d. Jamil K., 76, favoured S. Adam, 05, betrothed Salima to Bairim, 07, body taken Sirhind, 102, pru- miae4 Qandahar to Shih, 121, reverence for Mu^. Qbauf, 185, styled Bairim Atillq# 140, appears to IbrihTm of Badskhihiti in dream, 108^ forgives Eh M^uafiam, m, remark abont tiger-shooting, 483, A. visits tomb, 489 and 518. ‘Husain K. Tukrlya, governor Lahore, 06, wounded, 172 and n. escorts Hahdl Qisim and retums, 415.

Do. Eh- of Merv, ode shout JahsngTr’s birch, 507-0B Do- Muh qfirbegf ‘Abdullah*^ Ua- beg, punished, 846*

Do. QuH Beg 8. Wall B., after- wards Ell5n Jahio, sent with vanguard, 54, at Pinl- pat, 68, asnt to court, 157, 158, mentkm’d 188 and n. 6, put in charge Adham, 160, sends Bairthn’s body Ifashhad, 205, promoted, 304, takes Jodhpllr, OOOy 800, ravages Xldaiptr, 465, governor Panjsb and atyP ed Ehin- Jahin, 486-87,

introduces Sfirjan Hiri, 405, receives A. at Lahore, 520, assistance sent to, 588.

gtnsain 8. found not related Eh* M’uln, 511.

Hyde, quoted, 16 n. 1.

I

Ibrlhfm, Adham, saint, 288.

Da Bkda^hlkl. EL-

belonged to 258, and a.

Do. 9usain M. s. Muh Sultan, 414, 415, in Ujiain, 468, 484i takes Broi^, 486.

Do. k. Usbeg, 215, 876, Mhn*im obtain^ as hostage, 887, 485, accompanies Mun’im Patna, 470.

Do. M. s Snlaimin, 30, kills Qaidar, 40, 41, kiUed, 188-9A

Do. 8. MajsAb, 288 and a. 2.

Do. dfir, 45, ^AII QuH difcats, 126 and n., went Orissa, 381, 476, put to death biy Solatisin KarariU, 480.

Do. Sultan, 70.

Id Qurbin, oelebraied, 51.

IdfSarmast, 288, 201, 820.

laiThrkh8a,412,526.

Ishurangl, poet, 466 and a. 6.

IskandW Sir, 80, in Sivallks, 88, Ebipr K. left to deal with* 50, defeats Shior* 784,iliesMinkot,79,80, 00, snrrandars and dies two years later, 01, 06.

Do. Usbeg, in oha^ Agra, 26, 48b with vanguard, 54b at Pinlpat, 61,aent Delhi, 70, made Shin ^Alam. 71, 215, rebeli, 276b Luoknow, 878-0, 884b 880, fleet from

12

hidl$».

battle, 391, 396-7, again rebels, 420, 435, in fort of Oudb (Ajttdya), 437, flies Bengal, 438-39, pardoned 538» given Sarkir Lacknow and dies, 584 and n,

Iskandar Beg, related ^naain QqII, 809, killed, 811, 584 and a. 1. Iskandarf Era, Alexander’s Era, 21. lalim K., see Salim Shlh or ETva n. lam^all K. s. Xbilhim Uabeg, gate Saadlla, 106.

Do. Quit Beg a. Wall B., prisoner at Gllnieir, 179, 175. 804. 810, acoompaiiaea brother to Panjab, 488.

tm8d K., aerv. Bi.x B., in ebarge Bijagarb, 356, killed, 257. Do K., Oujariti, sends Africa elephant, 466, defeated, 465,587.

Do. IL, eannoh, original name FhAl Malik, appointed jnanager crown - lands, 976-7, sent ’Abdullah Us- oeg, 346^ seises A.’s rein, 348, sent Qiindeah, 863, 890-91.

J

Jabar BardI Beg, old serv. Bihar, 991.

Jade, M’nin’s monopoly, 801 and a.

6 .

iagannith s. Bihirl Mai, 241, 248. Jagmal, Mairtha fort entrusted to. 946-9,805.

Do. Psnwir, Deo Saltan made over to, 509.

iagman, B. of Dhandhera, 864.’ Jahiniri B., her book, 938 and n. 1. Jahir aoT Jinnat Aihiyinf, see Hu-

mavKn.

Jahlngfr, see Saltan SalTm.

Jaimal, defends Ohitor, shot by A.. 472

Do. 8. Bipel, 24x.

Jajhtr ^abshl, kills Oingis K., 485. Do. K., slave Salim Shall, held Banthanbhor, sold it Rai Birjan, 133.

Jajhir, faajdir, 254.

Jalll E Sir, 87.

Do. K. Qflrchl, sent for Tin Sen. 280, flight of, 403-4. at Chitor,

Oo. Zamindar Bhimbar, kills C^bil K., 523.

Jalilibad, A.’s sister dies at, 86,* battle near, 289—98, 859, taken, 862-8.

Jalill Bra. 22.

alilu-d-din Mabmftd BajOq, called Padishih Qnll, sent to bring ladies from Kabal, 81, Ghaz- nin given to, 85, killed by Mnn’im’a orders, r 0 8 — 1 0, younger brother Milu-d-dTn Mas’aid also slain,

no.

Do. Dawwinl. Maal&ni, 801 and n. 4.

Do. mler Bengal, s. Mub K., also Rkifr and Sadr K.. 89 , 477.

Jalanr. 304, 309.

Jamil K. daughters marned Hu- miyin and Bahrim, 76.

Do. K. Bilflohk 885.

Do. K. serv. Bairim, 179. Jamihi-d-dfn Saiyid, blown op at Chitor. 469.

Jiml, poet, 456.

Jamil, see W’axir Jamil.

dfsiMval #Alr»vi. lia

Indeot.

13

Jin Biql K. in charge Mirak {Uiavl, i21, 424.

Do. Ma^. Bahasidi, 184, attacked by B. Ganesh, 261, 292. 362.

Jarrett, Colonel, quoted, 16 n. 3 and passim.

Jauhar, or Johar, Hindu oustom, 331, 472

Jaonpdr, *Ali Qull takes, 126, de- fen d.s, 338, A. stays at, 380, orders buildings at, 397.

Jhain, valley near Hanthanbhor, fortided by Pir Ma^., 132.

Jhajir, A. comes to, 153, 56.

Jinnat Ailiiyint, see HumiyQn. Jit&ran, taken, 103.

Jisya, poll-tax, abolished, 316. JodhpQr, taken, 305.

Jogl Dis, second a. Arjan Dis, un- selfish behaviour of, 325-6.

Junaid Kararini, nephew Sulaimin, does homage, 399, flies Gujarat 420.

K

tMAr Chitor. 467, 469.

^uL Jillifim governs, 25, siege of by SnUilmin 56, Hemfi’s

head sent to, 67, 85, Abfi-1-Mailf visits, 317 — 22, affairs of, 369-64, 407.

Kaff-al-S[h^ 2 Tb “ The painted hand,” Arab, name of Cassioplia, 4 n. 1. Kahan, brother Rai Kalyaii Mai, his d. married to A., 518-19.

Kaidanl, tank, 017.

Kajbll, stage on road Ajmfv. 511. Kajll, in Malabar, 499 and n\ 2. Kikan*Allk.,406 Kikrili, vUl. near Agra, styleo^ A. Nagarchin, 357 n. 2 ; and 358. Kalinfir, A. ascends throne there, 4 and n. 3, 6 n. 1.

Km Pahir, 386. kalavall, town, 240 and n. 511.

Kilinjar, taken, 498-99.

Kalpatra, Almanac, 20.

KilpT, under ^Abdullah Usbeg, 25, 71, 126, A. stays at, 228, 229.

Kalyin Mai, of Bikini r, 159, comes court, 518.

Kamil K. Ghakhar, s. S. Sirang, comes court, 38, sent against Miyinas, 119, against *AU Qull. 126, imprisons Abu-l-M‘ailT, 154. 215, account of, 297-^, 362, 364, 411.

Kamiln-d-dln Isfabinf, poet, 455 and tm. 5 and 6.

Kamlavatl sister R. Durgavatl, 332. Kangir s. Jagmal, a bosrage, 241, 243.

Kapfir Chand B., in Jami fort, 116, 299 (?)

Karah, or Karra, fief Kamal K., 119, A. visits, 229, fief ^Abdn-l-Majld, 282, 324, A. at, 401, 435, 436. Karamsai, 390 and n. 4.

Karappah, route, 861, and n. 1. Karma, acquisition of religious merit, 295. ^

Kifihghar, ambassadors from, 36, 37. 30(MX1.

Kasnmir, A.b{l-l-M*ailI invades, 154. Qari B. fails to take, 197 —99.

Khikl Gallabiu, 360.

Qliksir Sultan, his indiscretion. 347, 349.

Kb5n ‘Alam, 347, 348.

Do. ‘Afim see Shamsu-d-din, and ‘Asls JLoka.

Do. Jahin, see l^usain Qull.

Do. Babi of Scfiidc intrigues and death of, 526.

Shin- Qthniii. HOC Bairim and Mnu-‘inr.

Do. Kilin, see Mir Mu^. K.

Do. Qull Usbeg, serv. \Abdiilliih Usbeg, 345, in charge Han

14

JMeat,

diA^sabmite, 361, ^rMnpM under elephant, 486.

Zamin, see *A1T Quit.

Kb^ndl Bai, elephant, 363, 366.

Khinim, also Shahsida Q^inim, d. A. birth of, 569 and n. 2.

Khanjar Beg, imprisoned, 62, con- vejB Humijun’s bodj to Sirhind, 102 .

Olinsida B. Aba-1-M*aill buried near her tomb in Kabul, 821.

Do. Mul^. brother Abu-1- M*aalT, also called 91|6h Lauhdin, 310.

SkiqinY* poet, 449, 454.

KhM Malik, eunuch, 284, styled Ikhl6f K. 289, put to death at Kabul, 319.

Khkwara, or S^h&warpira, Kashmir, 154 and n. 6.

Shifi* Sll* K. husband Gulbadan B. appointed against Iskemdar, ^ defeated, 73, 74, gave horse to A., 92, binds up A.’s wound, 313.

Khifi* Hasira, 31, Ghaznin given to, 288.

Kliudi Bakhahy elephant, 428-9.

Kliud& BardT, strikes S]|amsu-d-dfn, 269.

ShAah Skabar K. a Tasiwal, brings news of defeat of * Abdullah O., 34(r-410, drowned in RivT, 419.

Uzbeg, wounds SQlhmeu-d- din, 269.

KkHsh^il Beg, one of HurnkyUn’s bodyguard, 107 and n. 2, caught, d. trampled under elephant, 436.

Khusnu of Balkh, kills M. Beg Barlis, 191.

Kkwija * Alam, eunuch of Biz B., escapes but is reeaught,

Do Kkiwand Mu^* Ihther Eh*

M*uTn, 300, account of, 301 and rm. 3 and 6.

EkwajaKilin, killed in battle, 292.

Y^o Shi?ry6n8, tribe, 359.

Klcak B. mother 3barlfu-d-dlt ^usain, 37.

KirminT Kk** poet, 466 and n. 3.

Kl8& Purl, leader of sect, 422.

Kotah, fort made over to akifa Mu^. QaUtl, 444.

Kotal SitEra, near Indus, death of a sister of A. at, 86.

Krishna Pakflha, dark half of month, 20 and n.

Khkar tank, 517.

Kurs or Kurus, fight of, 493-4.

Kfirkhet, plain of, 492.

L

Laohman Sen, era of, 22.

Lahore, birth of *Abdu-r.RabIm at, 76, 80, arrival of ladies at, 84, A. cornea to, 94, 96, A. comes to, 177, M. Qaklm marches against, 410, A stays at, 411, 412, ring-hunt near, 416, 417, 419. A. visits, 524.

Laima, elephant, 91, 113, drowned in Ghambal, 342.

LEI K. BadakhokL 48, 54, 56, 68, 479.

LEll Khokar, near Bimbhar, Kash- mir, 198.

LElsot, town in Jaipllr, 490.

Lang SErbEn, referred to, 163.

LEnjl, Rajab of, 324.

Lashkar K. BakhahT, 343, sent tc *Abdu-l Majid, 369, 389, removed from office, 401, punished foi drunkenness, 529.

Lashkarl Gakhar, .s. Sultan Adham 299, put to death, 300.

Lodi Afghan, SulaimSn KararEni’i minister, 478, 479.

Lonkaran, REjput, 249, 250.

Indm.

15

Laoknow, 8S, 4« yrinU, 875, 8irkir given Mnhdl QAtim, 458,^Ten to laknndnr 584.

LnqmAA, the Baetern loop, 460 and

ii.2

X

MichlwAri, A/e camp at; 178, 800.

Madan fUH, chief olta, 528.

MAh Cacak B. wife Ham Ay An, mother M. Qaklm, 284, fnanagee Kabul, 866; 517, marriee d. to Abfl- l-M*aAll, 318, killed, 510.

MahApittar, sent on embassy Orissa^ ttl, retnms, 888.

MahdS JEhwAja, husband QlAnsAda B, buried at Kabul, 581.

MahdT QAsim, uncle nnd father-m- law ^nsain Tukrfya, with A1I QulT, 46, in charge Delhi, 75, 148, in charge Lahore, 148, sent Malwa, 168, at OAnAoAr. 170, 188, in Gakhar expedition, 290, 862, appointed Garha, 40A goes Mecca, 405, 406, garden of, at Lahore, 410, 411, 415, retuma and gets SarkAr Laoknow, 40108.

Ma^mAd BArha, Saiyid, with Tan- guard, 54, 78, 105 (name aeoi- danlally omitted in translation), 180, stops MnnHm, 870, 540.

MabmAd Sultan of Bhakkar, asks to be made KhAn-KhAnAn, 858, \

41 S,«M.S 27 . i

MabmAd Sultan of Uujarai. 484 587.

MabmAd Sultan, a. S. AbA S^ld, his d. married to KbwAjasAda, 07,06.

Mahuwa, A.*a dog, 314.

MajnAn QAqehAI, shut up in Nir* nanl, 86, 54, at court. 70, sent I NAgor, 167 in MAuikpAr. 377. |

MakkdAmu-l-Mulk. see * Abdullah | Sultsiiparl.

Mairiha, or Miriha, 847-860. MAldeoy Bai, in poceosaion 848, JodhpAr his capital, 801, 518; Malik 9555, his Bra,X Malwa, Bikramajit Bra cu rrent in, 88, goTemed by 186.

BahAdur sent to» 186, 147, con- quest of, 807—00, A.’srapid march to, 817— 88,‘Adham K, isakas over to Plr Mn^ 986, ‘Ibdnllali appointed to, 856— Ml, A. maiohee against him, 841-558, 408.

MAmA KbAtAu, Till. Afghamsian,

MAn Singh s. R. Bhagwanl Oli. 84A

MAndal, lUnA’s fort, takmN 0k town of, 477.

MandhAkarA ho§ tnm Agroi ]88| 287, 510 and 11.8, 516.

MAndA, given Plr Mnb-* Vk < Abdullah gees to, 861, A. ontm» 850.

MAnikpAr, A. encamps at, ADfi 488. MAnkot, described, 80, taken, 88<-«

Mas*aAd fibAsI SAlAr, bi«TO of. 885 and ft. 8.

MaiQaf1,a,4.

M*afAm Beg 9<»faf1, 868 and n. L

866 .

M^a«0m K. Kabuli, MS, Kabul fort made over ta 407, 411, 418. Mathura, A hunte at, and abcliehce tax at, 204, 311.

Matila, fort Scinde. 587, 528.

Maflab K.. 205, in Malwa, 340. 184. 500.

Matnabbf. falae prophet, also a podl. 455 and a. A

Matur Sen. Bejab, 157, M Man, or PAthAnkbt, 06; Man in Atimgarh, 506 and a 5,

Meot. tribe. 9i0.

16

MewU, held by T«rd1 B«g ahMulii-d^ln’s fief, fi41.

Mihtar R. Anlsa-d-dln, in charge Bantonbhor.‘4&6.

Mihtar Sakai, lee Farhat K.

Mfr Mii^ Sbin Kilin, Sha rngn-d* din’a elder brother, 143, Oakhar expedition, 299, goyemor Panjab, 361, takes Jalllibad, 362, his im- patience, 364, leaves Kabul, 865, fortifies Lahore, 410, in charge Panjib, 422, given Sambhal in fief, 487.

MTrak Befavf of Mashhad, A11 Qulf sends to Manim, 898, made over to Jin Biqf, 421, escapes, 424, caught Karra and exposed to elephant, but not trampled, 486, let off as a 8atyi6 do..

Mirtha or Mairtha, fort, capture of, 247-30.

Mira Beg Barlis, 190, 191.

Do. governor Lahore, 80

andn. 8.

MlaffMoa Bh. A.*s maternal uncle, murders his wife, and his punish- ment, 884-67.

Mubirik K. manager for 8. Ma^mnd of Bhakkar, joins Mu^ibb *A11 who puts him to death, 528.

Do. K. Lohini, assassinates Bairim, 200.

Do. 2., of Nigor, father Abu- l-Pafl, 286, holds a S^fis- tic ‘arvioe, 434, account of, 40, 445, Faifl’s ac- count of, 430, 451, re- ferences to, 563, 368.

Do. 8hihi Mlrin, ruler Shin- desk, 257, 256, sBlds embassjK, 861. d. married to A. 852.

Mttbirii Kf left in (<hin|r by Hemt, 43, Gwalior held by. 88,

killed in battle in Bihar, 89 end It. 2, 90, 126, his son, 215 and 228. 477.

Mohammed Qnll K. Barlis, seat to bring ladies from Kabul, 31, gete Nigor as fief, 84, Kabul made over to, 85, 109, 175, 290, govomor Mnltan, 362, Malwa had been given to, 415, 427, sent against Iskandar and attacks Ajtdya, 437, holds conference in boat with Iskandar, 439.

Do. Qull HhiShill, officer

of M. Sidaimln, 192, 408, left to besiege Kabul, defeated, 411.

Do ahft^Bokhirlhia ele- phant killed, 490, in- dooes A. to send Bellm’s mother to Sikn, 508, Ajmlr shrine entroaled to, 511.

Do. S|28lkh flhbanavl, of

the Atka Khbib inspecta ^ Adham’s body, 273.

Do. Saltan Mlrai s. Snltan

Wais, 413, given Aaimpfir in Sambhal, 414, called ah^b M. by Humiydn, 414.

Muhibb *Ali R. s. Mir Khalifa, ac- companied A- Majid to Oarha, 327, fief holder Minikptr, 428, 480, at Patna, 479, permitted to conquer Scinde, 526—28.

Mu1ii Shf t- Kb Khiwand and f. ^haraftt-d-dlti, Oomes from Kish ghnr. 300-808.

M^lnu-d-dln Ahuisd K. Feran-

htder.

17

ilAadl, Agra entrofttr ed to, 988, tent Malwa with ‘AhaiilUh, 960. returns court. 961, at tiege .lodhpiir. 9 >5. 378. oi^crcid to go lo ‘AU Qnll, 808,

Do. Ohiahtl. 287. account of, 238-;)9, A. goef< on foot to shrine from Chitor, 476, 477, visits shrine, 496, goes on foot to shrine from Agra after birth of SelTm, 510-11. visits shrine on birth of 8. Mnrid, 516, 539. i*nls8u-d-d1n a. Sim, 989.

Do. l-Mnlk of Meshhad, with A. at elephant-hant. 841, in ex* pedition against ^Abdullah, 346, 848, wounded, 350, leader against *A11 QnlT and Bahidnr, 38A de- feat of, 389-91, plundered bj the Mlrsie, 415.

Injihid K. 1 . Mn^Mbb ‘All, in Soiiide. 597, 198. fnknnd DMk N. OriMa, 389. lultiid, engiiwptnQos name for Hindne, 457 and n. 1.

Iun*im K. in charge Kabul, 25, amata Alm-i-M%ilf ’s hrethig^.iy^ defends Kahuh 41-49, orderad to send ladies India, 85« 86, puts Ja^ lilu-d-d1n and brother to death, 109-10, smumoiked. court, 148, joins A. at Sirhind. and made Vakil and B3liMi-Kh8uin» 17A brings Bairim to A., 180, Bal- rim’s house given to, 187, en- tertains A. 188, Badakhiliin am- bassadors introduced by, 194, left at Agra, 918, accompanies A. Eastern Provinces, 998. grieved at influence of g||amsn-d-dln, 980, present when he was killed, 919, •5- ovo UTg Krmmht back, 279,

tent Kabul as guardian M. l^akfm, 28A 989, at elepliant-hnnt in Narwir. 842, intercedes foi* *AhdullAh, 845, in ImttUs 348, sent with iMlvance force. 878, 888. All quit sends J^arv Qad to. 885. meets AI1 Quli on river. 386-88, A. {lardoiM rebels at Miiniin> re- quest, 399-94. connives at *AtT Qnli’s escape. 396, 898, 401. ap- pointed to charge Agra. 411. reports ahdut Ifirsis, 413. 415. report of, 490. meets A. at Agra. 495, in charge . Agra. 486. asks help of Abu-l-Fagrs father. 434. comes Karra, 486, interview with Sulaim&n Ksrarini, 476, 478, 479, leaves Patna quickly, do. comes to congratulate A. on birth of Mnrid, 515, brings Sikandar, i.#., Iskandar to court, and obtains his pardon. 633, sent Sastem Provinces.

MuqbU K., 958.

Muqdim Beg BadaUftshl, 48.

Muqlm K» related Tardi B., 174, Nimaul his flef^ 809, 846 348, promoted and styled Bhujfat K. 350-51, in vanguard of army against lahandar, 879, pursues A- Mgjld, 888, one of A.*s eleven companions, 498, entertains A. at Bawali, 487, has battery at Chitor, 467, 472, entertains A. at Agra, 518.

Murid K., 462, sent against Minis, 404,485.

Murid Shah, s. Akbar, 459, birth of, 614-15, illness of, 588.

Mflsi K. Fulidl, governor Pattan, 90U.,537.

Mngi^ Beg, e. Khwija Killn, account, 107| put to death, 108.

M*utamid K., author Iqbiliiims. 16 n. 8, 28 n. 2.

18

Miiyfd Beg, brother * Abdti-r-Ba^ min, 128.

Mnpiffnr K., nnme given Kb^ije Mainffer ‘ * AIT of Tarbat. terr, Batrim, 158. impriaened by Darveah Beg. 167, made Vixier, ;K)6-06,858, makee * Abdn-n-Nabl Sadr, 374, 401, rerenne settlement of, 402 and n. 1, 411, intercedes for A. Majid and his brother, 418, immorality of, 422, confers irith Iskandar, 488, at Ohitor, 471, relieved of financial work, 488, entertains A. 531, loses favour, 584.

H

Nagaroln, or KakrilT, pleasore«city devised by A.. 357 and a. 2, and 358, A. at, Tftsnf M. dies at, 405, 408.

Nagarkot Bra, 22, Bajab of, 35, to be given to B. Blrbar, 538.

Nagina B., mother Bairim, lOOn.

Nigor, fief of 9}|arafa-d-dTv, 157, 187, account of, 517. 548, A. en- camps at, 544.

NihTd B., d. Qisim Koka, 526, account of, 527.

Nahrwila, old name Fatten, 2p0.

Nain Snkh, elephant, 433.

Najib K., see Qiiiyisn-d-dln * AIT.

Najfba Bw, mother Dastam K., 274.

N*aloha near Mlndo. A. encamps at, 362.

Nandftn, in Panjab, 261.

Nannft, alleged s. Sultan Maf^mlld of Gujarat, 537.

Naqibbandf order, 98n. and 100 n.

Nimanl, besieged by ^IjT K., 36. fief ai|uji‘at. 309 , 310 .

Nifiru-l-MuIk, see Fir Mu^.

Nifir B3|. 3b lib, executed, 436.

NifirIQiiH Uxlieg, 390, joins enemy. 391.

Naushahra, town Kashmir, 154, 186, 528.

Natir Baliidiir. 329. catches Bahi- diir, 431, has charge SlvT Sfipar, 444.

New year Ist, 32 ; 2nd. 78; 3rd, 101 ; 4th. 124 ; 5th, 137; 6th, 210; 7th. 245 ; 8th. 281 ; 9th, 316 ; 10th, 370; llth, 400; 12th. 416; 18th, 481; 14th, 493; 15th. 512; 14th, 525; 17th, 532.

N’iamat, ennnch, 270.

Nimkir, 377, 414.

NishTman, a bower, 201 a. 3.

Nifimi of Ganj, poet, 455 and a. 1.

Nifimtt-d>dln Auliyi, saint, 288. Ak visits tbrine of, 818.

Nflr Mnb«f s. Sher Mn^., drowned in BML 418.

NiIrpBr, 85 a.

NOrplInXiMhmir, 154

Nfim-d^lTn Mub*. father Selima Saltan, 97. 98,189n.

NQm^d’dTn Tarkbin* Manlina, fanjdir Samina, 882, pots Sher Mob- Diwina to death, 888.

O

Odi, pits for oatohing obeetaa, 508, and. a.

Orissa, Bajab of, 881, 478, put to death, 480.

P

Pidishah QnlT, see Jalaln-d-din Kb*

Pihlwin Gnlgas, chief consteble Lahore, negligently allows Abi-l- M’ailT to escape and takes poison, 30.

P&lam. nesr Delhi, ring-hunt at, 489 .

PinTpat, 58. 60, battle of. 61, 62.

Pannah, ‘Abdul Majid proceeds against, 229, Ttn Sen brought from, 280, Pannah taken, 282.

huUtB.

to

PArihir, cMtet 025.

Varmtf^nd Rai, AmbMMidor of R. of OriaBr/382

Paronkh/ fight At, 2614/ 9eq.

pAiihA B. d. AH 8hukr. S

MaQIoBd, 97«jiiid 9^ n. [475.

PAtS At Chitor, 472t killeil.

Patau (P4k) near Multan. 209. A. viaitf. 619 626.

P6t6ncor,<^AlwA, mu|tWrfi at. ^21.

Pair I>4a Ri. afterwards R. dikram- 4jU, 340, liOO, letter of, 407, at tutor,

Pattan, Gtijiorat, Buiratn killed at. 200. 201. 007

Peraiau days of mouth, list of, 16^

Peshrau K, accompanies A. to Qi M’tiaifAm’s house, 00^.

Phm Malik, see I’timftd K.

Pir Mu^ Skirwini, afterwards Ni|Ira>l’Ma]k, in the Sijralika, 86, 46, at Delhi battle, 46, fliea, 49, 52, puts Hem(ls father to death, 72, quarrels with S. Gadai, 102, kills Burj * Ali, 107, contriyes death of Muffi^ib Beg, 108, exiled. 131, 102, returns, 166, sent to Malwa, 206, 214, liAo charge Malwi^ 2:i6, defeats Bis B., 254^7, defeated and

drowned, 266, 269 and n. 2.

Pir Mu^ K. ruler Baikh, 189, kills M. Beg Barits, 191, puts Ibrihlm to death, 190, 409

Pitbori Rai. ruler of Iifdia, 239.

Pfiii, Hindu caste, fight with.Kors at Thtneswar. 423, 424.

Qabfil K., ^ncer and faTOurile of Shah Qnlf Marram, 121.

i^ahal K., killed by Bhiinbar Zamin- dsjr, 623.

.^adam K., brother Muqarrab K Peooani, killed by Mfr»is, 416.

Qalmfiq Bahtdur, 390.

Qambar, oflScer of M. Solaim&n, at JaUl&bad, 361, 362. killed, 363.

Qanaiij, 425. 426, Sarktrof, giren to, Sharlb K . 487

Qandahar, in charge Sh^h of

Qlltt, 25, Bahtdur’s attack on, 82, g)|th Mii^. erades promise to Persians, 83, defends .fort, 120, 121 .

Qari Bagh. 12 ko»Snm Kabul, 406b

Qari B. of Ktsh,m|ar sent against R. Kapfir Chaod, 116, against Kashmir, 197. defeated, 198, 19^. appointed Mtndfi, 862.

Qartcha K., Qaricha Qartbahht. 109 n.

Qaritlq, chief huntsman, 269

Qisim, Mfr Mu^ of NTshtpBr, 64, at Ptnlpat. 63, 72, lOf, 160^ eom* mauds right, wing at GBniclr, ITQ,* governor SarangpQr, 845, 346, 347, 348.

Qasim Arsltn, makea ohronogram, 202, do., 367.

Qasim K. Mir Ba^., 174^ fliea with Mun’im, 278, builda Agra fort, 372>78, in charge batieiy Chitor, 467, makes covered way (sibA|), 471, 493.

Qisim K. Koka, Bihar’s foater- hrotheFf devoted his life for him 627. (320,

Qisim Mu^.. brother ^aidar Qieim

Qatlarf Faiilid, attempts to assaasiii. ate A., 314.

(>ilaq Qadam, 336. 346, 340, in battle, 390, 640.

Qiwlm K., s. g)|nji*at. 309.

QisI Badakbfthit or Gth6sl» K., am- bn^sador of M. Snlaimin, 4tf, A3, 360, 412.

Qiyi K. Gang, in charge ‘Aligarh, 26. 48, in charge Agra, 71, besieges

Gwalior, and 118, Ment against *A11 Qnll, 186, cfuiis Bairim, 144, m. ill Malwa. 808. 811. 818

Hniidia givan to. 2U. waits on A.. 882, leaves Malwa. 250, liad rabellatl and waa ^rduaad 378.

390. :I81. 487.

Qi/i K. Si^ib ^asan. at liattla of Gttnicir. 170, in Malwn axijeditioti.

2oa

Qnltj K., 348, 348. sent Rohtia, 365. sent again, 383, 384, told to kill Qamid Boklilrl, 417, 486, 435, sent Ifalwa, 486, sent Gujarat, 640.

Qtt|ba«d*dTu Mu^., fViiijab officer, 861, 899, Gnardian M. ^akfm, 361, 868, visits Qb^nln his native place, 864^ eondneta 8akfna B. to court do., strengthens Lahotw; 410, 411, 482; Malwa given to,.489.

18

Bair Lnnbinl, poet, 456, and ft. 7.

Baffq« an oldlservanli 870, and ft.

Rahab, or Bahib, river, 46^ and it. 1.

Kazmin QnU t., 348. 488

Baltin Quit QtibbegT. 436

Hgl Bat Singh otBtkanlr.s. Kjaljbn Mai, 169, does , homage, 618.

Ramil Darbl*^ 890, and ft. o.

Raisin, Malwa, 812.

Rajanrf, Kashmir, 198.

Rim Cand/>B. of Fbnnah, A. Majid procee ds against, 889, sends Tin Sen, 8o0, defeated, 281, 888, 288, 826, holds Kilinjar, 499, snrende^s it, do.

Rim Bai, * MildeOb waits on A., 305.

Rim Sih Rajah, defeated 1^ Qiji

K., 88.

Rimpir, Rajpntaaa, taken by A. Majid, 466.

Ram>*a, litter’s son of Hemtt, 69.

Ran Bighs, elephant, fight of A with, 283, 284.

Ranthaiihhir. fort, J^ablb ‘All sent to take. 132, 188. ^18. Biliirl Ms does homage near. 244, army sent against, 489-97.

Rashtdf Kh * killed by Kb* M*nss«m. 334.

Remission of taxer, 33, and n. 5. Ruhtis in Bihar. 338, account of, 366-66, 380, 383, 884. Rhdkbi^Mh-i-Ming Yaghab, 301 and

ft. 6.

Ruhab, see Rahab, river.

RhpmatX, mistress Bis B., 213, dies, 214.

Bnstnm K., defends Broach two

vears, 488.

Rukn K. Nohinl or liohinl, Afghan, defeated by Heml, 46, 87.

Riml K., alter A. M«aill,

B4s» name of additional day, 17.

8a*adT, post, 465.

Sibil, ooverad way, 471.

Sabdllla, elephant, 87, 229, at OUitor, 478, 474.

§idiq’K., sent agninst Bhadam. yahs, 180, sent to put down rebris, 157, 808, in Malwa, 21M8, Man- des8r given to, 214, comes court, 817, 804, 810, sent Ranthanbhhr, 484, 519, 540.

Sadr K., a Mu^. K., mler of Bengal styled Jalilu-d-dTn, 89.

Sahasnak, tank, 801 and ft. 8.

Sabban, b. Will, an eloquent Arab, 451, and it. 4.

§ibib K., at Chitor, 467, 478.

Bibib Qirinf , title of Timonr, 69.

6*ald Turkistinl, Maulini, 196, and

11 , 8 .

21

Ssiy id Huiftin Biang«Bttw&r» ••wilt S40

8ak*l Siagb •. Rial UdM, m, l43.

Saklt, town in £uh. 261, A. ooma#^ to, 427.

Bill* lM[as*ald Qhlaf. 225.

Hftibiban, Era, 22.

Bilbihaa. falber R. DorglTall. 224.

9ali^ Sttltau, W. Blbar, qv. Dttdlr B., 26 a.

Ballig K., U, Bh6b. t. Shir Shib, 128,126, buUda Mmkot. 80. 126. Kaahmirl wiH of. 201 aod a.» ctrdmrm Gwalior priaonara to ba kilM, 22. hit aoB Awaa. 288.

Sblfm or SalTin. Sullan (Jahaogir) 211, aooooat of birth. 502-2.

^a&ma SaMao B^.» aiaoa HoantjOa, arri^poa Minkpi. 2^ nairtad lahrlia, 27*22^ and a.

fcwiliin, pluadarad, 228.

Saminji Kh.. 68. dOO, 212. 847. 484

Sambhalia okaria *A11 Qklf, 25. 71. U7.lMld kt Mima. 412. grraa Mlr Ma^. K- 627.

aanbkar. A> marriaa Bihirt Mai’a d. at. 942.

Baaii, iHwi. 454.

8iyk*ain ffk^*lrh 442. and a. 4.

I*i|id1li 0^c\ girao 8. Haaaia

A. motmp ^ at. 622.

Barq^w. Baa. or 2b6b1. titia of .<niln Dia. 326.

Saagrlm Vianli, Hindn Adhair 279

Sangrim. n. of A b guu. 479.

Sanjiala, 6ght of at Tklneawar, 482.

Siraag SoltaG^akkar. m.

Blnyigpkl*. Ifalwa, 211. 218. 212. 246. and a.

Barr Qid (qyp’ooMkapol m ooncn- HHiodf Bikar.226ta>idial.

Bnnrlr^noar.lii^ 227.

Sbldf K .arrr Mublri2,48, 52. 61.

killed at Plnlpai. 64.

SbagOn 8. Qaricha, 17A 187. impri •ooed. 986. 618.

9l|ih Budlgk K., aant Nigor. 167, 943. 942. 211. 276. 264. 320. made priaonar. 221^ 497,’ fief in Malwar. 462, 484,- goramor Siringpi. 466. sent Gujarat# 640.

Sk4h Mini, grandaoii Mnk Bollan, 90, and a. A

Bblb Mn^. Qiliti or Qaadahlii. gorarnor Qandahar. 8A 21, a. 1 (wrongljrnnmbarad). 82, 22. braaka proniae to Pania. 120. 121. ia Malwa, 268. 211, laaraa llalwa. 862, aant agMnat ‘AH Qnll. 180. Kotah made orar ItK 44A atmok bj hie eon * Adil, 428.

Slih QnlT Marram. 54# takaa flami.. 69» 65. 79. aoni to taka Jftiraa- lot. 120. baaomea a barmtt. 121, aant* BfMnai Fir Mnk., 122# adkaraa to Bnirim, 157, 170.-120. in Mahra. 346, 248. aant Ghijaral. 640.

Shib Qall Naranji. aant againat iakandar. 73. tiatmre Hairin. 166. appointeo (^rha..i0l Skib WIU AlfeO. m Klkol BiR

li88.ae».|mtU>iMii^ai

akUwn lOi,

toation lor, 105. killed 187—26* ak6bam K.. Jalllr, 126. 215 376. 387.

ordered to take Kllia^ar, 402. Oi^baz K . 428, kUls Bahidur. 433. Mir balkiki, 6S0.

Qk>^4lda Khinam d. Akbai*. 509 and

A 2.

Skomt tank, or Kikar t>|lo. at Mftger. 517.

8kiimaii-d-dln Atga K., sent to fetch Baga m a. 21. briuipi them. 8o wrooglj alupaetad kj Bairim. 24 innimonod. *149. appaiatad Plajab.

n

Tnitm.

168> dcfdatil 170-74, peti-

tion of, 18i-86, com^ court, 230, MHaesiiiated, 209.

Sharffu-d-dln j^^usoinl, 8. Sh- M*ulii, 87, 38, J38, 141, merried to A.8 halt-Hivtcr, 190, 197, oppree^ei Bihirf Mai. 241. 843, Ukee Mairth, 248— 8<>. :102, Hic«. 302—306,309.

$harffu-d-dlii Vezdl, <|Uoted. 09 ,

^arlf K., Qaiiauj given to, 487.

Slier K., Afghan, 185, war ^ith Gak» bars, 296, 800.

Slier K. a Mubirix or * Adll. 215. 888, 881.

Slier K. FBlftdT, 618, 5^37.

Slier Moll. Diwftiia, holds Tahar- hinda, 166, misconduct and death 07 , 898 - 98 .

Sl|ili6ba-d-dln A^mad K., governor Delhi, 141, 148, 148, 144, 149, 160, Ab6«l-M*aill roado over to, 166, preeent when Sliamsu-d-dln killed, 869, flies, 878, 275, in Malwa, 408, 468, 484, 485 pat in charge exohe- qner, 488.

Shihibu’d’dln K. Turkamin, exe- cuted, 484.

Sbibibn-d-dln fibOrf, 54(K

Bhimil K., 895, aooompanies A.,

886 .

Shah, additional day, 17. [71.

8huji*at K., title * Abdallah Usbeg,

Slinji’at R.» commonly known as Sajiwal, father Bia Bahidar, 186.

Shnji^ R., see Maqfm.

Bhoklpaoo, lif^t-half pi month, 80, 81.

Sidl *A11, admiral, 80 a.

Bikandar, see Itkaadar.

Sikandra Bio, or Bulandshahr, l48^

Birhind, or Bihrind 51, Homiyfln’s body conveyed to, 108.

Sitsva-i-ba4i evil constellation, 299 n.

SivI Sftpar, fort, 448, 444.

Slavery, abolition ot, 246.

Sleeman, referred iOp 888, n. 1.

Sovereign, marks of a, 1-

Sulaiinin RararinI, king* Bengal, recites Q|u|ba in A.’s nam*e, 888, 366, 38(^ 381. 382, attacks RohtHi. 3«4. 477, 478-80.

Sulaimin Mirza, g. Kbin Mlrzi, in BadaJtbfibin. 26, atUcks Kabul 39-44, 56, 85, death of Son, 188- 94— marches Kabul, 880, 381, 388, ’ 359, 864, again marches Kabul. 407-412.

BulUu ^Alf Kb-, styled Afpal K., imprisoned, 58, comes coart, 178.

Sultan ^usain Jalalr, Saudlla given to, 106, 151, 178, 180, n.

Sultan Quiiain M., nephew Xehmtsp tries to take Qandahar, 180, 181.

Sultan Mub*, king Bengal^* defeated and killed, 45*

Birjan Bai, or Hiri, of Baathan- bar, 138, sends preeents, 818, 491, surrenders fort, 484, 496.

T

Tabarbinda, 166, and a.

Tabasf, poo’t, 466, and w. 6.

Tihir, MTr FhrigigUi, 78, rodenemof, 168, sent Rb. K’naifam, 886.

Xehmisp Sbah, king Persia, em- bassy of, 868, letter of, 868, embassy of, 858.

Taimflr K. or Ikka Jalilr, 95, 890- 91, 849, 887.

Ti) K. RararinI, 45. 477.

Takbt Mai, of Man, 98.

Xilib Mnb*. alder brother akblb^f nearly killed by elephant, 855.

Tin Ben, musician, 879.

Tardf Beg, adttinielers MewiA

governor Delhi, 36, gives battle to

ImItM.

23

HemB,45^47, defeated 48. 49, put to death by Bairltn, 61, 86. T4rl|illi-Hiii»l, 21. rirUUt ^ Divine Bra. Tarkhan Di»rna. .wv. 8harffu-d- din, 304.

Tir^ftn Mn^.. K., 146, 146. sent with Bairim, 181, 24:1, goyemor Agra, 378.

Tatar K., 264, and a 6, 311, governor Delhi, 415, 424.

Titir K., Panob Bhija. 148, 164. Tatta, t.e., Scinde, 626, 527.

Tawicr. or meaMnger, put to death bj Bahidor Uibeg, 176.

Tayfirl Bis^iml, 449, and n. 6. ThiaMwar, ftght of Sanjiala at 462

Timor, §6^1^ Qir&uf, 69,

Timor K., roler l^ifhr, 189.

Todar Mai, Uaj&b, introduces R. (Gbiiesh, 263, 349. 437, 4S7, 439, in cbargpe battery Chitor, 467^ ooii- •tfnets 8ibi(, 471 and 493.

Fllaq K. Qgchln, arrests AbQ-l> MUn. 28,and a. 2, at Kabul, 285,286,889. 390 Tttqin, Tui^n tor brother, 51.

U

0dai Singli. Rftni, defeated by Mljl K., 79.

W

V^all Beg, father ^usaiii QoH Khin Jahin, 140, 147. receives charge A. lf*aa|l, 155, 157, 163, 167, 170, weniided, 172, dies, 175.

Wan ]Qialifa Sbhmlft, eent by 9]|6^ 10 Uke Qandahar, 120.

W&miq, story of, 673, and 4.

Waqif Sultan, N. VAbbi<« Sultan, 189. and a.

Wazir K. brother A. Majid.

338. 383, joins ‘All K.. 40A for- given, 418, 419, attacks fort Mkndal.46i in charge of battery. Ohitor, 467.

»Vaeir Jamfi. 349, qur hdd^ahl rn* trusted to. 389, seizes Bahidnr,

r

Yidghr lyiosain 1. Qabftl K., wonneh ed, 523.

Yasdijird Bra, 21. anfa. 2.

Ytauf Cak, Kafhmlrl, 164, 198. Yfianf Mub.,’eldri4 s. Shams-nd-dln; 168{ in battle against Biiram. 171, 172, 184y and n. 2 273, accpmpaia* ies A., 295, 343, 356. 379, dies of drink, 405.

Y-Bsuf Mlrmi, sent after Jala QBnehi, 404, laf-holder of Qananj, 435, 436, sent banjab, 638.

Y dsof Cftll, Slpdkh, captured, 435.

9

i^ahlr, poet, 456.

Zahra Aghft d. Bibl Ffttima. wife Sh Miiai!i^m, 336, murdered. 336

Zama, near Kabul, 284.

Zaminiya, 389, formerly called Madan Benares, ^97. founded by *A11 Qull. 478.

Zhhia fort on Qhorband river, 286. , Zlc lliblnl, aetronomicAl tablee, 22. Zle Jadtd Oorginl. Ulngb Beg*s tablee, 22.

ASIATIC soam

lMjl^7«9dfd