Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, Vol. II

Name: Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, Vol. II
Author: Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir

Read Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, Vol. II by Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, a public-domain English edition published in 1914, sourced from the cited historical archive.

By Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir

Historical scan or title page for Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, Vol. II

1 nr, rry.vh . i A,V(.nn

OIUENTAL rHANSLATTON FUND NEW SERIES VOL. XXTI.

THE

‘JZUK-I-JAHANGIRI

AIEMOIR.S OF JAHANG-IR

.lOM THE THIRTEENTH TO THE BEGINNING OF THE NINETEENTH YEAR. OF HIS REIGN

TRANSIiATED BY

ALEXANDER ROGERS, LC.S. {Rbx.x>oy,

EDITED BY

HENRY BEVERIDGE, -LC.S. (Retired)

SECOND VOLUME

LONDON

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY 22 ALBEMARLE STREET 1914

PHKFACE

Arm", nn <»f .iliout tiv«* y«ar.-«. tlii st’cond vohnno of

^5^. Al<’^-H^^^•r Iranslntion of .lalumpir’s Momoin?

ln-‘H l«y th«‘ Uoy.i] Asiatif Sorifty. If- is a

snialli-r wor’c iliaji fla* lirst vnluin**. fur it only oNtoiuls ovor «!>; yi’.’.r-^ uf tin* r«‘ii:n. o’; against tin* Iwi’lv*’ wars of its jm*- •Iffus’^or. Kv«!i tlii’i) i{ <lot .5 not iiirliido flio wliolo of t-Iie rciLMi. fur fliaf las’fud fw<-tify-fwn wars. Tlio hvo voluinos. hoy-t’vur. i.‘unTaiii all tliaf Jahanjiir wrofu or siipprvisccl. It will f<»und. I fhinl:. fliat tliu priwnt voluino is fully as iuf->‘r<stin" as if.s jiri’duwssor. Thu arcounfs of tho Zodiacal cuinaiTP (pji. <1 and 7). and of flic conict. or now star (p. -18), fin notico of tin Plapno in Apra (pp, CA-GT). and the elaborate de.srription of Kashmir, under the chronicle of the loth year, .are valuable, and a word .should be s.aid for the pretty sU)ry of the King and the (Jardener’s daughter (p. bO). and for tho alIiision.s to painters and pictures.

If IJfdnir. who was tho founder of the Moghul Empire in India, was t he (\asar of the East, and if the many-sided Akbar was an epitome of all the great Emperors, including Augustus. Trajan. Hhdrifn. Marcus Aurelius. .Itdian, and .lustinian. .l ahangir was certainl y of the type of the Emperor Clau dius, and so bore a close resemblance to our James I. All three were weak men. and under the influence^ ‘of their favourites, and all three were literary, and at lea^. two of them were fond of dabbling in theology. AM three were in their ^vrong places as rulers. Had James I. (and AH. of Scotland) been, as he half wished, the Keeper of the Bodleian, and Jahangir been head of a Nat ural History Museum, they would have be e n better and hap pifii_j nen. Ja-hangir’s hpst

points vTRTft hia Invft of nature and •powers of obser vation, aad _his desire to do •justice. Unfortunately, the last of these merits was vitiated by a ‘propensity for excessive and recon- dite punishments. Like his father, grandfather, and great- grandfather, he was addicted to drugs and alcohol, and he shortened his life in this way. He made no addition to the imperial territories, Jbut^_pn Jbhe_contraTy,-diminished— them 1^‘ losing Qandahar to the P ersians. But possibly his peace- ful temper, or his laziness, was an advantage, for it saved much bloodshed. His greatest fault as a king was his subr servience to his wife, Nur-Jahan, and the consequent quarce l with h is son, Shah J ahan ^jgh^^ -the-ableat-andJ3est_QLhis m ale children. The last years of his reign were especially meS^holy, for he suffered from asthma and other diseases;!, and he had to endure the ignominy of being for a while a i captive to one of his own servants — ^Mahabat Klian. Hej died on the borders of Kashmir, when on Ms way to Lahore, in October, 1627, in the fifty-ninth year of Ms age, and was buried at Shahdara, near Lahore, where Ms widow, Nut- Jahau, and her brother are also interred. At the time of Ms death Ms son Shah Jahan was at Junair in the Deccan, and there the news was conveyed in a wonderfully short time by a Hindu courier. Jahangir was succeeded by Shah Jahan, who lost no time in getting rid of Ms relatives, for, like the Tirrk, he bore no kinsman near the throne. Indeed, he is strongly suspected of having killed Ms elder brother, Khusrau. several years before.

I am indebted to Mr. Ellis, of the India Office, for revising the proofs. ,

NOTE.

In the Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, p. 416, mention is made of a history of Hindustan during the reign of Jahangir, in two volumes, with paintings (Ouseley MSS.). I have recently ascertained that

the hIS. is only a modem copy of the Iqbal-nama.

\ *

H. BEVERIDGE.

CONTENTS

VAr.v.

Tin: TinuTi;i;NTn nkw vkaivk tkast . . . i

Tin: lYll’UTKKNTn NKW YKAU’S I’KAST FP.OM TllK AUSPI- ciors Acxn:.ssioN’ 7s

Tin: iTrTi:i:xTH xi:\v ykaivs feast aiter the ausfi.

CIOUS ACCESSION 130

the SLXTEENTH new YEAR’S FEAST AIT’ER THE AUSl’l. CIOUS ACCESSION 100

THE SEVENTEENTH NEW YEAR’S FEAST AITER THE AUSPICIOUS ACXJESSION 203

THE EIGHTEENTH NEW YEAR’S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPI- CIOUS ACCESSION 2r.3

THE NINETEENTH NEW YEAR’S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPI- CIOUS ACCESSION - - - - - - 29)

INDEX 301

vii

‘rilE TIllirrEENTH NEW VEAirS FEAST

Ox the eve of Wcilnc^diiy, the 23r(l Rnhi’u-I-nwwal, 1027 (March 10. 1018), after the lapse of fourteen and a half gliarls, the entrance of the Sun — that is. II.JI. the Great Light — the llenefactor of the Universe, into the constellation of the Rain, took place. Twelve year.s had now jiassed from the august Accession of this suppliant at the throne of God. in pro.spcrity, and the New Year began in joy and thanksgiving. On Thurs- day. 2 Farwardin. Divine month, the festival of my Lunar weighment took place, and the fifty-first* year of the age of this suppliant at God’s throne began with rejoicings./ 1 trust that my life will be spent in the doing of God’s ^Yill, and that not a breath of it will jiass without remembering Him^ After the weighment had been finished, a frc.sh feast of joy was arranged, and my domestic servants celebrated the day with brimming cups.

On this day Asaf K. (Nur-Jahan’s brother), who held the rank of 5,000- wth 3,000 horse, was favoured by the grant of ■1,000 two-horsed and three-horsed troopers, and Rabit K. was raised to the office of Examiner of Petitions. I bestowed the post of the Artillery on j\Iu‘tamid K. A Kachh (Cutch) horse had been brought as an offering by the son of Dilawar K. No horse so good as this had come into my establishment till I encamped in Gujarat, and as j\I. Rustam showed a great liking for it, I presented it to him. On the Jam were con- ferred four rings — viz., diamond, ruby, emerald, and sapphire

Jahangir was bom on Wednesday, 17 Eabi‘u-l-awwal, 977 a.ii., or August. 31, 15C9, and so on I^Iarch 11, ICIS, or 23 Rabi‘u-l-aw’wal, 1027, bo was in tbo beginning ol his fifty-first lunar year. By solar computation bo was not yot fifty, that is, lio was in his fiftioth year. The text wrongly has 1017 instead of 1027.

]

— and tvro havi-J-;.’. I ako gave fom rings — riz.. ruby, cat’s- eye. emerald, and sapphire — Raja Lachmi Xarayan (of Kucli Bihar), jluruu-ivat K.. had sent- three elephants from Bengal, and t’vo of them “srere included in my private stud. On the eve of Friday I ordered lamps to be placed round the tanlr. and thi= had a vei“v good appearance. On Sunday Haji Rafj ‘3 came from ‘Iraq, and had the good fortune to loss the threshold, and laid before me a letter Tvhich my brother f^h ‘Abba= liad sent Y.-ith him. The aforesaid person is a slave of Mir Muhammad Amin K.. the caravan leader, and the Mir ‘had brought him up from his childhood. In truth, he is an ‘■.“celierit servant. He frequently •visited ‘Iraq, and became intimate ‘.vith my brother ^ah ‘Abbas, This time he had brought tipchaq* horses and fine cloth-stuffs, such that of the hor-es some -ivere put into the private stables. As he is r. sbiiful slave, and a serx’ant -worthy of favour, I honoured liirn with the tit le of M< 2 lil;it-t~~tujjrlr (King of 3Ierchants). On Monday I gave Raja Lachmi Narayau a special s-word, a jew/ lied ro~~arf. and four pearls for ear-rings. On 3IvbaraI:~ (Thursdav) I increased bv .oOO horse the mansab of

.*{

a jewelled rosary, two horses, one from ‘Iraq and the other a Turk!, and a dress of honour. Sfilih, brother’s son of the deceased ,\saf Khiin,* was promoted to a inansal) of 1,000 with ;100 horse, and allowed to go to Bengal, and a horse was con- ferred on him. On this date Mir .Tnmla| came from Persia, and had the good fortune to p.ay his respects. The aforesaid is one of the respectable Sayyids of Isfahan and liis family have always been held in honour in Persia, and now liis brother’s son, Mir Rizii. is in the service of my brother, Shah ‘.•Vbbas, and lias the rank of Sadr, and the Shah lias married him to his own daughter. Mir .Tumla had left Persia fourteen years before this, and gone to Golconda to Muhammad Quli Qutbu-l-mulk. liis name is Muhammad Amin. Qut.bu-1- mulk gave him the title of Mir .lumla. For ten years lie had been his Mmlnr -iUtihi (Centre of .-ViTairs) and his Rahih Samnii (factotum). After Qiitbu-l-mulk died, and the rule came to ,his brother’s son. the latter did not treat the i^Iir properly, and so he took leave and hastened to his native country. The Shah, on account of his connection with Mir Riza, and the respect which he had for men J of merit, showed much consideration for and kindness to him. He (the Mir) also presented fitting olTcrings, and passed three or four years in Persia, and amassed properties (estates ?).§ As he several times represented that he vrished to enter the service of this Court, I sent a fannan and invited him. Immediately the farman arrived he severed his connections there, and set the face of loyalty towards this Court. This day he attained the

A?.af K. III. of Blocliraann ; his immo was Ja’fnr Bog.

t Sco “ IqbSl-nama,” p. Ill, etc. Ho is not the famous Mir Jumlti. who was Aurangzob’s gcnoral, though possibly tho latfor was his son. According to tho “ Iqbiil-nuraa, ho was tho nophow. and not tho unolo. of Mir Bi/u, but Jahangir’s statemont agroos with tho ‘Alam-Sra’i (p. 023). JGr Jumla’s patron. Muhammad Quli Qutb-‘Hiah, died in 1012. Ho himsolf diod in 1037, while Aurangzob’s gonoral died in 1003.

t Possiblj’ what is meant is thot Shilh ‘Abbus was groody oftor Mir Jumla’s (Sumun) wealth. KumgSr Ilusainl distinetly says that ‘Abbas ^rantod to got hold of HGr Jumla’s goods.

§ Tho Iqbal-niima says that ‘Abbus only gavo AGr Jumla flattering words, and did not givo him any high appointment. Soo also ‘Alam- ura’i, 023, and Ma’usiru-l-umara, III. 415.

plovincnt- is the hunt ing of clcplmnts, and it had been arranged that they should bring the wdld elephants from the jungle into mv presence, that 1 might witness the hunt. It hap- pened that at’ the time when the men from all sides entered the jungle, in consecpience of the thickness of the forest and the heights and hollow.-s. the chain was broken, and the order of the qavvirghfJ did not remain perfect. The wild elephants in bewildennent turned in every direction, but twelve male and female came to this side (where .1. was). As the fear was that they might escape, they drove in the tame elephants and tied them (the wild elephants) up wherever they found them. Although many elephants were not caught, at least two ex- cellent ones were captured, very handsome in shape, of good breed, and perfect marks. As there is a hill in the jungle in which the elephants were, called Rfikas (Rakshas) Pahar,* or demon hill. I called these two elephants Ravan Sar and Pavan Sar, these being the names of two demons. On Tuesday, the Mth. and Kam-.^amba (Wednesday), the loth, I halted.

On the eve of Thursday, the IGth, I marched, and halted at the stage of Kara Riira. Ijakim Beg.f who is one of the household of t he Court, was honoured with the title of hlakirn K., and a sum of Rs. 3,000 was given to Sangram, a Zamindar of the hill country of the Panjab. As the heat was very great, and marching by day was to be avoided, I marched by night. On Saturday, the 18th, a halt was made in the parganah of Dohad, On Sunday, the 19th, the sun that bestows favour on the world attained the highest point in the constellation of Aries. On tliis day a great entertainment was held, and I sat on the throne. I promoted Sliah-nawaz K., who held a mansab of 5,000, Nvith the favour of 2,000 horse, of two and three horses. lOiwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the Chief Ba khsli l. was given a mansab, original and increased, of 4,000 w’ith 2,000 horse. As Ahmad Beg K., of Kabul, who

This must bo Parugarh, .a hill fort in tho Pilnch Mahal district, which is 2,800 feet above Iho sea. Soo LG. XX. 79, and XIX. 380.

t Son-in-law of I‘tmadu-d-daula, being married to a sister of Nur- JahSn. See Ma’fisiru-l-umaru i. 573.

had obtained the governorship of Kashmir, had’ promised that he would conquer in the space of two years Tibet and Ki^twar, and the promised time had elapsed, and he had not fulfilled this service, I removed him, and promoted Dilawar K. Kakar to the Government of Kashmir. I gave him a dress of honour and an elephant, and sent him ofi. He also made a promise in writing that in the course of two years he would conquer Tibet and Ki^twar. Badi‘u-z- Zaman, s. Shahru^ M. came from the jagir he held in Sul- tanpur, and had the good fortune to lass the threshold. Having at this time honoured Qasim K. with a jewelled dagger and an elephant, I dismissed him to the Government of the Punjab.

On the night of Tuesday, the 21st, I- marched from the stage mentioned, and turned the reins of the -army of prosperity towards Alimadahad. As in consequence of the great heat and the corruption of the air I would have had to nndergo much hardship, and would have had to traverse a long distance before reaching Agra, it occurred to me not to proceed at this hot season to the capital. As I heard much praise of the rainy season in Gujarat, and there was no report about the evil reputation of Ahmadabad (see infra for account of epidemic there), I finally conceived the idea of remaining there. Inasmuch as the protection and guardianship of God (to Him be praise) was in all places and at all times extended to this suppliant, just at this crisis news arrived that signs of the plague (waba) had shown themselves again at Agra, and many people were dying, my intention of not going to Agra, which had thrown its rays on my mind through Divine inspiration, was confirmed. The entertainment of Thursday, the 23rd, was held at the station of Jalod.*

Pretiously to this, the rule of coinage was that on one face of the metal they stamped my name, and on the reverse the name of the place, and the month and year of the reign. At this time it entered my mind that in place of the month they should substitute the figure of the constellation which be- longed to that month ; for instance, in the month of Far-

• JItuIod in tlio Doliad tn’Iuqa of the Panch Malml district, Bombay.-

wanlin tlio fiiiuro of a ram, anti in Urdibiliislit the figure of a bnll. Similarly, in onoli month that, a coin was struck, the llsnirc of the constellation was to be on one face, ns if the sun wore omcTpnji from it . This usage is my onm, and has never been practised until now.*

On (his day rtiqad K. was promoted to the dignity of a standanl. and a standard was also conferred on MunnnvatK., who was attached to llennal. On the night of Monday, the ;!7th. the ramp was pitched in the village of IJadrwrila, in the parganah of Sahra.i At this stage was heard the voice of the koel {l-oijaJ). The kocl is a bird of the crow tribe, but smaller. The crow’s eyes are black, and those of the koel red. The female has white spots, but the male is all black. The male has a very jdeasant voice, quite unlike that of the female. It is in reality the nightingale of India. Just as the nightin- gale is agitated and noisy in the spring, so is the cry of the koel at the approach of the rainy season, which is the spring of Hindustan. Its cry is exceedingly plca.sant and penetrat- ing. and the bird begins its exhilaration {vuiatj) when the mangoes ripen. It frequently .sits on the mango-trees, and is delighted with the colour and scent of the mango. A strange thing about the koel is that it docs not bring up its young from the egg, but, finding the nest of the crow un- guarded at the time of laying, it breaks the crow’s eggs with its beak, throws them out, and lays its own in the place of them, and flies oil. The crow, thinking the eggs its own, hatches the young and brings them up. I have myself seen this .strange affair at Allahabad.

On the night of Kmn^amba (Wednesday), the 29th, the camp was on the bank of the Main, and the entertainment of Mubarah^amha was held there. Two springs appeared on the bank of the ]\Iahi, that had very clear water, so much so that if a poppy-seed fell into them the whole of it was visible. All that day I passed with the ladies. As it was a pleasant

The text (pp. 227, 228) Las drawings of the twelve Zodiacal coins. See also Tavernier’s account of their institution.

t Text uTongly has Saturday.

Probably the Soyreh of Bayloy’s map, in tho Lunuvada State, £. of Al.imadabad.

place to walk about in, I ordered tbem to build a raised seat round each of the springs. On Friday I fished in the Mahi, and large fish with scales fell into the net. I first told my son, ^h-Jahan, to try his sword on them. After this I ordered the Amirs to strike them with the swords they had in their belts. My son’s sword cut better than all of theirs. These fish were divided among the servants who were present. On the eve of Saturday, the. 1st of Urdibihi^t, marching from the above-mentioned stage, I ordered* the mace-bearers {yasawuldn) and tawdchiydn to collect the widows and poor people from the villages on the road and near it, and bring them before me, so that I might bestow charity on them with my own hand, which would be an occupation, and the helpless ones might also find grace. What better occupation could there be than this ? On Monday, the 3rd, ^aja’at K. ‘Arab, and Himmat K., and other servants who belonged to the Deccan and Gujarat, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. The holy men and the possessors of blessing (faqirs, etc.) who lived at Ahmadabad paid their respects to me. On Tuesday, the 4th, the bank of the river at Mahmuda- bad became the alighting place. Kustam K., whom my son, Shah-Jahan, had left in the Government of Gujarat, was honoured by paying his respects. The entertainment of Thursday, the 6th, was held on the bank of the Kankriya tank. Nahir K.., according to order, came from the Deccan and raised the head of honour with the good fortune of pros- trating himself before me.

A diamond ring was presented* to my son, ^ah-Jahan, as part of the ofiering of Qutbu-l-mulk. It was of the value of 1,000 muhars, and on it there appeared three letters of equal size and of good form, such that they made the word Lillahi (for God). This diamond had been sent, as it was reckoned one of the marvels of the world. In fact, veins and scratches are flaws in precious stones, but it was generally thought that the marks on this one were fabricated. Moreover, the diamond did not come from any celebrated mine. As my son, Shah- Jahan, wished that it should be sent to niy brother, Shah

Quoted by Blochmann, Oalculla Review, 1869, p. 128.

oiTitmij:’-. Tln’V ;ilto<;oih(>r nincmniod to nearly Hs. -10,000.

it \v:i« ropreM-tued to me that Khwajii Ik’” Mitzii Safawi had reached the neifihhourliood of llu; forjiivencss of God — i.e., liad died— at Ahmadnagar. I proiu«)tcd to a innnstih of 2.000 j)er.’(»nal and horf-’e. original and increased, Khanjar K., wliom he liad adopted ns his son, and, indeed, held dearer than a .con t)f his loins, and who was in truth, nti intelligent, nm- hilious youth, and a .servant worthy of patronage, and cn- t rusted him with the charge of the fort of Ahinadnagnr.

Tlio text has tier zir-i lin (“under it ”) in mentioning tho position of the letters, hut tho I.O. MS. No. 181 , has dar zalar (” above " or “on it.”). Tho words I;hatt-i-mu!tarraf mightmean " inverted or slant - ing leltem,” and Mr. Ilogors has taken tl»o passage to moan that two of tho letters were on a lino with ono another, and that tho third was inverted and Ix-low tho other two. But tnuhrif, os tho word may also be read, lias tho meaning of " handsomo,” and I think this is tho mean* ing hero. Possibly tho meaning is that thoro was a loiter or mark ahofc — viz., tho tashdld. Another meaning may Is’ that all three letters were equal in size, and in a slanting position on tho stono.

In these days, in consequence of the great heat and the corruption of the air, sickness had broken out among the people, and of those in the city and the camp there were few who for two or three days had not been ill. Inflammatoiy fever or pains in the limbs attacked them, and in the course of two or three days they became exceedingly ill — ^so much so that even after recovery they remained for a long time weak and languid. They mostly at last recovered, so that but few were in danger of their lives. T heard from old men who resided in this coimtry that thirty years before this the same kind of fever prevailed, and passed away happily. Anyhow, there appeared some deterioration in the climate of Gujarat, and I much regretted having come here. I trust that the great and glorious Grod, in His mercy and grace, will lift up this burden, which is a source of tmeasiness to my mind, from ofi the people. On Muhardk-shamba (Thursday), the 13th, Badi‘u-z-zaman, s. Mirza Shahruldi. was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and horse, and presented nith a standard, and appointed faujdar of Sarkar Patan. Sayyid Nizam, faujdar of Sarkar Lucknow, was raised to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 700 horse. The mansab of ‘All Quli Barman, who was attached to the province of Qandahar, at the request of Bahadur El;, the governor thereof, was ordered to be 1,000 personal and 700 horse, Sayyid Hizbar K, Barha was dignified with the mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. I promoted Zabardast K. to the rank of 800 personal and 350 horse. On this day Qasim Khwaia of Dihbid* had sent from Itfar-wara’a-n-nahr (Transoxiana) by the hand of one of his tribesmen by way of supplication fi,ve tuyglmn (white) falcons. One died on the road, and four arrived at Ujjain in safety. I ordered them to hand over the sum of Es. 5,000 to someone among them, that he might purchase and take with him whatever things would be agreeable to the Khwaja, and gave a reward of Es, 1,000 to himself. At this time Khan ‘Alam, who had been sent as ambassador to the ruler of Persia, sent an a^yani falcon (bird from the nest), which in

Dihbid, “the vilkge of the willow,” a well-known place fin Transoxiana. It is Dihhand in text.

the Persian language they call ukna* Outwardly one cannot distinguish between these and haz damlf falcons by any par- ticular mark, but after they have been flown the difference is clear. On Thursday, the 20th, Ulir Abu-s-Salih, a relation (? son-in-law) of the deceased Ullrza Yusuf K., came from the Deccan by order, and enjoyed the good fortune of kissing the threshold. He presented as an offering 100 muhars% and a jewelled plume (kal^gi). Mirza Yusuf K.§ was one of the Rizawi Sayyids of Mashhad, and his .family was always held in great honour in Khurasan, and just now my brother ^ah ‘Abbas has given his daughter in marriage to the younger brother of the aforesaid Abu-s-Salih. His father, Mirza Ata^,|| was the head of the attendants of the mausoleum of Riza, the 8th Imam. Mirza Yusuf Khan, by means of the patronage of H.M. (Akbar), had risen to nobility, and attained to the mansab of 5,000. Without doubt he was a good Mir, and held his many servants in good order. A number of rela- tions gathered roimd him. He died^j in the Deccan. Al- though he left many sons, who obtained favours in considera- tion of former services, special attention was paid to the de- velopment of his eldest son. In a short time I advanced him to the rank of nobility. Certainly there is a great difference between him and his father.

On Mvbdrah-shaniba (Thursday), the 27th, I presented Haldm Masihu-z-zaman with 20,000 darbs (8 anna pieces), and to Hakim Ruhu-llah 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000. As he had thoroughly diagnosed my constitution, he perceived that the climate of G-ujarat was very inimical to it. He said : “ As soon as you,moderate your habit of taking wine and opium,

’ * Ukna. The ^rord appears to be Arabic, and signifies a nest. It is commonly written wuhna.

t Buz darm, apparently means hawks reared in captivity, or it may mean hawks brought by dealers — durm. Information about hawks may be found in Blochmann, 293, etc., and in Col. Phillott’s recent articles in the J.A.S.B., May, 1907, etc.

t The I.O.MS. has “ rupees.”

§ Blochmann, 346. || Ulugh in MSS.

7 Blochmann, 346. Yusuf died in November, 1601. His eldest son .was M. La^kari.

all these troubles of yo\irs wll disappear.” Indeed, when T in one day diminished (the quantity I took of) both of them, there was a great gain on that first day. On Mtihurali-shamha (Thursday), the 3rd ^urdad, Qizilba^ K. was promoted to the man.sab, original and increased, of 1,600 jmrsonal and 1,200 horse. A report was received from Gajjiat K., super- intendent of the elephant stables, and Baluch K., chief hunts- man {Qarawiil Beg), that up to this time sixty-nine elephants, male and female, had been caught, ‘^^^mtcycr took place after this would be reported. I ordered them to beware }iot to take old or small elephants ; but with this exception they should catch all they saw, male or female. On Monday, the 14th,* •• the sum of Rs. 2,000 was presented for ^ah ‘Alam’s an- niversary, to Sayyid Muhammad, his representative. A special Kaclili horse, one of the good horses of the Jam which had been presented to me, was given to Raja Bir Singh Deo. I made a present of Rs. 1,000 to Baluch K., the chief Inmtsman, who is engaged in capturing clcpliants. On Tuesday, 15th, I found I had a severe headache, whicli at last ended in fever. At night I did not drink my usual number of cuj)s, and after midnight crop-sickncss’|’ was added to my fever, and till morning I rolled about on my couch. On Wednesday, the IGth, at the end of the day, the fever diminished, and, after asking the advice of my doctora, I took my usual }mmbor of cups on the third night. Altliough they urged me to take some broth of j)ulsc and rice, I could not malcc up my mind to do so. Since 1 arrived at the age of discretion, I never remem- ber having taken hughunX brdtli, and hope that I may not want it in future. WJicn they brought food for |nc this day,

I had no inclination for it. In short, for tlircc days and two

The MSS. Imve 2ltli niul g.’itli for the following diiy, huf Mih and I nth seem ri^‘lit .

t The n.iHsage is translated in Elliot, vi. 357, hut the mention of Sat unlay and of .Multan doetor.s thero is a mi.stnke. ‘I’e.xt has nfzutlatn,

I increaMal juy intoxievtion,” hut this seems wong. The MSS. have n/zutl. dahringir means that the atnp)).ig(i of his wine increased cnipulousne.’n. See Elliot, vi. 3.‘i7.

X Apjv.vn’ntly this should In> ifilfjhnn, which is a ‘J’urhi wonl meaning

•• thirb,"

niiihts 1 romninoil fasting. I lincl fnvor for n day niid

n idiihl. and my •wralcnops was such lliai it n]i])carcd as if I had boon mnlinod io bed for a long time. I lind no n])j)etito loft, and had no inclination towards food.

1* am amar.od to think what, jdca.snrc or poodnoss the fonnder of thi.s city could have sccti in a spot, so dc.void of the favour (of God) ns to btiild a city on it. After him, otJicrs, too. have passed their lives in precious t.roublc in this dust- bin. Its air is jioisonous. and its soil has little water, and is of sand and dust, as has already)* been dc.scribed. Its water is very bad and unpalatable, and the river, which is b}* the side of the city, is always dry except in the. rainy season. Its wells are mostly .salt and bitter, and the tanks in the neighbourhood of the. city have become like buttermilk from washei-men’s soap. The upper classes who have some jiroperty have made reservoirs in their houses, which they fill with rainwater in the rainy season, and they drink that water until the next year. The evils of water to which the air never penetrates, and which has no way for the vapour to come out by, arc evident. Outside the city, in place of green grass and flowers, all is an open plain full of thorn-brakes {zaqqrm), and as for the breeze that blows ofl the thorns, its execllcncc is laioAra :

“JO thou, coinpcndimn of goodness, by wliich of thy nnmos shall I call thco ?

I had nla’ady called Ahnitidabud Gnrdubud (the abode of dust).”

Now, I do not laiow whether to call it SamumisUln (the place of the samum or simoom) or Bhnaristan (abode of siek- ness), or Zaqqum-zar (the thorn-bed), or Jahannamabad (the house of Hell), for it contains all these varieties. If the rainy season had not prevented me, I would not have delayed one day in this abode of trouble, but, Ifite Solomon, would have seated myself on the throne of the wind, and hastened out, and released the people of God from this pain and trouble. As the men of this city are exceedingly weak-hearted and wretched, in order to guard against any of the men from the camp entering their houses with a view to oppress them, or

Elliot, vi. 358. f See Vol. I., p. 414.

J The Iqbal -nama, 115, has a different reading of this line.

interfering with, the affairs of the poor and miserable : and lest the Qazi and IMSr ‘Adi (judge) should, from fear of the face of men {ru-^dagl), temporize and not stop such oppression, I, from the date on which I entered the city, notwithstanding the heat of the air, every day, after completing the midday prayer, went and sat in the Jha/roka. It was towards the river, and had no impediment in the shape of gate, or wall, or watch- men {yasdwvl), or chobSms (mace-bearers). I’or the sake of administering justice, I sate there for two or three sidereal hours and listened to the cries for redress, and ordered punish- ments on the oppressors according to their faults and crimes. Even in the time of weakness I have gone every day to the jharoTca, though in great pain and sorrow, according to my fixed custom, and have looked on ease of body as something unlawful* {Jiardm) for me.

“ For the care of the people of God At night I make not mine eyes acquainted with sleep ;

For the ease of the bodies of all I approve of pain for my own body.”

By the grace of Allah, it has become my habit not to sur- render the nycthemeron, for more than two or three sidereal hours of the coin of Time, to the plundering of sleep. In this there are two advantages — one, the knowledge of the king- dom ; the other, wakefulness of heart in calling God to mind. God forbid that this life of a few days should pass in care- lessness. As a heavy sleep is in front, I must reckon as a gain this time of my wakefulness, which I shall not see again in sleep, and must not be careless of recollecting God for a single wink. “ Be wakeful, for a wondrousf sleep is ahead.” On the same day that I contracted fever, my son Shah-Jahan, who is close to my heart, also contracted it. His attack lasted a long time, and for ten days he could not come to pay his respects. He came on Thursday, the 24th, and waited on me, and appeared very weak and powerless, so much so that if anyone had not explained the matter, one miglit have supposed he had been ill for a month or more. I am grateful that at last all ended

It sliould be recorded to Jahangir’s credit that ho has a reputation even at the prc.sent day for his love of justice.

t ‘ajabl. The MSS. iiavo “ lasting," which scorns better.

well. On Thnrsdn}’, the 31st, Slir Jumln, who had come from Iran — a summary of what had happened to him has heen already written — ^^vas honoured with the mansah of 1,500 j)ersonal and 200 hors’e. On this day, in consequence of the weakness I suiTcred from, I bestowed as alms on deserving people an elephant, a horse, and varieties of quadrupeds, with a quantity of gold and silver and other valuable things, Most, of my servants also brought alms according to their means. I told them that if their object was to parade their loyalty, their proceeding was not acceptable, and if the)’ were acting from genuine piety there was no need for bringing their alms into the Presence ; they could secretly and personally distribute them to the poor and needy. On Mttharak-^iamha (Thursday), the 7th Tir, Divine month, Siidiq K. Ba khsh i was promoted to the niansab of 2,000 personal and horse, original and increased ; Iradat K., the Mir Saman, to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, ]Mir Abu SSlih Rizaui to the mansab of 2,000 and l.OOO home, wth the title of Rizawi Wian, and, being honoured with a standard and an elephant, he took leave for the Deccan.

At this time it was represented to me that the Comraandcr- in-Chief, the Atallq Klian-khannn. as a sequel to the celebrated line, “ For every rose one must bear the pain of a hundred fchonis.” had written an ode, and that Mirzii Rustam Safawl aud jMirza lilurad, his son, had also tried their skill. An impromptu opening couplet came into my mind :

“ A oup of wino should bo poured*" on tho chcok of tlio rosobed.

There arc many clouds, much wino should bo poured.”

Of those who were present at the entertainment who had the poetic temperament each composed an ode, and presented it. It became known that the hemistich was from Maulana ‘Abdu-r-Rahman Jami. I looked at the whole of his ode (or odes). Except this hemistich, which like a proverb has become famous over the world, he has not written anything

*" Compare lilllioi, vi. 350. Ru^-i-gulzrir also moans tho oheok of tho rosebud (i.e., tho beloved one). Apparently tho conceit is that the chcok of the fair one is clouded over, so it should be reddened by pouring wine on it.

epigrammatic. All is very simple and smooth.* On this day arrived the news of the death of Ahmad Beg K., governor of Kashmir. His sons, who were of the house-bom ones of the Court, and on whose foreheads the signs of intelligence and zeal were manifest, obtained suitable mansabs, and were sent to do duty in the Suba of Banga^ and Kabul. His mansab was that of 2,500 ; his eldest son obtained that of 3,000 (?),f and three other sons that of 900 each. On Thursday, the 14th, roiwaja Baqi K., who was adorned with the high qualities of dignity, honour, generosity, and valour, under whose mle was one of the thanas of the country of Berar, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 and 1,000 horse, original and increased, and the title of Baqi K. Ray Kahnur (Kunwar ?), who was formerly Diwan of Gujarat, was chosen for the diwanship of Malwa. ■

At this time the pairing of the sdras, which I had never seen before, and is reported never to have been seen by man, was witnessed by me. The sdras is a creature of the crane genus, but somewhat larger.J On the top of the head it has no feathers, and the skin is drawn over the bones of the head. From the back of the eye to six finger-breadths of the neck it is red. They mostly live in pairs on the plains, but are occa- sionally seen in flocks. People bring a pair in from the fields, and keep them in their houses, and they become familiar <vith men. In fact, there was a pair of sdras in my establishment to which I had given the names of Laila and Majnun. One day a eunuch informed me that (the) two had paired in liis presence, T ordered that if they showed an inclination to pair again they should inform me. At da-wn he came and told me that they were about to pair again. I immediately hastened to look on. The female having straightened its legs bent douui a little : the male then lifted up one of its feet from the ground and placed it on her back, and aftenvairds the

hamtcnr. Perhaps it means “ mediocre ” hero, but \vo liavo the word a little lower dowm, p. 240, used in a laudatory sense.

j- According to the Slo’asir and Blochmann, 405, it \vns the second son who attained the highest rank.

dah dniciizdah, “10, 12” — ».c., it is one-fifth larger. The sara/i is the Ardca Antigone of naturalists. .

“My buniiti" Lv-irl Inth rni’ltvd niy Irody with .•‘cjviratioirfi {Kin"; A sou!-co:i>=;!iiiiiif: .•■i"li burnt nu*, as ’twi-rc a lamp.

Tlit- day of my joy U-c.ijm- bbck liki- tli(« ni;;ht of cnVf,

!?<‘P ir.it ic.n from thiv Jiath made my day like this.’’

Hiimuat K.. wlio i.s one of my bc.stscrvajit.s. ami wlio.se word i? worthy of reliance, told me that in the Dohad* pargana he had .«con a pair of sums oji the bank of a tank. One of his gunners shot one of tliem, and in the .same place cut ofl it.s head and .strippedf it of its feathers (? ). lly chance we lialted

• Two boundaries. The name signifies that it is on the borders of Mulwa .and Gujaru, I. G. XL 3GC.

t •pdf: fCihht. Lit. cleaned it, which may mean also tliat ho di.s- embowelled it, or even that ho cooked it. Probably Iho gunner left the body or part of it there, and it was this that the male circum* ambulated.

two or three daj’s at that place, and its mate continually walked round it, and uttered cries and lamentation. “ My heart,” he said, “ached at its distress, but there was no remedy for it save regret.” By chance, twenty-five days aftenvards, he passed by the same spot, and asked the inhabi- tants what had become of that saras. They said it died on the same day, and there were still remains of feathers and bones on the spot. He went there himself, and saw it was as thejf said. There are many^ tales of this kind among the people, which it would take too long to tell.

On Saturday, the 16th, there came the news of the death of Kawat ^ankar, who was one of those on duty in Bihar. Sian Singh, his eldest son, was raised to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 600 horse : his other sons and conneetions were also raised in mansab, and were directed to obey him. Oii Thursday, the 21st, the elephant Bavan,* the pick of my catch, which had been left in the pargana of Dohad to be tamed, was brought to Court. I ordered him to be kept near the jharoka on the river side, that he might be constantly wider my eye. In the elephant-stables of H.M. Alcbar the largest clcpliant I saw was Durjan Sal. It was long the premier elephant. Its height was 4 yards (dara’f), and quarters of the IWil ffaz, which is 8 yards and 3 fingers of the ordinary (jaz. At present, among the elephants of my establishment, the largest athlete is ‘ Alam-Gajraj, which H,i\I. iUebar himself had caught. It is the chief of my special elephants. Its height is yards, or 7 yards and 7 fingersj of the ordinary yard. The ordinar)’ gaz has been fixed at 24 fingers’ breadth of an average-sized man, and the Ilahl gnz is 40 fingers’ breadth.

On this day Muznflar K., who had boon promoted to the Subadarship of Thatta (Sind), had the good fortune to kiss the thre.shold. He presented 100 nwJiars and Ks. 100 a.s

♦ Apparently this shoiiM be Pavnn. It wa.s one of those caught in I hr elephant hunt. It is ‘WTJtten BSsTin in the MSS.

t For inmning of ilara, “ j-anl.” see text {l.‘Uh yc.sr), pp. 2hS and .’ 5 ( 13 . For 31 quarters (]u7o) the text ’wrongly has 3} feet (pH).

MSS. has 17. IVxt has 7. According to Elliot, Supplement II., 177, the //‘ihl ffiz was one of 41 fingers.

nazr, and the equivalent of Es. 100,000 in jewels and jewelled things. At this time news came that God Almighty had bestowed on m)’’ son ParwTz a son* by the daughter of ^ah j\Iiu.’ad, deceased. It is to be hoped that his coming will be of good omen to this State.

On Sunday, the 24th, Ra}’’ Biharif had the good fortune to kiss the threshold : there is not a greater Zamindar than this in the comitiy of Gujarat. His comitry is close to the sea. Bihari and the Jam are from one stem. They were united ten generations ago. As far as territory and forces go, the standing of Bihari is greater than that of the Jam. They say that he never came to see an)’- of the Sultans of Gujarat. Sultan llahmud had sent an army against him, but in the fight the army of Mahmud was defeated. At the time when Ifiian A’zam went to conquer the fort of Junagarh in the coimtr)’- of Surat, Nannu, who was called Sultan Muzalfai-, and gave himself out as heir to the kingdom, was passing his days in a state of misery under the protection of the zamindars. After this the Jam was defeated in battle with the victorious (Royal) army, and Nannu took refuge with Ray Bihari. ^an A’zam demanded Nannu from Ray Bihari, and as he could not oppose the Royal aimy, he gave him up, and by this piece of loyalty was saved from the blows of the victorious army. At the timej when Ahmadabad was adorned by the presence of the retinue of fortune for a short time, he did not come to wait on me. His country was somewhat distant, and time did not admit of the appointing of a force (against him). When it happened that I returned there, my son Shah-Jahan appointed Raja Bikramajit with an army (for this purpose), and he, seeing his o-wn safety in coming in hastened to receive the honour of kissing the threshold, gmng 200 muJiars and

This was not the son who died in the folio-wing year. See text, p. 282. That son was the eldest son, and probably was the one bom in the 9th j’ear. See Tuzuk, p. 137.

f The Zamindar of Cutoh, whose residence was at Bhuj. See Jarrett, ii. 250, where it is said that the Jam left his original country 60 years ago.

Jahangir is referring to his visit to Gujarat in the 12th j’ear of his reign.

Es. 2,000 as nazr, and 100 liorses. However, there was not one of his horses that I approved of. His age appeared to me to be more than eighty* years, and he himself said he was ninety. In his senses and powers there was no appearance of decay. Among his men there was an old man with white beard, moustaches, and eyebrows. He said that Kay Bihari remembered him when he (the old man) was a child (infant), and that he had grown up from childhood in his service.

On this day Abu-l-5asan,f the painter, who has been honoured with the title of Nadim-z-zaman, drew the picture of my accession as the frontispiece to the Jahangir-nama, and brought it to me. As it was worthy of all praise, he received endless favours. His work was perfect, and his picture is one of the chefs d’ oeuvre of the age. At the present time he has no rival or equal. If at this day the masters ‘Abdu-l-Haj’y and Bihzad were alive, they would have done him justice. His father, Aqa Eiza’i, of Herat, J at the time when I was . Prince, joined my service. He (Abu-l-H^san) was a Tcliamzad of my Court. There is, however, no comparison between his work and that of his father («.e., he is far better than his father). One cannot put them into the same category. My connection was based on my having reared him. From his earliest years up to the present time I have always looked after him, till his art has arrived at this rank. Truly he has become Nadira-i-zaman (“ the wonder of the age ”). Also, Ustad Mansur§has become such a master in painting that he has the title of Nadiru-l-‘Asr, and in the art of drawing is unique in his generation. In the time of my father’s reign and my own these two have had no third. As regards myself, my liking for painting and my practice in judging it have arrived at such a point that when any work is brought before me, either of deceased artists or of those of the present day, without the names being told me, I say on the spur of the moment that it is the work of such and such a man. And if there be a

MSS. have this 70 or 80. t Elliot, vi. 359,

t Text “ of Merv,” but the MSS. have Herat.

§ Mansur Naqqa^ is one of the illustrators to the Babar-nSma in the British Museum. Rieu Supplement, p. 62. There is also a Husain Ifaqqa^ mentioned in the MS. there described.

picture containing many portraits, and eacli face be the work of a different master, I can discover which face is the work of each of them. If any other person has pnt in the eye and eyebrow of a face, I can perceive whose work the original face is, and who has painted the eye and eyebrows.

On the eve of Sunday, the 31st of the mouth of Tir, heav}’’ rain fell, and it went on raining with great violence till Tues- day, the 1st of Amurdad.* For sixteen days there were con- stantly clouds and (? or) rain. As this is a sandy country, and the buildings in it are weak, many houses fell, and many lives were lost. I heard from the inhabitants of the city that they remembered no rain like that of this year. Although the channel of the Sabannatif appears full of water, it is in most places fordable, and elephants can always cross it. If for a day there has been no rain, horses and men can ford it. The fountain head of this river is in the hill-country of the Rana. It comes out from the ravine of Kolcra(?),{ and, having traversed 11 koss, passes below ]Mirpur,§ and in this place they call it the “Wakal (?). After passing 3 hoss beyond lifirpur, they call it the Sabarmati.

On Thursday, the 10th, Ray Bihar! was exalted with the favour of a male and a female elephant, a jewelled dagger, and four rings, of red ruby and yellow ruby (topaz), sapphire, and emerald. Before this, the Atallq Jan-sipar (Ufe- jeoparding), ^an-]^anan (‘Abdu-r-Rahim), Commander-in-Chief, by order, had sent a force under the leadership of his son Amru-llahU towards Gondwana, in order to seize the diamond mine of Barakar^ (?) that was in the possession of Panju, a Zamindar of Khande.sh. On this day a report came from him that the aforesaid Zamindar, loiowing that opposition to the victorious army was beyond his power, had made an offering of the mine,

Apparentlj’ there ivero 32 days in this TIr.

. t The Sabarmati rises in the hills of Mewar.

I cannot find this Kokra or Gogra. The Sabarmati falls into the Gulf of Cambaj’. Possibly Kokra thereby means “ mountains.”

§ Apparentlj- the Mairpur of Bayley’s map. || Blochmann, 339.

T[ Perhaps this is the Biragam of the A’in A. (Jarrett, ii. 230). Panju Zamindar may be the Bab-jiu, Zamindar of the Gond tribe, whom Abu-1-Pazl mentions. The word Barakar is omitted in text.

and a royal superintendent had been appointed to manage it. The diamonds of that place arc superior in land and beauty to all other kinds of diamonds, and much esteemed by jewellers. They are of good shape, and larger, and superior. Of the second rank is the mine of Kokhra,* which is on the borders of Bihar ; but the diamonds of that place are not obtained from the mine, but from a river which in the rainy season comes down in flood from the hills. Before that they dam it up, and when the flood has passed over the dam and there is little water, a number of men who are skilled in this art go into the river bed and bring out the diamonds. It is now three years since this country came into the possession of the State. The Zamindar of the place is in confinement. The climate of that land is excessively poisonous, and strangers cannot live there. The third place is in the pro^^nce of the Kamatik (Carnatic), near the frontier of Qutbu-l-mulk. At a distance of 50 ibssf there are four mines. Many very finej diamonds are obtained there.

On Thursday, the 10th, Nahir K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse, and he was pre- sented with an elephant. Maktub K., superintendent of the Kutub-Midm (library), was given the mansab of 1,500 personal. As I had ordered that on the ^ab-i-Barat they should place lamps round the Kankriya tank, at the end of the day on Monday, the 14th Sha’ban, I went out to look at them. The buildings all round the tank they had arranged with lanterns of different colours and all kinds of artifices that are practicable %vith lamps, and fireworks. Although at this season there were continually clouds and rain, by God’s favour from the beginning of the night the air had become clear, and not a trace of cloud remained, and the li^ts shone just as one could wish. My domestic servants were regaled with the cups of

See Blochmatin, 480 n., Elliot, vi, 344, and the Tuzuk, annals of loth year.

t Probably the meaning is that the fonr mines occur within a space of 50 Jcoss. Tavernier, vol. ii, may be consulted.

$ Puhkta in text, but the hISS. have not this word. Instead, they have a word which seems to be taJmna, “ beaulifuU’ The B.A.S. MS. also seems to have tahsina.

joy. I ordered them to light lamps in the same manner on the eve of Friday, and a strange thing was that at the elose of the day of Thursday, the 17th, it continually rained {nwttasil bdndagi), but at the time of lighting the lamps the rain ceased, and the show was well seen. On this day I‘timadu-d-daula presented an offering of a quthl (1) sapphire exceedingly deli- cate, and an elephant without tusks with silver housings. As it was handsome-looldng and of good shape, it was put among my private elephants. On the bank of the Kankriya tank a sanyasl; one of the most austere sects of Hindus, had made a hut after the dervish manner, and lived as a hermit. As I was always inclined to associate with dervishes, I hastened without ceremony to interview him, and for a while enjoyed his society. He was not wanting in information and reason- ableness, and was well infoimed according to the rules of his o■v^l faith in the doctrines of Stifism. He had conformed to the ways of people of religious poverty and mortification, and given up all desires and ambitions. One might say that a better than he of his class was never seen.

On j\Ionday, the 21st (iVmurdad), the saras, the pairing of which has been related in the preceding pages, collected together some straw and rubbish in the little garden, and laid fii-st of all one egg. On the third day (aftenvards) it laid a second egg. This pair of saras were caught when they were a month old,* and had been in my establishment for five years. After five and a half years they paired, and continued doing so for a month ; on the 21st of the month of Amurdad, which the Hindus call Siiwan (Sravan) the hen laid the eggs. The female used to sit on the eggs the whole night alone, and the male stood near her on guard. It was so alert that it was impossible for any living thing to pass near her. Once a large weasel made its appearance, and he ran at it with the groat est impetuosity, and did not stoj) until the weasel got into a hole. “When the sun illuminated the world with his rays, the male went to the female and pecked her back with his beak. The female then rose, and the male sate in her jdace.

miViity’i t I’rolvilily it ineans that they wro caucht vla-n a inontl) old, and Elliot’s tmiskitor so took it.

Sh-c returned, and in the same manner made him rise, and seated herself. In short, the female sits the whole night, and takes eare of the eggs, and Ijy day the male and female sit by turns. When they rise and sit down they take great precau- tions that no harm shall come to the eggs.

During this season, as there was still some of the lumting time left, Gajpat K., the darogha, and Baluch K., the head huntsman, had been left to hunt elephants, to catch as many as they possibly could. In the same manner the huntsmen of my son, Shah-Jahan, had also been employed. On this day they came and waited on me. Altogether 185 elephants had been caught, male and female : of these, 73 were males and 112 females. Out of these, 47 males and 75 females, or 122, the imperial huntsmen and faujdars had secured, while the huntsmen and elephant-drivers of my son, ^ah-.Tahan, had taken 26 males and 37 females, or 63 altogether.

On Thursday, the 24th, I went to sec the Ba^-i-Fath,* and spent two days there in enjoyment and pleasure. At the end of the day on Saturday I returned to the palace. As Asaf K, had represented that his (house) garden was exceedingly green and pleasant, and all sorts of flowers and scented plants had bloomed there, at his request I went to it on Mttharah shamba (Thursday), the 31st. In truth, it was a very nice villa, and I was much pleased. His offering of jewels and jewelled things, and cloth, of the value of Es. 35,000, was accepted, Muzaffar K. was favoured with a dress of honour and an elephant, and, as before, was entrusted with the charge of the government of Thatta (Sind). My brother Shah ‘Abbas sent a letter with some trifling presents by ‘Abdu-l-Karim of Gilan, who had come with merchandise from Iran. On this day I presented him with a dress of honour and an elephant, and gave him leave to return, and sent an answer to the Shah’s letter with a memorandmn, Hian *Alam was also honoured with a gracious farman and a special dress of honour’. Friday was the 1st of the month of Shahriwar.

This was tlio garden which ‘Abdu-r-Raljini made after his victory over Muzaffar Gujarati. In Price’s Jahangir, pp. 116*16, there is an account of an entertainment given there to Jahangir by *Abdu-r- Bahlm’s daughter.

From Sunday, tlie 3rd, till the eve of Thursday (the 7 th) rain fell. It is strange that on other days the pair of sdras sate on the eggs five or six times in turn, but during this twenty-four hours, when there was constant rain and the air was somewhat cold, the male, in order to keep the eggs warm, sate from early in the morning until midday, and from that time until the next morning the female sat without an interval, for fear that in rismg and sitting again the cold air should affect them, and the eggs become wet and be spoilt. Briefly, men are led by the guidance of Reason, and animals according to the Divine wisdom implanted in them by Nature. Stranger still is it that at first they keep their eggs together underneath the breast, and after fourteen or fifteen days have passed they leave a little space between them, for fear the heat should become too great from their contact with each other. Many become addled in consequence of (too great) heat.

On Thursday, the 7th, with great joy and congratulation, the advance camp was started towards Agra. The astrologers and astronomers had already fixed the auspicious hour for the march. As excessive rain fell, the main camp could not cross the river of Mahmudabad (the Vatrak) and the Mahi at this hour. Out of necessity, the advanced camp was started at the, appointed hour, and the 21st Shahriwar* was fixed for the march of the main camp.

My son ^ah-Jahan took upon himself the responsibihty of the conquest of the fort of Kangra, over which the noose of victory had not been thrown by any of the Sultans of lofty dignity, and an army under the leadership of Raja Stiraj Mai, s. Raja Baso, and Taqi, who was one of his attached servants, had before this been sent for that purpose. It was now clear that the conquest could not be achieved by the force that had been previously appointed. Raja Bikramajit,t who was one of his principal officers, with 2,000 horse who were present of his private attendants, and a force of Jahangin servants, such as Shah-baz K. Lodi, Hardi Narayan Hada, Ray Prithi Chand, and the sons of Ram Chand, with 200 mounted mus- keteers and 500 foot-musketeers [topchl, perhaps cannoniers),

Or 22 Bama^an, 1027 =Septeiiiber 2, 1618. t Gf. Iqbal-nnJ^n- 1^ "

L ’ .

in addition to the force that had previoxislv been sent, ‘svexe appointed to the duty. As the hour for departure was fixed on this day. the aforesaid (Bikramajit) presented as an offering a rosaiy of emeralds of the value of Es, 10,000. He was honoured with the gift of a dress of honour and a sword, and took his leave for this duty. As he had not a jagir in that Subah, my son ^ah-Jahan asked for him as a jagir the par- gana of Barhana (?),^ the revenue of which was 2,200,000 of dams, which t he himself (? Shah- Jahan) held in in‘am.J ^waja Taqi, the Diwan-i-Buyutat, who had been appointed to the Diwani of the Deccan, was honoured with the title of llu‘taqid§ K., a dress of honour, and an elephant. I appointed Himmat K. to the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Bharuch (Broach) and that neighbourhood, with the gift of a horse and a special parm norm (shawl), and despatched him. The pargana of Bharuch (Broach) was also bestowed on him as jagir. Bay Prithi Chand, who had been nominated for service at Kangra, was promoted to the rank of 700 and 450 horse. As the anniversary of Shail^ M\ihammad ^ausjl had arrived, I gave his sons 1,000 daris (Ks. 500) for its expense. Huzaffar, s. Bahaduru-l-mulk, who was attached to the Dec- can, was given the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse.

As the events of twelve yeais of Jahangir-ndma have been recorded, I ordered^ the clerks of my private library to make one volume of these twelve years, and to prepare a number of copies so that I might give them to my special servants, and

• In MSS. written ilarliana or Sarhuna. Perhaps HarhSna in the Bet Jalandhar Du’ab. Jarrett, 11. 317. Though the text says 22 lakhs of dams, the MSS. only say 22 lakhs, and possibly rupees are meant.

t Sl/fid namud, “ As a favour to himself.” It is

not likely that Shah Jahiln would ask for the pargana for Bikramajit if it was already hl‘!o^vn. I presume the meaning is that Shah Jahiin asked that this pargana should be given to Bikramiljit as a favour to himself. Bat perhaps the meaning is “which he (Shah Jahan) had asked for. for him«elf.”

i In the MSS. the word hhud follows in’iim instead of preceding it. Perhap5 the meaning is, “ which was his otvn appanage,” “ and ho requested.” etc.

§ Text wrongly ha« Mu’taniid.

; The saint who is buried at Gwalior. He died Septomljer 14, 15G2.

•’ Klliot. VI. SCO. •

that they might be sent to the various cities, so tliat. ncliuinis- trators (arbab-i-daulat) and the auspicious might ado])t IbOin as their code. On Friday, the Stb,* one of the news-writers had witten the whole and made a volume, which he ]u oduccd to me. As it was the first copy that had been prepared, 1 gave it to my son ^ah-Jahan, Avhom I consider to be in all respects the first of my sons. On the back of it I wrote with my own hand that I had given it him on a certain day and at, a certain place. I hope that the favour of the receipt of those writings which arc intended for the satisfaction of the creature, and for supplication to the Creator may be a cause of good fortune.

On Tuesday, the 12th, Subhan Quli, huntsman, was brought to punishment. The details of this arc that he is the son of Haji Jamal Baluch, who was my father’s best huntsman, and after his (the King’s death) he entered the service of Islam K., and went with liim to Bengal. Islam Khan, on account, of liis (Subhau Quli’s) connection ivith this Court, showed him proper consideration, and considering him trustworthy always kept him near him when travelbng or hunting. ‘Usman, the A^han, who for man)’’ years passed his days in that Subah in disobedience and stubbornness, and the end of whose affairs has been recorded in the preceding pages, being much troubled by Islam j^an, sent someone to this m-etch, and made proposals for his murdering Islam. He undertook the business, and associated two or three other men with himself. B}’ chance, before the futile idea of this ungrateful fellow was carried into execution, one of them came and informed him (Islam K.). Islam K. immediately seized and imprisoned the scoundrel. After the latter’s death he came to Court. As his brothers and relatives were included among the huntsmen, ho was also ordered to be enrolled among them. At this time the son (Ikram K.) of Islam K. represented in an enigmatical way l.lisl. he was unworthy of service near my person. Ari.(‘r cvplanii” tion it appeared what the charge was. . Notwithstanding tliis,

The 8th Shahriwar =Aiigiiat 20, 1018, ‘.Plio (lojmi’l ilVo linil liitSII fixed for the 21st, and having montionod this, ilidifiiifOi’ on In describe what occurred hotwoon the 7tli lualMiie UlHtt

as his brothers strenuously represented that there was only suspicion, and Baluch K., the head huntsman, became security for him, I forbore to put him to death, and ordered him to do duty witli Balfich K. In spite of this grace and the gift of his life, without cause or motive he fled from the Court, and went to Agra and that neighbourliood. Balfich K., having become his security, was ordered to produce him. He sent people to inquire for him. In one of the villages of Agra, which was not wanting in sedition, and is called Jahanda,* the brother of Balfich ^an, who had gone to make inquiries, foiuid him, and although he endeavoured to bring him by persuasion to Court, he would in no way consent, and the people rose lo assist him.

Being without remedy, he (the brother) went to Ifliwaja .Tahan at Agra, and told him the circumstances. He sent a detachment against that village to take him by force and bring liim. The people of the village, seeing their own ruin in the mirror of the case, handed him over to him. Tins day he came to Court in chains. I gave an order for his execution. The man of wrath (the executioner) took him to the place of punislunent with all haste. After a while, through the intercession of one of the courtieis, I gave him his life, and ordered his feet to bo cut off, but according to his destiny (what was written on his head) before tlie order arrived he had been punished. Although that doomed man v/as deserv- ing of punishment, yet I regrettedf the circumstance, and directed that whenever an order was given for anyone’s execution, notwithstanding that the command were mpera- tivc, they should wait till sunset before putting him to death.

If up to that time no order for release arrived, he should with- out fail be capitally punished.

On Sjinday there wa.s a great commotion in the Kiver Main, and very largo waves were visible. Although there formerly had been (great) rains, yet such violence, or ev’cn the half of it, had never been knowm. From the beginning of the day the flood began to come, and at the end of the day began to

• i>n in text, but .M.S.S. pivo Jnhanda ns tho nninn of the brother of ndfirh. t Elliot. rE.-tOl,

dccrcnsc. Old of this city rcproHcntcd llial once,

during the govornincnt. of Murtnrii K. (Karid Ihihhfiri), a similar groat flood had occurred. lJut with lhal except idn they did not rcinombcr another such flood.

In these, days mention was made of an ode hy MuMr.ra.’’’ the. pancgj’rist of Sulpin Sanjar, and his roct-lnureate. It is a very smooth and equahle/]’ composition. It’ begins thus ;

“ 0 tlion whoso commnmls hoavon ol)oys Anoicnl Saturn is the slaw of thy youiip rorluno.”

Sa’ida.J the chief goldsmith, has a poetical te.mjieramcnt- .and he imitated this ode, and presented his jtaraphrase. to me,. It tvas very well com])oscd. The following arc some verses from it :

“ 0 thou, of whoso threshold iho iiijic spheres .aro nn cxninplar Aged Time hath grown young in thy reign Thy hc.art is bounteous ns the Sun, nnd like it nevds no caiiso (for bounty).

All lives nro devoted to thy gmeious heart

Heaven is but n greengorsinpo from the garden of I’owcr

Tossed by thy gardener into the atmosphere,

. 0 God, Thy csscnco has shone from eternity The souls of all the saints rcctnvo light from Thine,

0 king, may tho world over 1)0 at thy iK’ck,

May thy Slmh-Jalmn over rejoieo in t hy shade 0 Shadow of God, may the world bo filled with thy light May tho Light of God ever bo thy canopy.”

Tost WTongly lias Maghribl, who was a much later poot, for he died in 800 A.n. = 1410. Sultfin San jar belonged to tho sixth ccntur3’of the Hijra, nnd Mu’izzT, who is tho poot meant by Jahangir, died in 542 a.u. (1147-48), having been accidental^’ killed with nn arrow b^’ Sultan Sanjar. Sco Riou, II. 5526. Tho odo quoted bj’ Jahangir is to bo found at p. 1386 of British Museum MS. Add. 10588.

j- haintcur used hero in a favoumblo sense, though some pages farther back, 233 of Persian tost, it seems to bo used, when speaking of Janil, in disparagomont.

t Sco Bcalo art. Sa’Ida-i-Gilani. Ho was styled Bl-badnl. Tho date 1110 in Beale is manifostb’ w’rong. Ho is thoMulla ^aidaof Riou, III., 1083c. Sco also Sprcngcr’s Catalogue, 124 ; there is a notice of him in tho Ma’ttsiru-l-Umara, 1. 405. Ho was tho artist of tho Pcacook-thronc.

§ Turunj, rendered by Vullors ns “ citron.” Probably tho rofcronco is to tho colour of the skj’, W’hich is often spoken of by Orientals as green. Tho concluding lines piny upon Jahangir’s title of Nuni-d-dln, on his son’s title of Sl^ah-Jnban, and his namo of ^lurram.

On the 1-lth. in rcwanl for this odo. T

ordered ISa’idii to be Avcighed against money (rnr. perhaj’s gold). At tlie end of the day I went to walk about the garden ni Ibjstaiu-bdri.= which appeared to me very green ar.d pleasant. Sitting in a boat in the evening. I returned to the T»alae\

On Friday, the 15th. a Mulla of the name of Amiri, an i>Id infill, came from ^ra-wara’a-n-nahr (Transoxiana). and ii.ad t}’.*’ good f/irtunc to kis.s the threshold. Ho repre- sented to me that ho was one of the ancient (scr*ant.s) •>f -Vb in-ll;’.h Kh;in Ur.beg. and from the days of infaneyf and votith was bnnight up by the Kl’iin until his death. He h;ul bem included among his old servants, and had bce.n :i rnr.i’alrnth} frioml.t After the death of the j^lin until r;o\v he had pa>=sed his days respected in that conntry. lie had !>dt his native conntry with a view to visit the iile>’‘’.l liou’se (Mecca), and had come to pay his respects to me. I made him free to remain or go. He asked to in attendance «m me for some days. Ks. l.OOn for exjn’nves -pvl u drc’S of honour were given him. He !•’ ii!i oil m;t!i fif very jdensing f.ace. and full of talk and . 01.1 . Mv son Shrdi-.dahiin nNo gave him Ils. 500 and

on that stone, tliat it might remain as a memento on the page of time. This is the couplet :

“ The scat, of llio Shall of the seven worlds (kishwar), .Tnhiingir, son of Akbar Slmhhislmh.

On the eve of Tuesday,* the 19th, a bazaar was arranged in the private palace. Up to this time the custom has been for the people of the bazaar and the artificera of the city in every place to bring their shops according to order into the courtyard of the palace (royal abode, whether in camp or elsewhere), and bring jewels and jewelled things and various kinds of cloth and other goods such as arc sold in the bazaar. It occurred to me that if a bazaar were prepared in the night- time. and a number of lamps were arranged in front of the shops, it would look well. Undoubtedly it came oil well and was unusual. Going round all the shops, whatever jewels and jewelled things pleased me I bought. I gave some present from each shop to Slulla /Vmiri. and ho received so many things that he was unable to hold them.

On Muharal’-shamha (Tlmrsday) the 21st of the Di^rinc month of Shahriwar.in the thirteenth year from my accession, corresponding with the 22nd Ramazan (September 2, 1G18), in the llijrl year 1027, when two and a hall hoiu-s of day had passed, in prosperity and happiness, the standards of purpose turned towards the capital of Agra. From the palace as far as the Kankri 3 *a tank, the place of alighting, I passed along in the usual manner, scattering money {nisar-hman). On the same daj’ the feast of mj’ solar weighment took place, and according to solar reckoning the fiftieth year of the age of his suppliant at the throne of God commenced auspiciously. According to nij’ usual rule I weighed mj’self against gold and other valuables. I scattered pearls and golden roses, and looking at night at the show of lamps passed my time in the private apartments of the royal abode in enjoyment. On Friday, the 22nd, I ordered that all the Shaildis and men of piety who lived in the city should be brought in order that •.iliej’’ -might break their fastf in attendance on me. Three

EUiot, VI. 3G1.

t This -was not thb ‘Id, for the month was not over. It was the feasting after nightfall usual in the Bama^n.

ni’‘hts were passed after this manner, and every night at the end of the meeting I stood up and recited with the tongue of eosfasy :

" TJiou ftrt tlio mighty Ono, 0 Lord,

Tlioii nrt llio choriahor of rioli and poor ;

I’m not a world •conqueror or law-givor,

I’m one of tho heggara at tliia gato.

Help »no in what is good and right,

Liao wliat good comes from mo to any ono ?

I’m a master* to my Horv’anta,

To the lx)rd I’m a loj’al aor\’ant.”

All the Fnqirs wlio ns yet had not waited on me prayed for nllowances. According to their merits I gave to each of them land or money for expenses, and gratified tliem.

On the eve of Muhurah^iamhn (Thursday) the 21st, the sfiras hatched one young one, and on tlic eve of Monday, t he ‘ioth, a second : that is, one yonng one was liatched after Ihirty-fourf days, and the other after iliirty-six days. Otic might say that they were one-ten tlij larger than the young of a goose, or equal to the young of the j)cafowl at tlie nge of n month. Their skin was of a blue colour. On tho first day they ate nothing, and from the second day the mother, faking Mniill locusts (or grasshoppers) in her mouth, sometimes fed them like a pigeon, or sometimes like a fowl tlirow them behiro them for them to jiiek up of themselves. If tho locust Wi-re small, it went off well, but if it were large, she somef imes made two or fhia’o pieces of it so that the young ones might ••at it with ease. As I had a great liking for seeing them I ordepvl tijem It) be Inuught before me with every precaution that no harm might hajipen to them. Afte.r T lind .seen them I nideri’l them to he taken haek l«i the same little garden inside

the royal enclosure, and to be preserved with the greatest care, and that they should bo brought to me again Avhenever they were able to walk.

On this day Hakim Rfihn-llah was exalted with the gift of Es. 1,000. Badi‘u-z-zaman. s. j\I. Shahrn]^, came from his jagir and waited on me. On Tuesday, the 26th, marching from the Kankriya tank, I halted at the village of Knj.* On Wednesday, the. 27th, I pitched my camp on the bank of the river at ^lahmudabad called the Izakf (now called Jleshva). .Vs the water and air of .-Vlnnadabiid were very bad, Mahmud Blgara, by the advice of his physicians, founded a city on the bank of the aforesaid river and lived there. After ho con- quered Champiincr, he made that place his capital, and until the time of ^lahmud the martyred^ the rulers of Gujarat chiefly lived there. This ilahmud was the last of the Sultans of Gujarat, and he took up his residence at Mahmudabad. Undoubtedly the water and air of iVlahmudabad have no resemblance to those of Alunadabad. Bj’’ way of testing this I ordered them to hang up a sheep on the bank of the Kankriya tank after taking off its skin, and at the same time one at ilahmudabad, that the difference of the air might be aseer- tained. It happened that after seven gJiaris of day had passed in that place (Ahraadabad) they hung up the sheep. Wlien three gharls of da}’ remained it became so changed and putrid that it was difficult to pass near it. They hung up the sheep at Mahmudabad in the morning, and it was altogether un- changed until the evening, and began to be putrid when one and a half watches of night had passed. Briefly, in the neighbourhood of Ahmadabad it became putrid in eight sidereal hours, and in Mahmudabad in fourteen hours.

On Thursday, the 28th, Eustam K., whom my son of prosperous fortune, ^ah-Jahan, had appointed to the charge

Ganj in No. 181. Perhaps it should bo Gajna, sco I.G., 17, p. 11.

t MSS. Atrak. It is the Watrak of Bayloy’s Gujarat, p. 201, and the Vatrak of I.G., XXI. 344.

i Sultan Mahmud III., killed by Burhan in February, 1554, Bayloy’s Gujarat, pp. 449 and 453. Jahan^r calls him the last Sultan of Gujarat, because Ahmad II. and Muzaffar III. were regarded as spurious. Sco Ayin-i-Akbari, Jarrett, II. 261.

and government of Gujarat, was honoured with the gift of an elephant, a horse, and a special fartn norm (shawl), and given leave to depart, and the Jahangir! oflicers who were attached to that Suhah wore presented with horses and dresses of honour according to the rank and staiiding of each. On Friday, 29th Shahriwar, corresponding with Ist Shawwal, Ray Bihaii was honoured with the bestowal of a dress of honour, a jewelled sword and a special horse, and took leave to go to his native place. His sons were also honoured with horses and dresses of lionour. On Saturday I ordered Sayyid Muhammad, grandson* (1)of Shah ‘A.lam, to ask for whatever he desired without concealment, and I took an oath on the Qoran to this effect. He said that as I had sworn on tlic Qoran he would ask for a Qoran that he might always have it by him, and that the merit of reading it might aceme to His Maj esty . Accordingly, I gave the Mir a Qoran in Yaqut’sf handwriting. It was a small, elegantj volume, and was the wonder of the age. On the back of it I wrote with my own hand that I had made this gift on a certain day and in a certain place to Sayyid Muhammad. The real reason for this is that the Mir is of an exceedingly good disposition, endowed with personal nobility and acquired excellencies, of good manners and approved ways, with a very pleasing face and open fore- head. I have never seen a man of this country of such a pleasing disposition as the Mir. I told liim to translate this Qoran into plain language without ornament, and that

Probably great-grandson, for Shah ‘Alam died in 880 (1475-70). ns .Tnhanglr tolls us swpra, and ho says that ho quostioned Sayyid Muliainmnd about Shah ‘Alam’s raising tho dead, and that Sayyid Mnliammad said ho had tho story from his father and grandfather. Tho MnTisjru-l-Umnrii, III. 447, says Sayyid Mulininnmd was fivn roinovos from Shall ‘Alum.

t For Yaqut, see Bloohinann, 99-100. Ho was a famous calli- graphor, and lived in tho thirleontli century. It appears, however, that YuqutI is also tho naino of o particular kind of ivriting.

t Ba-qtfa,’-i-malbiVa-i-mu^taxar. Malbii’a is used in modom times to mean “ printed,” but hero, I think, it means “ elegant.” It is so used in the annals of tho 12th year, p. 208, lino 18, whoro it is applied to a building. Qiffl’ probably refers to tho shape of tho volume, and mnbhfaxar to its small size, or to tho minuteness of tho writing.

made •witli my Grod came, by Divine inspiration, into my mind, and ! resolved that vrien my fiftieth year vas completed and the period of fulfilling my vow had arrived, I would, on the day* on which I visited my father’s tomb — may the light of Grod be his testimony — ^by Gk>d’s help, seek the confirmation of my resolve from my father’s holy elements, and renounce the practice (of shooting). As soon as this thought occurred to me, my illness and trouble disappeared. I revived, and ‘opened my mouth to praise GJod, and tasted the joy of thanks- giving for His mercies. I hope that I shall be sustained.

“ How well said Firdusi of pure nature Jfaj’ mercy rest on that (his) pure tomb.

“ Ah ! spare yon emmetf rich in hoarded grain ;

He lives with pleasure, and he dies with pain.*’

On Thursdav, the 4th of the Divine month, Savtnd Kabir and Balditar K., the “Waldls of ‘Adil K., who had brought his offering to the exalted Court, obtained leave to return. Sayyid Kabir was honoured with a dress of honour, a horse, and a jewelled dagger, and Balitar K. with a horse, a dress of honour, and a jewelled urbasl.% which the people of that country (the Deccan ?) wear round their necks, and a present of 6,000 darbs was given to each of them for expenses.

As ‘Adil K. was constantly asking for a likeness of myself through my prosperous son Shah-Jahan. I sent him one with a ruby of great value and a special elephant. A gracious

• Jahangir visitod his father p tomb in Ibe following year (the 14th). The pissape describing the renunciation of shooting (not of hunting) is translated in Elliot , VI. 3C2.

t The version of the last taro linos is by Sir tVilliam Jones, and i® given by him in his Tenth Annivcrsaiy Discourse, delivered on F’ hruara* 2?, 1703. As my friend 3Ir. Whinfield has pointed out to me, the quotation comes from the Eton- of Shibll and the ant in the secorifl clnjiter of ih.e IJu’lSn. It occurs in the sixth .«tory of the second bvA atid p. ICI of Grarp edition. Sir “William Jones’s n-marl: is: “^or iit-ill I evt-r forget the couplet of Firdausi, for which Sadi, who cite? it

with

fv::’.

applau”

■. pours b!e-=5;ig’; on lus departed spirit.” The quotation <>eeurs on j). C7 t,f Vol. I. in Macau’s edition of the Sir.h-

tXvi’.‘i.

7 CnT.*i i» t!.’- name cf r. c»’!’-=ti.".lRyfn{>h. It is :-.l-:o stat’d byFori’’’ t’l ?»■ ti.e r; :‘U’’ ‘J an ar-irn on tf.’- breaM.

fjirman was issued that ho -should be presented with whatever territory of Nizamu-l-mulk or Quiibii-l-mulk he might get into his possession, and whenever he should require anj’’ support and assistance, Shali-nawaz K. should prejjarc an army and appoint it to assist him. In former da 3 ’s Nizamu-1- mulk was the largest of the rulers of the Deccan, a superior whom all acknowledged, and whom they considered as their eldest brother. At this period ‘Adil K. did approved sendee, and was honoured with the exalted title of “ son.” I appointed him the head and leader of the whole country of the Deccan, and wrote this quatrain on the portrait with my owi\ hand :

“ 0 thou touTirds wliom is ahvnj-s (turned) the oyo of ray kindness Bepose at ease under the shadow of my fortune,

I have sent thee my own portrait,

That thou mayest see me spiritually from my picture.”

My son Shah-JahSn sent Ilakim Khush-hal. son of Hakim Humam, who was one of the excellent house-born ones of this Court, and from his eaidv j’cars had been in my son’s service, in company Avith the Waldls of ‘Adil K. to convey to him the good news of the Jahangiri favour towards him. On the same day Mir Jumla was honoured with the duty of ‘Ars-muT:arrir. As Kifayat K., the Diwan of Gujarat, at the time when he was employed in the Diwani of Bengal, in consequence of certain accidents, had lost property (oz saman uftada), a siun of Es. 15,000 was presented to him.

At this time two copies of the Jahangir-nama that had been prepared were laid before me. One of these T had some days previously given to the Maddni-l-vmlk (centre of the Idng- dom), I‘timadu-d-daula, and the other I on this day bestowed on (my adopted) son {farzandl), Asaf K. On Friday, the 5th, Bahram, son of Jahangic Quli ^an, came from the province of Bihar, and had the good fortune to pay his respects. He laid before me some diamonds he had obtained from the mine of Kokra. Approved service had not been performed in that province bj’- Jahangir Quli K., and it was also frequently reported that certain of his brothers and sons- in-law had stretched out the hand of tyranny in that country.

and were oppressing the sci’vants of God (the people)} nnd that each of them, cutting out a governorship for himself, did not regard the authority of Jahan^r Quli. On this account a farman written with my o^vn hand was given to Muqarrab K., one of ray confidential old servants, stating that he was appointed Governor of Bihar. I ordered that immediately on receipt of the farman he should hasten to that quarter, ^ome of the diamonds that Ibrahim Fath-jang had sent to Court after the talcing of the mine had been given to the Government lapidaries to cut. At this time Bahram suddenly came to Agra, and was going on to the Court (in Gujarat). Khwaja Jahan (the Governor of Agra) sent along with him some diamonds that were ready. One of them is of a violet* colour, and cannot be outwardly distinguished from a sapphire. Up to this time I had not seen a diamond of this colour. It weighed several surT^,‘\ and jewellers estimated its value at Us. 3,000, and represented that if it had been white (sajid) .•and had had perfect marks, it would have been worth Bs. 20,000.

• This year I had mangoes up to the 6th Mihr (middle of September). In this country there is abundance of lemons (Umun), and they are large {balida ?). A Hindu brought some from a garden called Kalcu (or Gangu), which were very pleasant and large {ialida, perhaps ripe). I ordered them to weigh the largest of them, and it came to 7 tohs.

On Saturday, the 6th, the Dasahra festival took place. First, they decked out my horses, and paraded them before me. After that they produced the elephants, decorated in a similar way.

As the Mahl had not become fordable, so that the sublime •camp could cross it, and the climate of Mahmudabad was quite different (i.e., it was better) from that of other stages, I remained here for ten more days. On Monday, the 8th, I marched and encamped at Muda.J I had already sent Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan Ba ldishi -with an active body of servants,

Text id nogsA by mistake for banafeha.

I.O. MS. 181 has “ thirty surkh”

j Perhaps the Moondah of Bayley’s map, oast of Ma1,imudab5d.

such as boatmen, and also oars,* to make a bridge over the Mahi, with instructions not to wait till it was fordable, so that the ^nlctorious camp might cross at ease. On Tuesday, the 9th, there was a halt, and on Kam^Minha (Wednesday), the 10th, the camp was at the village of Aina.f

At first the male sara^ iised to hold its young one by its leg upside down in his beak, and there was a fear that he might be unkind to it and it might be destroyed. I accordingly ordered them to keep the male separately, and not allow it near its young ones. I now ordered by way of experiment that it should be allowed near them, that the real degree of its unldndness and affection might be ascertained. After allowing it, he displayed much at- tachment and kindness, and his affection was found to be no less than that of the female ; I thus Icnew that this perform- ance was out of real love. On Thursday, the 11th, there was a halt, and at the end of the day I went to hmit with cheetahs, and two black buck, four does, and a cMMra were cau^t. On Simday, the lith, I also went to hmit with cheetahs, and caught fifteen head of male and female antelopes. 1 had ordered Rustam and SuhrabJ Hian, his son, to go out hunting and shoot as many nilgaw as they could. The father and son together killed seven head, male and female. As it was represented to me that there was a tiger in this neighbourhood, a man-killer that had taken to eating men’s flesh, and the people of God were afflicted by it, I ordered my son Shah- Jahan to save them from its wickedness. He, as ordered, shot it with his gun, and brought it to me at night. I ordered them to skin it in my presence. Although large in appear- ance, as it was thin, it turned out less in weight than the large tigers I had myself killed. On Monday, the 15th, and Tuesday, the 16th, I went to shoot nilgaw, and on each day shot two blue bulls. On Thursday, the 18th, on the bank of a tank at which I pitched, a feast of cups was held. Rare lotus (kanwal)

The text has loli- hkada, “an oar,” but the word is perhaps hhdrwa, “ a sailor.” I.O. MS. 181, has kharwa.

•j- The I.O. MSS. have Albatta.

X The j’outh who was afterwards droTOed in the Jhelam.

(lowers hnd blossomed on tlio face of the water. My private servants enjoyed themselves greatly with cuj)s of wine. .Tahanglr Quli hnd sent twenty elephants from Bihar, and Muriiwwat K. eight from Bengal, and these were brought before me. One of Jahangir Quli’s and two of Muniwat’s were idaccd in my private stud, and the rest were divided amongst my followers. Mir K.. s. Mirza Abu-l-Qasim Namakln, who was one of the khanazads of this Court, was j)romoted to the mansnb, original and increased, of 800 jjcrsonal and GOO horse, Qiyam K. .was appointed to the duty of chief huntsman, and had given him the rank of GOO personal and 1.00 home. ‘Ixzat* K., one of the Barha Sayyids, who was distinguished for bravciy and ambition, is attached to the j)rovincc of Bangash. At the rerpicst of Mahabat K., the Governor of that Subah, he was promoted to the mansab of Ij.OOO personal and 800 horse. Kifayat IC., Diwan of Gujarat, had an elephant given him, and was allowed to depart. I conferred a sword on (Jafl K., Bakshi of that Subah. On Friday, the 19th, I went to hunt, and killed a blue bull. I do not remember a bullet passing through a large male nilgaw. Many have passed through females. On this day, at a distance of forty-live paces (gadam), it went through both skins. In the language of liuntcrs a qadam means two feet (jrawf) placed one in front of the other. On Sunday, the 21st, I enjoyed myself with liawking, and ordered Marza Bustam, Darab K., Mir Mlran, and other servants to go and shoot as many nilgaw as they could. Tliey killed nineteen head, male and female. Ten head of antelope were also caught with cheetahs, Ibrahim K., Bakhshi of the Deccan, was, at the request of the Commander-in-Chief, Klian Khanan. promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 200 horse. On Monday, the 22nd, a march was made, and on Tuesday, the 23rd, I again marched. The huntsmeir repre- sented that there had been seen in the neighbourhood a tigress with three cubs. As it was on the road I went myself after

LO., No. 181, has Gliairat K.

t gS/m Bomotimes means a step, but here it seems to mean ono foot- length. The distance mentioned by Jarrett appears to be 90 feet.

them and shot all four, and then went on to the next stage. I crossed the Mahi by the bridge that had been made. Though there were no boats on this river of which a bridge could be made, and the water was very deep and flowing rapidly, j^waja Abu-l-Hasan, the chief Baldishi, had built with great exertions a very strong bridge two or* three days before. Its length was 140 yards and its breadth 4 yards (daro‘). By way of testing it I ordered the elephant Gun Smidar ^ass which is one of the large and strong elephants, with three females, to be sent across it. It was so firmly built that its supports did not shake with the weight of elephants of momitainous form.

From the most honoured lips of my father I heard as follows : “ In early youth I had taken two or three cups (of wine), and had mounted a full-blooded (mast) elephant. Though I was in my senses, and the elephant in very good training, and was under my control, I pretended that I was out of my senses, and that the elephant was refractory and vicious, and that I was making him charge the people. After that, I sent for another elephant, and made the two fight. They fought, and in doing so went to the head of the bridge that had been made over the Jumna. It happened that the other elephant ran away, and as there was no other escape, he went towards the bridge. The elephant I was on pursued him, and although I had him tmder control, and he would have halted at the slightest signal, I thought that if I held him back from the bridge the people would regard those drunken ways (of mine) as a sham, and would believe that neither was I beside myself, nor was the elephant violent and headstrong. Such pretences on the part of kings are dis- approved of, and so after imploring the aid of God — Glory be to Him — ^I did not restrain my elephant. Both of them went upon the bridge, and as it was made of boats, when- ever an elephant put his forefeet on the edge of a boat, half of it sank, and the other half stood up. At each step there came the thought that the lashings might give way. People on seeing this were overwhelmed in the sea

No. 181 has “ in three days.”

of perplexity and alarm. As the care and guardianship of the Great and Glorious God is ever and in all places, the protection of this suppliant, hoth elephants crossed the bridge in safely.” *

On Thursday, the 25th, a wine-feast was held on the banhs of the Mahi, and some of my intimate servants who had admittance to such assemblies had their hearts delighted by brimming cups and ample favours. Certainly it was an entrancing halting-ground. I stayed here four days for two reasons — ^first, because of the beauty of the spot, and secondly in order that the people might not be confused in crossing the river.

On Sunday, the 28th, I marched from the bank of the Mahi. On Monday I marched again. On this day a strange sight was witnessed. The pair of saras that had had young ones had been brou^t from Ahmadabad on Thursday (the 23th). In the Court of the royal enclosure, which had been placed on the bank of a tank, they were walking about with their young ones. By chance both the male and female raised a cry, and a pair of wild saras hearing it, and crying out from the other side of the tank, came fljdng towards them. The male with the male, and the female vdth the female, engaged in a fight, and although some people were standing about, the birds paid no heed to them. The eunuchs who had been told ofi to protect them hastened to seize them. One clung to the male and the other to the female. He who had caught the male kept hold of it after much struggling, but the one who seized the female could not hold her, and she escaped from his hand. I with my own hand put rings in his beak and on his legs, and set kim free. Both went and settled in their own place.‘f “Whenever the domestic saras raised a cry they responded. I saw a sight of this land in wild antelopes when I had gone to hunt in the pargana of

Compare account in Akbar-nama, JL 150. Akbar -sra*? then twenty years old. There is a picture of the two elephantB croBting the bridge with Ahbar on the elephant HawE’f in the Clarhe MS. in the Victoria and All>crt Mupeum, South Kensington.

7 Presumably the other side of the tank ; it was the trild male Earas that .Tahaagir put rings upon.

Karnal. About thirty of luy huntsinon and servants were in attendance when a black buck with some docs came in sight, and we let loose the dcco)’-antclopo* to fight him. They butted two or three times, and then the decoy came back. A second time I wanted to put a noose on its horns and to let it go, that it might capture (the wild one). Meanwhile the’wild antelope, in the excess of its rage, not looking at the crowd of men, ran without regard to anything, and butting the tame buck t^vo or three times fought with it till it fled. The ^vild antelope thereupon made its escape.

On this day news came of l;he death of ‘Inayat K. He was one of my intimate attendants. As he was addicted to opium, and when he had the chance, to drinking as well, by degrees he became maddened with wine. As he was weakly built, he took more than he could digest, and was attacked by the disease of diarrhoea, and in this weak state he two or three times fainted. By my order Hakim Rulaia applied remedies, but whatever methods were resorted to gave no profit. At the same time a strange hunger came over him, and althougji the doctor exerted himself in order that he should not eat more than once in twenty-four hours, he could not restrain himself. He also would throwf himself like a madman on water and fire rmtil he fell into a bad J state of body. At last he became dropsical, and exceedingly low and weak. Some days before this he had petitioned that he might go to Agra. I ordered him to come into my presence and obtain leave. They put him into a palanquin and brought him. He appeared so low and weak that I was astonished.

“ He was skin dravni over bones.”

Or rather his bones, too, had dissolved. Though painters have striven much in drawmg an emaciated face, yet I have never seen anything like this, nor even approaching to it. Good God, can a son of man come to such a shape

The hunting of deer with decoys is described in Blochmann’s Ayin, 291.

t Apparently a metaphorical expression, “fought with fire and water.”

sxCu-l-qinya, “ Bad state of the body, cachexy ” (Steingass).

and fashion ? These two couplets of Ustad* occurred as appropriate :

“ If iny shadow do not hold my log ’ 1 shall not hb nhlo to stand till tho Ecsnrrootion

Nor, from weakness, does my soul see a refuge Wlioro it may for a while rest on my lips.”

As it was a very extraordinary case I directed painters to take his portrait. In fact, I found him wonderfully changed. I said to him : “ Beware ; in your present state do not for a moment forget (Jod, nor despair of His mercy ! If Deatli grant you quarter (aman), regard the reprieve as a time for apologizmg and for amendment. If your life has come to its close, consider every moment passed in remembrance of God as gain. Trouble not your head about those you are leaving behind. A slight claim, of service is a great thing with us.” As they had spoken to me about his poverty, I gave him Es. 2,000 for road-expenses, and let him go. Next day he travelled the road of non-existence.

On Tuesday, the 30th, the bank of the Eiver Manabf became the halting-place for the sublime camp. The New Year’s^ feast of Thursday was prepared at this place on the 2nd of the Ilahi month of Aban. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., at his request, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 § horse, and Girdhar, s. Eay Sal, to that of 1,000

I. do not know of any poot with tho (aMallris Ustad. Possibly Jam! is roforred to. Tho lines aro obscuro, and I am not cortain of tho moaning. Tho I.O. MSS. omit tho nogativos in tho first two linos.

t Not identified. I.O. MS. 305, seems to have PSnib. Can it bo tho Manchan or Majham ? Possibly wo should road Baniis.

t Tho I.O. MSS. liavo not tho words Nau Jiiiz, “ Now Year,” and I am not suro what Now “Sear’s day is meant. Tho timo was October. Perhops it was tho first day of S-1-Qa‘da that was colobratod, or it may bo wliat is described in Bichardson as tho Now Year’s day of tho Balance — ^viz., tho entry of tho Sun into tho Sign of tho Balance. Jahangir may have had special regard to that Sign ns ho nns bom under it. Perhaps nil that is meant is that tho feast of 1 Abun was colobratcd. Abun was a snored month bocauso Akbar was bom in it, and it may bo that tho feast •was celebrated on Thursday tho 2nd bocauso tho previous day, Wedne-eday, was regarded by Jahangir ns unlucky, and •was always spoken of as Kam-shamba. But most probably Nau Buz is simply a mistake of tho tost-. § I.O. MS. hnvo COO.

porson.il a’.ul SOO hoiv’-’. ‘AKVa-llah. sou of Khr\n A‘r:in. ol’.;iino\ ho U’.r.usab of IaXV.’’ vcrsonol rtv.a oOO liorso. PsUr K.. who wa,< ouc of tho j:\pT\inrs of Gujnro. 1 prosoutixf with ;i horse or.d iin oiophant. Kan-b-ir K.. s. Shah-bar K. Kambu. Cxtrao bv oub’r fuvai tho Pocoau. atul was prxunotcsl to tho tv^st of Bahhshi auvi Ixvvorvtor of tho annv of Ihv.isash. ami his

fc • s.

iaav.s;’,b was tlxovi at Six’* porsoi’ial aitvi 4W liorso. I luaivhod on Ftiviav. thoonl. At this stage Trinoo Shuja’. tho boiovod son (livor-ooraor) of iny son Shah-Jahiin. who was being bnnight nn in tho ohasto lap of Xur-Jahan Fogaiu. and towanls wl;om 1 have so muoh atToction that ho is dearer to mo than life, was attached bv a spooially infantile disease which they call " tnnnni-s-sibyan.’‘t and for a long time his senses left him. Although exjtorienced people devised many remedies, they were nnt’rvMitable. and his insensibility (oT-7a7.i?:T) took away my senses As visible remedies

wore hopeless, by way of humility and submission I rnbbod. tho ho.rd of supplication on tho Ovnirt of the gracious Ruler who cherishes his slaves, attd bogged for the child’s recovery. In this st.ato it occurred to me. that as I had made a yow:J: to luy God that after 1 had p.nssed my fiftieth year, this suppliant would give up hunting with bullet and gun. and would injure no creature with his own hand, if for tho sake of his safety I wore to give up >hi*«’ting from tho present date, it wore possible that his life would become the moans of preserving the lives of many animals, and God Ahuighty might give him to me. In fine, with true purj’ose. and sincere belief I vowed§ to God that I would thencoforwaul not harm any living thing with my own hand. By the grace of Allah his illness diminished. At the time when this suppliant tras in his mother’s womb, one day I made no movement after the manner that other children make. The attendants were

• The mine of the stage is not given.

t literally the mother of children, but exi>l.aim.Hl as meaning a female demon (larva) who torments children. See I.ano’s Dietionary. UmO. whero it is described as “ flatulence.”

See alwe, p. £43 of text.

I Apparently the vow applied only to shooting. Jahangir wns not at that time fifty-one years of age by sol.tr Cvtmputation.

amazed, and inquiring into the cause stated the case to my father (Akbar). At that time my father was engaged in hunting with cheetahs. As that day was a Friday, for the purpose of my safety he made a vow that during his life he would not hrmt with cheetahs on a Friday. Till the end of his life he remained firm in this determination, and I also in obedience to him until now have never hunted with cheetahs on a Friday. Finally, on account of the weakness of the light of my eye, Shah Shuja‘, for three days I halted at this stage, that God Almighty might give bim his natural* life.

On Tuesday, the 7th, I marched. One day the son of Hakim f *Ali was praising the milk of a camel. It occurred to me that if I could continue that for some days, it was possible that it might do some, good, and it might prove agreeable to me. Asaf Iftan had a Persian camel in milk, and I took a little of it. Contrary to the milk of other camels, which is not devoid of saltness, it appeared to my taste sweet and delicious, and now for a month past I have been drinking every day a cup of it, equal in quantity to half a water-cup, and it is clearly advantageous, for it quenches my thirst. It is strange that two years ago Asaf K. bought this camel, but at that time it had not a young one, and had no sign of milk. At this time by chance milk flowed from its dugs. They gave it every day to drink four seers of cow’s milk with five seers of wheat, one seer of black J sugar, and one seer of fennel {hadyan), to make its milk delicious, sweet, and profitable. Certainly it suited me admirably, and was to my taste. By way of testing it, I sent for some cow’s and bufEalo’s milk, and tasted all three. There was no comparison in sweetness and flavour with the milk of this camel. I ordered them to give the same kind of food to some other female camels, that it might become clear whether the purity was in consequence of eating good food, or whether it was due to the natural sweetness of this (particular) camel’s inilk.§

The natural tonn of life, which some Orientals regarded as being 120 years.

The name ‘Ali is omitted in text.

J qand-i-siySh {? treacle).

§ Wo arc not told what was the insult of this experiment.

On Wi’dnosday. (ho 8th. I in.irclicd, nnd linltcd on the nth. Tho roynl tout was pitched near a large tank. Shiih- •Tahan prt’isi’ntod mo with a boat made after the Kashmir fashion, the .•jitting-place of whioh the)’ had made of silver. .Vt the end of that day I embarked in that boat nnd went round the tank. On thi.-? day ‘Abid K., Bakhshi of Bangash, who had l)oon summoned, came and had the good fortune to kiss the thre.‘shold, and was honoured with the post of Dlwan-i-lmyutat. Sar-fariiz I^an. who was one of the auxiliaries of Gujarat, received a standard, a private tipcMq horse, and an elephant, nnd, overwhelmed with honour, obtained leave to go. ‘Tzzat Khan, who was one of those at.tached to the army of Banga^, was exalted with the gift of a standard. Marching was ordered on Friday, the 10th. Mir Minin was promoted to the mansab of 2.000 pers5onal nnd 000 horse; On Saturday, the llth, the auspicious equipage alighted in the pnrgnna of Dohad. On the eve of Sunday, the 12th of the Il.ihi month of Abiin, in the thirteenth year from my accession, corresponding with the fifteenth Zi-1-Qn‘da of the. Hijri year 1027. in the nineteenth degree of Libra, the Giver of blessings gave my prosperous son Shah-Jnhan a precious .son by the daughter of A.snf K. I hope that hisf advent may be auspicious and blessed to this everlasting State. Halting for three days at this place, on Wednesday, J the 15th .A.biin, the camp was pitched at the 'illage of Samarna.§ As it was necessary that the Mubarak-shamba entertainment should as far as po.ssible be arranged for on the bank of a river and a clean place, and there was in this neigh- bourhood no spot which met those requirements, there was no help for it but to order a start when half of the night of Thursday (t.c., Wednesday), the 16th, had passed, and when

MSS., a.s Ijcforo, Imvo Qhairat instead of ‘Izzat.

t This son was Auningzib. See K!>uf> !• SOG. Klm5 K. has llth instead of loth Zi-1-Qa‘dn. Tho llth ZT-1-Qa‘da corresponds to 20th Octolier, IGIS.

t Text lias Sunday, but Wednesday must be the correct day, for immediately after Friday is spoken of as tho 17th (Aban).

§ Porliaps tho Samanil of Jarrott, 11. 207. The I.O. MSS. have Tamariia.

the sun rose the camp was pitched on the bank of the tank of Bakhur. At the end of the day, the feast of cups was held and I presented cups to some of my private servants. On Friday, the 17th, I ordered a march, Ke^o Das Maru is a jagirdar in that neighbourhood. According to orders, he came from the Deccan, and was honoured by doing homage.

On Saturday, the 18th (Aban), the camp was at Eam- garh. For some nights before this there appeared, at three gTiaris before sunrise, in the atmosphere, a (huninous) vapour in the shape of a pillar.* At each succeeding night it rose a givari earlier. When it assumed its full form, it took the shape of a spear {^arla), thin at the two ends, and thick in the middle. It was curved like a sickle, and had its back to the south, and its face to the north. It now showed itself a watch (po/iar) before smirise. Astronomers took its shape and size by the astrolabe, and ascertained that with difierences of appearance (?) it extended over twenfy-four degrees. It moved in high heaven, but it had a movement of its own, difiering from that of high heaven, for it was first in Scorpio and afterwards in Libra, Its declination {l}ara’kat-i-ar? ?) was mainly southerly. Astrologers call such a phenomenon a spear {^arba) in their books, and have written that its appearance portends weakness to the Icings of Arabia, and points to their enemies prevailing over them. God Icnows ! Sixteen nights after this phenomenon, a star showed itself in the same quarter. Its head was luminous, and its tail was two or three yards long, but the tail was not luminous.

It has now appeared for eight nights ; when it disappears, the fact will be noticed, as well as the results of it.

I halted on Sunday, the 19th, and on Monday I alighted at the village of Sitalkhera.t On Tuesday, the 2l8t, there was

I have been assisted by the translation in Elliot, VI. 363, Soo also Iqbiil-nama, 117. Tho author there o:q)atintcs on the calantitios ■ vrluoh followed these celestial appearances. Elliot, loc. ciL, p, 364, has. eight years, but tho test of the Tuznk and all tho MSS. have “ eight nights.” The Iqbal-nama has Dai instead of Aban, but probably Dai is a mistake for Zi-l-{qa‘da). Perhaps tho first phenomenon was tho Zodiacal Light.

t Tho MSS. have Sambhalkhcra.

•in

njliiiii n lialt. I prcspiitcd liashltl K., the Afghan, with a robe of honour and aji elephant., .sending them to ]jini by Ean-b.‘i;5 K. On Wednesday, the 22nd, the camp rested in pargana ^^adanpfI^.* On Thnnsday. tlie 23rd. I Iialted and had a feast of cups, and Darab K. had a nadin dre.ss of Ijonour given to him. Halting on Friday, on Saturday the camj) was jntchcd in the i)argnnn of NawarT.t On Sunday, the 2Gth, T j)itched on the bank of the IHver Chambal, and on Monday on the bank of the River KahnarJ (?). On Tuesday^ the 2?th, the royal standards were raised in the neighbourhood of the city of Ujain. From Ahmadabad to Ujain is a distance of ninety-eight kos. Itwas trsivcrscd in twenty-eight marches and forty-one. halts — that, is, in two months and nine daj^s. On Wednesday*, the 29th, I had an intendew with Jadrup, who is one of the austere ones of the Hindu religion, and the particular.s of whose circumstances have been described in the preceding pages, and went with him to see Kaliyiidaha. Certainly association with him is a great privilege.

On tills day it was made known to me in the contents of a report from Bahadur K., the Governor of Qandahar, that in the Hijrl year 1020 — that is, last year — the number of mice in Qandahar and the neighbourhood was so great that they destroyed all the crops and grain and cultivation and the fruits of the trees of the province, so that there had been no produce. They (the mice) cut off the cars of corn and ate them. Wlien the cultivators gathered their crops, before they were threshed and cleaned, another§ half was destroyed, so that perhaps one-fourth of the crops only came to hand. In the same way no vestige was left of the melons (melon- beds) or garden produce. After some time the mice dis- appeared.

MSS. liavc Badhnur. Porlinjis it is tho BadlinSwar of Jarrett, II.

-j- Pnrgaiia Nfilii’i in MSS., and this scorns right as Nola’I, is montioned in .larrctt, II. 19S, ns lm^•ing a brick fort and ns boing on tho Chambal.

X It scoins to bo Gnmbhir in tho MSS.

§ Thoro scorns to bo an omission in tho recital. Wo aro not told of tho first half, but ovidontlj’ tho meaning is that tho mioo (or rats) ato half tho crop on tho field, and half of what was brought into tho tlmosh- ing fioor. Sco also Iqbal-nama, p. 118.

As my son ^ah-Jahan had not made a birthday entertain- ment for his son (Aurangzib), he petitioned at Ujain, which is the place of his jagir, that the Thursday entertainment of the 30th should be held at his abode. Of necessity, having consented to the carrying out of his wish, the day was passed in enjoyment at his quarters. My private servants who have the entree into this kind of parties and assemblies were de- lighted with brimming cups. My son Shah-Jahan brought that auspicious child before me, and, presenting as ofierings a tray of jewels, and jewelled ornaments, and fifty elephants, thirty male and twenty female, asked me for a name for him. Please God it will be given him in a favourable hour. Of his elephants seven were included in my private stud ; the rest were distributed among the faujdars. The value of the offerings that were accepted will be Es. 200,000.

On this day ‘Azudu-d-daula (Jamalu-d-din Husain Anju) came from his jagir, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He gave eighty-one mvlmrs as nazr, and an elephant as an offering. Qasim K., whom I had dismissed from the government of Bengal, had been sent for, and having had the good fortune to do homage, presented 1,000 mithars as nazr. On Friday, the 1st of Azar, I amused myself with hawking. As the retinue passed along, a field of millet {jivar) was met with. Though generally a stem bar. only one head, each of them had twelve. I was astonished, and at this time the tale of “ The King and the Gardener occurred to me.

Tale of " The King and the Gardenek.” *

A King came to the gate of a garden in the heat of the day.. He saw an old gardener standing at the gate, and asked him if there were any pomegranates in the garden. He said : “ There are.” He told him to bring a cup of pomegranate juice. The gardener had a daughter adorned with grace of person, and beauty of disposition. He made a sign to her to bring the pomegranate juice. The girl went and at once

Elliot, VL 304.

brought a cup full of pomegranate juice, and placed some leaves upon it. The King took it from her hand and drank it. Then he asked the girl what was her reason for placing leaves on the top of the juice. She, with an eloquent tongue and a sweet voice, represented that it was not wise at once to drink off a quantity of liquid when he was bathed in perspira- tion, and in such a hot air. On this account she had placed the leaves on the liquid by way of precaution, so that he might drink it slowly. The King was greatly pleased with her sweet ways, and it crossed his mind to admit the girl into his Palace. After this he asked the gardener : “ How much profit do you derive from this garden every year ?” He answered : “ Three hundred Mnars” The King asked : “ What do you pay the Diwan (tax-collector) 1” He answered : “ The King takes

nothing from the trees, but takes a tenth of the cultivated crops.” It came into the King’s mind that there were in his dominions many gardens and comitless trees. If he were to get a tenth of the garden produce as well, it would amormt to a large sum, and there would be no great loss to the culti- vator. Hereafter he would order a tax to be levied on garden produce. He said then : “ Bring me a little more pomegranate juice.” The girl went, and after a long time brought a small quantity. The King said : “ The first time thou earnest quickly, and broughtest more. This time thou didst stay a long time, and broughtest less.” The girl said : “ The first time I had filled the cup with the juice of one pomegranate, and brou^t it ; this time I pressed out five or six pomegranates and did not get as much juice.” The astonishment of the King increased. The gardener represented : “ The blessing of produce depends on the goodwill of the King. It occurs to me that you must be a King. At the time when you in- quired of me the income from the garden, your disposition must have changed. Consequently the blessing passed away from the fruit.” The Sultan was impressed, and drove that idea out of his heart. He then said : “ Bring me once more a cup of pomegranate juice.” The girl went again, and quickly bringing a cup full to the brim, gave it, smiling and gladly, into the Sultan’s hand. He praised the intelligence of the

gardener, and explained tlie actual state of affairs, and begged the girl of him in marriage, and married her.

This true tale of that truth-preservnng King has remained as a memento on the page of time. In truth, the manifestation of such spiritual (1)* results is the mark of good intentions, and the fruit of justice. Whenever all the energies and purposes of justice-observing Kings are devoted to the comfort of the people and the contentment of their subjects, the manifesta- tions of well-being and the productions of fields and gardens are not far off. God be praised that in this age-enduring State no tax has ever been levied on the fruit of trees, and is not levied now. In the whole of the dominion not a dam nor one grain {Ijal)ba)ii on this accomit enters the public treasury, or is collected b)’’ the State. Moreover, there is an order that whoever makes a garden on arable land, its produce is exempted. I trust that God (to whom be glor)"^ !) will always incline this suppliant towards what is good.

" When my purpose is good, do Thou grant mo good.”J

On Sattirday, for the second time, my desire for the com- pany of Jadrup increased. After performing the midda}’ devotions, I embarked in a boat and hastened to meet him, and at the close of day I ran and enjoyed his society in the retirement of his cell. I heard many sublime words of religious duties and knowledge of divine things. Without immoderate praise, he sets forth clearly the doctrines . of wholesome Siifisra, and one can find delight in his society. He is sixty j’cars old. He was twenty-two years of age, when, forsaking all external attachments, he placed the foot of detennination on the highroad of asceticism, and for thirty- eight years he had lived in the garment of nakedness. MTien I took leave he said : “In what language can I return thanks for this gift of Allah that I am engaged in the reign of such a just King in the worship of my own Deity in ease and con-

• Tiio word nm’ni, " spiritual,” docs not occur in the I.O. MSS., and docs not npp<‘.‘ir to l)c Arantod.

t Also n Avcight s= two l«rlc3’-gnvins. Blochninnn, SG.

% The lino is wanting in some MSS. In I.O. MS. ISl, tlio con* junctinn tra is omitted (p.

lontmonl. ami that the dust of discomposure from any aeeidcut settles not on the skirt of my jmrpose ?”

On Sunday, the .‘Inl. marcliinj’ from Kriliyadnlia. T cn- e:uuj>ed at the vilhifje of Q.asimkhera. T emjdoyed myself on the road in hawlcinji. lly ehanee a crane rose, and the falcon, of whieh I am very fond, was let. flj’ after it. The crane sought to escape, and the falcon soared and flew so hifjh as t(» disaj^pcar froju sight. Although the hunhemen and the head-heatei-s ran after it in all directions, they found no trjice of it. and it was impossihle for the falcon to he caught ij> such a desert. La^kar Mir Kashmiri, who is the head of the Kashmir huntsmen, in whose charge the falcon was, ran in a hewildered state through the desert, in all directions withoxjt finding a sign or trace. Suddenly ho saw a tree in the dist.:ince. and when he went, uj) to it he found the falcon sitting on the ctid of a hranch. Showing a domc.stic fowl, he called to the falcon. Three gharls more had not passed when he brought it to me. This gift from the hidden world, that had entered into the thoughts of no one, increased the joy of my mind. Increasing his mansab ns a reward for this service, I gave him .a horse and a dress of honour.

On Monday, the .Ith. Tue.>;dny. the .ath, “Wcdne.odny, the Gth, I marched contiimously, and. halting on Thursdn}’, the 7th, I arranged a feast of pleasure on the bank of a tank. Kur-.Tahan Ilcgnm had been ill for some time, and the jdiysicians who had the good fortune to be chosen ’to attend on her, Musalmans and Hindus, perceived no gain from all the medicines they gave her, and confc.ssed their helplessness in treating her. At this time Hakim Rrihu-llah began to wait, upon her. and undertook (to find) a remedy. By the aid of God (Glory bn to His name !), in n short time she quite recovered. In rewanl for this excellent sei^dce*! increased his mansjib jind bestowed on the Hakim three villages in his native count.ry ns his jjrivnte property, and an order was given that he should be weighed against silver, which should be given him as a reward. From Friday, the 8th, \mtil Simday,*

So in text, biift Sundiiy wns either the lOlh or tho 17th. Appar- ontl}’ Sunday is n mistake for Wcdnc.sdny, ns, later on, Thursday is mentioned as tho 14th.

the 13th, I made successive marches, and every day up to the end of the stage employed myself in hunting with hawks and falcons (&az u jurra). Many durraj (partridges) were caught. On last Sunday, Kunwar Karan, s. Bana Amar Singh, having enjoyed the good fortune of kissing the ground, presented his congratulations on the conquest of the Deccan, ofEering 100 muTiars and Es. 1,000 by way of mzr, and the value of Rs. 21,000 in jewelled vessels, with some horses and elephants as •pi^Tca^. The horses and elephants I returned to him, and the rest was accepted. The next day I presented him with a dress of honour. To Sfir Sharif, Vakil of Qutbu-l-mulk, and to Iradat K., the chief butler, an elephant each was given. Sayyid Hiaabr K. was given the faujdari of Mewat, and his mansab, original and increased, was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse. Having selected Sayyid Mubarak for the charge of the fort of Eohtas, I con- ferred on him the mansab of 500 personal and 200 horse. On Thursday, the 14th, the camp was pitched on the bank of the tank of the village of Sandhara, and the feast of cups was held, and chosen servants were made happy with cups of pleasure. The birds of chase, “ that had been shut up in Agra to moult ” {horkuriz hasta hudand), were this day brought to me by Khwaja ‘Abdu-l-Larif, the Chief Fowler. Picking out those that were fit for my own use, the rest were given to the Amirs and other servants.

On this day the news of the revolt and ingratitude for favours of Baja Suraj Mai, s. Baja Baso, came to my ear. Baso had several* sons. Although the above-mentioned was ’ the eldest, his father mostly kept Tiim m confinement on account of his evil thoughts and mischievous tendencies, and regarded him with displeasure. After his (Base’s) death, as this wretch was the eldest, and he had no other capable or intelligent son, I, looking to the’ services rendered by Baja Baso, for the purpose of preserving the family of a Zamindar, and the protection of his hereditary property and country, conferred on this wretch the title of Baja, with a mansab of 2,000, and gave him the position and jagir of his father,

Iqbal-nSma, 119, “ Three sons.”

■\vliicli the latter had obtained by bis loyalty and good service.

I also gave him the sums of money and goods that his father had collected dm-ing long years. A^Tien the deceased Mnr- taza K. was sent ofi on the duty of conquering Kangra, as this vu’etch Avas the chief Zamindar of that hill country, he outAvardl}’’ displayed zeal in the service and loyalty, and was nominated as an auxiliary. After he reached the spot, Murtaza K. pressed the siege tightly against the garrison. This eAul-minded fellow discovered from the appearance of things that he would soon be victorious, and began to dis- agree and be troublesome. He took ofE the veil of respect from his face, and proceeded to quarrel and be hostile to Murtaza K.’s men. Murtaza K. read the Awiting of misery and ruin on the page of the Awetch’s forehead, and reported un-’ faAmurably of him to the Court, or rather Avrote plainly that the signs of rebellion and want of loyalty were clear in his conduct. As there was there such an officer as Murtaza K. and a large arm)* in the hill-comitry, the Awetch did not find the time convenient for the preparation of a disturbance. He sent a report to my son ^ah-Jahan that Murtaza K., at the instigation of interested parties, had turned against him, and desired to overthrow and ruin him, and was accusing him of wrong-doing and rebellion. He hoped that he would sum- ■ mon him to Court, and thus proAude a means for his escape and (the prolonging of) his life. Although I had every con- fidence in the Avords of Murtaza K., yet as he (Suraj Mai) begged to be sent for to Court, a doubt passed into my mind that possibly Murtaza K., at the instigation of seditious people, might cause a confusion, and might have accused him without due reflection. Briefly, at the request of my son Shah-Jahan, passing over his ofience, I sunfinoned him (Suraj Mai) to Court. Just at this time Murtaza K. died, and the conquest of the fort of Kangra was delayed till the dispatch of another leader. When this seditious fellow arrived at Court, I, under the pressure of affairs, rapidly encompassed hi-m with favours and sent him off to do duty with my son ^ah-Jahan in the conquest of the Deccan. After this, when the Deccan had come into the possession of

tlie servants of the enduring State, he, having acquired in- fluence in my son’s service, was appointed to superintend the taking of the fort of Kangra. Although the sending hack of this imgrateful and untruthful one into that hill-countiy showed a want of caution and care, yet as my son had taken on himself the responsibility of the undertaking, I was obh’ged to give in to his wish and to leave the matter to him. My fortunate son appointed him, along with one of his own servants of the name of Taqi and a suitable army of mansab- dars, aliad^s. and royal musketeers, as has already been related summarily in these pages. MThen he arrived at the place, he began to show enmity and trickery toward Taqi also, and displayed his natural disposition. He continually re- ported unfavourably of him (Taqi), until he wrote plainly that he could not get on with him, and that Taqi could not do the work. If another general were appointed, the fort would be quickly conquered. In fine, he (^ah-Jahan) had no choice but to summon Taqi to Court, and to appoint Raja Bikramajit, who was one of his chief servants, with an army of fresh men on this service. “When the wretch dis- covered that his stratagems could no longer continue, and his deceit go no farther, he, before the arrival of Bikramajit,

gave leave to a number of the servants of the Court, on the pretence that they had been on service a long time without proper arrangements (commissariat), to hasten to their jagirs and provide themselves with their equipments before the arrival of Raja Bikramajit. As palpably this came to a dispersion of the forces of the loyaL and most of them left for their own jagirs, only a few experienced men remained there. Seeing his opportunity, he showed the signs of revolt and sedition. Sayyid Safi Barha, who was distinguished for his bravery, with some of his brothers and relatives, advanced the feet of courage, and tasted the wholesome draught of martyrdom, and some who were woimded with severe wounds, which are the adornment of the lions of battle, that rascal ’ took captive from the field of strife and carried ofi to his own house of calamity.* Some from lovef of life hastily withdrew

Apparently the meaning is that he carried them off as prisoners.

t Text jada-dusfi by mistake ioTjSrt-dusft.

Ili’‘ni:->’lv«*s to tho rcuiu’r of TJuit nisriil st to ((’lied out

tlio lintid of «njm’.’-sioii tiinl posHo.s^ijni ovor tlio pnrfitiiins on llio ‘A cirSs of tlio liill-oountry [(hnmu-i-huh), wliioli iiioslly l>ol<iiim’(l (ii tlio of rtiiiia(htMlMintil:i, imd «lid not iilnito o liatrV liroadtli from iiltaolcin;: nnd plnndorin;:. It is liopod tliat witli tlio •••anto .‘•wiflnoi-s. }io will lio rjin}:lil with tlio toward of liis floods and tin toootiiponso of Ids notions, ntid tliat tlio spirit’* f>f this Stato will flo its work, ph-nso Ood !

On .‘’titiday. tlio ITtli. 1 otossod (Jlinti (’lifindA. On Mftnday. tho IJ^lh. tlio .lAtisij-..‘ir Atfiliq Kliriti-ldiriiifiii. Coninmndor-in- Oliiof. Inifl tlio lionotir tif hissin;: tho thtfslndd. As }io had h.-on .ahsont from my jirosotioo for a htiio timo. and tho vio- torioiis rotitnio was passitifi hy noar tin Sarlcntrs of Khandosh and IJtirhatiprir. In* nshod to wait iij on mo. atiii an oidor was oivon that if his mind won* at oaso in all tospoots. ho .■^hotild offtiio iiii.-ittondod and rotnm fjtiiohly. IIo aororditioly oamo with all .’•pood, and had tho pood fortiino to pay Jiis rospoot.s on this day. and. liavinp boon oxaltod hy tho roooipt of all hinds of royal favours atid hingly honolit.s, ho prosontf’d an ofTcrinp of 1.000 muhan and IIs. 1,000.

As tho oamji had utid«*rgono proat hardship in oroi-’sinp the Ohall. I onlorod a halt for tho rofroshmont of tho people on Tuesday, the lOtli. I marohotl on IVcdno.^day. tho 20th. and on Thur.’-’d.‘iy, tho 21.st. halted npnin nnd hold a feast of cup.s on the haul; of a river that is known as the iSind.f I pave a special honso. of the name of Sumer, wJiioh was one of the finest. hor.‘ses. to the Khrin-l^aimn. In the Hindi Innpunpc they call a hill of pold Sumer (Sumcm). and he was called by this name on account of his colour and size. On Friday, the 22nd, and .Sattirday. tho 23rd. two succc.^sivc inarclios wore made. On this day a wonderful waterfall was seen. The water is oxcccdinply clear, and pours down with boiling nnd noise from a lofty place. On all sides of it there arc halting places

• Kamal;, “salt.” ,Sco for a similar oxpros.sion, p. M9, in tho account of Chin Qilij. I’orhaps tho plmiso is a rominisccnco of tho answer piven by Muhanunad llusain Itl. wlicn asked who lind captured iiini. “ Tho kinp’s salt ,” was hi.s reply.

t TIio Sind is mentioned in TicfTcnt haler, 1. 184. See also I.G., now ed.. XXII.. p. 432. It is one of the chief rivers of Central India.

where one may praise God. Certainly I have not recently seen such another fine waterfall, and it is a delightful recrea- tion-place. I was delighted mth the spectacle for a while. On Sunday, the 24:th, I halted, and, sitting in a boat on a tank which was in front of the royal enclosiire {dmilat-Mana), were shot* ducks {murghJSXi). On Monday, the 25th, Tuesday, the 26th, and Wednesday, the 27th, I marched one after the other. I bestowed on the Khan-kbanan the pustin (sheep-skin coat) I had on my own person, and seven horses from my stable, on which I always rode, were also given him. On Sunday, the 2nd of the Ilahi month of Dai, the royal standaids were raised at the fort of Eanthambur. This is one of the great forts of the Indians. In the time of Sultan ‘Ala’u-d- din Khalji, Ray Pitambar Deo was in possession of it. The Sultan besieged it for a long time, and conquered it with labour and great exertions, and in the beginningf of the reign of H.M. (Akbar) — ^may the light of God be his witness ! — Ray Surjan Hada had it in his possession. He had always 6,000 or 7,000 horse in attendance on him. That revered one, by the aid of the glorious God, conquered it in the space of one month and twelve days, and Ray Surjan, by the guidance of fortune, having had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, was enrolled among the number of the loyal, and . became one of his respectable and trusted Amirs. After him his son Ray Bhoj also was included among the great Amirs. Now his grandson, Sar-buland Ray, is among the chief officers. On Monday, J the 3rd, I went to inspect the fort. There are two hills close to each other. They call one Ran, and the other Thanbur. The fort is built on the top of Thanbur, and, putting these two names together, they have called it Ranthanbur. Although the fort is exceedingly strong, and has plenty of water, the hill of Ran is a specially strong fortress

The word is shikax. Either the ducks were caught in nets and not siiot, or the shooting was done by others, for JahSngIr had vowed to give up shooting from the time of Shuia"B iUness.

•f Akbar really took it in the 14th year of his reign (March, 1669). The siege lasted a month, according to Abu-l-Fazl. Akbar-nama, n. 339.

% Elliot, .VI. 366.

(in itself), and the r.npture nf llie fortress depends njmn flie l>ossrssion of this iiill. Aecordin^‘ly, my revered father ordiTed that they should plant cannon on the toj) of the liill of Han. and aim at. {vtajnl ijlnntd) the hnildin;^.s inside the fort. The first, “nn they fired reached the square hnildine (clitihunJiy of the palace of Hay Snrjan. From the fall of that hnildinf:. a tremMinf; found its wiy into the foundations of his cor«ra_i;e. and a ^reat perplexity overpowered Jiis heart., and thinkini: he would hesl consult his own safety in deliver- ini: up the fort, he ruldu’d the head of worship and humility on the throne of the lcin;» of hin;:s. who fornave faults and accepted excuses.

1 had intended to pa.*is the ni^‘ht in the fort, and the next, day to retrjrn to ramj>. As the l)nildin;is inside the fort had heen Imilt after the fashion of the Hindus, and the rooms were without air and with little space, they did not please me. nor was I disposed to stay there. I saw a hath lionse, which one of the servants of Dastamf Wian had built near the wall of the fort. A little {•nrdejj and a lodftinK (ni^nmni) which overlooks (vwjilrif) the open space is not. wanting in space and air. and there is no better place in the whole fort.J Pastam K. was one of the Amirs of the late Iving (Akbar), ami from his early years had been brought, uj) in his sendee. His connection with liim was confidential and intimate. H.-Af. had entrusted this fort to him from his exceeding con- fidence in him.

After comjdeting my insjiection of the fort and house.s, I ordered that they .should bring before me the criminals who were confined in the fort, so that I might look into the case, of each of them and give an order in accordance with justice. In brief, with the exception of aflaire of murder, and of any person through whose release disturbance or calamity might ensue in the country, I freed them all, and to each one in

• For notes about Iho nic-aning of tho word chaukandl, “four- cornered,” SCO Klliol, V. S41 and .’503.

t Text Itustain, but it is Dnstani in JIS. 181, and it appears from Blocbmann llml Pastam or Dostam is tlio proper sirolling. See pp. 398 and G20.

X App.ircntly Jaliangir spent tlie night, in this stimnior-liouse.

accordance with his circumstances gave his e^enses and dresses* of honour. ’ On the eve of Tuesday, the 4th, I returned to the royal abode after a watch and three gharis had passed. On Sunday (properly Wednesday), the 5th. haWng marched nearly 5 koss, I halted on Thui’sday, the 6th. On this day the Klian-kbanan presented his ofiering of jewels, ornamented vessels, cloth, and an elephant. Of these I chose whatever pleased me, and returned the rest. “Wliat was accepted of his offering was of the value of Es. 150,000. On Friday, the 7th, I marched 5 koss. I had before this captured a saras “with a falcon, but until now I had never seen the hunting of a dt/rauf (crane). , As my son Shah-Jahan had great pleasure in dtirnd himting with the falcon and

his falcons were well grown, at his request I rode out early in the morning, and caught one dtima myself, whilst the falcon ray son had on his wrist caught another. Certainly, of all good himting amusements, this is the best. I was exceedingly pleased ivith it. Although the saras is largo, it is lazy and hcai’y on the wing. The chase of the durna has no resemblance to it. I praise the heart and courage of the falcon that can seize such strong-bodied animals, and ivith the strength of his talons can subdue them. Hasan K., the chief hunstman of my son, was honoured with an elephant, a horse, and a dress of lionour, as a reward for this cdiibition of sport, and liis son also received a horse and a dress of honour. On Saturdai’, the 8th, having marched 4} koss, I halted on Sunday, the 9th. On this day the Kban-kbanan, the Coni” mander-in-Cbicf, hai*ing raised the licad of dignity tbiougb tbo gift of a special dress of honour, n jewelled waist-sword, and a {)rivate elephant with trappings, was reappointed to Kliaiulesb and tbo Deccan. The mansnb of that pillar of the kingdom, original and increase, was fixed at 7,000 per- sonal and bon-Je. .Vs be did not get on with Lasbkar K.. at bis request I assigned to ‘Abid K. the duty of Diivan-i-

• Min-Iy on ncoount of llio nllitorafion khflfji a

Kfits’i’it. .\f j>. 10 of ‘‘ ,Tiih.inpir " it I*! Ht.‘it»(l flint Ik n’I<‘n’"’d

7.0”‘> }iri” fn’rii (Tiwitlior Fort !

^ or t’Jrr.f), n rrntu*. It it n Tiirki word.

62 .

tank tkere is a stone knilding, and on one of tie pillars tie quatrain of someone iad “been engraved. I sav it. and vras amazed. In truti. it is a nne verse :

“ 3Iv congenial iriends Lave left- me ;

One bv one tliev’ve fallen into tie iands of death.

Thev Trere poor drinkers at tie banqnet of life.

A moment sooner than ns they became drunken.’

At tiis time I also heard another quatrain of tie same description, vhich I have recorded hecause it tras verv veil said :

“ Alas Ithat people of inteligence and visdom have passed avay. They have been forgotten in tie minds of their contemporaries. Those -who spoke ndti a inndred tongues Ah I ■vhat heard they that they became silent.”

On Thursday, the 13th, I made a halt, ^Abdu-l-‘AmZ X., having come from Banga^ had the good fortune to kiss tie threshold. Ikram EL, vio vas in charge of the faujdaii of Fathpur and the neighbourhood, vas honoured -with waiting on me. Khwaja Ibrahim EL, Ba lh^ of tie Deccan, was

Hindaun is 12 leapies — j.c., koss — ^S.S.-TT. from Biana, and .Tah angir gives lie distance from JlSndn or Hindann to tie nei^homhood of Bavana as SJ koss. BaySna is in theBhartpnr State, and apparently aboni 21 miles from Hindatm.

» The quatrain vrhich Jnhanrfr describes as that of someone {^hvWifTi is included in ‘‘Umar KhayvauTs poems, and is thus translated by \MiinSeld :

“ 3Iy comrades all are gone. Death, deadly foe.

Hath caught them one by one, and trampled loir ;

They shared life’s feast, and drank its vine vith me.

But lost tbeir heads and dropped a while ago.”

(Quatrain 219, p. 14S.)

Ijtrgerald has it as Quatrain V v TT- and his veraon is :

For some tve loved- tie loveliest and tie best That from his Vintage rollins Time hath prest.

Have drank their Cup a Bound or two before.

And one bv one crept silentlv to rest.*’

The quatrain is also quoted by Badayuni, Xowe’s translation, p. 192. 1 iie pnrase ‘ssc-fVsrf?!) in the third line means ” poor diiisrs.*’ ^^FanSeld nns ba-vaZr But is given in Johnson’s

dictionary witn the meaning of being easily made drunk, unable to cany much liquor.

with the til!r of ‘Aqhlnt K. Mir I.Iajj. wlio is out’ of th<* .‘MixiliarifS atlarlual to lhaf Snhah. and ono of the l)iavc younj; olVti’ors. was proinolod t<» ilio titlo of Sharza (fijior- wholjt) K., and rt’roivi’d a standard. On Friday, tin: Mth. 1 marrhod o* l{<iss. On 8atnrday. llio Inth. haviiif; inarrlicd 3 1 halt«‘d in tin* lU’i’ihiMntrhood of Mayana.* Tlnno 1

hast^‘uod with tho hulii’S to .«<•(• tin* sju’ctaido of the top of the foit. .Mnhannnad. tin* lla khsln i»f Htnnayun. who was en- tritstod with tin* rhar}:<* of tin* fort, had huilt a fine house iiYorhnikin;: tin* plain, of proal heipht and with line air. The totnh of Shaikh llahlfd is al.«o in that neiplihotirhood, and is not wantin” in exeelleiice. The Shaikh was the elder brother <d l^aikh Mnhannnad Ghan.s. and was nnieh versed in the seienei* of inrantations by names («>f Ood). llninaynn had Ijieat alTeetion for him, and the most perfect reliance on him. When he conquered the jm»vince of llciifial. he took uj) his abode there for .’•onn* time. Mirza llindal, by his order, had remained t at .*ira. A body of avaricious setwants {ijullug- chiifrni). wh<se rharaeter was misrhievotis ami seditious, takinj: to the way of faithlejssness, came from Uenjial to tho Mirza. and. workin,’ upon his base nattire (.xhakiu}’ the chain of his vile heart), led the Mirza on the road of rebellion and intiratitude for favours, and of irrccojinition of duty. The thou"htless Mirza had the I^ufha recited in his own name (proclaimed himself kin”), and openly raised the standard of rebellion and strife. When the royal car heard what had taken place from tho reports of tho.se who were loyal, he sent Shail^ Bnhlrd to admoni.sh the Mirza, and to tuni him back from his vain purpose, and to establish his feet, on the high- road of sincerity and concord. As thc.se wretches had made

B-nyunii (liian.s) is (Ic.‘orilxid in I.G., now ed., VII. 137. It is Bt.‘ited lliere lliat it used to liiivc n fort with n very liigh lower. Bnidrd’s toiuh still exists. It was his brother, M. GJ[mus, who was most known for Ids skill in ineantatioiis. and who wrote a book on the subject.

t The story is told in the ^Vkbar-nuinn, Vol. I. Jnhungtr is not correct in saying that Huinuyrin had ordered llindiil to remain in Agra. Hindiil wont there without perinission, and doubtless in order to rebel. See also Gul-badan Begam’s “Memoirs,” who, natumlly, tries to excuse her brother.

the flavour of royally sweet to the jMIrza’s palate, he became imbued with futile ideas, and would not be loyal. At the instigation of these seditious people he made ShaiHi Bahlul a mariyr with the sword of recklessness at the Charba^ (garden) which H.M. Babar had made on the bank of the Jumna. As Muhammad Ba khshT was a disciple of the Shaikh, he carried the body into the fort of Bayana, and buried it there.

On Sunday, the 16th, marching 4^ koss, I came to the stage of Barah.* As the garden and well which had been built by the order of Maiyam-zamani (Jahan^’s mother) in the pargana of Jusat was on the road, I went to inspect them. Certainly the 65’oK (step-well) was a grand building, and had been built exceedingly well. ■ I ascertained from the officials that a sum of Es. 20,000 had been ei^ended on this well. As there was much game in this neighbourhood, I halted on Monday, the 17th.

On Tuesday, the 18th, marching 3^ koss, the host of pros- perity halted at the village of DayaimViLf On Wednesday, the 19th, marching 2| koss, the victorious standards were raised on the bank of the Lake of Bathpur. As at the time when the conquest of the Deccan was meditated, the stages and distances from Ranthambur to Djain were recorded, it appears unnecessary to repeat them. From EanthamburJ to

This must be the Barmadh ilata mentioned by Beale (see Proceedings A.S.B. for August, 1873, p. 159). Beale says there is a plaee of worship of the Hindus about 14 koss from Biana in the district, of Bhartpur called Barmadh Mata. In the 7th year of Jahangir, 1022, 1013, Jahangir’s mother 3Iaiyam-zamani made a garden and a ha’dli (step-weU) here at a cost of Bs. 20,000. The garden has disapi)eared, but the building which is over the 5a’ rf? still ejdsts. Beale gives the inscription. William Finch (Hakluyt. Society) speaks of a place called Menhapur, near Biana, where there was a garden made by the Queen- Mother. It was a great saray. The pargana Jusat of the text, is no doubt the Chausath of Jarrett, IL 183, and of Elliot’s Supp. Gloss, II., p. 83. Barah may be the Parath or Berath of Jarrett, XL 181.

t Apparently tins is the Da’ir or Dabar of Badayuni, IL 171, and Akbar-nama, HL 145. It is described by Badayuni as being 4 koss from Fathpur. Da’ir may also be read Dabar in MSS., and it is Dabar in the map. It is in the Bhartpur State.

7 So in the MSS. and the text, but must, be a mistake for Ahmadabad, which Jahan^ left on 21 Shahriwar or 22 Bama^n. See also

Katliprir liv till’ roiiil Ity which 1 cjinio wiis :i diatancc of 235 hoss. in i-ixty-thrcc nnirchi’s and fifty-i^ix lialls, Iravon^cd in 110 day.”’, or. acrordiii}: to Folar rcchoninp, in one ilay under fiiur months, and 1>y lunar four full months. hVnn <he dale on which the army of fortune .started from the caiiital for the eoni)ue>t of the Rfina and the acquisition of the. J.)eccan until now. when the victorious and prosjierous standards have hecii planted apain in the centre of the empire, it. i.s five years and four months. The astrolo^jers and astionomeis chose the d.‘iy of Muhiirnh-^Jj’ivihti (Thur.^day), the. 2Sth of the Divine month of Dai, in my thirteenth year, correspondiu}; with the last, day of the Muharram in the Ilijrl year 1028 (.Tanuary 7. IfdO), as the proper time at which to enter the capital of A^ra.

At this time, aijain. it ajipeared from the reports of the loyal that the disease of the plapuo was prevalent in A"rn, .so that daily about 100 jieople. more or le.ss, were dyinji of it. Under the armpits, or in the proin. or below the throat, buboe.s formed, «t>d they died. This is the third year that it has raped in the cold weather, and disappeared in the commence- ment of the hot season. It is a strange thing that in these three years the infection has sjiread to all the towns and villagc.s in the neighbourhood of Agra, while there has been jio trace of it at Pathpur. It lias come as far as Ainanfibad, which is 2^ ko.ss from Pathpfir, and the people of that place (Amanabad) have forsaken their homes and gone to other villages. There being no choice, and considering the obser- vance of caution ncce.ssary, it was decided that at this pro- pitiou.s* hour the victorious anny should enter the inliabited part of Fathpfir in all joy and auspiciouBne.s.s, and after the

Iqbat-nuam. 117. Ho arrived at the environs of Fathpur on 10 Dai. orai)uut 22 Mtilmrrani, 102S (end of December, 1018). Apiwrently lie eonsiileri’d that lie arrived at. Fathpur on 20 Dai. Ho remained on the outskirts and did not enter the town till the 2StIi (appaixMitly should be 20tli or 27th). The IqbiTl-numa 122 makes .Tahiinglr arrive nt the outskirts of Fathpur on 20 Dai, and it gives the date of his entering the toMii ns 20 Dai or 1 8afnr, 1028 (January 8, 1019). Sco p. 123.

Viz., the propitious hour of the 28th Dai, wliich had been fixed foi the entrj’ into Agni, but was now made the time for entering Fathpur.

68 *.

1;ho royal Btaadards auspiciously and happily entered the in- habited part of Fatlipur. At the same hour the entertain- inont (of weighing) for niy prosperous and noble son, Shah- Jahun, was hold. I ordered him to bo weighed against gold a.nd other things, and his twenty-eighth year according to the aolaj’’’’ months began auspiciously. It is hoped that Im may roach l-ho natural’l* limit of life. On the same day H.M. the revered Maryam-zaman! (his mother) came from Agra, and I acquired eternal good forl.une from the blessing of waiting on her. T hope thn,t the shadow of her bringing up and affection may be }>erennial on the head of this suppliant, i\a Ikriim K.,

s. Tslam K., had performed the duties of faujdiir of this neigh- bourhood in a, ju’oper manner, T bestowed on him the mansab of IjfiOO j)ersonal and 3,000 home, original and increased, Snhral):|: K., a. Mirza llustam ^afavf, was promoted to the mansab of 1 ,000 jnu’aonal and 000 horse.

On this day, going over in detail the buildings of the palace of the late King (Ahbar), T showed them to my son, ^ah- iTahan. Inside of them a large and very clear reseiA’oir of out al.ono has been eonsfrueted, and is called the Kapur- tnirin (camphor t.anU). If. is a square of 36 yards by 36, § noth

of I (hialt tho jaonninR probably 5« tlmt l.bo same day whiclj

iniirkod dabJluptr’s avriwl nt. Fatbpur also jnnrked ShRU-Jahiin’a bb’lbday.

Is dolbied in ibo 3bdmr4-’«qam ns inoaninR to have friejub shij> \vi),l» nnyonn, Iti also says t hat. it. is naed in t lie ssonao of (aqarnth– nearness. It, may be then’fora that. ,ln1»{VnpIr’.s lino moans “ At. a inoment. wbiob tiearly oorivsponded to two (bonm).” Taqtrm wunld

t, hon mean oalnbllsbeJl or flxod, and not. a calendar. Taqtrhn hird/tn is a phrase which tmwna •’ to adjust., to arranRo,”

‘*• 8hR.h ilahRn was born on iTannaryR, lRfl2,aot.hat, in January, Itllt), ho hoRan t o bo in his ’JSt.h f.e., lur Wiia 27 oomploto.

I ‘rhal, is, 120 noeonlinfit to lilnhanunadan ideas,

i Aflorwu’ils drowned in the Jholam.

§ thir’rt, ciV.V, tost. 202, aeeonnt.of tifioonth year, whom a «/rtr’«> is detined, Tho IhVii j 7 at or lint’ii’ oonaistod of *10 digits fllnRevhmadt.hs), aeeoi’ding to JahRngtr, If the Kapiir tank Iw the one desovihed in the Amha’ologieal Snrvv>y .Ib’perta, Vol. XYITT., for I8ll’i, yawls seem t o be w’qniwal hew’, for the tank is ment ioned in t.ho llepovt, as being ilh feet, 7 inehevs .sqnaw’. Aei’innling to JaiiSngrr.

Il l hvovs odd of dan^s -f.e., T pw’stimo, /wMa. in eopivw money, and

!<• I’ll.l • r.ti’J - III ’lUif »•< fn- iii!<> !!.’• t.iiil:, niiiKin^;

ti i{ 1 J.;i r Tl n! ttij*’’! ‘-T Ci l.il.lr-

!illy il.i’ fi/’.ifi!., wl.it!, M..’ :« {.•I’lil r’ljii, Mvi’-, 111 .l.-tliSliflr’r tililf, i’< ’ 1;< i.xl i!’ v.‘iili Mil \V<il!.i’’.iiii. m lui I*i>‘!tninrv. f.iV’’

i‘. MVi- •.ii’iili C’! Ill .‘■’■‘•li ‘.M-1 !.’• ?iiin-. J.ilu’ii|-ir’t- ;irc’(.iiiit nf tJii*

s.-iiil; ii.iiii!ij 1»- •ciiijiinil Miili iK:ii fivrii m Al;l>ir iiRiii:i. III. ‘JH> :iii(I lO.i ji‘ ‘.!.(• i.iiil. I’ il.f .\ii<i|i’!.-i)R<i.iir il.i’ " L’lH’ijtiiilli’ii

‘r.>nk.-

Ill •.111- 1«‘M, clifii’-’.illy I thill)., Ik’.-h iiKtih- hy ilm iiittiiiliirtion iif till- Wi’nl h’h III ji. _’<Vi, ^iJ, line- Iroin finit, :ii!il inflnd in the’ liftli lint- Innii tl.i- Join. ‘I‘!n-i w>nh’ n»:i).e’ tin* mii’-i- to 1 m’ th.-it Jl-I J:riirii oihl of <!:iiii’- M’l-ti- only •’(jinil to l(i hilil:’- oilil of riii»-<-’-. lint iliii. ciinnot U’, Jor till’ il.iin M-.‘o- tl.o Jotiii ill jnrt of a nijiii’, ami mi Jl-I Krorr- of clain.- tvoiild 111’ no! fnrfhoM of om I;tor— i.r.. KKI laliliii of ruin’”!. Tin’ M.’’.*’!. have’ no! !lii’ hh ami 1‘ii’J.nd in <|m”-tion. ami have- only a conjtim’!ii’)n a{!i’r till’ wonl i/nm. Tliir!y-fonr Itniri- oilil of tojijut ami Hi hUha of hilvi-r t\i-ri’ jinuti-il into the tanh, making.! a total, in rouml nninU’rs, of 1 kfor, fl la):lii of nijfii”. Ai-c-onlin;! to .MiU’l-rar.l polcl was iil.io tlinitvii in.

• ’I’l’Xt Vail ’.MI. Inn tin* liiivi* Xutl. Si-i- also lilocliinaniif .ROS.

r Tlii*! naini’ i« Ilairaiii or .Situin in MSS. Cliikanl may 1 k’ a fratlo di’i-iftnalion, ami nii’aii oniliroiili’riT, or tvorknr in pold tlirrad.

70 .

Pnnviz, had sent to Court with the elephant Kfih-daman,* took liis leave and returned. A copy (jild) of the Jahantfir- ■n/ima, to"ether with a special tipchaq horse, wore given to him to take to mv ?on. On Sundav, the Sth, Kimwar Kamn. son of Ranii Amar Singh, was presented with a horse, an elephant, a dress of honour, a jewelled Jehaptea, and a pJiuI- I’afdra. I gave him leave to go to his jagir, and sent a horse with him for the Rana. On the same day I went out sporting to .bnanahiid. As there was an order that no one shotdd kill

the antelope of that region, in the course of six years many antelope had come together, and they had grown veiy tame. On Thursday, the 12th, I returned to the palace, and on that day, according to custom, a feast of cups was prepared.

On the eve of Friday, the 13th (Bahman). I went to the msuisoloum of tlio. refuge of pardon. Shail^ Salim Clii^tl, a little concerning whose blessed qualities has been written in tie* preface j to this record of prosperity, and the futiha was recited. .Vltliough the manifestation of miracles and wondeis is iu)t approved by the elect of the throne of God, and from luifjiility and a feeling of their low rank (as saints) they avoid such display, yet occasionally in the cxcitemeid of ecstasy an appe.irance is manifested unintentionally and without con- tml.* »ir f(»r the salce of teaching someone the exhibition is made. .Among these was thi.^;. that he before my birth gave my father tlic good ncw.s of the advent of this suppliant ami of niy two broth’‘r.s. .Again, on*’ day my fatlier incidentally him Imw old he wa.e. and when w«juld he d*’part to th*‘ .’d>;din’g n-giou’^. If*’ replied : ’ Tlie gl)rious God l;now.s wjiat i» and hiddi-n." .After much urg<‘ncy he indicated thi.s

fl’finci" Salim), and .‘•aid : “ AMien the I’ritic*’, by t’i" it:‘trnrf:<)n of a te.icher *>r in any other way, shall commit a )!:;> !iirig to memory ami shall r-cit«’ it, this will he a sign

m.v M’i’oti v.ith tfinl.’ In con-‘efpi» nc‘ of this, His Maj*v>ty

order- to all \vho wer** in atf»-ndanre *»n me that

d.‘i*;! 1 Me anytliijig in prri *’ or vit; e. .At length

• /.% • " l-iil ‘•jldiiinc.’

t ttfi- • ?J <- Ilf st.*-: 1 f. t

when two years and seven months had passed away, it hap- pened one day that one of the privileged* women was in the palace. She used to burn rue constantly in order to avert the evil eye. and on this pretext had access to me. She used to partake of the alms and charities. She found mo alone and regardless of (or ignorant of) what had been said (by Akbar), she taught me this couplet :

“ 0 God, opon tho rosobud of hope Display a flower from tho everlasting gardoii.”t

I went to the ShailA and repeated this couplet. He involun- tarily rose up and hastened to wait on the Eling, and informed him of what had occurred. Li accordance with Fate, the same night the traces of fever appeared, and the next day he sent someone to the King (with the request) to call Tan Sen Kalawant, who was imequalled as a singer. Tan Sen, ha\nng gone to wait upon him, began to sing. After this he sent some one to call the King. When H.M. came, he said : “ The promised time of imion has come, and I must take leave of you.” Taking his turban from his head, he placed it on mine, and said : “ We have made SuMn Salim our successor, and have made him over to God, the protector and preserver.” Gradually his weakness mcreased, and the signs of passmgj away became more e^ddent, till he attained union with the “ True BeloA’ed.”

One of the greatest monmnents of my father’s reign is this mosque and cemetery {ravza). Certainly they are exceedingly lofty and solid buildings. There is nothing like this mosque in any other country. It is all built of beautiful stone, and five lakhs of rupees were expended from the pubhe treasury upon it. Qutbu-d-din K. Kokalta^ made the marble railing {mahjar) roimd§ the cemetery, the flooring (far?]i) of the

‘aiirat-i-mustahaqqa. Perhaps “ pensioned women.”

t These are the opening lines of JSmi’s Yusuf and Zulai^a (note by Mr. Rogers).

J Salim Chi^ti died on 29 Ramazan 979, or February 15, 1572. Jahan^r was born on 17 Rabi‘ Ist, 977 ; and so he would be about Uvo years and seven months old at the time of Salim’s death. See Beale and Khazinatn-l-asfiva. I. p. 435.

§ The conjunction \ca in text, p. 262, line 16, is a mistjiTrft-

dome and portico, and these are not included in the five lakhs. The mosque has two great gateways. The one* * * § towards the south is extremely lofty, and is xery beautiful. The archway (pi^taq) is 12 yards broad, 16 long, and 52 high. One must mount thirty-two steps to get to the top of it. Tlie other gateway is smaller, and is towards the east. The length of the mosque from east to west, including the •width of the walls, is 212 yards. Out of this, the Maqsura (the chancel) is 25^ yards, the middle is 15 yards by 15, the portico (plshfaq) is 7 yards broad, 14 jmrds long, and 25 yards high. On each side of the large dome are two smaller domes 10 yards by 10. Then there is a veranda (aiwan) “which is pillared. The breadth of the mosque from north to south is 172 yards. Bound it are ninety verandas {aiwan) and eight 3 ’-four cells. The breadth of each cell is 4 yards, f and the length 5 yards. The verandas are 3 mrds broad. The court3’’aTd {sahn) of the mosque, exclusive of the maqsura, and the verandas, and the gates, is 1G9 yards long and 143 3 mrds broad. Above the verandas, the gates, and the mosque, small domes have been constructed, and on tlie eves of anniversaries and on hol 3 ’ da 3 ‘’s lamps are placed in these, and the 3 ’’ are enveloped in coloured J cloths, so that thc 3 ’ look like lamp-shades (?). Under the court 3 -ard the 3 ’ have made a well, and thc 3 ’ fill this with rainwater. As Fathpur has little water, and what there is is bad, this well§ 3 ’ields a sufficient suppl 3 ’ for the

This IB the Buinnd D.invSza. It wns built many years after tlie mosque. For an account of it, see Mr. Edmund Smith’s Fatl.ipur SikrT. ‘J’iie patcwiy is there said to bo 134 foot high from tho pave- ment and 170 feet from tho road^my. Tho thirty-two steps mentioned in text must be those from the. roadway to tho gate. There are two tliphts of Fte})S, and the total number, up to tho top, is 123. Tho quadrangle or court is stated by Keene to be 433 feet by 300. Another statement (in the Archnyjlogi&‘il Keport) is 4389 “by 30910 feet. Sallm’stomliwaserected in l.‘iSl (988). It is47 feet 11 inchcseach way.

t 4 J. Iqbul-numa. 124.

J Text rtiVdn, but should lx- aheiiu, “coloured.” See Iqbfil- nRma. 124.

§ Firieh f-.ays : “Under the eourt*ard is a good tank of excellent uiiter.” He also Kjx-aks of the lake and of its Ix.-inp covered with the finglra (7V«/y| hirrtrnix).

whole j’car for the members of the fnmil}’ (of Salim Chi^ti) and for the derxashes who arc the mvjaioirs (caretakers) of the mosque. Opposite the great entrance and towards the north-north-east is the tomb of the Sbail^. The middle dome is 7 yards, and round the dome is a portico of marble, and on the front side of this is a marble lattice. It is very beautiful. Opposite this tomb on the west, at a little distance, is another dome, in which are laid to rest the sons-in-law and sons of the ^ail^, such as Qutbu-d-din K., Islam K., Mii’azzam K.,* and others, who were all connected with this family, and rose to the position of Amirs and to lofty rank. Accordingly, the circumstances of each have been recorded in their places. At present the son of Islam K., who is distinguished by the title of Ilcram K., is the lord of the prayer-carpet. The signs of auspiciousness are manifest in him ; I am much inclmed to cherish him.

On Tluu:sday, the 19th, I promoted ‘Abdu-l-‘AzIz K. to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and nominated him to the duty of taldng the fort of Kangra, and the overthrow of the ungrateful Suraj Mai. I bestowed on him an elephant, a horse, and a dress of honour. Tursun Bahadur was also dispatched on this duty, and his mansab was fixed at 1,200 personal and 450 horse. He was given a horse, and took his leave. As the house of I‘timadu-d-daula was on the bank of a tank, and people praised it greatly as a dehghtful place and enchanting residence, at his request on Thursday, the 26th, an entertainment was held there. That pillar of the kingdom engaged in the dues of prostration and offerings, and prepared a grand meeting. At night, after eating food, I returned to the palace. On Thursday, the 3rd of the Divine month of Isfand-armuz, Sayyid ‘Abdu-l-Wahhab Barha, who had done active service in Gujarat, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and was honoured with the title of Dilir K. On Saturday, the 12th, I went out to Amanabad for sport, and until Sunday, with the ladies.

That is, Bayard, a grandson of the saint. Ikram K. is another name for Hu^ang. His mother was Abu-l-Pazl’s sister. According to the Ma’asir, I. 120, he was a tyrant. According to local tradition, Qutbu-d-(Bn is buried in Bardwan near Shir-afgan.

employed myself in the plensnre of hunting. On -the eve t>f Thursday, the 27th* (17th), I returned to the palace.

By chance, on Tuesday, during the hunting, a string of pearls and rubies that 117ur-,Tahan Begam had on her neck ^as broken, and a niby of the value of Ks. 10,000 and a pearl ‘.vorth Bs. 1.000 -vrere lost. Although the huntsmen made evc-T 7 .’ search for it on ‘Wedncsd.ay. it did not fall into their hands. It occurred to me that as the name of the day was it was impossible to find it on that day. On the contrary, as (Tlinrsday) was alw.ays a

lucky d.ny for me. and had been blessed to me. the huntsmen on tlmt d.‘iy udth but a little search found l>oth in that track- less place (^vithou^ he.id or foundation) and brought them to me. :The best of coincidences was that on the Mme J’TO- pitious d.ny the entertainment for my hmar weighing and the Te.-ist n: Basant-luri (Spring festival) also took place, and the “ood T’.’-i-s of the conquest o! the fort of Man and the defeat of th.at evil-fort nned Suraj Mai arrived…

which he had held by hereditarj’ right from his fathers was trodden under foot by the victorious troops, and he became a wanderer and a vagabond. He retired to the ravines of the hills, and cast the dust of ruin and contempt on the head of his Fortime. Baja Bikramajit, leaving hip country behind, hastened in pursuit of him with the victorious army. “When the state of afiairs reached the royal ears, in reward for this becoming service I ordered drums for the Baja, and a fateful’ farman was issued from the Sovereign of Wrath that they should overthrow from their foundation the fort and build- ings that had been erected by Suraj Mai’s father and himself, and leave not a trace of them on the face of the earth. A strange thing is that the unfortunate Suraj Mai had a brother called Jagat Singh. When I promoted Suraj Mai to the title of Baja, and made him an Amir, and gave him dominion, etc., -without a partner or sharer, I, in order to please him, gave a small mansab to Jagat Singh, who did not get on well Avith him, and sent him to Bengal. This wretched one was passing his days in a poor condition far from his home, in contempt, and to the delight of his enemies, and waiting for some hidden aid, until by his good fortune this afiair took place, and that unblessed one struck an axe on his o-wn foot. Summoning Jagat Singh in all haste to Court, I honoured him with the title of Baja and the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and bestowed 20,000 darbs* on him out of the public treasury for his expenses. Gri-ving him a jewelled khapwa, a robe of honour, a horse, and an elephant, I sent him to Baja Bikramajit, and issued a farman that if the aforesaid, by the guidance of a good destiny, should perform laudable service, and display loyalty, that coimtry should be given over into his hand.f

As the praise of the garden of Nur-manzil and the buildings that had been newly-erected there continually reached me, I

The Iqbal-nama, 125, says Bs. 20,000 -which would be 40,000 darbs.

t Jagat Singh afterwards became a rebel, joining Shah-JahSn. as also did Baja Bikramajit, or Sundar. He rebelled also in Shah-Jahan’s reign, but was pardoned, and did good service in Kabul and Badakhshan. He died in Peshawar in 1055 (1645). See Ma’asir U., 11. 238, and Padi^ah-n5ma, 11. 481.

76 •

on Monday monnted my steed, and went to the stagte of Bustan- saray, and passed Tuesday in pleasure and at ease in that entrancing rose-garden. On the eve of Wednesday the garden of Nur-manzil (the abode of light) was adorned by the alight- ing of the hosts of prosperity. This garden contains 330 janbs {iiglias), according to the Ildlii gaz. Aiotmd it there has been built a wall, lofty and broad, of bricks and cement, exceedingly strong. In the garden there is a lofty building and a residence, highly decorated. Pleasant reservoirs have been constructed, and outside the gate a large well has been made, from which thirty-two pairs of bullocks continually draw water. The canal passes through the garden, and pours water into the reservoirs. Besides this, there are other wells, the water of which is distributed to the reservoirs and plots. The beauty is increased by all kinds of fountains and cascades and there is a tank in the exact middle of the garden which is filled by rainwater. If by chance its water should fail in the extreme heat, they supplement it by water from the wells, so that it may always be full to the brim. Nearly Ks. 150,000 have been spent up to now on this garden, and it is still un- finished, and large sums will be expended in making avenues and laying down plants. It has also been settled that the middle garden shall be newly walled* round, and the channels for the coming and going of the water shall be made so strong that it may always remain full of water and the water shall not leak out in any way, and no damage accrue. It is possible that before it is complete nearly Ks. 200,000 will have been spent on it.

On Thursday, the 24th, Khwaja Jahan presented an offer- ing of jewels, jewelled vessels, cloths, an elephant, and a horse, of the value of Rs. 150,000. Having made a selection from them, I gave him the remainder. Until Saturday I passed my time in that garden of delight in enjoyment. On the eve of Sunday, the 27th, I inclined the reins of returning towards

It is Jiaxr in text’, but surely this is a mistake for Jtafr, and the meaning is that a now pit or well should be mado in the middle of the garden. It appears to be hafr in MSS., The Nur-manzil garden is the same as the Bagh Dahra, and was near Agra. Blochmann, 499. -

77 ■

Fathpur, and an order was given that the great Amirs, according to annual custom, should decorate the palace. On Monday, the 28th, I found that something had gone wrong mth my eye. As it arose from too much blood, I ordered ‘Ah Akbar, the surgeon, to open a vein. On the next day the benefit of this was apparent. I bestowed Es. 1,000 on him. On Tuesday, the 29th, Muqarrab K. came from his native place, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and I favoured him with many sorts of kindness.

THE FOURTEENTH NEW YEAR’S FEAST FROM THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION

On the morning of Thursday, the 4th of the month of Rabi‘u-l-al^r, Hijri 1028 (Slarch 10, 1619), the world-en- lightening sun entered his house of honour in Aries, and the fourteenth year of the reign of this suppliant commenced in all prosperity and happiness. On Thursday, the 1st of the New Year, my prosperous son, Shah-Jahan. who is the star of the forehead of accomplished desires, and the brilliancy of the brow of prosperit)’’, prepared a grand entertainment, and presented me as ofEerings with a selection of the precious things of the age, and rareties and curiosities of every country. One of these is a rub)*, weighing 22 sur^s, of good colour, and water, and shape. The jewellers have valued it at Rs. 40,000. Another is a QufbT^ (?) ruby, in weight 3 tonics, and very delicate, valued at Rs. 40,000. Further, six pearls, one of them 1 tank and 8 surMs in weight. The Vakils of iny son had bought it in Gujarat for Rs. 25,000, and the five others for Rs. 33,000. Also one diamond, the price of which was Rs. 18,000. Also a jewelled parda (sash), a sword-hilt made in his own goldsmith’s shop ; most of the jewels he had himself set and cut. He had brought great dexterity to bear on the design. Its value was fixed as Rs. 50,000. The dcsignsf were his own ; no one else had up to this day thought

Egj’ptian. Hitherto this has been read Quthi, but it really is, I think, Qibti, “ Egyptian,” Chardin, lA’’. 70, ed. 1723, says that the IVrswns state that the ruby of the East comes from Egypt. The ct j-molog 3 ‘, however, is doubtful.

•f Po.‘ssibly the praise of Shuh-Jahiln’s inventive powers refers to his arrangements for the orchestra. The kutcarga is defined in tlic .\in. Blochroann, oO, ns a damama — i.c., a large drum. See illustra-

.•Jinl rodr him into tho <’<»ur(yar<l of tho j)nl!iro. Hit; viiluo \rn>! fiNi’d at !?’«’. 80.0(M). ami iho valm* <»f six* others n( lis. 20.000. Its jiohlon traj)|)in«.«. rojisistin^ of ;‘olilrj» rhain.s, my sou had had mado for tho •’h’phant Nur-i-Xauruz, wop* wjirlh 15s. DO.OOO. Tho socoml oloplomt, with .•<ilvir housino.-j, was al.:o ppwntod. with 11.;. 10,000 moro in various choico jcwols. ‘I’ho htThtraqs^ of my son lind tilso proparod and sont. dolioato clotlus from Gujarat. If all detail.; wore to ho written, it would tahe loo Ion”, llriefly. (he whole of his olTerin};s was of the value of 11s. -I.IO.OOO. It. is hoped that, he will oat (ho fruit. of lonji life and j)rosperi(y.

t:oa in lh(« VIII. to Ilinchiimnirs Ain. The hiranii nncl /fiinni sin< wind-iiptninifiit!, iinil am nl*.‘o n’i)ri*.«*nt<d in I’I.nto VIII. IVitli ri’pinl to tJie utitrsa/, IMocIiinnnn. p. .‘il, has: ’‘Tlie nuirs.all, which is th< nanin of a funo played by the. mursil.” .Apparently the viiimal is the iiverliire, or miiiic introductory strain, and played only by a ]»ortion <if the band.

M.**. Xo. IKl has t<Mi insUaid of two ns the number of elepliants pre.^ented by Qiitbifl-niiilk. and (hi.s seems likely to be correct, ebe when* do the six now mentioned come from 7 Hut sixshould proliahly hi* eijilit.

t Kvrkaraqf. S Itlorhmnnn. 87, n. ll, and p. 010. Kvrk means fur. and kurk/iriifjiin may lx* translated furriers.

On Friday, the 2nd, SHaja’at K. ‘Arab, and- Nnni-d-din Qnli, the kotwal, laid their offerings before me. On Saturday, the 3rd, Darab K., son of the ]^an-lAanan, and on Sunday, the 4th, Khan Jahan, prayed to be allowed to entertain me. Out of the latter’s ojBterings I accepted one pearl, bought for Es. 20,000, with other rareties, altogether of the value of Rs. 130,000, and presented him with the rest. On Monday, the 5th, Raja Ki^an Das and Halcim K., on Tuesday, the 6th, Sardar K., and on Wednesday, the 7th, Miistafa K. and Amanat K., presented their offerings. From each of these I took a trifle in order to dignify them. On Thursday, the 8th, rtimadu-d-daula, Madar-itlr^nulh (the pivot of the countjy), having prepared a royal entertainment, begged to be allowed to receive me. In accepting this request his standing was raised. In fact, in decorating the assembly and the largeness of his ofiering, he had exceeded himself, and made many decorations,- and illuminated all sides of the lake as far as the eye could reach, and decorated the streets both near and far with all kmds of lights and coloured lanterns. Among the offerings of that Madar-us-saUana there was a throne of gold and silver, much ornamented and decorated, the supports of which were in the form of tigers. It had been completed with great assiduity in the space of three years, and was made at the cost of Rs. 450,000. This throne had been made by a skilful European of the name of Hunaimand (skilful), who had no rival in the arts of a goldsmith and a jeweller, and in all sorts of skill {JiunarmandV^. He had made it very well, and I gave him this name. In addition to the offerings he had brought for me, he offered the value of Es. 100,000 in jewelled ornaments and cloths to the Begams and other ladies of the Palace. Without exaggeration, from the begimiing of the reign of the late king (may the light of Allah be his testimony !) until now, which is the fourteenth year of the rule of this suppliant, not one of the great Amirs has presented such offerings. In fact, what comparison is there between him and others ?

On this day Ikram K., s. Islam El. was honoured with the mansab, original and increased, of 2,000 personal and 1,000

hon-’, nntl Anira’i Sin^ili-ilalnn with that- <>f 2.000 pci-sonul and l.tiOO lioiM. original and im’jrast’d. On I’Vidny. Ilm OOi, I’tili.ar K. j>r»>«>]jt<’d Ins nftt’riii}:. and on llio same day Kiifin Danr.ni, having 1’<‘on pn’.’^mtrd willi a liorsi* and an idojdtnid, look loavo to to llio j-ovoniinonl of I’al.na.* Ill’s inansal). arrordin;^ to a provion.’* nilo. was lixod at (J.OOO porsnnal and o.OOO Imrso. On Saturday, tin* lOtli. I’azil K.. on Suinlay. tin’ lltli. Mir Milan, on Monday, llio 12(h, IMitjad K.. on ’rn«’s<lay. tlio IStli. Matar 1C. and Anira’i Sin^‘h-dalan. and on Wcdni’-’-day. tlio Mtli, Mirza llaja Bliao Sinf;li. jm’sciifod tln’ir offorin^s. Si’lccliii^ from lliPin wlial was dt’licalo. and m w. I onv<’ iho r<’inaindpr to llioin. On Tlinrsday. tlic. lolli, A.saf Khrm pn’pan’d a ;irand asspinlily and a royal ciitcrlain- iin-nt in his owni Imnse. which is a very fine and j)lca.«nnt. jilacc, and hcfiood to he allowed to receive me. At. his request, {livin” him the dijaiity of acceptance, I went, there with the ladies. That pillar of the kingdom looked on this as a bounty from the. secret Giver, and in the increase of his offering and ]ireparation of the entertainmcntdisiilayed groat ningnificcnco. Of jowoLs of great, price and delicate gold brocades and all sorlss of gifts, that which was approved was selected, and I presented him with the remainder. Among the offerings was a ruby weighing 121 Ulnh, which was bought for Rs. 12.!5,000. The value of t he offerings that were accejitod was Rs, 107,000. On this day l^waja .Tahan was raised to the mansab of .0,000 personal and 2,.‘500 horse.

La^kar K., having come, by order, from the Deccan, had t he lionour of waiting on me. As I had determined, after the rainy season had passed and in the beginning of the good weather, to go to the perpetual spring garden of Kashmir under the favour of Almighty God, it seemed right to me that the guardianship and administration of the fort and city of Agra and the faujdamhip of tlie district, after the manner in which they had been held by Wian .Tahan, should be entrusted to La^kar K., and I honoured him nith the good news j\manat K. was entnistcd with the duty of superintendent of

So in toxt, but it hIiouIcI bo Tattn — t.c., Sind. Sco Blochinann ^i78, 11 . 2, nnd also tbo Tu7.uk, infra, p. 27S.

branding (of horses) and of parading the troopers.* On Friday, the 16th, Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, Chief Ba lch^ , on Saturday, the 17th, Sadiq K. Ba Mi^i , on Sunday, the 18th, Iradat K., Chief Butler, and on Monday, the 19th, which was the day of the sun’s culmination, ‘Azudu-d-daula K., presented offerings, and I accepted from each of them, by way of exalting their dignity, what I approved. At this New Tear the value of the accepted offerings of the servants of the Court came to Es. 2,000,000. On the day of culmination I conferred on my auspicious son Sultan Par\nzf the mansab of 20,000 personal and 10,000 horse, original and increased. I‘timadu-d-daula was promoted to that of 7,000 personal and horse. I selected ‘Azudu-d-daula for the duty of tutor to the pupil’ of > the eye of the Sultanate, Shah Shuja‘. I hope that he (the latter) may endure for his natural term of life and may be one of the prosperous ones, Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 500 horse, and Baqir K. to that of 1,000 personal and ‘400 horse. As Mahabat K. had asked for reinforcements, I appomted 500 Al^adl horse to Bangash, and presented ‘Izzat K., who had done approved service in that province, with a horse and a jewelled hJiaqrwa. At this time ‘Abdu-s-Sattar J presented as an offering a compendium in the handwriting of the late king Humayun (may the lights of Allah be his testimony!), containing some prayers, an introduction to the science of astronomy, and other marvellous things, most of which he had studied and carried into practice. After reverently inspecting his auspicious handwriting, I felt a joy such as I had seldom experienced. I was exceed- ingly rejoiced, for, by God, no precious thing I have can be compared with this. In return I increased his mansab beyond what he had imagined possible, and gave him a present of Ks. 1,000. Himarmand, the European who had made

Snicaran-i-Miud-ina}iaUa. I do not know the exact force of the last two words. Possibly they are pleonastic. The word maltalla is explained in Ir'inc A, of M. 40,

t The IqhSl-nuinn. 127, mentions that Parwiz came from Allahabad to pay his respects. Soo infra, Tuzuk, 268,-nnd 273.

j Probably this is the; friend of Father Jerome Xavier and the abridger of the ^far-numa. Sec Bleu, 1776 and 1077o.

llio ji’wrllod {liiKii*-. 1 wifh .’$.000 thxTh, n liorea Jiiul

:in «‘!<‘pli;ini . I Ks. l.tHin to Wiwjljn J^fnv.‘ind Miihinud. \vlu» is M piliitiin of tin* I’nth of tin* Kliwrijiis. nnd is not. void of domsliistn :iud spirit unlity. Ijsislilc.‘ir K. whs promoted to tin* lAiins.’il* of personal and 2.000 horse. Hla’infir K.

to that of O’to pi’tsonal and •l.‘itt horse. Khwajngi Tahir to that of P!t(» pi’r.’<‘n;il and .‘HtO h«r.’e, and .‘‘ayvid Ahmad Qadirl t<» that Ilf .•‘00 and «><‘i horse. On TMja Saranfi l)oo was con- ferred the mansalt of 700 personal and 30 horse, on Mfr Klialil- u-llah. s. ‘.\rndn-d-daula. that of (‘00 personal and 250 horse, on the ennneh I’irfi:: K.. that of 000 ami 150 lioire. on KTiidinat Klifin that of .550 and I.‘JO horse, on Mahram K. that, of 500 and 1*20 horse, on ‘Tr.r.at K. that of (!00 personal and lOOliorse. on Kay Newali D.‘is. the accountant of the elephant. dej)art.- metit. that of (’00 pen-onal and 120 horse, on Kay !dani Das. the snpi’iinlendent of the Palace, that of t!00 jH’rsonal nnd 100 horse, on Xathmal and Japnal, sons of Kishan Sineh. that, of 500 and ‘225 horse each. If the inerea.se of mnnsnh “iven to those of le.–.s than 500 were to ho written in full it. would he too Ion-;. Ks. 2,000 were Kiven to Khi?r K., who helonecd’ to Khand(*sh.

On Wedne.sday. the 2l8t. I went to Amanahad for the purpose of .sport, .‘some days before this, in accordance with orders. Khwaja .Tahnn, and Qiyum K., the liead huntsman, had chosen a wide plain for a qamnrgha Imnt, and drawl an enclosure round it, and driven within it many antelope from the neighhouring plains. As I liad vowed that I would hereafter not hill any living thing with my owi hand, it occurred to me to take them all alive, and place there within the Chaugun (polo-ground) of Fathpur, so that 1 might hoth enjoy the pleasure of sport and that at the same time no liarm should happen to them. I accordingly took 700 head and sent them to Fathpur. As the hour for entering the capital was near, I ordered Eiiy Miin, ^idmcUiyyafif to put up a screen on two sides, like a lane, from the hunting-

He wn.s of lli<* royal Iioii.mi of KIiando.sli,

t See Blocliiiitinii. and n. 1. .Tnliiingrr hiinsolf saw 700 antolopo 1 ikon, and Buy lluii afterwards inndo a drive of 800 more.

84 .

place to tlie plain of Eathpur, and to drive tlie antelope there. About 800 antelope were sent in this way, or altogether 1,500. On the night of Wednesda), the 28th, marching from Amana bad, I halted in Bfistan Saray, and on the eve of Thursday, the 29th, I halted at the Nur-manzil garden.

On Friday, the 30th, the mother* of Shah-Jahan attained the mercy of God, The next day I myself went to the house of that precious son, and having condoled with him in every way, took him with me to the palace. On Simday, the 1st Urdibihi^t, at the auspicious hour chosen by the astro- logers and astronomers, I mounted a special elephant of the name of Dilir, and in all prosperity and happiness entered the city. A great crowd of people, men and women, had collected together in the streets and bazaars, and at the gates and walls, expecting me. According to custom, I went on. scattering monej* on the way, to inside the palace. From the date on which the army of prosperity started for thi.s happily terminated jouincy until now, when I rctuincd in haj^piness and good fortune, it was five years, seven months, and nmc days. At this time I ordered my son Sultan Panm that, as a long time had passed during which he had been deprived of waiting on me personally, or had been fortunate enough to pay hi.s re.sjrects, if he were desirous of meeting mo, he should come to Court. On the arrival of the gracious fannan. that .son, ronsidoring the manifestation of this favour a gift from the hidden world, tunicd the face of his hope toward.’! the sidiere-rosoinbling Court. At this time T gave

One of the occurrences of this time is the revolt of Allahdad, son of Jalal, the Afghan. ’ The details of this are that when Mahabat K. obtained leave to go and take possession of Bangash and overthrow the Afghans, from an idea that that ^vretch would do some ser\dce in return for the favours and kmdness I had conferred on him, he prayed that he might take him with him. As the natural tendency of such ungrateful men, who do not recognize what is right, tends to enmity and malevolence, by way of precaution it was decided to send his son and brother to the Court that they might be as hostages. After the arrival there of his son and brother, I, by way of comforting them, did them all kinds of Icindness, but, as the.y have said :

“ Tho blanket of fortune of anyone that has been woven black G.mnot be whitened even bj- the waters of Zamznm and Kausar.”

From the day on which he arrived in that country the signs of rascality and want of recognition of the right began to be apparent on the cheeks of his affairs, and Mahabat K., in order to control matters, did not loose from his hand the rope of forbearance vmtil, at this time, he sent a force under the leadership of his son against a band of Afghans, and sent Allahdad with him. When they reached the purposed place, from the enmity and malevol^ce of the aforesaid, that attack did not succceed, and they returned with their aim uncom- pleted. The evil-dispositioned Allahdad, from a suspicion lest this time Mahabat K. should abandon his method of con- ciliation, and ascertain the real state of affairs, and that he should be caught in recompense for his evil deeds, lifted up the veil of reverence, and betrayed involimtarily the faith- lessness to his salt, which he had till then concealed. When I heard from Mahabat K.’s letter the true state of affairs, I ordered them to imprison his son and brother in the fort of Gwalior. As it had happened (Jalal Taixki), the father of this wretch had also fled from the service of the late kin g , and for years passed his time in thieving and highway robbery, until he was caught in the recompense of his own evil deeds. It is hoped that this rascal will also soon obtain the reward of his bad actions.

On Thursday, the 5tli, IMan Singh, s. Eriwnt/Sjjnnknr, wIjo was one of the auxiliaries of Bihar, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and COO horse. I sent oil ‘Aqil K. to look after the cavalry,* and inquire into the corps of the mansabdars who had been appointed for duty in Bangash, and gave him an elephant. I sent as a gift to Mahabat K. a private dagger made after tlic hlhzandaran fashion, along with Dust Beg. The offering of Monday wa s given as a present to Mahmud Ab-dar, who from the time when I was a })rincc and the days of my childhood had served me. Miriin (not Bizan.t as in the printed book), son-in-law of Payanda K. Moghul, was promoted to the mansab of 700 personal and 450 horse. Muhammad Husain, brother of Kliwaja Jahan, who was Bakhshi of Elangra, was promoted to the mansab of COO personal and 450 horse. On this day Tarbiyat IC., who is one of the hereditary housebom ones of this Court., and had been enrolled among the Amirs by reason^ of his good disposition, died. He was not devoid of sluggishness {na-tnuradl, literally want of desires) and self-indulgence and was a

young man fond of pleasure {‘ayyS^4ahVat). He Avi.shcd to pass his whole life at ease, and was devoted to Hindu music and did not understand it badly. He was a man void of evil. Eaja Suraj Singh was raised to the mansab of 2,000 personal and horse. To Karamu-llah, s. ‘Ali Mardan K. Bahadur, Baqir El., Faujdar of Multan, Malik Muhibb Afghan, and Maktub K. were given elephant®. Sayyid Bayazld Bhalckari, to whom was entrusted the charge of the fort of Bhakkar and the faujdarship of that region, was also honoured with an’

Malialla, Horo usod apparently for musters.

t Mr. Rogers corrects this to SGrun on the authority of B.A.S., MS. It is, however, Bl^an in I.O. MS,, 181, and ns Blochmnnn points out, Blzan or Bl^an is twice referred to in the Tuzuk, pp. 307, 309, Ho was son of Nad ‘All Maidnnl,

t 1,0, MS. has “ by favour of my roaring " (tarbiyat) and probably the words in text rather mean that ho was promoted by virtue of Jahangir’s liking for him, than that ho was of good disposition. His real name was ‘Abdu-r-Rahim. Ho was the son of Qii’im K., and his sister Saliha Banh was one of Jahangir’s \vivos, and luid the title of PadiEhah’Mahall. Blochmann, 371. Before Nur-Jnhiin she was the chief udfe.

elephant. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat El. was distinguished with the gift of a jewelled dagger. I gave elephants to Shaikh Ahmad Hansi, ^ail^ ‘Abdn-l-La^ Sambhali, the eunuch Pirasat K., and Kay Kunwar Chand Mustaufi (auditor). Muhammad Shafi’ Baldishi of the Pan jab, was raised to the mansab of 500 personal and 300 horse. The mansab of 500 personal and 150 horse was conferred on Mum’s, s. JChtar* K. He (Munis) had charge of the fort of Kalinjar.

On this day arrived the news of the death of Shah-nawaz K. s. the Commander-in-Chief Khan IQianan. It was the cause of distress of mind to me. At the time when that Ataliq (Khan ^anan) took leave from waiting on me, it had been strictly impressed upon him that, as it had been repeatedly brought to my ear that Shah-nawaz K. had been maddened with unne and drank immoderately, if there was truth in this it was a pity that he should destroy himself at his age. It was necessary that he should not leave him to his own way, but look after his case properly. If he could not leave his charge himself, he should write a clear report, so that, having summoned him into my presence, I might give the best order practicable rmder the circumstances. When he arrived at Burhanpur, ha\nng found Shah-nawaz Wian verj* weak and low, he tried to make some remedy for him. After some da5’s’ confinement to bed (literally, lord of the carpet) he fell on the coTich of powerlessness. ‘Wlxatever reracdie.s and plans the physicians employed were of no avail, and in the best time of his youth and prosperity, in the thirty-third year of his age, to the sorrow and grief of the world, he went to the place of the mercy and pardon of God. On hearing tliis unpleasant news I was greatly grieved, for in truth he was an intelligent youth and bom in the house. He would have pcrfomied imi)ortant ser*iccs in this State, and left great traces behind him. Althoxigh this road is before all. and there is no escape for anyone out of the command of destiny, yet it appears sad to depart in this fashion. It is hoped he vnll bo among those who are pardoned. I sent Raja Sarang Deo, who was

Mihtar K. was a very old soi-vant, and d’Vd in tlio thin! year of •lalianeir. Uloelnnann. -117.

one of my close attendants and is a tactful person, to the Ataliq, and favoured and consoled him in every way. The mansab of 6,000 held by Shab-nawaz I added on to those of his brothers and sons. To Darab, his younger brother, I gave the mansab of 5,000 personal, original and increased,, and presented him with a dress of honour, an elephant, a horse, and a jewelled sword, and’ gave him leave to go to his father to fill, in place of Shah-nawaz, the post of governor of Berar and Ahmadnagar. Eahman-dad, another brother, I promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 800 horse. Manuchahr, s. Shah- nawaz, was given the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse. Ta^zal (Toghril ?), s. Shah-nawaz* K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse. On Thursday, the 12th, Qasim K., son-in-law of I‘timadu-d-daula, was honoured with the favour of a standard. Asadu-llah, s. Sayyid Haji, who had come with the intention of obtaining service, had the mansab bestowed on him of 500 personal and 100 horse. Sadr Jahan, son-in-law of the deceased Murtaza K., received that of 700 personal and 600 horse, and was appointed to the faujdarship of Sambhal, and, having had an elephant bestowed on him, I gave him leave. Bharat Bandila was also presented with the mansab of 600 personal and 400 horse, and had an elephant given him, and an elephant was bestowed on Sangram, the Baja of Jammu.

In Ahmadabad I had two male mar^ur goats. As I had not a female in my establishment to pair with them, it occurred to me that if I could pair them with Barbary goats, which they bring from Arabia, especially from the port of the city of Darkhar,f young of their form and qualities might be obtained. In short, I paired them with seven Barbary ewes, and after six months had elapsed each of the latter had a young one at Fathpur ; there were four females and three males, very pleasing in appearance, of good shape and good colour. In their colour, those (kids) which resembled the

Text MTongly has Shah Nur.

T This is the ancient Dhafur or Dofar on the south coast of Arabia now know nas Mirbat. The proper spelling was Zafr. SeeRcdlJcvfc’s Annotations to the Historj’of Yemen, published by the Gibb Trift, ^os, 349, .5/8, and 830. See also d’Horbelot, 209, and .Jarrett, III- Si.

male (toZw, not haka, as in the printed copy) were dim-colonred with black stripes on their backs. Red,* indeed, appears to me a -more pleasing colour than any other, and it is the mark of a better breed. Of their liveliness and laughable ways and their manner of gamboling and leaping, what can be written ? Some of their ways are such that the mind derived uncontrolled pleasure from looking at them. It is notorious that painters cannot draw properly the motions of a kid. G-ranting that they may chance to draw the movements of an ordinary kid after a fashion, they certainly would have to acknowledge themselves at a loss how to draw the motions of these kids. When one month, or even twenty days old, they would leap up upon high places and throw themselves on to the ground in a way that if any other but a kid were to do so, not one limb would be left whole. As it pleased me, I ordered them always to be kept near me, and I gave each of them an appropriate name. I am much delighted with them, and pay great attention to bringing together marliur males and well-bred she-goats. I desire to have many young ones from them, and that they may become well Imown among men. After their young shall have paired, most probably more delicate ones will be obtained. One of their peculiarities is that ordinary kids immediately they are bom, and until they begin to suck, make a great bleating, whilst these, on the contrary, make no sound, and stand quite contented and without wailing. Perhaps their flesh woidd be very pleasant to the taste.

Before this, an order had been given that Muqarrab K., having been appointed to Bihar, should hasten off there. He came to Court in order to pay his respects before he repaired to his destination, and accordingly, on Thursday, the 2nd Khnrdad. an elephant with trappings, two horses, and a jewelled Ttlw/pwa were conferred on him, and he took leave. Rs. 50,000 were given him as an advance of pay. On the same day Sardar Khan received a dress of honour, an elephant, and a horse, and obtained the Sarkar of Monghyr, which is in

The description is rather obscure. Apparently Jahangir regards bamind (dun- or baj’-coloured) as equal to red (surhfal.

the province of Bihar and Bengal, and took leave, llir Sharif,* the Valdl of Quthu-l-mulk, who was at Court, took leave. My fortunate son, Shah-Jahan. sent with him the brother of Afzal K., his Diwan. As Qutbu-l-mulk had shown attachment and desire to please, and repeatedly importuned me for a portrait, I presented him, at his request, with my likeness, a jewelled hha/pwa, and a <phul Jcatara. 24,000 dwrb, a jewelled dagger, a horse, and a dress of honour were also given to the aforesaid Mir Sharif. Fazil K., director of buildings, was advanced to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and Haldm Eagho Nath to that of 600 personal and 60 horse. As at this time the anniversary of the late king (Akbar) occurred, Es. 5,000 were handed over to some of my chief servants to divide among poor and deserving people, ^asan ‘Ah K., jagirdar of the Sarkar of Monghyr, was honoured with the mansab of 2,500 personal and horse, and sent to the assistance of Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, governor of * the province of Bengal, and he was presented with a sword. As Mirza Sharafu-d-din !^usain ‘K’n. Rhgb a.-n sacrificed his life on duty in Bangash, I promoted his son Ibrahim Husain to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. At this time Ibrahim K. constructed two boats,t which in the language of the Country they call KosJm, one of gold and the other of silver, and sent them to me by way of ofEering. Undoubtedly, of their own kind they are the finest. One of these I gave to my son ^ah-Jahan, On Thursday, the 9th, Sadat K. was granted the mansab of 1,000 personal and 60 horse. On this <^y A^du-d-daula and Shaja’at K. ‘Arab took leave for t eir jagirs. On this Thursday I presented Asaf K. with a jewelled hhapwa and a pJi-ul Tcaiara. As my fortunate son Sul^n Parwiz proposed to come to Court, he asked for a special nadirl dress of honour, a chira, and a fota, BO that he might wear them and be distinguished on the day of meeting me and of having the good fortune to pay his respects. Ac- cording to his request, I sent by the hand of his Vakil, Sharif,

Text has MuArif .

t -Dm manzil fcisWi must surely mean “ tray ” here ; or perhaps

loy wore models. KosM is a woll-knou-n Bengali name for a swift

a sumptuous dress of lionoxu’ Tvitli a chlra aud a special sash. On Thursday, the 23rd, LErza Wall, son of the aunt of this suppliant, came by order from the Deccan, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. His father, Khwa^a Hasan Gaidar (the freckled ?), was one of the Naq^bandi Hiwajas. My uncle, Mirza Muhammad 5akim, gave his sister in mar- riage to the IQiwaja. I heard much praise of the ^waja from people : he had both good family and got on well with every one, and for a long time the management of the affairs of my uncle Mirza Muhammad Hakim had been in his hands, and he was on very good terms wiHi him. Before the Mirza’s death he had himself debvered* over the deposit of his life. Two sons survived him — ^viz,, Mirza Badi‘u-z-zaman and Mirza Wah. M. Badi‘u-z-zaman, after the death of the Mirza, ran away, and went to Ma-wara’a-n-nahr (Transoxania), and in that exile became a traveller on the road of non-existence. The Begam and Mirza Wall came to the glorious Court, and H.M. (Akbar) behaved very- kindly to the Begam. The Mirza also is a steady and sedate young man, not devoid of reasonable- ness and understanding. He is very skilled in the science of music. At this time it occurred to me to marry the daughter of the deceased Prince Daniyal to the Mirza, and my reason for sending for the IkErza to Court was this. This girl (Bulaqi Begam) is the offspring of the daughter of Qilij Muhammad K. It is hoped that the grace of striving to please and to serve, which is the means of good fortune and prosperity, may be his (M. Wall’s) lot and fortune.

On this day Sarbuland Bay, who had been sent on duty to the Deccan, was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,500 horse.

At this time it was reported to me that a Shayyad (a loud talker, a cheat) of the name of Shaikhf Ahmad had spread the

Apparently Khwaia l^san died in Badaldishan. Ma’asir, III.,

-j* This S. Ahmad is a well-known man. He is mentioned in Beale as Ahmad Sirhindi (Shaikhl. and as ha-ring had the title of Mujaddid-i- Alf-i-Sam, beca-use he believed that be -was the man of the second milleninm. In other -words, he claimed to be a Mahdi. He was s. ‘Abdu-l-Wahid Faruqi, and bom in 1563, He died 29 November,

not. o£ liypocrisy inul docoit in Sirhincl, and caxif»lit in it many of the apparent worsluppora wl.hont apiritnality, and lind sent into every city and country one of his discijilca, whom lie called his dojnity (khalifa), and w’hoin ho considered more skilled than others in the adonunfj of shops (of deceit.) and selling of religions knowledge, and in deceiving men. lie liad also written a nnmhnr of idle tales to his disciples and his believers, and had made them into a hook which ho called Mahtuhiil (letters). In that nlhnm (Jinui) of absnrditiea many nnpn)ritable tilings liad been written that, drag (people) into infidelity and imjiiefy. Amongst these lie had written in a letter as follows : " In t.he conmc of my t.rnvels I had come to the dwelling of t.hn Two Lights (the f>nn and Moon), and saw a very loft y and very splendid Imilding. hhom there I passed to the abode of Discriminat-ion (I’Yiruq), and from there I passed to the abode of Truth {*SiddIq), and to caidi I wrote a suitable explanation (or jmrhaps, of each I wrote a axiitablo deacrijition). From there I reached the abode of Love, and I beheld a brilliant dwelling. It. had divers colours and lights and reflected glories. That is to say (God forgive ns ! — an exclamation of Jahangir’s), T passed from the abode of the Viccgoi’cnts (jhnlafii) and attained to the highest rank.” There wore other presumptuous ox)>rcssions which it would be too long to write, and would be contrary to good mannci-s. I according gave an order that they should bring him to the Court that is based on justice. According to order ho came to pay his respects. To all that I asked him ho could give no reasonable answer, and appeared to me to be extremely

1624, and is buried at Sirhind, The I.G. now edition, XXIII. 21., says there are two tombs in Sirhind known ns those of tlie Master and the Disoipio, and it may bo that one of them is S. Ahmad’s, although the QaKottoer says they probably belong to the fourb’enl.h centurj’. There is also a roforonco to him in Rioii’s Cataioguc, III. lOBSd., fol. 10. Ho belonged to the Naq^bandi order, and one of his writings is called Majmu‘atu-t-tn?awwuf, There is a very long account of liim, and of his interviews with JahiLngIr in the ihinxInatu-l-AuliyS, I. 607, etc. It is said there that ho was imprisoned for two j’oars, and then released, and that ho died on the last day of ^nfar, 103B, Novoiiiber 20, 1Q2Q, at the age of sixty-throe. JahBnglr attorwards pardoned S, Ahmad, See Tu7.uk, 308, account of fifteenth year.

proud ami holf-satisfiod. with nil his iguorauco. I coiiKidcrctl llu’ tiling lor liini would Ijc tlint lie should rpiniiin sonic tinu’ in the jirison of correction until the heiit. of his tcni- peranient and confusion of his hrain were somewhat, quenclicd, and the excitement, of the people also should subside, fie was accordingly handed over to Anira’i Singh-dalan to be imprisoned in Gwalior fort.

On Saturday, the 2r)th Khurdad, my fortunate son Sultan Pai-wiz came from Allahabad, and wit.h prostration at the threshold of the Ivhalifntc illuminated the forehead of sin- cerity. After he had performed the ceremony of Idsaing the ground and been honoured with special favour, I bade him sit. He presented 2,000 muhars and 2,000 nipee.s by way of iiorr, and made an offering of a diamond. As his elephants had not. yet arrived, he would produce them on another occasion. He had brought with him to the Court, which is the asylum of the world. Raja Kalyan, Zamindar of Ratanpur, against whom tliis my son had by order sent an army, and had taken from him as an offering 80 elephants and Rs. 100,000. Jly son brought liim with him, and he had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Wazlr K., mj’^ son’s Diwan who is one of the old Ber\’ants of the Court, ha^^ng had the good fortune to pay his respects to me, presented as offerings 28 elephants, male and female. Of these nine were accepted, and the rest bestowed on him.

As it had been represented to me that Muniwwat K., s. Iftikhar K., who was one bom and bred up at this Com-t, had fought with a band of Maghs on the bordcre of Bengal and had sacrificed his life, I promoted Allah-yar, his brother, to the mansab of 1,000 personal and .^00 horse, and another brother to that of 4.00 personal and horse, so that those he had left behind should not be distressed. On Monday, the 3rd of the Divine month of Tir, in the neighbourhood of the city four black bucks, a doe, and a fawn were taken. As I passed by the house of my fortunate son, Sultan Panx’Iz, he presented two tusked elephants with their trappings by way of offering ; both were ordered to be placed in the private elephant-stud.

On Thursday, the 13th, Sayyid 5**san, the ambassador of

my happy brotlicr, ^ali ‘Abbas, rnlc’r of Persia, liaving had the good fortune to kiss the thresliold, j)roduced a letter, together with a crystal drinking-cup, on tlic cover of wliich was a ruby. Ab it wa.s given from excessive friendship and sincerity it was the cause of the increase of amity and good fellowship. On this day Fida’i K. was proinoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horae. and Nn§ru-llah, s. Fathu-llah, in wliose charge was the fort of Ambar. that of 1..500 pei-sonal and 400 horse. On Thursday, the 20th, Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was promoted to the mansab of 1.500 personal and 800 horse. Having conferred on “Wazlr K. the Diwanship of Bengal, I gave him a liorsc, a dress of honour, and a jewelled dagger. Elephants were given to Jlir Husamu-d-din and Zabar-dast K. On this day Hafiz Hasan,^ a servant of Wian ‘Alam, came to Court with a precious letter from m)’ brother Shah ‘Abbas, and a report from that pillar of the Sultanate flOian ‘Alam). He laid before me a dagger the hilt of which was made of a fishes* tooth spotted with black, that my brother had given to Hian ‘Alam. As it was a great rarity, he flJiaii ‘Alam) had sent it to me. I greatly approved of it ; in fact, it is a rare present. I had never seen a spotted one imtil now, and I was much pleased.

On Thursday, the 27th, M. Wall was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 pei-sonal and 1,000 horse. On the 24th, I gave 1,000 darbs as a present to Sajyid Hasan, the ambas- sador, and an elephant to ‘Abdu-llah K. Bahadur Firuz-jang. On Thursday, the 2nd of the Divine month of Amurdad, a horse was presented to I’tibar K. ‘Aqil K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 800 horse.

On the night of Saturday, the 4th of the Ilahi month of AmurdadI corresponding with 15 Sha’ban, was the feast of the Shab-i-barat. By order, they decorated and brought

J)andan-i~ma1il, explained in dictionary as tho canine tooth of the Walrus {Tricheclivs rosmarus). Snt there is .nothing black or piebald about walrus-teeth, and Jahangir would surely not admire greatly a kind of ivory which was inferior to that of the elephant. I incline to think that what is here meant is tortoise-shell. Javihar-ddr has two meanings — it may mean Jewelled and also “striated.” SoC” Vnllers. 542a.

‘>5

bofoiv nu’ on tin* rivor. with linnj)s nnd all kinds of fire- works. In truth, the lami>s they had arranged appoarod very pretty, and for a lon.i: tinu’ 1 enjoyed my.^iolf in fioing round aiul looking at them. On Tuesday. ^Iiran.* s. Nad ‘Alt Maid.ani. who wjis one of the widl-brought-up khanazads, was si’leeted for the inansab of 700 pcr.>:onal and .500 horse, and Khwaja Zainu-d-din for that of 700 jtcrsonal and 300 horse, and Khwaja ^luhsin for that of 700 personal and 100 horse. On Thtirsday. the 0th. I wont to hunt at the 'illagc of Satnunagar. Passing my time pleassmtly in going round and hunting on that pleasant plain until Monday. I rctunied on the eve of Tuesday to the palace. On Thursday, the loth. Bi^utan. grandson of ^aikh Abu-1-Kazl (the author), was promoted to the mansab of 700 personal and 3.50 hoi’se. On this day I wont round to see the garden of Gul-afshfin. which is on the bank of the Jumna. On the way rain fell heavily and filled the mead with freshness and greennesfi. Pineajiples had arrived at perfection, and I made a thorough insjieet ion. Of the buildings that overlooked the river nonef that I saw were mthout the charm of verdure and flowing water. These verses of iVnwarl appeared appropriate to the

ViiRsi:.

“ ‘Ti.‘i !i dll y of mirth and jollity.

A daily market of flowers and odoiir.< :

The eartli-lieajis are .sutlii.‘H-d with ambi’rpri.s.

The zephyr sheds ro.se-water from his skirt.

From contact with the inoniinp breeze the pool Is rontthi-ncd and pointed, like the edge of a file.”

place ;

As this garden is in the charge of Hiwaja Jahan, he presented me as offerings with some pieces of brocade of a new fashion they had lately brought for him from ‘Iraq. Selecting what I approved of, I presented the remainder to him. He had arranged the garden well, and his mansab was ordered to be raised to .5,000 personal and 3,000 horse, original and in- creased.

• .Apparently Mirun is a mistake for Bl^an. See ante and Bloch- mann. .">08, and Tuzuk. 307. It is BIzan in I.O. MS., 181.

t The buildings referred to are the garden-houses made by raiwaja Jahan in the Nur-nianzil garden.

A strange circumstance “vras that I was so much delighted with a jewelled da^er-hilt of piehald teeth which ^n ‘Alarn had got from ^h ‘Ahhas and sent to me (see <rwfe). that I appointed several skilful men to go to Imn and Turan to look for them and to he consistently searching for them, and to bring some from anywhere and any person, anyhow, and at any price. 5Iany of my servante who knew my disposition, and ^gnified Amiffi in the couiseof their duty, engaged in the search- It happened that in this city a stupid stranger bought in the open bazaar a coloured tooth of great beauty and delicacy for a triSe ; he believed that some time or other it had fallen into the fire, and that the black: on it was the mark of burning ! After some time he showed it to one of the carpenters on the establishment of my prosperous son ^ah’Jahan, desiring that he should take o2 a piece of the tooth in order to make a ring and pointed out that

he should remove the marks of burning and the blacknesses, being ignorant that the blackness enhanced the value and price of the whiteness. Those moles and patches were what the tirewoman of destiny had given as an adornment of its beauty. The carpenter at once went to the Superintendent of his workshop, and gave him the good news that such a rare and precious thing, in search of which people were wandering and going long distances, and hastening to all comers and in all directions in various countries, had fallen for nothing into the hands of an ignorant man, w’ho did not know ite value. It could be easily and cheaply obtained from him. The Superintendent went o2 with him and immediately procured it, and next day produced it before my son. AVhen my son Shah-dahan came to wait on me, he at first showed great delight, and after his brain had hetcome free from the intordcation of the wine of joy, produced it, and greatly pleased me —

VzasE.

“ Thy Tha*.* :s happy in liiat thou iiasft made mine happy,"’

I invoked so many blessings on him that if one of them out of a liundred obtai.n acceptance, it will suffice for his spiritual and material well-being.

On this day Bahliiu K.. one of the chief s5crvnnt« of ‘Adil K. came and waited on me. As he had chosen my service ont of sincerity. I host owed on him nnstintod favours, and j)rcscntcd him with a dress of honour, a horse, a sword, and 10,000 dnrhs, with the mansah of 1.000 j>ersonal and 500 florae. At this t ime a jict ition came from j^iin Daiiran, stating that : “ Your Majesty, from the perfection of Icindnc.cs and knowledge of his wortli, had appointed to the govcnimcnt of Thatta (Sind) an old slave, notwithstanding his great age and weak sight. As this weak old man was exceedingly bent and decrepit, and had not. in him the ahilit)’’ to exert himself or to ride, he prajs that he may he excused militarj’ serxncc, and that he may be enrolled in the army of iiraycr.” At his request, I ordered the chief Diwans to confirm him in the pargana of Khushab, with a revenue of 3,000,000 of dams, and which he for a long time had held as a (anldiioah jagir, and which had become peopled and cultivated, by way of providing for his expenses, so that he might pass his time in easy circum- stances. llis eldest son, by name Shah Muhammad, xvas promoted to the mansab of 1,000 pcreonal and 600 horse, his second son, Ya‘qfib Beg, obtaining that of 700 peraonal and 350 horse. The third son, Asad Beg, was promoted to the mansab of 300 personal and 50 horse.

On Saturda}’, the 1st of the Divine month of Shahriwal’, I sent dresses of honour for the rainy season to the Ataliq Coinmander-in-Chief |Qian-khanan Jan-sipar and the other great Amirs, xvho had been sent on duty to the Deccan, by the hand of Yazdan.f

As the purpose of visiting the eternal spring of the rose- garden of Kashmir was settled in my mind, I sent off Nuru-d- din Qiili to hasten on before, to repair as far as was possible the ups and downs of the PunchJ route to it, and to prepare

Sco Jarrott, II. 323 ; it was near tlio Jhclam. Sec also I.G., now edition, XV. 297. It is in the Shahpur distriot. The laiid-rovonuo of it was 2'4 laklis of rupees in 1903-1904. 30 lakhs of dams would be equal to Rs. 75,000. Wian Dauran’s name was Shah Bog K. The Ma’asir says his resignation was not altogether voluntary’. Sec Blochmann, 378.

t In the MSS. the name is VTitten Nardani.

The route from the South. See Jarrott, II. 347, n. 3.

98 -

it, so that the passage of laden beasts over diflibult hilltops might be accomplished with ease, and that the men should not undergo labour and hardship. A large number of arti- ficers, such as stone-cutters, carpenters, spadesmen, etc., were despatched with him, to whom an elephant was also given. On the eve of Thursday, the 13th, having gone to the garden of Nur-manzil, I passed the time in enjoyment in that rose-garden of delight until Sunday, the 16th. Raj a Bikrama- jit Baghela came from the fort of Mandpur, which is his native place, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and by way of ofiering presented an elephant and a jewelled plume. Maqsud K. was honoured with the mansab of 1,000 personal and 130 horse. On Thursday, the 20th, my son Shah Parwiz produced two elephants as an offering, and they were ordered to be included in the private stud. On the 24:th ‘ of the aforesaid month the feast of the solar weighing took place in the palace of Maryamu-z-zamam, and my 51st year according to the solar months began in gladness and victory. It is hoped that the period of my life may be passed in obe- dience to Grod (to whom be glory!). To Sayyid Jalal, s. Sayyid Muhammad, the grandson (1) of Shah ‘Alam Buliari, an account of whom has been written among the events of my Gujarat expedition, I gave leave to return, I gave him a female elephant for his riding, as well as his expenses. On the eve of Sunday,* the 30th, corresponding with the 14th ^awwal, when the disk of the moon was perfect (at full moon) a moonlight feast was prepared in the buildings of the garden which overlook the River Jumna, and a very pleasant entertainment took place. On the 1st of the Divine month, out of the veined {jauJiar-dar) spotted tooth (walrus) which my son Shah-Jahan had given me as an offering, I ordered to be cut off sufficient for two dagger-hilts and a thumb-stall rf it came out of a beautiful colour and was very choice, I ordered the Ustads (masters) Puran and Kalyan, who had no rivals in the art of engraving, J to make dagger-hilts of a shape that

I.O. MSS. Lave Monday,

Tho word in text is shaahsat. Slpaat is a thunibstall, but it may also mean a ring. Soc Blocbmann, 160 and n. 1. i J^iatam-bandi. It also means “ inlaying.”

was approved al this timo. and has become Icnomi as the •Tahanglrl fashion. At the same time the blade and the sheath and fastenings were given to skilful men, each of whom was unique in his age in his art. Truh*. it was all carried out according to my wish. One hilt came out coloured in such a way ns to create astonishment. It turned out of all the seven coloui-s. and some of tlic flowers looked as if a skilful painter* had depicted them in Ijlack lines round it with a wonder-working pencil. In short, it was so delicate that I never wish it to be apart from me for a moment. Of all the gems of great price that arc in the treasury I consider it the most precious. On Thursday I girded it auspiciously and with joy round my waist, and the mastei-s who in their com- pletion had exercised groat skill and taken great pains were rewarded, Ustad Puran with the gift of an elephant, a dress of honom*, and a golden bracelet for the wrist, which the people of India call Kara.f and Kalyan with the title of ‘Aja’ib-dast (wondrous hand), and increased mansab, a dress of honour, and a jewelled bracelet {paJiunclil), and in the same wav cverv one according to his circumstances and skill received favoui-s.

As it had been represented to me that Amanu-Uah, s. Mahabat K.. having fought Avith the rebel Ahdad, had defeated his army, and had made many of the Afghans — who are black-faced and black-hearted — the harvest of his blood-drinkmg sword. I sent him a special sword in order to dignify him.

On Saturday, the 5th, news came of the death of Kaja Suraj Singh, who had died a natural death in the Deccan. He was the descendant of Maldeo, who was one of the principal Zamindars of Hindustan, and had a zamindari which equalled, that of the Rana, and he had even overcome him in one battle. There is a full account of him (Maldeo) in the Akbar- nama. Rdja Suraj Singh, through the advantage of his being brought up by the late king (Akbar), and this suppliant

Bandu ban. In I.O. MSS. it is bandit bardn. Perhaps “skilful painter ” should be “ the Painter of Creation.”

t Should be Kara. See Herklots Qaniin-i- Islam, Appendix XXIV.

at the throne of God, reached high rank and great dignities. His territory surpassed that of his father or grandfather.* He had a son called Gaj Singh, f whom he entrusted with all his administrative affairs. As I knew him to he capable and worthy of favour, I promoted him to the mansah of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, with a standard and the title of Raja, and his younger brother to that of 500 personal and 250 horse, and gave hiiA a jagir in his native country.

On Thursday, the 10th of Mihr, at the request of Asaf K., I went to his house built on the bank of the Jumna. He has erected a very fine bath-house (hammam), with which I was much delighted. After bathing, a feast of cups was held, and my private servants were made happy with cups of delight. Having chosen out of his offerings what I approved, I gave the remainder to him. What I took of his offering might be of the value of Rs. 30,000. Baqir K., faujdar of Multan, was honoured with a standard.

Previously to this, according to order, they had planted trees on both sides from Agra as far as the River of Attock (the Indus), and had made an avenue, and in the same way from Agra to Bengal. I now ordered that from Agra to Lahore they should put up a pillarf (mii) at every koss, to be the sign of a koss, and at every three koss make a well, so that wayfarers might travel in ease and contentment, and not endure hardships from thirst or the heat of the sun.

On Thursday, the 24:th of Mihr, the festival of the Dasahra was held. Alter the custom of India, they decorated the horses and produced them before me. After I had seen the horses they brought some of the elephants. As Mu’tamid K. on last New Year’s Day had not made any offering, at this festival he presented a golden tablet {taMt), a ruby ring) a

Ndbira here cannot mean grandson, for Suraj Singh, commonly called Sur Singh, was fifth in descent from Maldeo (Blochmann, 3.‘59), Suraj or Sur was s. Ray Ray Singh of Bikaner. See Tod, who says Sur Singh passed nearly all his life as an alien.

t Tod has much to say about Gaj Singh, hut the account seems hardly trustworthy.

*^;^rhc text, p. 277, lias a representation of one of these milestones wmifi was outside Delhi. . .

^T^Jl m. ( 2 -/ 5 ^

piece of coral {bussad), and other items. The tablet was hcautihilly made. The total value of the offering was Ps. 16,000. As he had brought the things from pure sincerity and loyalty, they were accepted. On this day Zabar-dast K. was promoted to the mansnb of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. As tbc day of the Dasahril had been fixed as the time of starting, I embarked on a boat with all happy omens and pleasure in the evening, and went on to my goal. I halted for eight days at the first stage that the men might come on, after making all preparations at leisure. j\Iahabat K. had sent apples from Bangash by runners {dah-choki). They arrived very fresh, and were of excellent flavour. I was greatly pleased in eating them. They cannot be compared with the slb-i-khub (“ the good* apples ”?) of Kabul which I ate there, or with the Samarkand apples that the}’’ bring ever}’’ year. For sweetness and delicacy of flavour they cannot be compared with either of the latter {i.e., the Bangash apples were far better). I had until now never seen such delicate and delicious apples. They say that in Upper Bangash, near Lashkar-dara,f there is a village called Siv Ram, in which there are three trees of this apple, and although they have made many trials, they have never found so good ones in any other place. I gave Sayj’-id Hasan, ambassador of my brother Shah ‘Abbas, a dish of these apples in order that he might tell me if there were any better apples in ‘Iraq. He said : “ In the whole of Persia the apples of Isfahan are preferred, and they are of the same quality as these.”

On Thursday, the 1st of the Divine month of Aban, I went on pilgrimage to the mausoleum of the late Icing (Akbar) (may the lights of Allah be his testimony !), and rubbed the head of supplication on the threshold, the abode of angels, and presented 100 muhars as nazar. All the Begams and other ladies, having sought the blessing of circulating round that shrine, which is the circling-place qf angels, presented offerings. On the eve of Friday a lofty assembly was held

Pcrliaps jifc i.s the name of a kind of apple.

I” I.O. MS. 181 has Shukr-dara and the name of the village as^in- waran. The printed text has Siwaran.

102 .

of the holy men the tiirbanecl people {avhdh-ir

— i.e., ecclesiastics, etc.), JIvffdz (those who recite the Qoran), and singing people, assembled in numbers, and practised ecstasies and religious dancing {wajd and samd% to each of whom, according to the circumstances of his merit and skill, I gave a dress of honour, afarji, and a shawl. The buildings of this blessed mausoleum have been made very lofty. At this time the money expended satisfied me, and was far more than it had previously been. (The MS.* here is clear, and the printed words wrong.)

On the 3rd, after four gharis of day had passed, I marched on from that stage, and having traversed koss by the river at four gharis of the day, arrived at the next stage. After midday I left the boat and caught seven partridges (durraj). At the end of the day I gave Rs. 20,000 to Sayyid Hasan, the ambassador (of Persia), as a present, and a dress of honour of gold brocade with a jewelled jlglia (turban- .omament), and an elephant, and gave him leave to. return, •tind sent for my brother with him a jewelled jug made in the shape of a cock, which could hold my usual stint of wine. It is hoped that it may reach its destination in safety. I gave leave to La^kar K., who had been appointed to the defence and government of Agra, with a gift of a dress of honour, a horse, an elephant, drums, and a jewelled dagger. Ikram K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and to the duty of faujdar of the Sarkar of Mewat. He is s. Islam K., who was the grandson of the venerable asylum of pardon Shaili Salim, whose excellency of person and approved disposition and connection in blessing with this illustrious family • have been described in these pages with the pen of sincerity.

At this time I heard from a certain person whose words are adorned with the light of truth that at the time when I was sick and weak at Ajmir, before this evil news arrived

Mr. Rogers here refers to the R.A.S. MS. The I.O. MSS. are not clear. Apparently what Jahangir says is : “ On this occasion fresh items of expenditure occurred to mo, and the former outlay was greatly incretisod.” The word tejamt/d/- (“ expenditure ”) is omitted in the printed copy.

Although* in the time of tlie Into king tlie Rajjnit nobles had built temples after their fashion, and omamented them highlj’ on the outside, inside them bats and owls (ftbabil) had made their abode to such an extent, that on account of the mal- odours one could not breathe.

VBnsK,

“ Outsidi*. lilo! an infidal’H grave, full of crackK,t Inside, the anger of God, the honoured and glorious.”

On this da)’ Mukhlis K., according to order, came from Bengal, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He gave 100 muhars and 100 rupees as nazar, and by way of offering, a ruby and jewelled aigrette (turra). On Friday, the 9th, Rs. 600,000 of treasure for the maintenance (zaMilra) of the fort of Asir were sent to tlie Commandcr-in-Chicf, ^an-lAanan.

In the foregoing pages, something has been VTitten about Gosa’m Jadrup,J who lived as a licrmit in Ujain. At this time he changed his residence to Mathura, wliich is one of the greatest places of worship of the Hindus, and employed himself in the worship of the true God on tlie bank of the Jumna. As I valued his society, I liastened to wait on him, and for a long time enjoyed his company ■without the presence of any stranger. In truth, his existence is a great gain to me : one can be greatly benefited and delighted.

On Saturday, the 10th, the huntsmen represented that there was in that neighbourhood a tiger that greatly troubled

Jahangir says nothing about tho permission that ho gave to Blr Singh Doo — as a reward for murdering Abu-l-Fazl — to build a very splendid temple at Slathura. It •was destroyed by Aurangzib. See Growse’s “ Mathura.”

t Text halal, wliich means “weakness,” or livlal (“striped gar- ments”). But according to tho MSS., tho true reading is Malal, which means “ a crack ” and also “ corruption.”

X The Iqbal-nama, 128, calls him Achadrup, and says that the . Khan A‘zam went privately to him and begged lum to use his influence . with Jahangirfor tho release of Khusrau. Achadrup spoke accordingly, and Khusrau was released and allowed to pay his respects. See irfra for account of his release. After Jadrup removed to Mathura, lie was cruelly beaten by iffakim Beg. See Ma’asiru-l-Umara, I. 570.

105

;iuil injuii’d iho ryois mid wayfnron’. I iniiuotUfiloly iirdoml in to l»rinf: to^otln’i a iiuinlnT of clcidiants and i-umnind ihf foioHt and at the nid of tin* day niVHidf rodo out with niy ladit’.’-’. As 1 hail vowfd that 1 would not injnn* any livini: tiling with my own haml. 1 t<dd Xur-Jahaii*’ to shoot, at. liim. An olojihant is imt at oasi* when it. snndls a fif^or, and is rontinually in movonn’iit. and to hit with a pin from a lit for {‘ivulrl) is a vory diflioull mat I or. insomnrh that. Mirr.;! llnstam, who. aftor mo. is nnoquallod in sliootinj:. has sovoral limos missod throo or four .«lu)t,s from an clophant. Vot Nur.Tahan B. .‘•o hit tho ti^or with ono shot. that, it was immodi!it.cly hilled.

On Monday, the r2th. my desire to see’ the fiosa’in .Tadrfip apiin inereased. and hasteniiif: to his hut. without ceremony, I enjoyed his society. Suhlimo words wore sjiolcen between ns. God Almifihty has granted him an umisnal grace, a lofty understanding, an exalted nature, and sharp intellectual powers, with a Gtul-given knowledge and a heart free from the attachments of the world, so that, putting behind his back the world and all that, is in it, he sits content in flic corner ol solitude and without wants. lie has chosen of worldly goods half a ffnz of old cotton (1‘irjws) like a woman’s veil, and a piece of earthenware from which to drink water, and in winter and summer and the rainy season lives naked and with his head and feet bare. He has made a hole in which he can turn round with a hundred difficulties and tortures, with a passage such that a suckling could hardl}’ be ]»ut. through it. These tAvo or three couplets of Ilaldm Sana’i (may (Jod have mercy on him !) ajipoared appropriate :

“ laiqniaii liiid n narrow liut,

Liki; the linllow of n liiiUi or the Imsoin of a liarp.

A noocllu ])iit tho question to him —

‘ What is this Iiouso — two feed, and a span V Ifotly and with tears tho sapo rejilied — '

‘ Ainpio for Iiiin who tias to dio.’ "

Elliot, VI. :i«7.

t Lu(|mun is the Easteni /Esop, and thnro is much about him in D’lferliclot. In tho second lino llio word translated “hollow” is

On Wednesday, the 14th, I again went to visit the Gosa’in and bade him- good-bye. Undoubtedly parting from him

guluguh, litorally “throat place, ” and tho word for hosoin is slna, tho wliolo expression being slna-i-ejtang. Clinng is a harp or lyre, and apparently tho expression refers to tho narrowioss of tho space between tho lioms of a 15 t:o {chaiig, which appears to bo tho Jew’s liarp), or tho sides of a harp. Tho fourth lino is obsouro, and tho version in text scorns corrupt. Tho words shagh bidast dn jmy scorn unintelligible. Thoj’, hoAvovor, occur in I.O. MS. 181, f. ICln, and in LO. MS. 305, f. 225fl. Tho onlj’ difforonco is that they have n conjunction after bidast. On tho other hand, tho Iqbal-nfiina, Avhich insoi’ts tho linos into tho record of tho eleventh year, has, at p. 05, a different reading for tho fourth lino. Tho words there are ^idna yak bidasi u siJi pay. Bidast is given in Richardson, and tho Farhang-i* Ra^Idi as moaning a span, so tho lino ns given in tho Iqbal-niiina may mean 3 feet and 1 span. Tho author of tho Iqbal-namn Acns so struck with tho vorso of Hakim Snnu’i and tho appoaranco of Jadrup’s dwelling, that ho composed .a masnavl on tho subject, which ho gives at pp. 95, 9C. Thoro is a third version in Daulat Shah’s anthology, p. 97 of Professor Browne’s edition. Thoro, in the second line we, havo lialqa (“ring”), or porhaps “plootrum” instead of slna. We have also two linos not given in tho Tuzuk or tho Iqbabniima, and tho lino containing tho noodle’s question is given thus : “ Kin ohih jiiyast yak pust u du pay.”

“ IVliat place is this, ono skin (?) and two foot.”

-^s if tho moaning was that LAiqman lived in a tent propped uj) by two sticks. In tho first lino, also, avo haA’o wisiigl instead of ktirichl.

Tho linos ma}* bo A’orsifiod thus ;

“ Luqmun’s coll aa’cs .small and narroAA’ to boot.

Like tho throat of a pipe, or tho breast of a lute.

A foolish ono said to tho grand old man —

‘ Wmt house is this — three feet and six span ?’

With tears and emotion tho sage made ivitly —

‘ Ample for him aa-Iioso task is to die.’ ”

In tho NoAvalkishor edition of Hakim Sanii’i’s jioem tho line.s are entered as in tho sevontli book of tho Hndlqn, hut in two B.M. MS.S. (Add. 2.’>,329, f. l-}5a, and Or. 3.58, f. 172h). <hoy arc) placed in the fifth book. Both of these M.SS. ImA’e bidast, ui>p.‘irently, and .Add. 2.5,329, has gbasJi (“six”), bjit Or. 3.58 has s7ias/t. Them is such a AA’oril, meaning hard ground. Both MSS. haA’C sib (” three “), Bidast may projKirly be had-pngj^t (“ hrubhaeked “), or it may be hnd~iytst (” bad and nu’an ”). Tho reforonee in A’«>rse may Ik) rather to the curA’atiim of the rhang (Anibie, fanj) than to its narrowness, for Jaini FjK-aks of the l)a<-k “ Isdiig lauitlike a harp.”

107

my mind, flint do^ircs flic tnilh. On Tlnii’sdny till* intli. I marcliod and pilrhod noar Brindfilmn. At this skifio my forlimato son Snljiin PnnvJx took Iravo of mo for Allahabad, and wiMif, to his ja«ir. I lind inti’iidrd that lio should acrompany mo »)n this expedition, but. as ho had already showi symjitoms of distress, I could not. avoid lettiiiR him go. I pro.centcd him with a tijudiaq horse, a waist, dagger with a veined (jauhar-dur) walrus-tooth (hilt.), and a .«word and special shield. I hope he. will conic again soon, and have the. good fortune of my presence. As the period of Wiusrau’s imprisonment- had been a long one, it. seemed to me that to keep him longer in confinement and deprive him of the good fortune of waiting on me, would be wanting in kindnc.‘is. I accordingly sent* for him and bade him salute me. Once again the marks of his offences were washed with the pure water of forgiv<‘ne.’^«, and the dust, of di.cgrace and humiliation was rubbed off his brow. I hope that the ble.«sing of jdeasing me. and the grace of service may be his lot.

On Friday, the IGth, I gave leave to I^Iukhlis K., whom I had sent for to take uji the duties of diwan to Rhrih Panvli?, and I gave him the rank he lindf had in Bengal — viz., 2,000 with 700 horse. On Saturday I halted. At this stage Sayyid Xiaim s. ^Ilr ^liriin Sadr Jahiin, who was faujdar of Kanauj, waited upon me, and presented two elcpliants, and some hawks. I accepted one elephant and a pair of hawks. On Sunday, the 18th, we marched. At this time the King of Persia liad sent with Pari Beg 3Iir Shikar (chief Imnslman) one falcon (^uiujar) of good colour. Tlicre was another which had been given to the Wian ‘AJani. Tliis one was sent along with the Shfilii falcon (r .c., the one intended for Jahangir), and it died on the road. The Shilhi falcon, too, got mauled by a cat owing to the carelessness of the Jlir Shikar. Though it was brought to Court, it did not live more than a week.

Coinparu Price, 123.

t Ba dusturl liili clar Bangala dil^t.

I think this inuiit mean that his men wore allowed the Bengal batta, or oxcoplionnl allownnco, which used to bo 50 p.c. of pay olaowhoro. See A.N., III. 293, the eighth rea.son for the rebellion.

108

What can I nn-ite* o{ the beauty and colour o£ this falcon 1 There were many beautiful black innrldngs on each wing, and back, and sides. As it was something OTit of the common, I ordered Ustiid Mansur, who has the title of Nadirii-l-asr (wonder of the age) to paint and preserve-f- its likeness, I gave the Mir ^ikar Ks. 2,000 and dismissed him.

In my father’s reign (the light of God be his testimony !) the weight of the seer W’as 30 dnms.| About this time it came into my mind : “ Why should I act contrary to his niles ?” It would be better, to have it still of 30 dams. One day Gosn’in Jadrup said that in the book of the Vedas, which the lords of his faith had written, the weight of the sir was 36 dams. “ As from the coincidences of the hidden world your order has fallen in with what is laid dowi\ in our book, if it be fixed at 36 dams, it will be well.” It was ordered that hereafter throughout the whole territory it should be 36 dams.

On Monda)’’, the 19th, I marched. A horse and dress of honour were given to Raja Bhao Singh, who had been ordered to the support of the army of the Deccan. From this dayj till Wednesday, the 28th, I made successive marches. On Thursday, the 29th, Delhi, the abode of blessings, was adonied

Tin’s pns.sngo bns boon trnnslntod by Colonel I’billottin Ibo A.S.IJ.J. for Pebrunry. 1907, p. 113. Tboro is somotbing wrong in Ibo text. lOnln ‘Alain certainly did not dio on tbo rood (see Blocbniann. 513), for bo waited upon .Tnbanglr at Ivnliin nr (Tusink, 2S>1) ; nor did tbo Mir Shikilr. for Jnbiinglr says bo gave bim a present and dismissed bim. I prosinne, tboroforo, that tbo word “aforesaid” rofons to Idion ‘Alain’s bank.

t Nigiili-ditrad. Perhaps tins means that tbo 2 ininter was after- wards to stuff tbo bird.

J Tills is an obscure passage, and Jadruji’s roforonco to tbo mention of dttms in tbo Vedas is curious, for dihn is said to bo dorivod from tbo Greek dracbmn. However, it appears from tbo Ayln (Bloobmnnn, 31), that tbo dam, tbougb in value only tbo fortictb part of a rupee, woigbod 5 iunhs or 1 told, 8 mushas, 7 sur^s. Tbo ruiice, wo are told tboro, weighed Hi masbas — i.c., half a masba loss than a tola. Conse- quently tbo dam weighed over 20 masbas, and so was not far from being equal in weight to 2 rupees. The weight of a seer varied, and it may be 30 or 36 copper dams wore reckoned ns equal to a seer. By dam Jahangir probably meant or double jmistl. According

to Gladwin, 3i tanks are by jeweller’s weigbfs=one tola, and a tank is 70’112 gr.s. Troy.

lO’J

by tbe alighting of the army of good fortune. At first I hastened •with my children, and the ladies on a visit to the enlightened shrine of Hnmayun (may the lights of God be his testimony !), and ha-song made our ofEerings there, -went ofE to circumambulate the blessed mausoleum of the king of holy men fShaildi Nizamu-d-din Chi^ti), and strengthened my courage, and at the end of the day alighted at the palace, ■which had been got ready in Salimgarh. On Friday, the 30th, I halted. As they had at this time preserved the hunting-place of the pargana of Palam, according to order, it was represented that a great number of antelope had collected there. Accordingly, on the 1st of the Divine month of Azar I started to hunt* with cheetahs. At the end of the day, during the hunt, much hail fell of the size of apple?, and made the air very cold. On this day three antelope were caught. On Sunday, the 2nd, I hunted 46 antelope, and on Monday, the 3rd, 24 antelope were caught -with cheetahs. My son ^ah-Jahan killed two antelope -with his gun. On Tuesday, the 4th, fi.ve antelope were caught. On Wednesday, the 5th, 27 antelope were caught. On Thursday, the 6th, Sayyid Bahwa BulAari, who was in charge of the government of Delhi, made an offering of three elephants and eighteen horses, and other things. One elephant and other things were accepted, and I gave the rest to him. Ha^m of Khost. faujdar of some parganas in Mewat, had the honour of kissing the threshold, I employed myself within the limits of Palam until Thursday, the 13th, in hunting Avith cheetahs. In the space of twelve days 426 antelopes were caught, and I returned to Delhi. I had heard, when in attendance on my father, that it is impossible for an antelope that has escaped from the grasp of a cheetah to Ha’c, although it has not been injured by its claws. In this hunt I, in order to ascertain the fact, released several antelopes of handsome appearance and strong bodies, before they had received any woxmds from teeth or claws, and ordered them to be kept in my presence, and that they shordd be taken the

As stated below, the antelope which were caught all eventually died.

110

greatest care of. For a -v^hole day and night they remained at ease in their natural conditions : on the second day a change was observed, and they threw about their legs as if they were drunk, without any reason, and fell dorni and rose up. How- ever much tiryaq-{~farUqi (preparation of opium) and other suitable medicines were administered to them, they had no effect, and when one watch had passed in this condition, they died.

On this day the bad news arrived that the eldest son of Shah Parwiz had died at Agra. As he was somewhat grown- up,* and was very attached and affectionate towards his father, the latter w’as exceedingly grieved and wounded at heart at this event, and great bewilderment and weakness manifested themselves in him. In order to console and please him, I sent him gracious letters, and covered over the deadly wound of his heart with the balm of affection and kindness. I hope that Grod, the gi’eat and glorious, may grant him patience and resignation, for in this kind of calamities there can be no better driver awaj’’ of grief than endurance and resignation.

On Friday, the 14th, at the request of Aqaf Aqayan, I went to her house. On account of her pre^^ous sendee and her hereditary attachment t-o this illustrious family, when the late king made me a married man, he took her from my sister Shah-zada I&anam, and placed her in charge of my Zanana. It is 33 years from that date that she has been in my service, and I esteem her greatly, for she has sensed me with sincerity. In no journey or expedition had she of her o^vn will remained absent from attendance on me. “When she felt her increasing age, she requested me to order her to remain at Delhi, and to spend the remainder of her life in prayer for me, for she had no longer the power to move about, and found it a great hardship and trouble to come

Text gvl-rang, which seems unintelligible. 181 3LS. hiis haldnak (“somewhat grown-up”). The child was presumably the Sultan Dur-andiA, bom at the end of the ninth year (Tuzuk^ 137), and so was now about five years old. Gul-rang occurs in B.IL 3IS., and may mean “ ruddy.”

f Text has Agha-i-A^jiaman. The 3ISS. have Aqa Aqayan (“ Agha of Aghas ”).

Ill

and go (ap sho nsod). Ono of her felicities was that she was of the same age.’^ as ‘An^-a^vani (Ahbar). In brief, with a view to gi'ing her I’cst, I ordered her to rcinainat Delhi, and in that place sho had made for herself a garden, a snray, an<l a tomb, in the constnicting which she Ims employed heivelf for some time. past. In short, to jdeasc this ancient servitor. I went- to her house, and sl.rietly ordered Sa)’yid Bahwa. the governor of the city, to serve and guard licr in such a manner t hat no dust from any road of vexation might settle on the hem of her content incut.

On this day Raja Ki^an Das was promoted to the mansab of 2.000 jiersonal and 300 hor.se, original and increased. As Sayyid Bahway had performed satisfactorily the duties of faujdar of Delhi, and the people of the place were ranch pleased with his excellent conduct, according to pre\dous custom, the protection and administration of the city of Delhi and the. faujdarship of the .surrounding countn* were entrusted to him, and he was promoted to the mansab of 1.(100 personal and GOO horse, original and increased, and he was presented with an elephant, and allowed to take leave. On Saturday, the 15th. I honoured Mirza “Wall ndth the mansab of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, and presenting him with a standard and an elephant, appointed him to the Deccan, ^aikh ‘Abdu-l-Haqq Dihlan-i,J who was a pious and estimable man, had the good fortune to pay his respects to me. He had composed a book containing the biographies of the Shaikhs of Lidia, and produced it to me. He had endured some hardships, and for a long time had lived in Delhi in seclusion, and the practice of reliance on God, and of asceticism. He is a veiy worthy man, and his company is not nothout pleasure (for me). Bestowing various kinds of Idndnesses on him, I dismissed him.

On Smiday, the IGth, I marched from Delhi, and on Eriday,

Akbar was bom in October, 1542, so she was now sovonty-sovon years old.

t Saj’jid Bahwa is commonly known ns DIn-dar K, Bul^nri, and is described under that name in the Ma’iisir, II. 23.

t Elliot, VI. 360, and Ricu, I. 14 and 365, The book is called Ald>buru-1-Aklivar. id.

112

the 21st, halted in the pargana of Kairana.* This pargana is the native place of Muqarrab K. Its climate is equable and its soil good. Muqarrab had made buildings and gardens . there. As I had often heard praise of his garden, I vcshed mnoh to see it. On Saturday, the 22nd, I and my ladies were much pleased in going round it. Truly, it is a very fine and enjoyable garden. Within a masonry {<puMila, pucca) wall, flower-beds have been laid out to the extent of 140 bighas. In the middle of the garden he has constructed a pond, in length 220 yards, and in breadth 200 yards. In the middle of the pond is a maJirtah terrace (for use in moonlight) 22 yards square. There is no kind of tree belonging to a warm or cold climate that is not to be found in it. Of fruit-bearing trees belonging to Persia I saw green pistachio-trees, and cypresses of graceful form, such as I have never seen* before. I ordered the cypresses to be counted, and they came to 300. All round the pond suitable buildings have been begun and are in progress.

On Monday, the 24th, Mianjar K., in whose charge is the Fort of Ahmadnagar, was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,600 horse. On Wednesday, the 26th, the Giver of Boimties gave my son Shah-Jahan a son by the daughter of Asaf ^an. He presented an offering of 1,000 muhars, and begged for a name for him. I gave him the name of Umid-ba khsh (bestower of hope). I hope his advent f may be auspicious to this State. On Thursday, the 27th, I halted. In these few days I was delighted with hawking the jarz J (bustard or florican) and tu^-dari (also a kind of bustard). I ordered the jmzri-bur (the red bustard ?) to be weighed. It came to 2J Jahangin sirs, and the varie- gated {(Maq) one to 2J sirs. The large tugh’dari was J sir heavier than the jarz-i-bur. On Thursday, the 5th of the Divine month of Day, I left the boat at Akbarpur, and

In Sarkar Saharanpur. Elliot, Supp. Gloss., II. 129. I.G. new edition, XIV. 287.

•f Tho child was bom at Sirhind on Wednesday, 11 Mul^arram, 1029 (December 8, 1C19), and died at Burhanpur in Jlabl’u-g-sani, 10.31 (Fobruary-March), ic22. Padi^ah-nama, I. .392.

X See Erskino’s Babur, p. 321.

r<-!}i;i]»– i’ ISin’i’i iii S.iiiiliji.i!. .I.iriflt, 11. !!<(•. i>r it iii;>y 1» tlif M)_% ’liii Nfir);i <‘f .I:in> ti. II, riI7.

1 ‘J’o fl’-.-ir t!i<> Km!> J ttr )■* it t h.-ip llnw 5 Or i‘< ‘I’rdi/* f>:ind\ )i)>’;itiiii;’ fcnl jotli’ ^ .1:iliiIji”IrV onlcr tluMi wciiild In*

•/> r)>’:ir nut tin- lirii’l; fc.‘otji.-itli’-.

5 iit VhIIit* jis a i-Iiart, Jirnricl n«‘oril, iiiul aliiO

as ri two-<’(lp<‘il Imifn. ?<■<• V^lll<‘r^, irill’n. ‘I’lin wi-.-ijmii is dc’-rrilx’cl in tnxt as ^’iin^tr-i-tittn^ha-i’i/aL’-iiiciz,

was of Venetian workmanship. The hilt and fastenings were made of a sapphire* cut in Europe: in short, it had been beautifully made. Another offering was an elephant which the Raja of Baglana had presented to my son in Burhanpur. As that elephant was handsome and well-behaved, it was ordered to be included among the private elephants. The value of the offerings that were accepted was Rs. 130,000, and he offered about Rs. 4,000 to his mothers and benefactors. On this day Sayyid Bayazid Bul^ari, faujdar of Bhakkar, sent as an offering a rcmg (ibex), which he had brought from the hills when it was small and brought up in his house. It pleased me greatly. Of mar-Mur and hill sheep I have seen many brought up in the house, but I never saw a rang (tame). I ordered them to keep it with the Barbary goats, in order that they might pair and produce young ones. Without doubt, it is not allied to the mar-l^ur or the quchqar. Sayyid Bayazid was raised to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 700 horse. On Monday, the 23rd, having honoured Muqim K. with a robe of honour, a horse, an elephant, and jewelled hJuvpwa, I appointed him to Bihar. On Sunday, the 29th, a feast was prepared’ for my auspicious son Shah-Jahan on the bank of the Biya (Beas), and on the same day Raja Bikramajit, who was employed in the siege of Kangra, came to Court, by order, to represent certain requirements, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On Monday, the .30th, my son Shah-Jahan took ten days’ leave, and hastened to Lahore iii. order to see the palace bmldings lately erected. Raja Bikramajit was presented with a special dagger, a robe of honoVr, and a horse, and returned to duty on the siege of E^ngia. On Wednesday, the 2nd of the Divine month of Bahman, the garden of Kalanaur was honoured by my halting \here. At this place my father had ascended the throne.

“When the news of the speedy arrival of Hian ‘Alam reached

Az mlam-i-farang-tarash. It is difficult to suppose that the hilt was a sapphire. Possibly “ nilam ” is the European artist’s name, or nilaniri-farang may be some kind of European work or material. Query niello ?

flio C’ourt. rvt’n* liny I mmiJ ono of iny Forv’nnlr* fo mod. liim.

I Inndod liiin with nil kinds of fnvonn? nnd kindiiofscs, niul nddod to his rnnk nnd dipiily. nnd I dcckod the hondinps of tho fnrmnns sont to him with an impromptu homistich or oouplot suitnhlo to tho orension, nnd so filled him with fnvours. Once I sent him some Jahiinglri (otto of roses), nnd this <*j>onin(j verse enmo on my tongjio :

“ To tlii-K I’ve till* sri-nt of inyu’If.

Tli.it I inriy Itrinj: <li»e tlm nion «niiel:ly to inyNlf,’

On Tlmrsdny. the 3rd (Ihihmnn). nf. the pnrdon of Kninninir. Khan ‘Alum was honoured hy kissinp the threshold. IJy tvny of nnr.nr he hroupht. 100 muhnrs nnd 11s. 1.000, nnd (stated thnt he) would pre.’ent his offerinps in due course. Znmbll Bep. the amh!i.‘v«:idor of my brother Shnh ‘Abbas, wnsfollowinp him with the royal letter nnd the rarities of thnt countrj* (Persia), which ho hnd sent ns pre.«ent,s. Of the fnvours nnd kindnes.s conferred by my brother on I^nn ‘Alnm, if I were to write of them in detail. I should be accused of e.vnpgorntion. In conversation ho always gave hint the title of Khan *Alnm, nnd never hnd him out of his presence. If he ever volun- tarily stayed in his omi quarter, he (‘Abbas) would go there, without ceremony, nnd show him more nnd more favour. One day there was a qamurqha hunt nt Fnrnikhabad, nnd he ordered Khan ‘Alnm to shoot with n bow. Out of good manners he brought a bow with two arrows (only). The Shah gave him 50 other arrows from his o^'n quiver. It happened that 50 of the,sc arrows struck the game, nnd two arrows missed. Then he ordered some of his nttendnnts who had the entree at feasts and assemblies to shoot uith arrows. Most shot well. Among them Muhammad Yusuf (qnrnwul), shot an arrow which w’cnt through two boars, nnd those w’ho were stand ing by broke out •without control into applause. At the time lOiun ‘Alam took bis leave, he seized him in the

Buij-i-hhmldi (“my own scent “). Tho scont (otto of roses) was invonted liy Jnhiingir’s mothor-in-Inw (tho mother of Nur-Jnhiin). Sho called it after Jahangir’s name.

117

He had drawn the likenesses of most of them, and especially had taken that of my brother the Shah exceedingly well, so that when I showed it to any of his servants, they said it was exceedingly well drawn.

On the same day Qasim K., with the Bakhshi and Diwan of Lahore, had the good fortune to do homage. Bi^an Das, the painter, was honoured with the gift of an elephant. Baba Khwaja. who was one of the auxiliaries of Qandahar, was accorded the mansab of 1,000 personal and 550 horse. On Tuesday, the 3rd, Madaru-lrinahamim (centre of impor- tant affairs) I‘timadu-d-daula made ready his army. Inas- much as the charge of the Panjab is entrusted to his agents, and he has also various jagirs in Hindustan, he held a review of 5,000 horsemen. As the area of Kashmir is not such that its produce may suffice for the expenses of the force that is always on service with the servants of the army of prosperity, and as, in consequence of the report (of the approach) of the glorious and victorious standards, the price of grains and vegetables had risen very high, an order was given, for the comfort of the public, that those servants who were in attend- ance on the royal stirrup should arrange their retinues, and only taking with them those who were indispensable, should send the remainder to their jagirs, and in the same way should take every precaution to reduce as far as possible the number of their beasts and followers. On Thursday, the 10th, my fortunate son, Shah-Jahan returned from Lahore, and had the good fortune to do homage. Having honoured Jahangir Quli K. with a dress of honour, a horse and an elephant, I gave him leave to proceed mth his brothers and sons to the Deccan. On this day Talib Amufi received the title of Malihu-sh-shu‘ard (king of poets), and was clothed in a dress of honour. His origin was from Amul. For some time he was with I‘timadu-d-daula. As the merits of his style surpassed that of his contemporaries, he was enrolled among the poets of the throne. The following couplets are by him :

118

Vebse.’* * * §

Spring longs to riflo thy partorro,

Por tho flowers in thy hand are fresher than those on his branch.

I’ve so closed my lips from speech tliat you’d say ‘ His mouth is but a soar on his face.’ ’’f

Vebse.

Both first and last. Love is aye music and joy —

A pleasant wne both when fresh and when mellow.”

Vebse.

■“ Wore I glass instead of body, rd reveal thee to thyself wdthout thy unveiling. Two lips have I ; one for drinking,

And one to apologize for drunkenness.”

On Monday, the 14th, Husaini s. Sultan Qiwam produced this quatrain :

Quatbain.

■“ A spook of dust sprinklod on thee from thy skirt Becomes Solomon’s collyrium; from the moisture of thy face} “Were tho earth at thy door examined,

Tho sweat of kings’ brows would exude.”

At this time Mu’tamid K. repeated a quatrain which greatly pleased me, and which I entered in my common-place book :

Quatbain.§

“ You give mo tho poison of parting to taste, (ond say) ‘ Wliat . matters it ?’

You shed my blood and expel me (and say), ‘ What matters it ?’

0, heedless of what your dividing sword can do,

Sift my dust and then you’ll know.”

The first line is obscure and the MSS. do not help. Possibly the meaning is Spring thanks thee for robbing his garden, or it may be, Spring is exhorted to rob thy garden. The quatrain is also given in the Iqbal-nama, 132.

t Meaning that the lips were so closed that the mouth looked like a thin scar.

} The collyrium of Solomon was something which enabled one to see hidden treasures.

§ This quatrain is stated in the Iqbal-nama, 133, to be by Baba Talib Isfahan!. He is a quite different person from Talib Amull. The same quatrain is given by Abu-l-FazI, and I am indebted to Mr. Blochmann, p. 607, for being able to understand it. Baba

Talib (f.r.. Talib) is by family an Ipfnhani. In his oarly youlh ho wont to Kashmir clolhod as nn nsco.tic nml oalomlnr, ami from tlio beauty of Iho. place and the ])lcasnnf- nops of the olimato sot his heart on the connln- and settled there. After the ron<jue,’=t of Kashmir he joined the service of t he late hins(Ahbar). and became enrolled nmonK the servants of the Presence. His ape is now nearly 100 years, and lie is now with his sons and dependants in Kashmir, enpaped in prayinp for the ovorlastinp State.

As it was reported to me that in Lahore one. Miyun ^aikh Muhammad Mir by name, who was a DaiA’ish, a Sindi by oripin, veiy eloquent, virtuous, anslore. of auspicious tem- jieramcnt-. a lord of ecstasy, had seated himself in the comer of reliance upon God and retirement, and was rich in his jioverty .and independent of the world, my t nit h-seolcing mind was not. at. rest, without, mectiiip him. and my de.’.ire. to see him increased. As it w.is imj>ns.«ible to po to Lahore, I wrote a note to him, and explained to him the desire of my he.irt., and -that saint, notwithstandinp his great, ape and wealcness, took the trouble to come, I sate with him for a long time alone, and enjoyed a tlioronph interview with him, Tnily he is a noble personape, and in this Ape he is a great gain and a delightful existence. This suppliant for Grace was taken out of himself by companionship with him,* and heard from him sublime words of tnitli and religious knowledge. Although I desired to make him some gift, I found that his spirit was too high for this, and so did not express my wish. I left him t he skin of a white antelope to jiray upon, and he immcdiatclj’ hade me farewell and went back to Lahore.

On M^‘ednesday, the 23rd, I pitched my camp at Daulat- fibcid, A daughter of a gardener was brought before me

Tulib I^faliSnl is not muntiom’d by Dr. Rioii. At Vol. II., G79&, of his C.ataloguo, thoro is nn account of Tulib AinuH, who, it is said, died young, llubii ‘Wblj died soinowbat Inter, and at tho ago of over 100. Sco Iqbabnumn, loc, cit., and Bndnyuni, III. 20.5.

A Mubnnnnnd [^nit^ is niciitionod in Bcnio ns tbo author of two books (sco p. 27.‘5, col. 2). Ono of tlicm was tho Jiiin-i-Jnban- nuinii, and is parhnps tho work incntionod in Riou, II. SOGa, V.

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vrho had a moiistaclie and a tliick beard as big as tbe bilt of a sword. Her appearance was like that of a man. There was hair in tbe middle of her chest as well, but she bad no breasts.* I discovered by her appearance that she ought not to have children. I told some women to take her aside and examine her, as perhaps she might be a hermaphrodite. They found she was in no way different from other women. I have recorded this m this volume on account of its strange- ness.

On Thursday, the 24th, Baqir K., having come from Multan, had the good fortune to pay his respects. In the preceding pages it has been recorded that Allah-dad, s. Jalala Tariki, had deserted from the victorious army and taken the road to ruin. He now repented, and through Baqir K. petitioned I’thnadu-d-daula for pardon. At the latter’s request I ordered that if he repented of what he had done, and turned his face in hope towards the Court, his crimes would be for- given. On this day Baqir K. brought him to Court, and at the intercession of 1‘timadu-d-daula, the traces of disgrace and the dust of sorrow were washed off his forehead with the pure water of pardon. Sangmm, Zamindar of Jammu, was honoured with the title of Baja and the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and was exalted with the gift of an elephant and a dress of honour, ^airat K., faujdar of the Du-ab, was promoted to the mansab of 800 personal and 500 horse. Khwaja Qasim received the rank of 700 and 250 horse, and Taham-tan Beg, s. Qasim Koka, received that of 500 personal and 300 horse. I gave ^an ‘Alam a private elephant with trappings. From this stage, having given Baqir K. the mansab of 1,500 personal and 500 horse, I dismissed him again to his Subadarship,

On Monday, the 28th, I pitched in the pargana of Karohl, which is on the bank of the Bihat (Jhelam). As this hilly country is one of the established hunting-places, the hunts- men, according to order, had come on in advance and pre- pared a jarga (ring in which game is enclosed). On Wednes- day, the 1st of the Divine month of Isfandarmuz, they drove

Some unnccessarj’ details have been omitted here.

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in h’ p.uno from nix kowt. On TlinrHilny, 1h«’ 2n(l, they bronpliJ llioin ijilo tin’ mclosun’. wlicrn It’l In’jul of inountnin fIicoji nini par.olloj; wvro token. Ak MnliAlxit K. lintl been prevented from the pood fortune of coininp before, me. for n lonp time. T ordered, ot his request, t but. if be wns siitisfied with the onler of nfTnirs, jnid wns not troubled with repnrd to .nny oceurrenee. he should le.iv<? his forces nf. their posts {(hams), .ind rome to Court- unnttended. On this dny he Imd the pood fortune to kiss the thre.‘jhold, nnd presented 100 muhars ns nnr.ar. Khan ‘-\lnin was promoted to the mansnb of .^,000 personal and 3.000 horse. About this time .n written rcj)ort came from Nuru-d-din Quli that- he had repaired the Punch road, nnd levelled the defiles ns far ns possible, but- that, snow fell for sonn* days and nights, nnd bay on the hoUVs to the depth of three cubits. It was still falling, and if I would delay outside the hills for a month, I could cross by that route, otheiavisc it appeared dillicult. A.S my intention in this undertaking was to sec the spring and the, sprouting of bloom, my chance of seeing this was lost by this delay, nnd I nccc.‘sarily tunicd my rein, nnd the royal standards proceeded by the way of Pnkli and Dnmtur. On Frid.ay, the 3rd, I crossed the River Bihnt (.Tlielnm), although the water was waist-tlecp. Am it was running verj’’ fast, and men crossed aa-ith grc.at trouble, I ordered them to take 200 elephants to the fords, nnd cross the cliccts of tho jieople over, nnd take across ns avcll those who were weak nnd feeble, so that, there might be no loss of life or goods.

On this da}’ news arrived of the death of Kliwnja Jnhan. He was one of the old servants, nnd from the time when I was prince. Although at last he left my service, nnd was for some time in that of my father, yet as he hnd not gone to nny strange place, this did not weigh hena’ily on my mind. According!}’, after ray accession, I did him such ldndne.ss ns he had never conceived possible, nnd gave him the mnnsab of 5,000 personal and 3,000 horse. I take this opportunity to record in this volume an account of his idios}mcrasy. He became practised in great nflairs and acquired a wonderful skill in business. His capabilities were the result of labour,

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and lie -was void of natural atilitv. and of the other qnalities ■vrhich are tie adornment of m«is nature. On this jonmey ie sufiered from ieart-faihire. hut for some days, in spite of illness and breakdonm, he kept up “with the march. “When his yeakness increased, heyas alloyed to go hack at Kalanaur, and yent to Lahore, and there died a natural death.

On Saturday, the 4th of the aforesaid month, the camp yas pitched at the Fort of Eohtas (in the Panjah). I favoured Qasim K. yith a horse, a syord, and a special shayl {pann- narm, literally very soft, and Akhar’s name for a shayl, see Blochmann, 90). I gave him leave to go to Lahore. There yas a small garden by the roadside, and I inspected the blossoms.

At this stage /TAirf yere obtained. The flesh of the fihv is better than that of the partridge ijcahah).

On Sunday, the 3th, M. Hasan s. Mirza Bustam, yas promoted to the rank of 1,000 with 400 horse, and yas appointed to the Deccan. Elhyaja ‘Abdu-l-La^, the chief foyler, also received the rank of 1,000 yith 400 horse. At this place I say a floyer, yhite inside, and red outside, yhile some of them yere red inside and yelloy outside. In Persian they call it Lala-ir-higam, and in Hindi tTial Jcoml. Thai means land, and as the lotus (kanal) is an aquatic plant, they have called this land-lotus.i

On Thursday, the 9th, a report came from Dilayar K., Governor of Kashmir, containing the good neys of the con- quest of Ki^tyar. Details yill be recorded by the pen of the neysyriter after he (Dilayar) comes to the foot of the throne. I sent him a gracious fa-rmaTi yith a special dress of honour and a jeyeUed dagger, and granted him the revenue

KhTrSja Jahan’s real name yas Dust ]VIuh., and he yas from Kabul. See Blodmiann, 424. Jahan^r’s characterization of him is rather obscure, and I am not sure if my translation is correct. Jahangir had married his daughter. Blochmann, 477, v. 2.

t This is the seesee partridge or Ammopcrdrix SonTiami of Jerdon, p. 567 of first edition. Jerdon states that in Afghanistan it is called the teehoo, and that its flesh is said to be delicious.

5 Apparently this is the Hibiecus mutabilis, for yhich the Bengali name is lhal padma { “ land lotus ”).

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of the conquered province for a year, as a reward for this acceptable service. On Tuesday, the 14th, I halted at Hasan Abdal. As the occurrences on this road and particulars of the stages have been related in detail in the account of the expedition to Kabul, I shall not repeat them. From this place as far as Kashmir, they will be mitten stage by stage, please Almighty God. From the date on which, disembarking from a boat, I reached Akbarpur in safety and prosperity, up to Hasan Abdal, a distance of 178 koss, I took 69 days in 48 marches and 21 halts.* As at this place there is a spring full of water, and a cascade, and a very beautiful reservoir, I halted here two days, and on Thursday, the 16th (Isfandarmuz), the feast of my limar weighing took place. The 53rd year, according to lunar calculation, of this suppliant at the throne commenced auspiciously. As beyond this stage, hills, passes, and many ups and downs were before us, the passage of the camp appeared a difficult matter, and it was settled that H. M. Maryamu-z-zamani and the other Begams should delay for some days, and come on at leisure. Madaru-l-muDc I‘timadu-d-daula al-j^aqani, Sadiq K. Ba kh^ . and Iradat K. Mir-Saman, with the directors of the buildings and other offices, should attend to their transit. At the same time Bustam Mlrza Safawf, Iffian-A‘zam, and a number of other servants, obtained leave to go by the Punch road, while the royal retinue went on with some privileged courtiers {manzurdn-i-bisdf,-i-qarh) and the neces- sary servants. On Friday, the 17th, we marched 3| koss, and halted at the village of Sultanpur.f On this day came the news of the death of Bana Amar Singh, who had died a natural death at Udaipur (become a traveller on the road of non-existence). Jagat Singh, his grandson, and Bhim,J his son, who were in attendance on me, were presented with dresses of honour, and an order was given that Baja Ki^an Das should proceed with a gracious farman conferring the

The word for twenty is omitted in text, and also in Elliot, VI. 367.

f “ On the southern bank of the Harroh River,” Elliot, VI. 367.

j Bhim was the younger brother of Karan (Tod). The passage is translated in Elliot, VI. 367.

title of Eana, a dress of honooi, a Horse, and a private elephant for Eonar Karan, to perform the dues of condolence and. congratulation. I heard* from people of this country that ■when it is not the rainy season, and there is no sign of a cloud or lightning, a noise like the voice of the clouds comes from this hill, wMch they called Grarj (thunder). This noise is heard every year or at least every two years. I had repeatedly heard of this also when I was in attendance on the late king. I have -vraitten this as it is not devoid of strangeness,f but -wisdom is from Allah. On Saturday, the 18th, marching 4| koss, I halted at the -village of Sanji. From this stage I entered the pargana of Hazara Qarlu^.J On Sunday, the 19th, marching 3| koss, I halted at the ■village of Naushahra.§ From this place we entered Dhantur. As far as the eye could reach there were green meadowslj interspersed -with the tlialrhinwal (hibiscus) and other flowers in bloom. It was a very beautiful sight. On Monday, the 20th, marching 3| koss, the camp was pitched at the -village of Salhar.’lf Mahabat K. presented as offerings jewels and inlaid vessels to the value of Rs. 60,000. In tiffs country I saw a flower of the redness of fire, of the shape of gul-4- Malml,** but smaller, and several flowers blooming together in one place, looked from a distance as if they were one flower. Its stem is of the size of the apricot-tree. On the hill-slopes here there are many -wild ■violets,’}-^ -with a very sweet scent, but paler than the violet. On Tuesday, the 21st, marching 3 koss’, I halted at the village of Malgalli.JJ On this day I dismissed Mahabat K. to his duty in Bangash, and con-

Elliot, VI. 368 and n, 1. ■{■ Elliot, VI. 368, and note.

t Elliot has Hazara Earigii.

§ On the eastern bank of the Dhor. Elliot, Joe. cit.

II Elliot has : “ As far as tho eye could reach, the blossoms of the tJial kanxval, and other flowers were glowing between tho green foliage.

It was a beautiful scene.”

^ Salhar in text, but Salhar in Elliot.

** Marsh>mallow of Stcingass and Elliot. Query Hollyhock ?

tt The word -violets occurs in MS. 181 and also in Elliot.

Tho Bib. Ind. edition, Iqbal-nama, p. 135, changes this into Pi.ldi. MS. 181 has Bankli (?) apparently. PakU is probably not right, for the entrance to it is mentioned lower dovvn.

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ferred on him a special elephant’ and dress of honour with a pUstin (sheepskin coat). This day there was a drizzling ram till the end of the march. On the eve of Wednesday, the 22nd, also there was rain. In the morning snow fell, and as most of the roads had become very slippery, the weak animals fell in every place, and could not rise again, and 25 of my own elephants were lent to assist* them. I halted for two days on account of the snow. On Thursday, the 23rd, Sul^n Husain, Zamindar of Pakli, had the good fortune to pay his respects: this is the entrance to the Pakli coimtry. It is a strange thing that when H. M. Akbar came here it snowed at this stage, and it has now snowed as well. For many years no snow has fallen, and there has even been little rain. On Friday, the 24th, I marched 4 koss and pitched at the village of Sawadnagar.t On this road, too, there was much mud.J Apricot and peach trees were bloom- ing on all sides, and fir-trees like cypresses rejoiced the eye. .On Saturday, the 25th, having marched nearly 3| koss, the camp was pitched near Pakli. On Sunday, the 26th, I rode ■out to himt partridges {IcahaJc), and at the end of the day, at the request of SuMn Husain, went to his house, and increased his dignity among his equals and neighbours. H. M. Akbar ■had also gone to his house. He offered several kinds of horses, daggers, hawks, and falcons. I presented him with the horses and daggers. I ordered the hawbs and falcons to be got ready§ {kamar bar basfa), and shown everything

Tasadduq ^ud. This is how ]Mr. Rogers has translated the passage, and this seems to me to be right. Elliot has “lost,” but surely Jahanpr would not pass over so lightly the loss of 25 elephants. Tasadduq is often used in the sense of almsgiving, or of granting a favour. The text 290, line 2, has aksar-i-rah basta hud. The word hasta seems uninteUigible, and in the corresponding passage of the Iqbal-nama, 135, the words are ak§qr-i-rah ajama hiid. This word perhaps means “ muddy,” and this would fit the sense.

t Elliot has Tawadkar.

I Achamba. But MS. 305 has ajamat, and this may mean forest, or woods. Perhaps Elliot’s “mud” is a clerical error for wood, but ajamat means pools as well as woods. Perhaps this is the same .word as occurs in the Iqbal-nama, 135, and means “ muddy.”

§ So in text, but the MSS. ba gqraz basta (“loosely tied”), so that they could be thrown oS if any game appeared.

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that might fly up. The Sarkar of Pakli is 35 koss in length and 25 in breadth. On the east, on two sides, is the hill country of Kashmir; on the west, Atak Benares (Atak); on the north, Kator; and on the south, the Gakkar country. At the time when Timur, after conquering Hindustan, turned his rein backwards towards the capital of Turan, they say that he placed in these regions this body of people, who were in attendance on the victorious stirrup. They say them- selves that they are Qarlug^s, but do not know for certain who was their leader at that time. In fact, they are pure Lahaurls, and speak the same language. The people of Dhantur think the same thing. In the time of my father, one of the name of ShahrulA was Zamindar of Dhantur; now it is Bahadur, his son. Although they are all related to one another, there are always disputes, as is usual with Zamindars, about boundaries. They have always been loyal. Sultan Mahmud, the father of Sultan Husain, and ^ahruIA, both came to wait on me when I was prince. Although Sultan Husain is seventy years old, to all outward appearance there is no diminution in his powers, and he can still ride and be as active as possible. In this country they make buza (a beverage) from bread and rice, which they call sar* It is much stronger than buza, and the older it is the better. This sar is their chief sustenance. They put this sar into a jar, and fastening it up, keep it for two or three years in the house. Then they take off the scum and call the liquor ac7ihl. The achhl can be kept for ten years, and according to them, the older it is the better, and the shortest time in which they use it is a year. Sultan JIahmud used to take cup after cup of this sar; nay ! he would drink a jar of it. Sultan Ilusain is also addicted to it, and brought me some of his choicest quality. I took some in order to try it. I had also drunk it before. Its intoxicating effects arc aphrodisiac, but its taste is harsh. It appeared that thej’ mix some bhang (bang) with it, which increases its intoxicating power. If there were no wine, it could in case of necessity be used as a .sub- stitute. The fniits arc apricots, peaches, and pears (?) (amrud).

♦ Elliot hac «ir.

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As they do not cultivate them, but they spring up of them- selves, they are harsh-flavoured and unpleasant. Their blossoms are a joy. Their houses are of wood, and are built after the Kashmiri fashion. They have hawks, and horses, camels, cattle, and buffaloes, and many goats and fowls. Their mules are small and are not fit for heavy loads. As it was represented to me that some stages farther on the cultivation was not such as to provide sufficient grain for the royal camp, I gave an order that they should only take a small advanced camp, sufficient for our needs and the necessary establishments, and dimmish the number of elephants, and take with them provisions for three or four days; that they should take with them only some of the immediate attendants on the royal stirrup, and that the rest of the men should come on some stages behind under the command of Iffiwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the Bakhshi. In spite of precautions and injunctions, it was found necessary to have 700 elephants for the advanced camp and the establishments.

The mansab of Sultan Husain was 400 personal and 300 horse; I now promoted him to 600 personal and 350 horse, and conferred on him a robe of honour, a jewelled dagger, and an elephant. Bahadur Dhanturi was an auxiliary of the army of Bangash. An order was given that he should hold the mansab, original and increased, of 200 personal and 100 horse. On Wednesday, the 27th, having marched 5 J koss, and crossing by bridges the Nainsukh,* I chose a halting- place. This Nainsukh (repose of the eyes) flows from the North, and comes down from the hills of Dardf (?), which is between the country of Badakhshan and Tibet. As at this place it forms two branches, they had, according to order, prepared two wooden bridges for the crossing of the victorious army, one 18 cubits and the other 14 cubits in length, with a breadth each of 5 cubits. The way in which they make

Now kaown as the Konhar. It rises in Lake Lohusur at the head of the Kagan glen. See LG., old edition, VIH. 365, and ditto new edition, XTV. 272, for Kagan Valley.

t Text Warn. Iqbal-nSma 136 has Kuh-i-Wazuh. MS. 181 seems to have Dard.

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bridges in tbis country is to throw pine-trees* on the surface of the water, and fasten the two ends strongly to rocks, and having thrown on to these, thick planks of wood, make them firm with pegs and ropes, and these, with a little repair, last for years. Briefly, they made the elephants ford, whilst the horsemen and foot passed over by the bridge. Sultan Madrid called this river Nainsukh — ^that is, “ Eepose of the eye.” On Thursday, the 30th, having marched about 3| koss, a halt was made on the bank of the Ei^n Ganga. On this road there is a Icotal of great height, the ascent being 1 koss, and the descent koss, which they call Flm dcvrang. The reason for this name is that in the language of Kashmir they call cotton i^amba) •pim. As the rulers of Kashmir had placed a superintendent there, who took duties from loads of cotton, and delay takes place here for the collection of the duty, it has become known as the Plm dmam^ (cotton delay). After traversing the pass, there is a very fine and clear water- fall. Having drunk my usual cups on the edge of the water in the shade of the trees, I went on to my halting-place in the evening. There was an old bridge over this river, 54 yards long and yards wide, which footmen crossed by. Accord- ing to orders, another bridge was prepared parallel to this, in length 53 yards and breadth 3 yards. As the water was deep and swift, they took the elephants across without loads, and the footmen and horses crossed by the bridge. By order of my father, a very strong saray of stone and lime was erected on the top of the ridge overlooking the river. One day before New Year’s Day ‘we had sent Mu’tamid K. forward to select a spot for the placing of the throne and preparing the New Year’s entertainment. This had to be lofty and choice. By chance, as he crossed the bridge, there was a ridge overlooking the water, green and pleasant. On the top of this was a flat place of 50 cubits which one might say

Text shdJAdar (“ with branches ”), but the true reading seems to be naj (“ pine ”). Elliot has “ sal.”

t This is a fanciful derivation. The word is not darang, but drang, which means a watch-station. See Stein, A.S.B.J., for 1899, p..84. The Famba-drang, however, was near the Ei^an Ganga, and so is not the drang mentioned by Stein.

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the rulers of fate had specially prepared for such a day. The aforesaid officer had made ready everything necessary for the New Year’s feast on the top of that ridge, which was much approved. Mu’tamid K. was much applauded for this. The river Ki^an Glanga comes from the south* and flows northwards. The Bihat (Jhelam) comes from the East, and joining the Ki^an Ganga, flows to the North.

A mistake. See Elliot, VI. 373, note.

THE FIFTEENTH NE^^” YEAR’S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION

The transit of the sun, that fulfils the hopes of the world, into his house of honour in Aries, took place on Eriday, the 15th of the month of Babi’u-s-sani in the Hijri year 1029, (10 March), 1620, after 12-^ gharis, or 5 sidereal hours,* had passed, and the 15th year of the reign of this suppliant at the throne of AUah commenced happily and auspiciously. On Saturday, the 2nd (Farwardin), having marched 4^ koss, I halted at the village of Bakkar. On this road there was no hill-pass (Jcotal), but it was rather stony. I saw peacocks, black partridges, and monlceys (langur), such as exist in the Garmsir coimtry (Afghanistan). It is evident that these can also exist in cold countries. From this place to Kashmir the road is along the bank of the river Bihat. There are hills on both sides, and in the bottom of the valley the water flows with great force, boiling and raging. However large an elephant may be, he cannot hold his feet firmly in it, but immediately rolls over, and is carried away. There are also water-dogsf in the river. On Sunday, the 3rd, marching 4^ koss, I pitched at Musaran. On the eve of Friday the merchants who live in the pargana of Bara Mula came and paid their respects. I asked the reason of the name of Bara mula, and they represented that in the Hindi language they call a boar Barah (VaraJia) and mula

Each sidereal hour being equal to 2^ gharis. t Sag-i-Sbi. Probably otters are meant, ns a name for them is pam kiitlS {“ water-dogs ”). Butin the dictionaries sag-i-ahx is given, as meaning the beaver. The otter occurs in Kashmir, and is kno^m. as rntdar, LawTonce, Valley of Kashmir, 111.

180

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a place — that is, the boars* place. Among the incarnations that belong to the religion of the Hindus, one is the boar incarnation, and Barah mula by constant use has become Bara mfila. On Monday, the 4th, marching koss, I pitched at Bhiilbas, As they said these hills were very narrow and diiBicult (to pass), and they could be crossed by a crowd of men only with great trouble, I gave orders to Mu’tamid K. that, with the exception of Asaf K. and a few of the necessary attendants, no one should be allowed to march along with the prosperous stirrup (with the king personally), and the camp should be kept one stage behind. By chance, before this order was given, he had sent on his own tent. After this he ^vrote to his men that this order had been given with regard to him, and they should halt at whatever spot they had reached. His brothers heard this at the foot of the kotal of Bhulbas,* and pitched their own tent there. When the roj*al host reached the place, snow and rain began to fall. One plain of the road had not been crossed when his tent became ^^sible. Looking on this as a gift from the hidden world, I and the ladies alighted, and remained protected from the cold and snow and rain. His brothers, according to orders, sent someone in haste to summon him. When the news reached him that the elephants and the advance camp had arrived at the top of the hotal, and blocked up the road, as it was impossible to ride, mith great zeal, he, not knondng his head from his feet, traversed a distance of 2^ koss on foot in two hours, and came to wait on me, and repeated this couplet with the tongue of gesture.f

Veksb.

“ At midnight came the thought of thee. I was ashamed and resigned my life.

The poor man was abashed when suddenly’ the guest arrived.”

Properlj’ Bullyasa. See Stein, A.S.B.J., for 1899, p. 85. It is the Peliasa of the maps. Later on, Jahangir indicates its position by sajung that it is 11 koss on the Kashmir side of the Ki^an Ganga.

t That is, I presume, he did not really utter the words, but his appearance represented them. The Iqbal-nSma has, p. 138, mihman, clitt Biga (“a guest such as a Begam ”). MS. 181 has ndgdh chii

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All tliat was in liis store (iisa/.) in tUo way of money and goods, of live stock or dead, he offered for me to tread upon. I gave them all back, and said: “What do worldly goods appear worth to the eye of our magnanimity ? Wo buy the jewel of loyalty at a high figure. Such an event arising out of his devotion should be reckoned as the rising of his good star, in that a king like me with the people of his harem should remain in his house hi comfort and at case for a night and a day. It would be a cause of honour to him among his contemporaries and comrades.” On Tuesday, the 6th, having traversed 2 koss, I alighted at the village of Kaha’i.* I presented the dress (sor u pay) I had on to Mu‘tamid K., and an order was given assigning him the mansab of 1,600 personal and l,600f horse. EVom this stage we entered within the boundary of Kashmir. In the same kotal of Bhulbas, Ya’qub, s. Yusuf K. Ka^miri, fought with the victorious army of my father, of which Kaja Bhagwan Das, father of Eaja Man Singh, was the leader.

On this day, the news came that Suhrab K., s. Rustam Mirza, had been drowned in the Jhelam. The details are as follows : He, according to orders, was coming up one stage in the rear, and on the road it came into his mind that he would have a bathe in the river, though warm water was ready. The people forbade him, and said that when the air was so cold, unnecessarily to get into a river so agitated and bloodthirsty that it would roll over a war-elephant, was contrary to the dictates of caution. He was not restrained by their words, and as the unavoidable destined time had arrived, got in. From excessive self-will and pride and care- lessness, in reliance on his powers of swimming, in which art he was unequalled, he was more determined than ever, and with a Midmatiyya (Blochmann 262) and another servant, both of whom could swim, mounted a rock on the river bank

fivl^an. 1.0. MS. 305 has nagali cliii mihman. The roadihg Bdga or Bogam certainly scorns proforahle. The text is wong ns usual; and has mihdn (“the great”), unless it is to bo road mahan, arid taken in the sense of Moons — j.e., ladies. ’ '

The Iqbal-niima, 139, has Kahta’i. • i •

■ The Iqbal-nama, 139, has 600 horse. ’ ’ ■

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and threw himself in. Immediately he. fell, from the violent movement, of the waves, he could not pull himself together or try to swim; to fall in and go were the same thing, and Suhrab K.* and the Midmailyya thus gave away the goods of their lives to the flood of destruction. The boatman,f with a himdred difficulties, brought the boat of his being (himself) in safety to the shore. ]\IIrza Rustam was much attached to this son. On hearing of this fatal news on the Punch road, he rent the robe of patience, and showed great agitation. With all his dependants, clothed in mourning garments, with head and feet hare, he came to wait on me. What shall I write of the grief of the mother ? Although the MIrza has other sons, his heart was bound up in this one. His age was twenty-six 3’ears. In shooting with a gun he was an excellent pupil of his father, and knew well how to drive elephants and carriages. On the expedition to Gujarat he was often ordered to ride on the front part of my private elephant, and he was an active soldier.J

On Wednesday, the 6th, marching 3 koss, I pitched at the village of Riwand. On Thursday, the 7th, crossing the Jcotal of IIuwarmat,§ which is the most difficult on this road (MS.), I alighted at the village of Wachaha (MS. and print differ). The distance of this stage is 4^ koss. The kotal of Kuwarmat (Kulamat in the MS.) is a difficult one, and is the last of the Jcotals on the road. On Friday, the 8th, having traversed nearly 4 koss, I halted at the village of Baltar.|l There was

The name of SI. Rustam’s son, who was droumed.

t Ka^figtr, wliioh means a uTostlor. But Jnhan^r puns on tho word as if it wore ki^tlgir (“a boatman”). Perhaps ku^tlglr was his name. I presume that the person meant is the other servant. There was no boat there. The Iqbal-nama has either Id^tiglr, or ku^tagir.

J There is an extraordinary account of the Sllrza’s death in Price’s “Jahangir” which quite differs from tho story told here. See Price, p. 138. It is also stated there that he had been- married six months before to a daughter of Ptunadu-d-daula. There is also an account of tho accident in tho Iqbal-nama, p. 139. § Or Kuwarmast.

II Perhaps we should read Bunij’ar. See Stein, loc, cit, p. 87i Jahangir seems to have crossed over to the left bank of the Jbelam in the course of his march. Perhaps he did so at,Ooriu of the map (tJri). Bunijmr seems to be the Bhaniar of the map. I.O. MS. 181 has Butiyar.

13 ^

no 1:ota} on tliis road. It was broad, and plain after plain, and mead after mead, of flowers. Sweet-smelling plants of narcissus, violet, and strange flowers that grow in this countrv. came to view. Among these flowers I saw (noticed especiallv) one extraordinaiv one. It had flve or six orange flowers blooming with their heads downwards. From the middle of the flowers there came out some green leaves, as in the case*^ of the pineapple (?). This is the bulanVrj flower. There is another flower like the puy (?),roimd which are small flowers of the shape and colour of the jessamine, some bine in colour .and some red, with vellow points in the middle, exceedingly pretty in appearance: its name is ladar push.” Tlie_v call it pu^-i-aliyyu-l-umu77i± (the common push ?). There are many yellow nTf}haira7\ (Judas-trees) on the road as well. The flowers of Kashmir are beyond counting and calculation. Which shall I write of ? .-Ind how many can I descriljc ? I have only mentioned the most remarkable. There is a water- fall on this road, verv high and fine. It flows do^vn from a high place. No other waterfall of such beauty was seen on the road. I delayed a moment at it. and filled my eye and heart with gazing on it from a high spot. On Saturday, the Pth. I marched 4-J koss. and crossed over at Earamuhi.S It is one of the noted towns of Kashmir, and 14 koss’i distant from the city, situated on the bank of the Bihat. A number of the merchants of Kashmir live in it, and have built houses and mosques on the bank of the river, and .spend their days ill ca’^* and contentment. According to order.-^. before th<’ arriv.nl of the host of prosperity, they Iiad prepared decorated

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boats at. the place. As* the hoiir for entry (into Srinagar) had been fixed for ]\Ionday, when two watches of the day had passed, on Sunday, the lOth, I entered Sjiihabu-d-din-pur. On this day Dilawar K. Kaknr, the Governor of Kashmir,- came from Ki^twar,t and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He was exalted with various royal favours and all kinds of imperial gratifications. He had done his duty here in an acceptable maimer, and it is hoped that the great Giver of favours may light up the foreheads of all mj– servants with honour.

Ki^twar is to the south of Kashmir. From the city of Kashmir (Srinagar) to the Stage of Alkah (?),{ which is the capital of Kishtwar, the distance is 60 koss by measurement. On the 10th of the Ilahi month of ^ahriwar, in my 14th year, Dilawar K., with 10,000 horse and foot, determined to conquer KiAtwar. He appointed his son, Hasan by name, with Gird ‘All iHr-hahr (admiral) to guard the cit}* and administer the territory. And as Gohar Chak and Aiba Chak laid claim to Kashmir as heirs, and were stirring up strife in Ea^twar, and were wandering in the valley of confusion and min, he left Haibat, one of his brothers, with a force at Desu, which is near the l-otal of Pir Panjal, by way of caution, and, dividing his forces at that place, he himself hastened with a force by the road of Sangiiipur, sending his son Jalal, ndth Nasm-Uah ‘Arab, and ‘Ali Malik Ka^miri, and a band of Jahangiri servants by another road, and his elder son Jamal with a band of zealous young men as an advanced guard to his own force. At the same time he placed two other forces to move forward on his right and left. As no horses could go on the road, by way of precaution he took some with him, but left

Tlioro is an omission in tho text here. The MSS. have : “ As Monday had been fixed for entering Srinagar, I did not think it advisable to halt at this stage, but immediately entered boats with the ladies and proceeded on -with blessings towards the goal. On Sunday, tho 10th, when two watches of the day had passed, I arrived at Shihabu-d-din-pur.”

t See Jarrott, II. 310, n. 7.

I The MSS. have La ? Apparently the kah of text is a relative prjnoun and not part of the name. Perhaps Lah in Ladakh is the place meant.

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nearly* all his sipaliis’ horses behind, and sent them to Kash- mir {i.e., Srinagar). The young men girded the belt of duty on their waists, and went up the hills on foot. The ■of the army of Islam fought from post to post with the ill- fated unbelievers as far as Narkot, which was one of the enemy’s strongholds. There the corps of Jalal and Jamal, which had been sent by different roads, met, and the enemy, not having the power to oppose them, took to flight. The brave ones who offered their lives traversed many ups and downs with the courage of determination, and hastened on to the hlaru river. On the bank of that river the fire of slaughter was lighted, and the of the army of Islam

displayed approved activity. The ill-fated Aiba Chak, with many of the people of ruin, were slain. By the death of Aiba the Raja became powerless and without heart, and took the road of flight, and, crossing by the bridge, stopped at Bhandarkot, which is on the other side. A band of the brave ones (baliaduran) quickly advanced, wishing to cross the bridge. A great fight took place at its head, and somc of the young men attained to martyrdom. In this way for twenty days and nights the servants of the Court tried to cross the river, and the unbelievers of darkened fortune did not fail to attack and try to drive them back, until Dilawar K., after establishing tJidnas and arranging for the commissariat, arrived with his army. The Raja, by way of stratagem and vulpine trickery, sent his Vakils to Dilawar K., and begged that he might send his brother with offerings to the Court, so that when his offences obtained pardon, and his mind were freed from fear and trouble, he could also himself proceed to the Court, the refuge of the world, and Idss the threshold. Dilawar K. did not lend his ear to these deceitful words, and did not throw away from his hand the coin of opportunity. He dismissed the envoys of the Raja without the attainment of their object, and made ever}’ exertion to cross the bridge. His eldest son Jamal, ivith a band of the crocodiles of the sea of bravery and valour, went up the river, and by bravely swimming it, although swollen, crossed over, and engaged in

JJar hull (“in firwral, in bulk *’) (?).

137

a fierce battle with the enemy. The devoted servants of the Court made an attack from the other side, and made matters tight for these mined people. These, when thc)*^ found they had no longer the strength to oppose them, broke do^vn the planking of the bridge, and took to flight. The victorious servants made the bridge strong again, and transported the remainder of the armj’. Dilawar IQian drew up his forces at Bhandarkot. From the aforesaid river (the Maru) to the Chenab, which is a strong support of these unfortunate people, is a distance of two bow-shots, and on the bank of the Chenab there is a lofty hill. The crossmg of the water is a difficult matter, and, with a view to the coming and going of people on foot, they attach strong ropes, and place planks of the width of a cubit between two ropes, and fasten one rope’s end to the top of the hill, and the other on the other side of the water. Then they attach two other ropes a gaz higher than these, that foot-passengers may place their feet on the planlvs, and, taking hold of the upper ropes, may descend from the top of the hill to the bottom, and so cross the river. This bridge they call zampa, in the language of the .people of the hill country. Wherever they apprehended that a rope bridge might be constmeted, they stationed mus- keteers and archers and men-at-arms, and so felt secure. Dilawar K. made rafts {jjiala), and, placing on them eighty of his valiant yoimg men, sent them across the river at night. As the water was flowing with great violence, the rafts were carried down by the flood of destruction, and sixty-eight of these gallant men were drowned in the sea of non-existence, and obtained the renown of martyrdom, whilst ten, by the aid of swimming, reached the shore of safety (i.e., returned), and two on the other side became prisoners in the hands of the infidels. In short, for four months and ten days Dilawar Iflian, having planted the foot of courage at Bhandarkot, made endeavours to cross over; but the arrow of stratagem did not reach the target of intent until a Zamindar pointed out a place which the enemy had no idea of. There, having constructed a zampali, in the heart of night, Jalal, Dilawar K.’s son, with some of the servants of the Court and a band of

138

Afghans, about 200 in number, crossed over in safety, made unawares in the morning an attack on the Eaja, and blew loudly the trumpets of victory. A few who were around and before the Raja rushed out, bewildered, half asleep and half awake, and most of them became the harvest of the blood- drinking sword, while the rest quickly withdrew themselves from that whirlpool of calamity. In that encounter one of the soldiers came upon the Raja, and wished to finish him with a sword. He called out: “I am the Eaja; take me alive to Dilawar j^an.” The men rushed on him and made him prisoner. After the Eaja was made prisoner, his people all fled. When Dilawar ^an heard this good news of victory, he prostrated himself in thankfulness to Allah, and, having crossed the river with the victorious army, came to Mandal Badr,* which was the capital of the country, and is 3 koss from the river. The daughterf of Sangram Raja of Jammu, and the daughter of the abandoned Suraj Mai, s. Eaja Baso, were in the Raja’s house married to him). By San- gram’s daughter he had children. Before the victory he had, by way of caution, sent his family for refuge to the Eaja of Jaswal and other Zamindars. When my victorious retinue approached, Dilawar Hian, according to order, took the Raja with him, and came to kiss the threshold, leaving Nasru-Uah ‘Arab with a body of horse and foot to guard the countiy.

In Ki^twar there are produced much wheat, barley, lentils, millet, and pulse. Difiering from E^ashmir, it produces little rice. Its saffron is finer than that of Blashmir. About a hundred hawks and falcons are caught there (annually). Oranges, citrons, and water-melons of the finest kind are obtained. Its melons are of the same kind as those of Kash- mir, and other fruits, such as grapes, apricots, peaches, and sour pears, are grown. If they were cultivated, it is possible they would improve. A coin J of the name of sanhas^ is a relic of the old rulers of Kashmir, one and a half of which

The MSS. have also iMandal Badr. They have not Mulk after Badr as in text.

t Sister in MSS.

j Zar here does not, I think, mean gold.

§ The silver euanii of Jarrett, II. 354, and n. 2.

ormnl n rujvp. Ij) (lu’ir Inisiness transactions they reckon liftoon snuliasl, or ten rnpees. ns one jwdsjidhl innliar. They call two seers of Uindnstani weight, a imu (inaniul). It. is not. the enstoni for the l\ajn to take revenue from cnllivntion; he takes annually six stDihosl — that is, fottr rnj»eos — from each honse. All the saffron is assigned, ns pay, to a body of Ifnj- pnts and to 700 mnsketeors {tuprJii) who arc old retainens. When the saffron is sold, fonr rni>ces per mnnnd. or two seers, an- taken from the jntrehasor. The whole income of the Raja eonsist s of fines, and for a small offence he takes a heavy sum. I’rom whomsoever is wealthy and in comfortable circum- stances the Raja, on siome jwetoxt. clears out all that he. has. From all sources his income is about. Rs. 100,000. In time of war G.OOO or 7,000 men on foot collect together; there arc but few horj-’es among them. The Raja and the chief men have about fifty between them. I bestowed a year’s revenue on Dilawar K. by way of reward. Ry cojiject.nre. his jagir was worth about. 1.000 personal and 1.000 horse, according to the Jnhaiiglrl niles. When the chief diwans calculate the allow- ances to the jngirdnrs, the exact amount, will be ascertained.

On Monday, the 11th, after two watche.s and fonr gharis had pa.ssed, the royal cortege alighted auspiciously and happily at the buildings lately erected on the bank of the lake (the Dal lake). By order of my father, a very strong fort of stone and lime had been built. It is not quite completed, one side being nnfini.shcd. It is hoped that hereafter it will be com- l)lctcd. From Hasan .Vbdal to Kashmir by the road I came is a distance of 75 koss; this was accomplished in nineteen marches and six halts — that is, in twenty-five days. From Agra to Kashmir, in the space of 1G8 daj’s, a di.stancc of 37G koss was traversed in 102 marches and G3 halts. By land* and the ordinary route the distance is 301^ koss.

On Tuesday, the 12th, Dilawar K., according to order, brought the Rajaf of Kishtwar, chained, into my presence, and did homage. He (the Raja) is not wanting in dignity.

Jahungir went i)art of the way by water.

t Ferhap.s ho is tlio Raja Bhagwiin Singh niontionccl by Drow in liis book on ICashmir, p. 110.

:140

His dress is after the Indian fashion, and he koows both the Hindi and the Kashmiri languages. Contrary to other Zamindars of these regions, he looked like the inhabitant of a town. I told him that, notwithstanding his ofEences, if he would bring his sons to Court, he. should be released from confinement, and might live at ease tinder the shadow .of the eternal State, or else he would be imprisoned, in one of the forts of Hindustan. He said that he would bring his people, his family, and his sons to wait on me, and was hopeful of my clemency.

I shall now give a brief account of the country of KftRbTnir and of its peculiarities.

Kashmir* belongs to the fourth climate. Its latitude is 35° N., and its longitude, from the White Islands, 105°. In old times the country was in the possession of Kajas. Their dynasty lasted for 4,000 years. An account of them, and a list of their names, are given in the Raja-tarang, which, by my father’s order, was translatedf from the Sanskrit (Hindi in text) into Persian. In the Hijri year 712 (1312-13) Kash- mir was illumined by the religion of Islam. Thirty-two Muhammadan princes reigned over it for 282 years, until, in 994 (1586), my father conquered it. From that date till now, being a period of thirty-five years, the country has been in the possession of the Crown, Kashmir, from the Pass of BuliyasaJ to Qambarbar, is 56 Jahangin koss long, and its

Abu-l-Fazl, Jarrett, II. 347, puts Kashmir into tho third and fourth obmafcs, but at Vol. IH,, p, 89, he puts Kashmir into tho fourth 0 ate. Probably both he and Jahangir moan by Kashmir Sri- nagar. The appellation “White Islands” is probably a mistiko -^^rtunato Islands,” safid (white) being mitten instead of m ada, which is the word in the Iqbal-nama. Jazffir.i-8a‘ada (“Tho ortunate Isles ”) is also tho expression used in tho Zafar-nama,

T * ■which is probably the source of the Ayln and tho Tuzuk.

In the extract from tho Zafar-nama given in tho T, Ba^Tdi translation, 430, tho longitude is given as 106“ from tho “Fortunate Islands.” The /ea:t of tho Ayin, Bib. Ind. edition, JL 42, gives 105-40“ as tho longitude.

en.Ii.-?- 1- 296. The translator was MuIIa Shah Mul.i. of

^tihabud. See also Bloclimann, lOG,

. maps and the Bolvasaka of Stoin. Qambarbar ,

IS Parutar in text. The Iqbal-niima, 147, has Qambarbar. It is

broadth is novor more limn 27 koss, or less limn 10. koss. Shaikh Abu-l-l’nr.l 1ms. in Ihc Akbar-nnnm, slat-cd, by Ruess nntl oonjoctnro. llmt llm Icnglh of Kashmir from the Kif^nn (tanpl lo Qambarbar is 120 koss. and its breadth from 10 to 25 koss. 1. out of pnulence and caution, appointed a number of inistworlhy and intelligent men to measure the length and breadth with ropes (fanab). The result was that what the Shaikh wrote ns 120 koss came out os 67. As it is agreed that the boundary of a countrj’ is the place up to which j>eoide si>oak the language of that country, it follows that the boundary of Kashmir is Buliynsa, which is 11 koss on this side (i.c., oast) of the Ki^an Ganga. So, according to t he preceding figures, the length of Kashmir is 56 (67 — 1 1 ) koss. The variations in breadth were found to be not more than 2 koss. The koss* which is in use during my reign is that jircscribed by mj* father. That is. a koss is 5,000 yards, and the yard is 2 shar’x j’ards. each of the latter (3’nrds) being 24 digitsf {onguslif). Wherever the koss or gaz is men- tioned, the reference is to the above ko.ss and the above gaz. The name of the city is Srinagar, and the Bihat river flows

oviclcntly tho Qaailxirlier of .Tnixott, IT. 347 nnil 301. It lins in tho Foulh-cast of Kashmir. Measured by the compass, Jnhungir’s 07 is much more correct than Aliu-bFnzrs 120. Tim I.G. now edition gives tho area of Kashmir and Jammu ns S0.900 square miles. T.rfiuTonec states tho approximate length of tho valley ns 84 miles, and tho breadth ns from 20 to 25 miles.

The word used by Jahangir is dara’, which is given by Stcingnss as Arabic, and ns moaning a yard. l^ra‘ again, is given ns equal to n cubit. Clearly Jahangir uses the word horo ns equivalent to a gaz or yard, for ho says that thoro nro 5,000 dara’ in tho koss adopted by hims^‘If and his father, and AbuJ-FazI in tho Ayln (Jnrrctt, II. 414) says tho koss is 5,000 gaz. Tho word dara’ is also rondored gaz in tho Hindustani Iranslnlion of tho Memoirs. Thoro is an important discrepanoj’ between tho two I.O. MSS. and tho printed text of tho Memoirs. Tho former, instead of saying that tho dara’ or yard is=

2 shar’i dara’, say that IJ dara’ nro =2 shar’t dara’. In tho A5’in (Jarrett, II. 417) tho gaz is given ns equal to 24 digits. Sco later on, p. 303 of text, whoro, in describing Shah Shuja’s accident, 7 dara’ aro said to bo equal to 10 shar’t, or ordinary, gaz.

t See text (tliirtconth year), p. 234, where it is stated that tho Ilahi gaz is 40 finger-breadths.

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through the midst of it. They call its fountain-head ^Tr-nag.* It is 14 koss to the south. By my order they have made a building and a garden at that source. There have been built in the city four very strong stone and Trooden bridges, over which people come and go. They call a bridge in the language of this country Tcadah There is a very lofty mosque in the city, one of the marks of Sultan Sikandar.f made in 795 (1393). After a time it was burnt, but was rebuilt by Sultan Husain. It had not been com- pleted when the mansion of his life fell donm. In 909 (1503-04) Ibrahim Maqri, Vizier of Sultan Husain, finished it handsomely. From that day till now it is 120 years since it has been in existence. From the Mihrab to the eastern wall it is 145 yards, and its breadth is 144 yards, containing four {faq) alcoves. On all sides of the hall they have erected beautiful cloisters and pillars. In short, no better memorial of the rulers of Kashmir has been left than this. 3Iir Sayyid ‘Ali of Hamadan (may his grave be sanctified !) was for some time in this city. There is a monastcryt to his memory. Near the city there arc two§ large lakes full of water all the year round. Their flavourU does not vary; they are the means for coming and going of the people, and for the conveyance of grain and firewood on boats. In the city and parganas there are 5,700 boats, with 7,400^ boatmen.

Mr is willow, so Vir-nug means Willow-fountain.

t Jnrrctt. 11. 3S7. The I.G., XXIII. 100. says it was built by Zainu-l-‘ubidin. Tlio in.scription show.s that Zainu-l-‘5bidm built it (Lawronw. 290). It is stated there that it was also biinit in 10:;9. A. II. — in the year of Jahiinf ir’s visit.

J KJkfinnquht. Lawrence. 292.

§ So in text and 5I.S.S., but perhaps dii is a mistake, for I)al. How- ever, the I.G. siK’aks of two lakes, the Dal and the Anchar (north of Srinagar). See al.«o I-‘iWTence, 20 and 30.

„ I’rob-ibly the meaning is that tho water never causes indige.*<t.V ri. Abfi-l-I’.irl sjs-aks <tf fh« stre.anis Ix’ing kluish-gHwar — I’.r., their wat’r ix fligi-,-lib!e.

^ Th*’ numloT of Ixjatrnon. when comjwred with the numlx’r of 'erv’ small, but tho figures are the same in the I.O. IMSS. and in tlu- I«|bril-nSma, 149. iVrhaps the, word M’t. 20, has l«-<‘n omitted, and we should read 27.400 lx)atmcn. Dawrenee states the numl»-r of Ixxatmen at 33.870. and tin- boat.s, exclu-Bive of privi»te

Tlio omintry of Kashmir 1 ms thir(y*cipht parfinims. K is liivhJod info (wo provinri’s; (ho (orritory on llm tipper part of thi’ river (hoy eall and (hnl on (ho lower Kamraj.

1( i’: no( (Ijo onsfoni (o tise {lold njjd silver for paynicid. of (he revenno from land or in commerce, oxcojit for a portion nf (ho cesses {f^a’fr-jihat).*’ They reckon the value of things in hhanriirs of rice, each hhirwar hoinj’ (hrcc maiinds and oijjht .soor.s of (ho current woi<ih(. The Kash- miris reckon (wo seers as one maund. and four maunds, or eight seers, make one tarl:. The revenue of Kashmir i.s no.tM.n.lO I’hnrmlrx and 11 torl-x. which in cash represents T.lG.TO.OmidJnic. Ordinarily i( maintains 8..0OO hon’o. It is very diflicult to enter Tvashmir. The routc.s hy Ilhimbharf and I’akli are (he best. Though that by Bhimbhar is the shorter, yet if <1110 wishes to find spring in Elashmir. he is con- linod to the r(»ad by Bakli. for the other roads at. this season arc blocked with snow. If one were to take lo praise Kashmir, whole books would have to Ijc written. .Accordingly a mere summary will be recorded.

Ivashmir is a gardon+of eternal spring, or an iron fort to a palace of kings — a delightful flower-bed. and a heart-expand- ing heritage for dervishes. Its pleasant meads and enchanting cascades are beyond all dc.‘scription. There arc running streams and fountains l)e3*ond count. Wherever the eye reaches, there arc verdure and runnitig water. The red rose, the violet, and the narcksus grow of tlicmselves; in the fields,

ones, nt g.-llT. The revtanio of K.ishmir, ns stnt«‘(l by .)nliun(ir. is that mentioned in the A 3 In, .Jnrrett. II. 3GG, and is according to the assessment of QazI ‘All. In tlui two I.O. 5ISS. tho corresponding nnmIxT of diiins is given as 7,-IG,70,-100 (Rs. l.SGG,7C0), being onK” 11 less than that given in Jnrrott, II. 307, line 3. Tho figures given in LuwTcnce, 234. art* taken npparontlj’ from the Persian text (coni [rare Bib. Ind, edition, I. ."»7I), com’.sjionding to .larrett, II. 308. Tho pargana Der, which l..awrence failed to trace, is a mistake for the well- knoM-n Ver, dal having lx*en written or road bj’ mistake for tea,

Compare Jnrrett, 11. 3GG. “Somo part of tho Snir Jihnt cesses arc taken in cash.” t Jnrrett, II, 347.

t Compare Jnrrett. II. 348, whore we luivo “ the countrj- is on- clmnting, and might be fittingly called a garden of perpetual spring surrounding a citadel terraced to the skies.”

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there are all kinds of flowers and all sorts of sweet-scented herbs more than can be calculated. In the soul-enchanting spring the hills and plains are filled with blossoms; the gates, the walls, the courts, the roofs, are lighted up by the torches of banquet-adorning tulips. What shall we say of these things or of the wide meadows (julgaha) and the fragrant trefoil ?

Vebse.

“ The garden-nj-mphs* wore brilliant,

Their checks shone like lamps ;

There were fragrant buds on their stems (or ‘under their rind ’),

Like dark amulets on the arms of the beloved.

The wakeful, odc>rchcarsing niglitingalc Wliottod the desires of wine-drinkers ;

At each fountain the duck dipped his beak Like golden scissors cutting silk ;

There wore flower-carpets and fresh rosebuds,

The wind fanned the lamps of the roses.

The violet braided her locks.

The buds tied a knot in the heart.”

The finest inflorescence is that of the almond and the peach. Outside the hill-country the commencement of blos- .soming is the 1st Isfandarmuz (February 10). In the territory of Kashmir it is let Farwardm (March 10), and in the city gardens it is the 9th and 10th of that month, and the end of their blooming joins on to the commencement of that of the blue jessamine. In attendance on my revered father I frequently went round the saffron fields, and beheld the spectacle of the autumn. Thank God that on this occasion I bclicld the bcautiesf of the spring. The beauties of tlic autxirnn shall be described in their place. The buildings of Kashmir arc all of wood; they make them two-, three-, and four-storied, and covering the roofs with earth, they plant bulbs of the chaugha-^t tulip, which blooms year after year

• That the flowers.

t Text jtniyinVift, hut I.O. 3ISS. have IrhubVia.

.Apparently the projx’r spellinc is Vullerh’ s. v,

and iJahar-j-‘ajain, oR5, col. a. It i*? a black tulip. Sir George King tliought it might b* the Fritillaria See .Tarrett,

ami rt. 1.

145

in the spring season, and is exceedingly beautiful. This custom is peculiar to the people of Kashmir. This year, in the little garden* of the palace and on the roof of the chief mosque, the tulips blossomed luxuriantly. There are many blue jessamines in the gardens, and the white jessamines that the people of India call chambiU are sweet-scented. Another kind

is of the colour of sandal-wood, and this is also very sweet- scented. This is special to Kashmir. I saw several sorts of red roses: one is specially sweet-scented, and another is a flower of the colour of sandal (light yellow), with an exceed- ingly delicate scent. It (the scent ?) is of the nature of (that of) the red rose, and its stem is like that of the red rose. There are two kinds of lilies. That which is grown in gardens is vigorous (haUda) and fresh (lit. green) coloured, the other is a wild land. Although the latter has less colour it is very fweet-scented. The flower of the Jajarlf (a yellow flower) is large and sweet-scented; its stem is above a man’s height, but in some years, when it has grown large and has flowered, a worm is produced, and spreads over the flower a kind of spider’s web, and destroys it and dries up its stem. This year it has so happened. The flowers that are seen in the territories of Kashmir are beyond all calculation. Those that Nadiru-l-‘asri Ustad Mansur,J has painted are more than 100. Before my father’s time there were no ^dh- dlu (cherries).§ Muhammad|| Quli Af^ar brought them from Elabul and planted them, and there are now ten or fifteen fruit-bearing trees. There were also some apricot-trees. The aforesaid made them known in this country, and now there are many of them. In fact, the apricotTf of Kashmir is good.
Nur-afza garden. See infra.

t Tageles pahila. The genda of Bengal ?

t Compare text, p. 236.

§ Compare Jarrett, II. 349, where the words “ Besides plums and mulberries” should bo “except cherries (^ah-alu) and ^ah-tut” (a large mulberry).

II Blochmann, 411. Abu-1-Fazl, Ayin, Blochmann, 65, speaks of cherries coming from Kabul. But cherries both sweet and sour are mentioned in the T. Ea^dl as growing in Kaslimir (Translation, P..425).

• Tf Zard-alu-i-paiwandl.

14G

There was a tree in the Shahr-ara garden at Kabul, called Mlrza’l, better fniit than whieh I had not eaten, but in Kashmir there are trees equal to this in the gardens. There are pears (mshjmn) of the best kind, better than those of Kabul, or Badakhshan, and nearly equal to those of Samar- kand. The apples of Kaslimir arc celebrated for their good- ness. The guavas (nuirurf) are middling. Grapes are plenti- ful. but most of them are harsh and inferior, and the pome- granates are not worth much. Water-melons of the best kind can be obtained. The melons arc very sweet and creased. (? shihamndaf’. but for the most part when they become ripe a worm is found in them that spoils them. If by chance they are preserved from this misfortune they are very delicate. There are no (some kind of large mulbenv’), but

there are other (M/) mulberries ever'wherc. From the foot of every mulberry-tree a ^•ine-creeper grows:!: up. In fact, the mulberries of Kashmir are not fit to eat. with the exception of some, on trees grown iir gardens, but the leaves aroused to feed the silkworm. They bring the silkworms* eggs from Gilgit and Tibet. There is plenty of wine and vinegar, but the wine is sour and inferior, and in the Kashmir language is called mas. After they take cups of it some heat of head ensues. They make various pickles with the Aunegar. As the garlic of Kashmir is good, the best pickle is that of garlic. There are all kinds of crops except peas. If they sow peas, they give a crop the first year, in the second they are inferior, and in the third year they are like imi^ang.% Bice is the principal crop. Probably there are three parts imder rice and one tmder all other grains. The chief food of the people of Kashmir is rice, but it is inferior. They boil it fresh.ii and allow it to get cold, and then eat it, and call it baifia. It is not usual to

^ihtnanda. quen*, melting. The word occurs also in Iqhal- nama. 152. Possibly it means “ with good marldngs.”

t But SCO I.G.. XV. 124. where ^5h-tut is mentioned. See also La^wrenee. S4S.

J Compare Jarrett, II. 340.

§ Jfii^ang or mu^anj, a small pea pisum arvensc ”).

11 Text. hhvfhka~1ar. MSS. have Jdi vshka norm. Perhaps wc should translate it is inferior and dry. They boil till it is soft, etc.” The Iqbal-namn has W wsSfro norm vii-pazand.

147

(alee tlioir food warm. bill, people of small menus keep a port ion of the hntlw for a night, and cat it next day. Salt is brought from India. It is not the custom to put .salt into the Imtha. They boil vegetables in water, and throw in a little salt, in order to alter the tlavour. and then eat them along with the hatha. Tho.se who want to have something tasty put a lit t Ic walnut -oil int o t he vegetables. Walnut-oil soon becomes bitter and evil-llavourod. They also use cow-oil (ratajhan — i.c., ghi), but (his is taken fresh, and frc.sh from newly-made butter {manka). They throw this into the food, and call it “ sada-pak " in t he Kashmiri langnagc. As the atmosphere is cold and damp, it becomes altered by being kept for three or four days. There are no buffaloes, and the cattle arc small and inferior. The wheat* is small and of little .substance {J:am maghz). It is not the custom to cat bread {nun). There arc taillc.-s sheep, ro.’-embling the /.•flrfj’j’ (or gaddi) of India. They are called handfi. and their flc.sh is not without flavour. Fowls, geese, and ducks {mnrghald) — golden and others — are jdcntiful. There are all kinds of fi.sh, both with and without scales, but they are inferior. The woollen cloths arc well known. Men and women wear a woollen tunic {hirla), and call it paitH. If they do not put on a tunic, they believe that the air affects them, and even that it is impossible to digest their food without it. The shawls of Kashmir^ to which mj’’ father gave the name of pann-narm, arc very famous : there is no need to praise them. Another kind is laharma {naharma in the printed version); it is thicker than a shawl, and soft.J

Tlic sontciici* aljuiit wlii’nl is omitted in tho text.

t Text kuhi {“liill”) ; but this is opposed to tho MSS and also to tho Ayln-i-Akbari which .Jahangir is evidently copying. Sco Jarrett, II. 3.50, and n. 3. and Persian text, I. 503. Tho I.O. JISS. of Tuzuk have kaddX or gaddi. Gaddi is tho name of a pastoral tribe (sco Ijawrencc, 12), and there i.s a Turkish word kedi moaning a cat, and a word gaddi which means “homed,” Tho Iqbill-nama, 153, has “ kadi-i-JIindu^tun.’’ Jarrett, loc. ci7, states that handu in ICashmiri means a domestie ram. The word for tailless is bi-dumba, and perhap.s means that the sheep have not tho enormously thick tails of somo kinds of hill sheep.

t Possiblj’ iiahrma (“like a river”), is right, for tho garment is said to bo mavj-dar (“having waves”). Tho_ word mauj-dar occurs in tho Iqbal-nama, 153, and in the two I.O. MSS.

148

Another is called darma. It is like a jitl-i-Mirsalc* and is put over carpets. TVith the exception of shawls they make other woollen materials better in Tibet. Though they bring the wool for the shawls from Tibet they do not make them there. The wool for shawls comes from a goat which is peculiar to Tibet. In Kashmir they weave the paffn shawl from wool, and sewing two shawls together they smooth them into a kind of saqarlat (broad-cloth), which is not bad for a rain-coat. The men of Kashmir shave the head and put on a round turban, and the common women do nob wear clean, washed clothes. They use a tunic of paffu for three or four years; they bring it unwashed from the house of the weaver, and sew it into a tunic, and it docs not reach the water till it falls to pieces. It is considered wrong to wear drawers (t:ar); they wear the txinic long and ample as far as the head and falling down to the feet, and they also wcarf a belt. Although most of the houses arc on the river-bank not a drop of water touches their bodies. In short, they arc ns dirty outside as inside, without any cleanliness. In the time of Mirza Haidar there were many skilled people there. They were skilled in music, and their lutes, dulcimers, harps, dnims, and flutes were celebrated. In former times they had a musical instrument like a lute, and used to .‘«ing in the Ivnshmiri language compositions according to Hindi musical modes, there being even two or three modes combined to- gether. Moreover, many sing together in chorus. In fact, Kashmir is much indebted to Mlrzii Haidar for its excellencies. Before the reign of my father the chief method by which the people of these parts rode was on gunls (ponies). They had no large horses, but used to bring ‘Iraq and Turki hor.«cs by way of rare gifts for their rulers, Gant means a ijubat (pony).

• JvJ n coverlet, ,in<l l-hirrak nie.ins n little Ixsir, but is tqiplietl to r. ri)!)j.’li ‘uo’>Itcit eovi-rlet — a ilrupci’t. Ihumn is n iinrim in IJeneal (nr t\ ree*l mat,

t Pi’rhajn “tie it at tlie w:»i«t,” But see Iviwrejice, “.VJ : “The i’.iuililarfi a pinlt-, but no *lr.iwcr“.”

t Tbi- b » ve f’tttu. Both tliey.aiul the te.xt have ab’o the Monls

e.’.r,hlr ilnr.fi f ttnvUL. Chat nr thnnn means a dwarf, f.ifer-

«I!y it mean- “four “boubb-r-,” Jin’l Vulli-r- follow in”, tie; ISiln’r-i-

They have (liiok shonldors, niul arc low in the body. They nro common in other of the hill-connl.rie.s of Indin. For the most. part, they nrc \ncious* and hard-mouthed. When this God-croated flower-garden acquired ctcnial beauty under the au.spices of the State, and by the blc.’s.sing of the t-caching of the Alexander-minded I^aqan, many of the Aimaqs (cavalry) were pre-cented with jngirs in this Subah, and herds of ‘Iraqi and Turki hordes were gi'on them to breed from (Jcih hirra hafjiramJ). The soldier.-? also brought horscsf on their own account, and in a short, time horses were obtainable, so that many Kashmiri horses were bought and sold for 200 and Ks. 300, and even for Bs. 1,000.

The merchants and artificers of this countrj’ are mostly Sunnis, while the soldiers are Imamijya Shias. There is also the sect of Nur-bnkh^Ts,f There is also a body of Faqirs whom the)* call Itishls.^ Though they have not religious knowledge or learning of an}’’ sort, yet they po.sscss simplicit}’, and nrc without pretence. They abuse no one, they restrain

‘AjnJii. (li’llncs it ns a ninn of small staturo with thick shouldors. Endcntly the words ba-zavitn nazdik nro meant ns nn explanation or addition to Chahdr.^dna, and signify that the yabri or laflH has his withers near tho ground. The words also occur in tho Iqbal-namn, 15.1.

• Jangrah « ^ahh-j\l<tv. Jangrah, however, may refer to their gait, and may mean that they don’t go straight, and very likolj’ wo should read tJiangrah going crookedly.” Sliakh •jilati is not in tho dictionaries, and I only guess at tho meaning. Tho phrase is also in tho Iqbul-niima, 1.54.

t Text ildn-i-sajiuin. The real word is ilkhi. whieh is also spelt Vqt and ilghl, and is a Turki word moaning a horse, and also a troop of hori^es. See Pnvet do Courtoillc Dictionary, p. 132, and Vullors

1495, who refers to tho Burhan-i-q5ti‘, Ap|}ondix. See also Zenker, p. 152. Tho Iqbul-niima, p. 155, top line, WTongly has ballMiS (from Balkli?).

X Jarrott, II. 352, and ;i. 1, also T. Rn^Idi, translation, 435. But perhaps all that is meant is tho followers of tho national saint Shaikh Nuru-d-din. Lawrence, 2S7.

§ Taken from the Ayln, see Jarrott, 11. 353. Thoro tho3’’ aro called, brahmans, but this seems to bo an error of tho Bib. Ind. text. Gladwin has “ Rishi.” Tho Ridiis were Muhammadans. See Jarrott, n. 359, whore mention is made of Baba Zainu-d-din R7^. Sco also Colonel Nowall’s paper on tho Rishls or Hermits of Kashmir, A.S.B.J., 1S70. p. 2G5.

150 =

the tongue of desire, and the. foot of seeking; they eat no flesh, they have no wives, and always plant fruit-bearing trees in- the fields, so that men may benefit by them, themselves deriving no advantage. There are about 2,000 of these people. There is also a body of brahmans living from of old in this country, who still remain there and talk in the Kash- miri tongue. Outwardly one cannot distinguish them from Mussulmans. They have, however, books in the Sanskrit language, and read them. They carry into practice what- ever relates to the worship of idols. Sanskrit is a language in which the learned of India have composed books, and esteem ■ them greatly. The lofty idol temples which were built before the manifestation of Islam are still in existence, and are all built of stones, which from foundation to roof are large, and weigh 30 or 40 maunds, placed one on the other. Near the city there is a small hill which they call Kuh-i-Maran* (“ The Wicked Hill,” Lawrence 298), as well as Hari Parbat. On the east side of the hill there is the Dal Lake, which measures round a little more than koss.f My father (may the lights of Allah be his testimony !) gave an order that they should build in this place a very strong fort of stone and lime; this has been nearly completed during the reign of this suppliant, so that the little hill has been brought into the midst of the fortifications, and the wall of the fort built round it. The lake is close to the fort, and the palace overlooks the water. In the palace there was a little garden, with a small building in it in which my revered father used constantly to sit. At this period it appeared to me to be very much out of order and ruinous. As it was the place where that veritable qihla (place turned towards in prayer) and visible Deity used to sit, and it is really a place of prostration for this suppliant, therefore its neglected state did not appear right to me. I ordered Mu’tamid K., who is a servant who Icnows my temperament,

Text Bilriln. MSS. Imvo Manln, and Enstwick hns Koh-i* Mnhrnn. Ho calls it nn isolatod hill 250 foot high. It is on tho north outskirts of tho oity. Sco also Lawronco, 184, and «. 2, and Stoin, 147-48.

•f Tho Dal Ijoko is .S‘87 niilos long and 2'58 broad, tho Anohar Dal is 3 51 milos long and 2'15 broad. Lawronco, 20.

151

to make every effort to put the little garden in order and repair the buildings. In a short space of time, through his great assidrdty, it acquired new beauty. In the garden he put up a lofty terrace 32 yards square, in three dmsions (jiiJ’a), and having repaired the building he adorned it with pictures by masterhands, and so made it the envy of the picture gallery of ^iha. I called this garden Nur-afzd (light increasing).

On Friday, the 15th of the Divine month of Farwardin, two quids oxen, out of the ofierings of the Zamindar of Tibet, were brought before me. In form and appearance they closely ’ re-emble the bufialo. All the limbs are covered with wool which properly belongs to animals in a cold country. For instance, the rang goats (ibex), which they brought from the country of Bhakkar (Sind) and the hill-country of the Garmsir (in Afghanistan) were very handsome, and had but little wool, and those that are met with in these hills, on account of the excessive cold and snow, are covered with hair and ugly. The Kashmiris call the rang ha/pal* On this day they brought a musk deer as an offering. As I had not tasted its flesh, I ordered it to be cooked; it appeared very tasteless and bad for food. The flesh of no other wild animal is so inferior. The musk-bag when fresh has no scent, but when it is left for some days and becomes dry, it is sweet-scented. The female has no musk-bag. In these two or three days I fre- quently embarked in a boat, and was delighted to gof round and look at the flowers of Phak and Shalamar. Phak is the name of a pargana situated on the other side of the lake, Shalamar is near the lake. It has a pleasant stream, which comes down from the hills, and flows into the Dal Lake. I bade my son IQiurram dam it up and make a waterfall, which it would be a pleasure to behold. This place is one of the sights of Kashmir.

On Sunday, the 17th, a strange affair took place, ^ah Shuja’ was playing in the buildings of the palace. By chance there was a window with a screen in front of it looking towards

MSS. havo kil, and so lias tho Iqbal-nama. Kil is given in La^rrence, 114. as the Kashmir name for the ibex.

t Jarrett, II. 360.

152

the river. They had put a screen in front, but had not fastened the door, and the prince in play went towards the window to look out. As soon as he arrived there he fell headlong. By chance they had laid down a carpet below the wall, and a farra^ (carpet-spreader) was sitting near it. The child’s head fell on this carpet, and his feet on the back and shoulders of the farra^, and so came to the ground. Though the height was 7 yards* (dara*), the compassion of God, the Great and Glorious, came to his aid, and the carpet and the farra^ became the means of saving his life. God forbid, but if it had not been so it would have been a serious matter for him. At the time Bay Man, the head of the ^dmatiyyaf piyadas, was standuig below the jharoka. He immediately ran and picked him up, and holding him in his arms, was taking him upstairs. In that condition he asked; “ TlTiither are 3mu carrying me 1 ” He replied: “ Into the presence of His Majest3^” Then wealniess overcame him, and he could speak no more. I was lying down when this alarming news reached me, and ran out in a state of bewilderment. IVhen I saw him in this state m3’’ senses forsook me, and for a long time holding him in my affectionate embrace I was distracted with this favour from Allah. When a child of four years of age falls headlong from a place ten ordinary {shar’i) gaz in height, and no harm happens to his limbs, it is a cause for amazement. Ha-Nung performed my prostrations for this- fresh act of goodness, I distributed alms, and ordered that deserving people and the poor who lived in the city should be brought before me in order that I might assure them their means of livelihood. A strange thing was that three or four months before this event Jotik Bay, the astrologer, who is one of the most sldlled of the class in astrology, had repre- sented to me, without any intermediary, that it was predicted from the Prince’s horoscope that these three or four months wore unpropitious to him, and it was possible he might fall do’VN’n from some high place, bxit that the dust of calamity would not settle on the skirt of his life. As his prognosti- cations had repeatedly proved correct, this dread dwelt in

This is tho Ifiihl ga:. f Blochinann, 252, and note.

153

iny mind, and on these dangerous roads and difficult mountain passes I was never for a moment forgetful of that nursling of the parferre of Fortune. I continually kept him in sight, and took the greatest precautions with regard to him. When I arrived in Kashmir this unavoidable* catastrophe occurred. His nurses {anagaha) and wet-nurses must have been very careless. God be praised that it ended well !

In the garden of ‘Ai^abadf (abode of pleasure) I saw a tree which had numerous^ blossoms. They were very large and beautiful, but the apples that the tree produced were bitter.

As excellent ser\nce had been done by Dilawar K. Kakar, I promoted him to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and also conferred mansabs on his sons. Shaikh Farid, s. Qutbu-d-din K. was raised to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. The mansab of Sar-barah K. was ordered to be 700 personal and 250 horse, and I promoted Nuru-llah Kurldraq (in charge of furriery ?) to that of 600 personal and 100 horse, bestowing on him the title of Ta^if K. The offerings of Thursday, the 21st, were handed over as a reward to Qiyam K., the chief huntsman. As Allah-dad Afghan, s. the Tarild,§ had repented of his evil deeds and come to Court at the request of I‘tmadu-d-daula I pardoned his offences; the signs of disgrace and shame were evident on his forehead and, according to the previous arrangement, I bestowed on him the mansab of 2,500 and 200 horse. Blirak Jalayir, one of the auxiliaries of Bengal, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse.

As it was reported that the jughasi (i.c., black) tulips were in good bloom on the roof of the Jami‘ mosque, on Saturday, the 23rd, I went to see them. In truth, one side of that

So called because in Shuja"s horoscope.

t A village called ‘Ai^-maqam is mentioned in Jarrett, 11. 359, n. 1, but it is probablj’ not the ‘Ai^abad hero mentioned, for ‘Ai^- maqam was on the Lidar and a long way S.S.E. Srinagar.

f ^igiifa-i-sad-harg (“the blossoms of the hundred-leaved rose ”?).

§ Allah-dad was s. Jalalu-d-dm Taiikl, also called Raushanl. and he became a distinguished officer of Shah-Jahan under the title of Ba^id K. See Ma’asir, 11. 248, and DabistSn, 390.

154

flower-garden was very beautiful. The parganas of Alau* and Mibri (?) (text has Maud hlihri), which previously to this had been granted to Raja Baso, and afterwards continued to his rebel son Sura] Mai, were now bestowed on Jagat Singh, his brother, who had not obtained the Wka (mark of royal succession), and I gave the pargana of Jammu to Raja Sangram. On Monday, the 1st of Urdibihi^t, I went to the house of Hiurram, and entered his bath-house, and when I came out he presented his offerings. Of these I accepted a trifle in order to please him. On Thursday, the 4th, Mir Jumla was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 300 horse. On Sunday, the 7th, I rode to the village of Chardara,f which is the native country of Haidar Malik, to hunt partridges. In truth this is a very pleasant spot of grotmd, and has flowing streams and lofty plane-trees. At his request I gave it the name of NurpurJ (city of light). On the road there was a tree§ called JiaUhal; when one takes one of the branches and shakes it, the whole of the tree comes into movement. The common people believe that this movement is peculiar to that tree. By chance in the said village I saw another tree of the same kind, which was in similar movement, and I ascertained that it was common to that species of tree, and not confined to one tree. In the village of Rawalpur, 2^- koss from the city towards Hindustan, there is a plane-tree, burnt in the inside. Twenty-five years before this, when I myself

There are different readings. No. 181 has Maud and Milm. Apparently it is the Mau and Nabah of Jarrett, H. 319, where also there are various readings. See also Tuzuk, 263, where the text lias Mau u ^ahra.

t Or Charv’ara. See Bieu Catalogue, 1. 297. Haidar Malik UTOto a history of Kashmir. It was ho who protected Nur-Jahan after her first husband’s murder. Stein has Cadura, rede Isadur, p. 43 ; it is 10 miles south of Srinagar.

An allusion to Nur-Jahan and to Nuru-d-dln Jahangir.

§ Sec Akbar-nama, III. 542, and Tabaqat-i-Akbari extract in Appendix, translation of T5rIJ*-i-RashIdi, p. 490. The place was Khanpur or near it. Perhaps the tree is the Adansonla. See also Jarrett, II. 363. According to Stein, 191, Halthal is the name. of the village, and i.s a corruption of Salasthala. This agrees with the Ayin I. .‘569, but not with Akbar-nama III. 542, where halthal is given as the name of the tree.

155

was riding on a horse, with five other saddled horses and two eunuchs, we went inside it. Whenever I had chanced to mention this people were surprised. This time I again ordered some of the men to go inside, and what I had in my mind came to pass in the same manner. It has been noted in the Akbar-nama that my father took* thirty-four people inside and made them stand close to each other.

On this day it was represented to me that Prithi-chand, s. Bay Manohar, who was one of the auxiliaries of the army against Kangra, had sacrificed his life in a useless (bt-^or/of) battle with the enemy.

On Thursday, the 11th, certain servants of the State were promoted in the following maimer: Tatar K. to 2,000 personal and 500 horse; ‘Abdu-l-‘Aziz K. to 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse; Debi Chand of Gwalior to 1,500 personal and 500 horse; hCr IQian, s. Abu-l-Qasim K. Namaldn to 1,000 personal and 600 horse; Mrza Muhammad to 700 personal and 300 horse; Lutfu-llah to 300 personal and 500 horse; Nasru-llah ‘Arab to 600 personal and 250 horse; and Tahawwur K. was appointed to the faujdarship of Mewat. On Thursday, the 25th, Sayyid Ba 3 ’-azid Buliari, faujdar of Bhakkar, raised his head of honour with the Subadarship of Sind, and his mansab, original and increased, was fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and he was also presented with a standard. Shaja’at K. ‘Arab qbtained the honour of exaltation to the mansab of 2,500 personal and 2,000 horse. Anira’i Singh-dalan, at the request of Mahabat K., was appointed to Bangash. Jan-sipar K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse.

At this time, on the representation of the Commander-in- Chief, Khan-Khanan. and all the loyal people, it was shown to me that ‘Ambar, the black-fated one (he was an Abyssinian), had again placed his foot beyond the bounds of good behaviour,

I liave not found this passage in the Akbar-nama. The Iqbal- nama, 159, says that 70 people stood erect inside of the trunk. Rawal- pur is marked on the map of Ejishmir, a little to the south of Srinagar. Ni7,amu-d-dm, in his chapter on Kashmir in the Tabaqat-i-Akbaii, speaks of a tree under the shade of which 200 horsemen could stand.

t Possibly bi-xarfa onlj-^ means “unsuccessful.” But it is used lower douTi (text 30 A line 8), in the sense of immoderate or unprofitable.

and had, according to hia nature, laid a foundation for trouble and sedition, and as the victorious army had proceeded to a distant part of the country, he, considering it a good oppor- tunity, had broken the pledges he had given to the serv’ants of the Court, and had stretched out his hand to take possession of royal territory. It is hoped that he ’null soon be entangled in the disgrace of his deeds. As he (the Commander-in-Chief) had asked for treasure, it vras ordered that the diwans of Agra should send Es. 20,00,000 to the Commander-in-Chief. Close upon this news came that the Amirs had left their posts, and come together to Darab K., and that the Bargid^ (the 3Iah- rattas) were surrounding his camp, and that ^anjar K. had taken refuge in Ahmadnagar. Tvi’o or three battles had already taken place between the rebels and the servants of the Court, and each time the enemy had been defeated, and many of them lolled. On the last occasion Darab EL, taking with him well-mounted young men, attacked the rebels’ camp. A fierce battle ensued, and the enemy being defeated turned the face of ruin towards the valley of flight. Their camp had been plundered, and the 'ictorious army had returned in safety to their camp. As difliculty and distress had fallen on the •victorious army, those who were loyal came to the conclusion that they should go do-wn by the Pass of Eohangarhf and remain below the ghat, so that forage and grain might be easily obtained, and the men not incur any labour or distress. Ha’ving no choice, they prepared the army of prosperity at Balapur, and the rebels of black fortune, ■with impertinence and importunity, appeared near Balapur. Baja Bir Singh Deo, -with some of the devoted servants, pluck- ing up courage in order to beat back the enemy, slew many of them. An Abyssinian of the name of 3Ian6ur, •n’ho was in the rebel army, fell into their hands, and although they wished to put him on an elephant (see Iqibal-nama 161, the text ■vTTongly has zTr “under”), he would not agree, and was insolent,? Baja Bir Singh Deo ordered them to separate his

Text has Turks (Turkiyaa).

7 Apparently the Bohankhedof L6„ XXL 30i.

X Literally- “ raised the foot of ignoranoe.”

5 A’”’” !■ I •’\»i 1,0, A^hjth :»t’* ‘I I’V lli’*

Iij 1 >,‘i 1 ,!i,!t.;i — ,}■.<• !«‘T! }.:.’ lit »«■ fliut!> il titl pitl til tin

fc Ji ijt ‘i))!;:iMy ti f!if Mi)>!nil!< i| liy tJ)’’ y.tri ;i!ii| tlii’

Mir ’All). Alt’-r tlif “ill mill ii,” thi in i- iii iln* MSS.

!?)" f! iJr Ilif III , “’I’lif (It.‘ilaillV Mill) Jiri’thtintl l»iil

«i!*ir.-v.’ 11) iniir!, ’ri)i. S.tyyiil> il (nr iiiii>t’.ti’li<tl) tlin

V ‘’.iinoiiy 111 i‘i|i- 111 till 111, ■•ilnl ill’’ ll’tj.iin.rii’lti iitiiii).i)i( n lliinl wilnt’’”

108

Jlftkini’H Hon, by wny of cnniion,* woiibl m’o.nr an oatli on l)jo Qonin, and would talco wJinl, was Iii’h duo from iboin. I told tlioni if) do wlialftvor waa ri^ht by tlio Jb’vino Law. Tlio noxt day Mu’tainid Khan roprosontod that tho iSayyido ahowod {‘roat hiitnility and HubniiHsivfMioHa. ‘J’ho jnattorwasaoornplioalodf 0)10, ‘I’ho f’foator roflootion ahown in aaoortaining tho truth in tho inattor tho bottor. I aooordinf’ly onlorofi that Ansif K. ahoiild take oxooodiji^ trouble and forethought in aaeortaining tin! truth of tliia (juarrol, and poitit out auch a way (of uii’ rav’olling it) that no dou])t whatever ahould remain. With all thia, if it eould jiot bo cleared up, 1 would examine them in my own jireaenco. Immediately ho hoard theao worda, tin* Jjnkim’a aon loat both hia handa and hia heart in tho alTai)’, and made a number of hia frionda intorcosaora, and propOiSod a withdrawal. Ilia repre.aonfatio)) waa that if tho Sayyida would notf refer the matter to Aaaf K, ho would give a j’oleaae, and that hereafter ho would have no riglit against nor claim from them. Whenever Aisaf K. sent to fetch him, aa ho was a low deceiver, he passofi hia time in making oxcuaea, and did not appear until he handed over tho d<!od of release to one of hia friends, and the true state of affairs became evident to Asaf K. They brought him by force into tho place of c.xamination, and, having no choice, ho confessed that the deed had been j)rej)nrod by one of hia servants, wIjo himself witnessed it, and had misled him. ffe gave a writing to this effect. When Asaf K. informed me of the real state of matters, I took away his mansab and jagir, and ca.st him out of my pi-esence, and gave the Sayyids leave to return to Lahore in all honour and respect.

and jirovod hin <.*us(> nenordiiif^ to law.” ‘J’lio Iqb/il-riJIma, p, Ifll, has not tlio wliolo of thio, and it Irna kJi/irij instoad of jfirtlt, but it lias tho words (“a third witness").

‘I’lie nioanin" seeins to l«» that iio would in oorrobor-ition and ex cauff/a tako the oatii, Ito had already proved hts claim in tho ordinary way by witnesses and tho production of tho bond. See thp account in tho IqblU’iiilina, 100>03, which is fuller than that in text.

f MuUiimla-i-kulh ant. “The caso was involved” (lihi n bud?), or i)erhnps " tho caso was important.”

t The (ext wrongly omits tho nogntivo, Sco Iqbai-nSma, I, 62,

159

On ^hibarak-^aniba (Tlmrsday), the 8th of I^urcliid, 1‘tiqad j^an was promoted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 1.500 .horse, and ^adiq Khan to that of 2,500 personal and 1.400 horse. Zninu-l-‘abidni, son of the deceased Asaf Khan (Jn‘far), was promoted to be Bakhshi of AJiadls. Raja Bir Singh Deo Bandlla raised his head of honour with the high mansab of 5,000 personal and horse.

In Kashmir the most iuicy(?) fruit is the ashlcan (?) {asjiaml in the MSS.). It is subacid smaller than the

ahl halu (sour cherry), much better flavoured, and more delicate. When drinking wine, one cannot cat more than three or four alii balu, but of these one can take as niany as a lumdred in twenty-four hours, especially of the jyaucnndi (?) sort. I ordered that the a^lcan should hereafter be called the Ha.^lcan. It grows in the hills of Badakhshan and in Khurasan; the people there call it jamdaml. The largest of them weigh 1 misqdh The .^ah-alii (cherry), on the 4th Urdi- bihi^t. appeared of the size of a grain of pulse; on the 27th it reddened, and on the 15th Khurdad it was ripe, and new fruit ()iau~har) had formed (?). The shah-dlu (cherry), to my taste, is better than most fruits. Four trees had borne fruit in the Nur-afza garden. I called one of these Shlrln-bSr, the second Khush-gincar, the third, which bore the most fruit. Pur-bar, and the fourth, which had less, Kavi-bar. One tree in Murrain’s garden had also borne fruit, and I called it ShaJnvar. There was a young plant in the little garden of ‘I^rat-ajsa (joy enhancing), and this I called Nau-bar (new fruit). Every da)" I plucked with my own hand sufficient to give a flavour to my cups. Although they sent them by runners from Kabul as well, yet to pick them oneself from one’s home garden gave additional sweetness. The ^ah-alii of Kashmir is not inferior to that of Kabul; it is even better grown. The largest of them weighed one lank, five surkhs.

On Tuesday, the 21st, Pad^ah* Banu Begam died (became a sitter in the bridal chamber of the permanent world), and

Apparently this was ^aliha Banu d. Qa’im K. Blochmann, S71, and 477. v. 2. She had the name of Fadshah-mahall. See Hawkins’ account in Purchas, IV. 31, and Khafi K. I. 259. He calls the father QSsim.

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grief for this heart-rending event laid a heavy load on my mind. I hope that Almighty God may give her a place near his own forgiveness. A strange thing is— that Jotik Eay, the astrologer, two months before this, had informed some of my servants that one of the chief sitters in the harem of chastity would hasten to the hidden abode of non-existence. He had discovered this from the horoscope of my destiny, and it fell out accordingly.

One of the events (that now took place) was the martyrdom of Sayyid ‘Izzat* K. and of Jalal K. Gakhar in the army of Bangash. The particulars of this are that when the season for the collection of revenue arrived, Mahabat K. appointed a force to go into the hill-country to eat up the crops of the Afghans, and not omit one tittle of raiding and plundering, and killing and binding. When the servants of the Court arrived at the foot of the Pass the ill-fated Afghans attacked them from all sides, and took the head of the Pass, and fortified it. Jalal K., who was an experienced man, and an old man that had undergone labours, thought it better to delay for a few days, so that the Afghans might expend the few days’ provisions they had brought with them on their backs, and necessarily disperse of their own accord ; that then his men would be able to cross with ease over the head of the diflBicult Pass. When he once passed the head of the defile they would be unable to do any more, and would be punished. Tzzat K., who was a battle-lighting flame and a foe-buming lightning, did not fall in with Jalal K.’s idea, and excited the steed of courage of some of the Sayyids of Barha. The Afghans, swarming round on all sides, like ants and locusts, attacked him, and caught him in their midst. Though the battle- field was not fit for cavalry, yet wherever the forehead of his • wrath shone, he consumed many with the fire of his sword. In the midst of the fighting they hamstringed his horse, but •he fought on foot and as long as he had breath, and at last fell bravely. At the time when ‘Izzat K. made his attack, Jalal K. Gakharf and Mas’ud, s. Ahmad Beg K., and BIzan

It is Ghairat K. in I.O. MS., 181.

t For Jalal K., seo Blochmann, 455 and 486. Ho -was grandson of Sul^n Adam.

IGi

(or IBIr.hnii), s. Nad ‘All Moidani, and otiicr servants, lost restraint, and rushed on from all sides of the pass, and the rebels seized the tops of the hills, and fought with stones and arrows. The devoted .young men, both of the servants of the Court and t.hc retainers of Mahabat K., performed the duties of valour, and slaughtered man.y of the Afghans. In this contest Jalal K. and JlasTid, with many other brave men, .‘sacrificed their lives. Owing to the rashness of Tzzat K. such a disaster as this befell the Imperial array.

When ^lahabat K. heard this fearful news, he sent a fresh body of men to assist, and strengthened the posts, ^^^lcrever they found a trace of those ill-fortuned ones, thej’ did not fail to slaj* or bind them. When I heard this news, I summoned Akbar Quli, s. Jalal K., who had been told oft for dutj’ in the conquest of the fort of Kangra, to my j)resencc, and gave him the mansab of 1,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and confirmed to him, according to custom, his hereditarj’^ territory (the Gakhar country) in jagir, presented him with a dress of honour and a horse, and sent him to the support of the army of Bangash. As Tzzat K. had left a son of very tender years, keeping before m 3 ’’ eyes, that discerned the tmth, his life-sacrifice, I gave him (the child) a mansab and a jagir, so that those left behind .should not be scattered abroad, and others might have increased hope.

On this da}’’ Shail^ Ahmad of Sirhind, who had for some time been placed in the prison of correction on account of his pretentiousness (literally, adoniing his shop and selling him- self) and immoderate language, was summoned to my pre- sence, and I released him, giving him a dress of honour and Bs. 1,000 for expenses, and making him free to go or remain. He justly represented that his punishment had really been a valuable lesson to him, and that, his desire was to wait on me.

On the 27th Khiirdad apricots arrived* (from Habul). The picture-gallery in the garden had been ordered to be repaired; it was now adorned with pictures by master hands. In the

Rasld. Sco lower do^vn text 308, where it is noted that the •cherries came to an end. … v … .

11 -

mosfc Jionourcd positions were the lihenesfscs of Humilyun end of my fatljer opposite to my own, and that of. my hrotljcr Shiili ‘Abbils. After tliem were tlie likenesses of Mirzil Kamriin, Mirza Muhammad Hakim, Shiili Murad, and Sultan Daniyiil. On the second storey (row ?) were the likenesses of the Amirs and special servants. On walls of the outer hall the stages of the road to Kashmir were recorded in the order in which I had come to them. A poet fixed the date by this hemistich:

Pjcliinm of Icin^‘R of Solomon-liloj glory,*

On Thursday, the 4th of the Ilahl month of Tir, the Feast of huriyd~kuhi‘\ took jilace. On this day the Kashmir cherries came to an end. From the four trees of the Nu]–af»i garden, 1,000, and from other trees 500 had been plucked. T strictly ordered the officials of Kashmir to plant ^dh-ulu (cherry) trees in all the gardens. On this day Bhim, s. Riina Amar Singh, was honoured with the title of Raja, and Dilir K,, brother of the brave ‘Izsat K., was jiromoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 800 horse, Mulmmmad Sa’id, s. Alimad Beg K., to that of 600 personal and 400 horse, and Muj^lis-ullah, his brother, to that of 500 personal and 250 horse. On Sayyid Alimad §adr the mansab of 1,000, and on Mirzii Husain, s, Mirza Rustam tSafawI, that of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, were bestowed, and the last-named was despatched for duty to the Deccan. On , Sunday, the 14th of the Divine month of Tir, Hasan *Ali Turkman was made Governor of Orissa, and liis personal and horse mansab was raised to 3,000. On this day Bahadur K., Governor of Qandahar, sent offerings of nine Iraq horses, some nine pieces of gold brocade, some brocaded satin, and some martenf skins, and other things ; these were laid before me.

On Monday, the 10th, I rode to see the summer quarters

TIiIb ropresonls A.n. 1029, or 1020.

f Mat’troading or beating sshouBo-warming. This was in honour of tho now picturo-gallory.

X D&jiaJia’i-Msli, Seo Vullors, s.v. Kesh. The Uinh is a marten of whoso skin nookolotlis, oto., nro made. Tiiis note corrects tlio one at p. 321 of translation, as also tho text there.

163

of 3?usi-marg* (?). Arriving in two marches at the foot of the Tcotal, on Wednesday, the 17th, I reached the top of the pass. For a distance of 2 koss very elevated ground was crossed with difficulty. From the top of the hotcH to the Ilaq (summer quarters) was another koss of high and low land. Although here and there flowers of various colours had bloomed, yet I did not see so many as they had represented to me, and as I had expected. I heard that in this neighbour- hood there was a very beautiful valley, and on Thursday, the 18th, I went to see it. Undoubtedly, whatever praise they might use in speaking of that flowery land would be per- missible. As far as the eye reached flowers of all colours were blooming. There were picked fifty kinds of flowers in my presence. Probably there were others that I did not see. At the end of the day I turned my reins in order to return. That night an account was given in my presence of the siege of Ahmadnagar. ^an-Jahan told a strange tale, which I had also heard before, and it is written on account of its strangeness. At the time when my brother Daniyal was besieging the fort of Ahmadnagar, one day the garrison laid the gun Malik-maiddw\ (king of the plain) against the Prince’s camp, and fired it. The ball reached nearly to the Prince’s tent; from that place it boimded (ricocheted), and went to the lodging of Qazi Bayazid, who was one of the Prince’s companions, and fell there. They had tied up the Qazi’s horse at a distance of 3 or 4 gaz. As the ball touched the ground, the horse’s tonguej was tom out by the root and fell on the ground. The baU was of stone, weighing 10 maunds as current in Hindustan, or 80 Khurasan maunds. The said gun is so large that a man can sit comfortably in it.

On this day I promoted Abu-l-Uasan, the chief Bakshi, to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Mubariz K. to that’ of 2,000 personal and 1,700 horse, Bizan (or Bizhan),

It is Busi-marg in the I.O. MSS. But perhaps the text is right, and the place is the Tosh Maidan of Lawrence, 16.

t The gun is now at Bijapur, LG., VIII. 186.

j Compare Iqhal-nama, 163-64. The text has ran (“thigh’’) instead of zahan.

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s. Nad ‘All, to that of 1,000’ personal and. 500 horse, :and Amanat K. to that of 2,000 personal and 400 horse. On Thursday, the 25th, I gave Navazi^ K., s. Sa/id K., the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Himinat K. that of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and Sayyid Ya’qub K., s. Sayyid Kamal Buldiari, that of 800 personal and 500 horse. I^Er ‘Ali ‘Askar,* s. Mir ‘AJi Akbar Musawi, was dignified with the title of Musawi K. As I had repeatedly heard praise of the Ilaq of Kim-inarg,f I felt much disposed to visit it at this time, and on Tuesday, the 7th Amurdad, rode in that direction. How shall I write its praise ? As far as the eye could reach flowers of various hue were blooming, and in the midst of the flowers and verdure beautiful streams of water were flowing: one might say it was a page that the painter of destiny had drawn with the pencil of creation. The buds of hearts break into flower from beholding it. Undoubtedly there is no comparison betv’een this and other Ildqs, and it may be said to be the place most worth seeing in Kashmir.

In Hindustan (i.e.. Upper India) there is a bird called Pajnha.X of a sweet voice, which in the rainy season utters soul-piercing {jan-suz, lit. soul-buming) laments. As the hoyal lays its egg in the nest of the crow, and the latter brings up its young, so I have seen in Kashmir that the ‘pajiiha lays its egg in the nest of the (ring-dove 1) and the

flbau^at brings up its young.

Bloclimann, 382. The.name of the son is given in the 3I.SS. as Mir ‘Ail A?:^ar.

t Perhaps this is the Gurais Valiev of LawTcnce, 10, for Kuri maj* be read Guri.

Z See .JaTTett, IH. 121 and n. 5. The bird is either the common liawk-cockoo of Jerdon {Hieroeoccyx cqtxvx) or his Coccystcs mdano- lexicon — X.C.. the pied-crested cuckoo, for both birds seem to have the native name of PapifiS. The Hicrocoecyx varius is the “brain- fever’" bird of the Anglo-Indian, I.G., L 2-50, The pied-crested cuckoo occurs in Kashmir, and so aUo apparently does a bird of th" genus Hxarovjccxjx. LavTcnce, pp. 13S, 139.

5 I am not sure •ahat bird this is. Ghayqhai means a turtle dove in Bengal, bat I doubt if this be the bird meant by Jahangir. 0]y3Xighai vould mean a noisj- bird, and perhaps is the Bengal Babbler

165

On Tlitirsday, the 17th. Fida’i K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 700 horse. On this day the ambassador of ‘Izzat* K.. ruler of Urganj, by .name Mu^m- mad Zahid, came to the Court, and presented a petition, / accompanied with some trifling presents, and recalled the existence of hereditary relations (ht., shook the chain of hereditary connection). I distinguished him with the eye of kmdness, and on the spur of the moment gave the ambassador

10.000 darbs (Bs. 5,000) as a present, and ordered the officials of the buyutat (household) to prepare and send (by him) such things as he might ask for.

At this time a strange act of grace occurred to my sonf ]^an-Jahan (Lodi). He had become very ill from the mad- ness of wine, and from the overpowering of this man-destroying intoxication things had come to such a pass that it threatened his precious life. Suddenly he reformed, and God directed him, and he made a vow that thereafter he would not defile the fringe of his lip with wine. Although I warned him that it was not good to give it up all at once, and that he should leave it oflt gradually, he would not consent, but gave it up manfully.

On the 25th of Amurdad Bahadur K., Governor of Qanda- har, was promoted to the mansab of 5,000 personal and

4.000 horse, and on the 2nd of the Divine month of ^ahriwar,

Man Singh, s. Kawat Shankar, to that of 1,500 and 800 horse, Mir Husamu-d-din to that of 1,500 and 500 horse, and Karamu-llah, s. ‘Ali’ Mardan K.{ to that of 600 with 300 horse. .

of Jerdon, or the Sat Bha’l (seven brothers) of the Indians. It belongs to the Malacocircxis genus, and Jerdon, I. 340, states that the pied- crested cuckoo generally lays her egg in the nest of the Malacocirci. The babbling thrushes occur in Kashmir. In Blochmann, 296, there is an account of how ghaugha’ts are caught.

MS. 305 has ^airat K., but No. 181 has ‘Arab K,, and this agrees with Stanley Lane Poole’s Muhammadan d 3 masties (p. 279), which has ’Arab Muhammad as ruling dou-n to 1623. Grganj is in ^iva. t Jahangir called ^an-Jahan hisfarzand (son), i Not the famous ‘All Mardan. but ‘All Mardan, who was killed in the Deccan. Blochmann, 496.

166

As at this time I was much inclined to parti-coloured* veined teeth, the great Amirs exerted themselves greatly in looking out for them. Of these, ‘Abdu-l-‘Aziz K. Nagshbandi sent a servant of the name of ‘Abdu-Uah Avith a letter to Kiwaja Hasan and ^waja ‘Ahdu-r-Eahim, ss. ^waja Kalan Jiiybari, who are to-day the leading holy men of Transoxiana, containing a request for these things. By chance, ^waja Hasan had a perfect tooth, exceedingly delicate, and imme- diately sent it with the aforesaid (servant) to the Court, which it reached this day. I was greatly pleased, and ordered them to send the value of Rs. 30,000 in choice goods to the ^wajas, a service for which Mr Baraka Bukhari Avas fixed upon. On Thursday, the 12th Shahriwar, Mir Mran ob- tained leave to take up the faujdarship of Mewat, and his mansab, original and increased, was fixed at 2,000 with 1,500 horse. I gave him a special horse, with a dress of honour and a sword.

At this time it was made clear from a report of Sundarf that Jauhar Mai, the rebel, had delivered his soul to tbe lords of hell (had died). It was also reported that a force sent against one of the Zamindars had abandoned the path of caution, and without fortifying the Avay of entrance and exit, or talcing possession of the hill-tops, had entered into the fastnesses of the hills, and had fought Avithout any good result. As the day drew towards its close, they had turned their reins Avith their object unaccomplished, and in turning back, had made every haste. Many people had been Icilled, especially those Avho would not put up Avith the disgrace of flight. They purchased martyrdom with their lives. Out of them Shah-baz K. Dalumanlf (?), Avhich is a tribe of Lodi

Danddn-i-ablaq-t-jauliar-ddr. Jauhar -dar hero does not moan “ jowolled,” but veined or striped. See Vullers, I. B42a. Walrus- tooth may bo meant by Jahangir, but tortoiso-sholl is more likely.

f Sundar is another name for Baja Bikramiijft, and tlio roforonco must be to the Siege of Kangfa. Jaubar Mai was a son of BSja Baso, and appears to bo tbo same person ns Suraj Mai. It is Jaubar in I.O. MS., 181 .

Deotani in No. 181 . Bloohmann has the name Butfini, apparently ns a tribal name (p. 504), and Elphinstonc speaks in vol. ii., p. 82, of a small tribo called Dumtauny.

167

Afghans, sacrificed his life with a band of his servants and tribesmen. In truth he was a good servant, and had intel- ligence combined with modesty. Another report was that Jamal Af^an, Eustam, his brother, Sayyid Nasib Barha, and some others had come in wounded. It was also reported that the siege (of Kangra) had become a close one, and the affair was going hard with the besieged. They had sent (literally thrown out) men as mediators, and had asked for quarter. It was hoped that by the blessing of increasing fortime the fort would be subdued!

On Wednesday, the 18th of the same month (Shahriwar), Dilawar K. Kakar died a natural death. Beyond all the other Amirs of high rank, he combined valour with leader- ship and knowledge of affairs, and from the time when I was a prince carried away from all the ball of superiority in my service. He acted constantly with the perfection of sincerity and the jewel of doing right, and had thus arrived at the dignity of Amirship. In the end of his life God Almighty bestowed grace upon him, and the conquest of Ki^twar, which was an exemplary service, was accomplished by his courage. It is hoped he may be one of the pardoned. EGs sons and the others that he left behind him I exalted with all kinds of favours and patronage, and enrolled those of his people who were fit for mansabs amongst the servants of the Court. I ordered the rest, to remain as usual with his sons, so that his company might not be split up.

On this day Qur Yasawul came with a diamond that Ibralnm K. Fath-jang had obtained from the Bengal mine, and waited on me. Wazir K., diwan of Bengal, who was an old servant of the Court, died a natural death.

On the night of Thursday, the 19th, the Kashmiris had lined with lamps both sides of the Bihat. It is an ancient custom that every year on this day everyone, whether rich or poor, whoever has a house on the bank of the river, should light lamps as on the Shab-i-barat. I asked the brahmans the reason of this, and they said that on this day the fountain- head of the Jhelam was disclosed, and the custom had come down from old days that on this date must take place the

168

feast of Velh tcmjodh.* Vetli means tlie JJielam, and tliey call thirteen ta/rwdh; as this day is the 13th of Shawwal, they light lamps. In this way they call it the Velh Umoah. Undoubtedly the lamp-lighting was good. I sate in a boat and went round to see it. On this day the feast of my solar weighing took place, and according to the usual custom, I weighed myself against gold and other things, which I dis- tributed among deserving people. The .“Jlst year of the age of this suppliant at the throne of Allah came to an end; the 52nd year lit up the face of expectation. It is hoped that the period of my life will be spent in pleasing God. The entertainment of Thursday, the 26th, was held in the lodging of Asaf K. (Nur-Jalian’s brother), and that pillar of the Sul- tanate fulfilled the duties of homage, and of offerings, and thereby acquired eternal bliss.

On 1 Shahrlwar (about 11 August) duclcs {mwrghuin) appeared on the Wular lake, and on the 24th of tliat month they appeared on the Dal lake. The following is the list of birds which are not met with in Kashmir :

List.

Cranof {kulang).
Saras (grus Antigone).
Poaco6k.

Votli is tlie Kaslimiri name for tlie Jlielam (Lawrence, 18), Jt is contracted from Vitasta. It is curious lliat the dale of the festival should )jo given according to a Muliammadan month (Shawwfil), which must recur at different seasons. Apparently the meaning is that the birth of tlie JJieJam took place on tliat day.

Apparently the festival is not much celebrated nowadays, for it is not mentioned by Lawrence (204-260), except that in a note to p, 200 the Vathtrwah is mentioned as a day on whicli daughters receive presents. The 19th Shahrlwar, the corresponding date mentioned by Jahangir, would answer to the end of August or beginning of September, and to the Hindu month of Asin. 13 ghawwal, 1029, would coj-respond to 1 September, 1620. Possibly the Shawwal of text is a mistake for tlie Hindu month Sawan — i.e., Sravan. The legend of the birth of the Jhclam is told in Stein, 97. Possibly ghawwSl does not here mean the month, and we should read flfiajT/mW-c/nrtfghfiw, “ the business of lamps.”

•j- The crane visits TCashmir in winter, hut .Tahfingir was never there in that season.

160

■1. lioNt.‘inl {jarz or cJiarz).

Stork {fagtaij).

(>. Hustanl [tu^hdari).

Hiist.-ml {tu^duqh),

$. Knnrjinnk (kinil of cnuio f}. tk Znnl’tilak {polclon oriole ?),

Nuqni -ijRy (fsilvor-foot ).
‘.Vr-aiii-priy.

Il2. Ror.a laplap (royal ctirlow).

Pelican {hatrdail).

M. Makisa (Ardoa iiulica ?).

IR. lia;^ln ({vacldy-bittl).

IG. Goose ( 5 (ir).

Konkla {kokila, the black cuckoo

IS. Partridge (durraj).

Sliuvak (ptarlinp).
Xol-i-surkh (redbeak. [parrot] i).
Jluslcha (wood-pigeon ?).
Hariyal (preen pigeon 1).

2.7. niilng (adjutant).

Koyal (Eudynaiuys Oricntalis).

2.7. .Sjiakar-kliwura (.■sugnr-eatcr. [parrot] ?).

2C. ^lahokliu (cuculus cnstancus ?}.

Mnhirlut (}).
Dhanesli (kornbill).
Gulclmj-I (quail ?).
Taliri, which the Turks call (blank in MS.S.) and

1 have named bad-dteaz, “evil-voiced.” (It is perhaps thu sandpix)er.)

As the Persian names of some of these are not knomi, or rather, these birds don’t exist in Persia (irtVayaC), I have written the Hindi names.* The names of the carnivorous

The text uTonglj- givc.s thi.*! as a list of birds which aro found in Kashmir. The Tqbul-numa 159 and the MSS. show that tho text has omitted a negative, and that the list consists of Lidian birds which are not met with in Kashmir. Several of the names do not occur in tho dictionaries. Ko 2 (the sums) is described in Babim’s Memoirs, 321. Ko. 4 is the florikan, or Otis Bengahiisis. For Nos. 5-7 see Babur’s Slemoirs, 321. Karawun is a crane in Arabic, apparently, and so Karwunak should be a little crane. It is also described as a kind of partridge. Perhaps tho Karwunak is the demoiselle crane. No. 9 may be the oriole, or mango-bird, but that, too, is common in Kashmir. For No. 12. which may bo tho ibis, see Babur’s Memoirs, 322. For No. 14 sec Babur’s Memoirs, p. 321, and for No. 18 Babur’s Memoirs,

For the Sharak (No. 19), see Babur’s Memoirs, 319. No 22 may

170

and herbivorous animals that are wA in Kashmir are as follows: The tiger, the panther (^mz), the rhinoceros,* the wild bufEalo, the black antelope, the gazelle, the hiWih ‘fmlva (hog-deer), the ml-gdw, the wild ass, the hare, the lynx, the wild cat, the mus7uih~i-Jcarldd’l (?),f the porpoise, and the porcupine.

On this day peaches came from Kabul by ruimers. The largest of these weighed 26 ^okts,^ or 65 mi^.qdls. As long as their season lasted, such a number came that I gave them to most of the Amirs, and to the private servants fed from the royal table.

On Friday,§ the 27th, I went out to see Vimag,|| the source of the Bihat. Going up the river 5 koss in a boat, I alighted at the village of Pampur.

On this day unpleasant news came from Ki^twar. The details of this are that when Dilawar K. conquered it and returned to Court, he left Nasru-llah ‘Arab, with some of the mansabdars to guard it. Nasru-llah made two mistakes. One was that he treated the Zamindars and the people of the place harshly, and did not observe a conciliatory demeanour towards them. The second was that the forces sent as auxiliaries to him, in expectation of increase of mansab, asked him for leave to go to Court and transact their affairs. He yielded to their representations, and gave them leave one

possibly be the bee-eater {Merops viridis). For No. 23 see Babur’s Memoirs, 267 and 321. No. 25 may bo one of the parrots, ns iHafii; called the Indian parrots and poets tutiyan-i’^ahtr-^ilcan. See A5dn-i-AkbarI, Persian text, I. 416, and jarrott, II. 160. The talTrJ, No. 30, is apparently the black partridge Francalimis vulgaris. Tlio names of the birds seem to bo often wrong in the text, and so I have followed the I.O. MSS.

Kurg, but perhaps Gurg, “ the wolf,” is meant. The wolf is very rare in Kashmir (LawTence, 109).

t Query, mu^ak-i-kur — i.e., mole.

i According to Wilson’s Glossary, the tola is e= 180 grains Troy, and the mLsqul =63J grains Troy.

§ Elliot, vi. 373, and Iqbul-nilma 166.

!| Vemag of LawTcnco, 23.

^ Text « un ; in MSS. u.

171

nftor ilic other. When only a .small force wn.s left with him, the Zamin(lar.s, whose hearts hnd been wountlcd by him, and were on the look out- for a dist.nrbnnce, found their oppor- tnnity and made an attack from all quarters, llavin" burnt the bridge by which the. army had crossed, and b}’’ which assistance could come, they lighted the fire of disturbance and sedition. Nnsru-llnh .shut himself up, and for two or three day.s defended himself with the greatest difficult.}* (liter- ally. with a t.hou.sand life-extract ion.s). As he had no pro- visions, and t.hey had closed the road, he detennined to accept, martyrdom, and manfully, with some of t.hosc who were with him. performed the dues of bravery and valour until most of his men were killed, and some became cnpt.ivc.s in the hands of destiny.

WTien this news reached my car. 1 appointed Jalal, s. Dilnwar K.. on whose forehead the traces of braver}* and ambition were manifest, and who had done good service in the conquest of Kishtwiir. with the mansab of 1,000 personal and GOO horse, giving him the attendants of his father who were enrolled among t he scr*ants of the Court, and an army of the soldiers of Kashmir, with many of the Zamindars and men on foot with muskets, to assi.st. him in overcoming that mob, doomed to a vile end. An order was also given that Kaja Sangram, the Zimindar of Jammu, with his on-ji men, should come in by the hill-road from Jammu. It is hoped that the rebels will quickly obtain the recompense for their deeds.

On Saturday, the 28tb, I marched koss. Passing one koss beyond Kiikapur, I came to the bank of the river. The hang* {hhang) of Kakapur is wcll-knomi. It grows wild on the bank of the river in quantities. On Sunday, the 29th, I halted at the village of Panj Brnra.] This villagej has been bestowed on my fortunate son Shah Parwiz. His Vakils had prepared a small building and a little garden overlooking the river. In the neighbourhood of Panj Brara there is a

Lawrence, 07.

f Jarrett, II. 350, whore it is written Voj Brdra.

Iqbal-numa, 104.

172

meadow {jtdga)* exceedingly clean and pleasant, with seven lofty plane-trees in the middle of it, and a stream of the river flowing round it. The Kashmiris caU it SalM BhviB (?)t It is one of the great resorts of Kas hmir .

On this day arrived the news of the death of j^anDauran,^ who died a natural death at Lahore. He had nearly reached ninety years of age. He was one of the brave men of the age and valiant in the battlefield. He combined bravery with leadership. He performed great services for the dynasty. It is hoped that he will be among the pardoned ones. He left four sons, but none of them was worthy to be his son. He left about Rs. 400,000 in cash and goods, which were given to his sons.

On Monday, the 30th, I first visited the fountain of Inch. This village had been given by my father to Earn Das Kachhwaha,§ and he had erected buildings and basins at the spring. Undoubtedly, it is an exceedingly sweet and delightful place. Its water is perfectly clear and pure, and many fish swim in it.

Vebsb.

So clear the -water that the grains of sand at bottom Could be counted at midnight by a blind man.

As I gave |J the village to my son Khan Jahan, he prepared an entertainment there, and presented ofierings. I chose a trifle in order to please him . Half a koss from this spring, there is a fountain that they call Machhi Bhawan,^ above which Ray Bihari Chand, one of the servants of my father,

This must be the Nandimarg of Jarrett 11. 357 and of Akbar-nama in. 551. In the Ayin (Jarrett II. 356), mention is made of a place where there are seven fountains. Stein, 182, speaks of a spring sacred to the seven Ri^Is. Is it possible that cha^ma in the A.N. (Persian text, 1. 565) is a mistake for ^inar f

f Satha phull ? Seven fountains ?

% Khan Dauran is the Shah-Beg K- A rgh un of Blochmann, 377.

§ See Ma’asir, II. 155, and Blocbmann, 483, for an account of Bam Das. Inch is mentioned in Jarrett, II. 356. Perhaps Inch is the Yech pargana of Stein, 190-191.

II Bam Das had died eight years before this.

^ Akbar-nama, III. 725, last line; Lawrence, 298; Stein, he. a/., 176, 177.

173

built an idol-temple. The beauty of this spring is more than one can describe, and large trees of ancient years, planes, white and black poplars, have grown up roimd it. I passed ■the night at this place, and on Tuesday, the 31st, pitched at the foimtain of Achval.* * * § The water of this spring is more plentiful than that of the other, and it has a fine waterfall. Around it lofty plane-trees and graceful white poplars, bringing their heads together, have made enchanting places to sit in. As far as one could see, in a beautiful garden, Ja‘fan fiowers had bloomed, so that one might say it was a piece of Paradise. On Wednesday, the 1st of Mihr, marching from Achval, I pitched camp near the fountam of Virnag.f On Thursday, the 2nd, the feast of cups was prepared at the spring. I gave my private attendants permission to sit do-wn. Filling brimming cups, I gave them Kabul peaches as a relish, and in the evening they returned drunk {ma^tdn, exhilarated ?) to their abodes. This spring is the source of the River Bihat, and is situated at the foot of a hill, the soil of which, from the abundance of trees and the extent of green and grass, is not seen. When I was a prince, I had given an order that they should erect a building at this spring suitable to the place. It was now completed. There was a reservoir of an octagonal shape, forty-two yards in area and fourteen^ gaz in depth. Its water, from the reflection of the grass and plants on the hill, had assumed a hue of verdure, llany fish swam in it, round it halls with domes had been erected, and there was a garden in front of them. From the edge of the pond to the gate§ of the garden there was a canal 4 gaz in width and 180|| gaz in length, and 2 gaz in depth. Round the reservoir was a stone walk {kMyabdn-4-sang ) .

The Aohh Dal of Jarrett, II. 358, and the Achabal of Lawrence, 22.

t Jarrett, n. 361. The Dir Nag of Iqbal-nama, 165. See also Jarrett, 11. 361. The Vernag of Lawrence, 23. Jahangir interpolates an account of Virnag into the annals of the second year. See p. 92 of translation.

f So in text, but a few lines lower down the depth is spoken of as four gaz. The Ibqal-nama has “fourteen yards.”

§ The Iqbal-nama has “ to the end of the garden.”

II Iqbal-nama, 165, has “ 186 yards.”

.174

The water of the reservoir was so clear that, notwithstanding its 4 gaz of depth, if a pea had fallen into it, it could have been seen. Of the trimness of the canal and the verdure of the grass that grew below the fountain, what can one Avrite ? Various* sorts of plants and sweet-smelling herbs grew there in profusion, and among them was seen a stem (buta), which had exactly the appearance of the variegated tail of a peacock. It waved about in the ripple, and bore flowers here and there. In short, in the whole of Kashmir there is no sight of such beauty and enchanting character. It appears to me that what is upstreamf in Kashmir bears no comparison with is far superior to) what is downstream. One should stay some days in these regions, and go round them so as to enjoy oneself thoroughly. As the hour for marching was near, and snow was beginning to fall at the head of the passes, I had not the leisure to linger there, and was obliged to turn my rein towards the city. I gave an order that plane-trees should be planted on both sides, on the banks of the canal above mentioned. On Saturday, the 4th, I encamped at the spring of Loka Bhawan.f This spring is also a pleasant spot. Although at present it is not equal to the others, if it were to be repaired it would be very good. I ordered them to construct a building worthy of the place, and to repair the reservoir in front of it. On the road I passed by a spring which they call Andha Nag§ (blind fountain. See Iqbal- nama, 166). It is well laiown that the fish in this fountain are blind. I delayed a while near this spring, and threw in a net and caught twelve of the fish. Of these, three wore blind and nine had eyes. Evidently the water of this spring has the efiect of making them blind. Certainly this is not devoid of strangeness. On Sunday, the 5th, I again passed by

Compare Iqbal-numa, 100.

t The moaning is that the Alnraj (or Marruj), the upper part o£ Kashmir, is superior to the lower part, or Kamruj. See Tuzuk, 208.

t Iqhul-numa, 100. Perhaps the Bn wan Send of Jarrett, II. 301. Loka Bhnvnn (bhavnn means “abode”) is mentioned in Stein, 180, It is the Loknpunya of the Bajntnrnngini. It is five miles south of AchbnI.

§ Is this n corruption of Annntanug — i.e., Isl&m&bSd ?

(ho spiiiif:’; Marhlii Hlmwnn nnd lnrl>. and wont to (ho city.

On Wednesday, tho 8(1). now.s arrived of tlio doatli of Ha^iin. s. QaHim K. On Thnr.Mlay. (ho ‘.Mh. Iradat K. was proniotod to (ho povornor.‘jhip of Kashmir. Mir Jtimln in his place w.isohoson for (he duty of Khavfdvult), nnd Mu’tnmid* K. to that of ‘JrA-MJwjrtrnV. Tho ninnsah of 2.000 personal nnd otM) horse was ordered for Mir Jninla. On tho night of .Saturday, tho 11th. I ontorod thocity. A.^af K. wnsnppointcd to the duty of Diwan of Gujarat. Sangrain. Itajn of .Tnininu, was promoted tot ho inansahof l..‘i00 personal nnd 1,000 horse.

On this day 1 saw an tinusunl kijul of fishing on (ho part, of (ho tishonnon of Kashmir. In a jilaoc where tho water was up to a man’s chest, (hoy projtolled (wo boats that, were .side l»y side, and so that at one end they wore in oontnet.. and at (ho. other end (hey wore 1-1 or l."» yards apart. Two hoat- inon hold long pole.s iti (heir hands, nnd .sate on (ho outside edge of each boat (?) so ns to rogtilate the space between each boat, nnd that they sliouhl proceed equally. Then ton or twelve boatmen got down into tho water, nnd laying hold of tho ends of the two boats (bat wore, joinedf together with their hands, (nimpled the bottom with their feet, nnd moved on. The fish which were between (he boats wanted to get out of the narrow space, nnd came against the feet of the boatmen. Immediately one of the boatmen dived, nnd another one pro.sscd upon his back, nnd with his two hands kept him from coming to the surface. The latter caught a fi.sh and produced it. Some who arc skilful in the art catch two fish with their hands, nnd bring them to the surface. Among them was an old boatman, who generally at each dive brought uj) two fish. This kind of fishing occurs at Panj Brara.J nnd is peculiar to the Jhclnin. It. is not used in

Author of IqbutnSinn, IGO. The nppointnicnl wns that of exam- iner of petitions.

t I presume that tho ends laid hold of by the boatmen wore tho dificngagcd ends — i.c., the ends 14 or 15 yards apart. But see Iqbal- nunui. 1UC-1G7.

t Text Panj Hazuni. Tho MSS. are not clear. It may bo the Sendbraryof Bernier.

176

ponds or in other streams. It also onlj takes pkce in the spring when the water is not cold or impetuons {gazanHa-, “ biting “* ?).

On Monday, the 13th, the feast of the Dasahra took place. According to the annual cnstom, they decorated the horses in the special stables, and those that had been entrusted to .Amirs, and brought them out. At this time I experienced in myself a shortness of breath and difficulty in breathing. I hope that in the end, please Gk)d, it may all go well

On Wednesday, the loth, I went to make an autumn tour in the direction of Safapur and the valley of lar, situated downstream of the Xashmir River. In Safapur there is a fine tank, and on the north side of it a hill full of trees. It being the beginning of autumn, it had a wonderful appearance, with trees of all colours, such as the planes, the apricot> and others, reflected in the middle of the tank, and very beautifoL Undoubtedly the beauties of autumn are not less than those of spring.

T;e3S®.

There’s no exhilaration in decay, hnt to the eye The glory of antumn is more brilliant than the Spring.

As the time was short and the hour of marching near, I took a short circuit and returned. These few days I passed pleasantly in catching* ducks. One day, in the midst of the sport, a boatman caught and brought me a young qarqara (the demoiselle crane, Ardea- Virgo). It was veij thin and miserable. It did not live longer than one night. The qarqara- does not live in Kashmir. This had become ill and thin at the time of coming from, or going to, Hindustan, and fallen there.

On Kriday news came of the death of lEfza Rahman- dad, s. the Eh an-hha-na-n. He died a natural death at Balapur, It appears that he had been sufiering iroru fever for some davs. When he was recovering, the Deccanis one day appeared with an army. His elder brother, Darab K., mounted with the intention of fighting. When the nerrs

The trord is ^77;sr, hut, as he had renounced shooting, netting is probably u-hat is meant. . . - •

177

readied Eahmaii-dad, with great bravery, notwithstanding his wealaiess and failing health, he went to his brother. After he had beaten the enemy, he returned and in taking off his jubha (quilted waistcoat) was not sufficiently careful. The wind immediately caught him, and he was seized with con- vulsions, and his tongue became powerless to speak. He remamed two or three days in this state and died. He was a good and brave youth, was fond of sword-play, and was very zealous. In every place it was his idea to display his skill with the sword. Although fire bums equally what is green and what is dry, yet it appeared very grievous to me, and what must it have been to his broken-hearted old father ? Hardly had the wound from the calamity of ^ah-nawaz K. healed, when he received this fresh wound. I trust that God Almighty may give him patience and resignation.

On Thursday, the 16th, Hianiar K. was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 personal and horse, Qasim H. to that of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and Muhammad Husain, brother of Iffiwaja Jahan, who held the post of Ba lffidii to the army of Kangra, that of 800 personal and horse. On the night* of Monday, the 27th of the Divine month of Mihr, after one watch and seven gharis had passed, the royal standards were raised auspiciously and happily to return towards Hindustan. As the saffron had blossomed, a march was made from the neighbourhood of the city to the village of Pampur.f In the whole country of Kashmir there is safEron only in this place. On Thursday, the 30th, the feast of cups was held in a sa&on field. Groves on groves, and plains on plains were in bloom. The breeze in that place scented one’s brain. The stem is attached (close ?) to the ground. The fiower has four petals, and its colour is that of a violet. It is of the size of a champa flower, and from the middle of it three stigmas of saffron grow. They plant the bulbs, and in a good year obtain 400 maunds of the current

Iqbal-nama, 169.

t Or PSmpar, the ancient Padmapura. See Stein, J.A.S.B. for 1899. p. 167; Elliot, VI. 375. But the passage, as in Elliot, does not come directly from the Tuzuk or the Iqbal-nama.

12 •

178

weight or 3,002* Khurasan maunds. The custom is for half to go to the government, and half to the cultivators. A seer is bought and sold for Rs. 10. Occasionally its market price is more or less, and it is an established custom that they bring the saffron flowers plucked, and according to the plan they have adopted from of old, they take half its weight in salt as wages. There is no salt in Kashmir, and they bring it from Hindustan, Again, among the excellencies of Kashmir are the plumes of feathers (Jcalgi) and the hawks {janwar-i-shikan). As much as 10,700 feathers are yearly obtained. Hawks and falcons are taken in nets to the number of 260. It has also nest sparrow-hawks and the

nest sparrow-hawk is not bad. On Friday, the 1st of the divine month of Aban, marching from Pampur, I pitched my camp at ^anpur. As it was reported to me that Zambilf Beg, ambassador from my brother Shah ‘Abbas, had reached the neighbourhood of Lahore, a dress of honour and Rs, 30,000 for expenses were sent to him by Mir Husamu-d-din s. ‘Azudu-d-daula Iniu.§ I ordered that whatever he might expend on entertaining the ambassador should bo sent to him to the extent of Rs. 5,000.|| Before this I had directed that from Kashmir to the end of the hilly country buildings should be erected at each stage for the accommodation of myself and the ladies, for in the cold weather one should not be in tents. Although the buildings at this stage had been completed, as they were still damp and there was a smell of lime, we put up in tents. On Saturday, the 2nd, I halted at Kalampur. As it had repeatedly been represented to me that in the neighbourhood of Hirapur there was a waterfull^i very high and wonderful, as it was 3 or 4 koss off on the left

MSS. linvo 3,200.

t J.C., linwks taken from the nest, and not bom in captivity. .

% Iqbui’iiunm, IGO.

§ This is Mir Jamuln-d-din, the dictionary-maker and friend of Sir Thomas Roc.

II The sentence appc-irs obscure, but probably it was an order to the authorities at Lahore to supply Husumu-d-dfn with the cost of c/i- tortaining the ambassador up to the amount of Rs. 5,000.

•I Perhaps the waterfall dcscrilKid by Bernier in his ninth letter, and mentioned ns having been admired by Jahilngir.

179

of the rond, I hastened there to see it. What can be written in its i^raise ? The water pours down in three or four grada- tions (?). I had never seen such a beautiful waterfall. ^yithout hesitation, it is a sight to be seen, very strange and wonderful. I, passed the time there in enjoyment till the- third, watch of the da.v, and filled my e 5 ’’e and heart with the sight; but in the cloudj’and rain}’ season it is not devoid of wildness. After the third watch had passed, in the evening I rode back to Hirapur,* and passed the night at that stage. On Monday, the 4th, crossing over the kotal of Bari Brari,t I chose Plrpanjal, at the head of the Jcotal, for a halting-place. Of the roughnesses of the pass and the difficulties of this road what shall I write ? It is difficult for thought even to cross it. In these last few days snow had repeatedly fallen, the hills had become white, and in the middle of the path in some places ice had formed, so that the hoof of a horse had no hold, and a rider could only pass with difficulty. God Almighty bestowed upon us His mercy, for it did not snow on this day. The advantage was for those who went on in front. Those who followed came in for snow. On Tuesday, the 5th, going by the pass of Pirpanjal the camp was pitched at Po^ana. Although on this side there is a descent, yet as it is high, most of the people passed it on foot. On Wednesday, the 6th, we pitched at Bahramgalla. Near this- ■village there is a waterfall and a very fine spring. According to orders, they had made a terrace for me to sit upon; indeed - this is a sight to be seen. I ordered that they should engrave on a stone tablet the date of the crossmg, and place it on the top of the terrace {suffa}. Bl-badal K.J eomposed some couplets, and this mark of my fortune remains on the path of poetry as a memorial on the tablet of Time (?). There are two Zamindars on this road in whose charge are the arrange-

Hirapur is Hurapur and the ancient Surapura.

t Mari or Nari Brara in the MSS.

’ f Bi-badal K. is the name given by Jahangir to Sa’ida or Shaida- who was chief goldsmith. See end of 15th year, p. 326 of text. For Shaida, who died in Kashmir in 1080 (a.d. 1669-70), see Bieu, III. 1083a, and 1. 251, and Supp. Catalogue, p. 207, and Sprenger’s Catalogue 124.

” 180

ments for the traffic on it, and they are in reality the keys of the country of E[ashmir. They call one Mahdi Nayak and the other Husain Nayak. The charge of the road from Hirapur to Bahramgalla is in their hands. Bahram Nuvak, the father of Mahdi Nayak, during the Kashmiri govonimenfc, was an important person. When the authority passed to the imperial servants, Mirza Yusuf K., during his government, made Bahram Nayak a traveller to the country of non- existence. It is now equally in the possession and charge of the two.* Although outwardly they are on good terms, they really ‘bear great enmity towards each other. On this day Sliailffi Ibn Yamin, who was one of the old trusted scr'ants, went to the neighbourhood of God’s mercy (dicd).t On account of my great reliance on him, my opium and drinking waterf were in his charge. On the night when we were encamped above the Tcotal of Pirpanjal, the tents and furniture had not arrived. He was rather infirm and the cold affected liim, and he became cramped so that he could not speak. He remained alive for two days in this state and then died. I gave over the private opium to ^awass K., and the ab-dar-^ana (the water department) to Musawl K. On Thursday, the 7th, the village of Thana§ became the en- camping place. Many monkeys (maimiin) were seen ni Baliramgalla, and from that stage a great difference was apparent in the climate, the language, the clothing, the .animals, and whatever properly belongs to a warm countiy. The people here speak both Persian and Hindi. Evidently Hindi is their real language, and they have acquired Kashinirt on account of the proximity^ of Kashmir. Briefly, one enters India at this place. The women do not wear woollen clothing, and like Indian women, they’ wear nose-rings.

On Friday, the 8th, Bfijaur was the camping-ground. The

Text calls them hrolliers, but the M.S.S. nhocv tint birdilar is a jnist.iho for hfirdlar, “ equally.”

■f The JISS. add: “Ho waB a pood youth (jatnln) and without {riiilc.”

X Ah-i-h.-iyiit, “ water of life,” a name piveu hy Akhar to his 6h- drir-lharn, or J>upj)ly of drinking-water, etc. See Uloclimarin, .M.

5 Text v.T >riply has ‘riiftttn.

jw’opli’ nf tln< rtnmlry won* in old tinn’f: Hinduts, and (lir* Iruidlnddor;’ arc called llaja*;. Snll.an Kirn?, made lliom Mnlinniinadan;–. lait they nre still called Hajas. Tliey still have the marks of the times of ienornnee. One of these is that jnst as some Hindu women hum t heni’-elves nhmf; with their hushands (bodies), .ko these women (the IJajaur women) are }iut into the j;mve nhinj; with their (dead) Imshamls. 1 heard that rcc<>ntly they put alive into the f»rave a j;irl of ten or twelve aloiu: with her (dead) huslmud, who was of the same nfic. Abo, wlien a dnu,!;hter is born to a man without jnean*-. they jiut Ikt to <leath by straueulation.* They ally themselvi’s with Hindus, nud both };ive and take {;irls. Takinp them is pood, but pivinp them. (Jod forbid ! 1 pave an order

that hetx-after they .should mit do such thinps, and whoever was puilty of them, should be cajtilally punished. The,re is a river at Hiijaur. Its water dnrinp the rainy seastui becomes tuuch jioisrmed. Many of the pe«>plo there pet. a swelling (hurjlnifi) under the throat, and nre yellow and weak. Tin* rice of Hajaur is nnich| better thnjj the rice of Kashmir. There are self-grown and sweet -.scented violets itt this skirt of the hills.

Oji .Sunday, the KMli. I entvtmped at Nau^nhra. .At thi.s place, by «trder <»f my father, they had built a .stone fort, and there is constantly here, by way of a station {lham), a body of men from the governor of Ka.shmir. On Monday the camp was at. t’hatiki Hatlj. A chela named Muratl had c.verted himself to complete the buildings at. this place, and had done it well. In the middle of the royal abode there was a fine terrace, superior to tho.se of other stages. I increased his man.sab. On Tuesday, the 12th. I halted at llhimbar. I’assing this «lay out of holals and hill.’s, wc entered the broad plains of Hindustan. The hunters had i>rcviou.sly been dis- jmtehed to form qatnurijhas, so ns to prepare jinjas (hunting rings) in Hhimbar and OirjhakJ and Itlakhiyrdn. On Wedno.s-

• Elliott, VI. .■|7*‘i. A])ii:iivnlly Safi was not jmipli.^ed by biirniag. but by buryiae.

t llisySr bililar. MS.. ISl.

Girjbilk is said to be the llindii iinine for Jnlnl])ur, and the probable sitcof Bukcplinla, .TnrrtUt. II. 32-1. Mukliiyilln is also niontioued llicro.

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day and Thursday they drove in the game. On Friday I rejoiced in a hunt. Hill quchqjar,* etc., to the number of 56 head were taken. On this day Eaja Sarang Deo, who was one of the intimate attendants, was promoted to the mansab of 800 personal and 400 horse. On Saturday, the 16th, I went towards Girjhak, and in five marches encamped on the bank of the Bihat. On Thursday, the 21st, I hunted in the hunting-ring of Girjhak. Less game than usual was taken, and I was not satisfied. On Monday, the 25th, I hunted with much enjoyment in the hunting-ring of Makhi- yala,f thence in ten stages I encamped at the stage of the hunting-place of Jahan^abad. When I was prince, this was my hunting-place. Afterwards, I foimded a village with my own name, and erecting a small building, placed it in charge of Sikandar Mu’in, who was one of my best hunts- men. After I came to the throne I made a pargana of it, and bestowed it as a jagir on him. I gave an order that they should construct there a building as a royal residence, with a tank and a minaretj: (manara). After his death this par- gana was given in jagir to Iradat K., and the charge of the buildings was given to him. It has now been handsomely completed. Undoubtedly the tank was very broad,§ and in the middle there is a delightful building. Altogether the buildings here cost Es. 1,50,000. Eeally it is a kingly himting-place. On Thursday and Friday, having halted, I enjoyed myself with various kinds of sport. Qasim K., who was honoured with the charge of Lahore, had the good fortune to pay his respects to me, and presented 50 muhars.

In one march after this stage I encamped at the garden of Mumin T^q-baz,|| which is on the bank of the Lahore Eiver

It seems that ilukhySIa is the famous Slinikiyala, where the Buddhist tope is which was first described by Blphiustone. Abul-I-Fazl says in the Ajin that it was a place of worship. See I.G., new ed., XVII. 182.

Mountain-sheep. Apparently three rings were made.

t The I.O. MSS. add here 76 head of mur^wur, etc., were taken.

j Perhaps the reference is to the tomb he formerly put up over a favourite deer. § 3ISS. have is very noble.”

II Pigeon-fancier. He belonged to Herat, and is mentioned in Blochmann, 302.

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(the Eavi), and has some lofty plane-trees and handsome cj’presses. It is certainly a rare garden. On Monday, the 9th of the Divine month of Azar, corresponding with the 5th Mnharram of A.n. 1030* (20 November, 1620), mounting an elephant of the name of Indra, I wont towards the city, scattering coin as I proceeded. After three watches and two gharis of day had passed, at the selected auspicious hour, ha^^ng entered the royal residence, I alighted happily and auspiciously at the building recently brought to completion and finished handsomel}’’ by the exertions of Ma’mur K. Without exaggeration, charmmg residences and soul-exciting sitting places had been erected in great beauty and delicacy, adorned and embellished with paintings by rare artists. Pleasant green gardens with all kinds of flowers and sweet- scented herbs deceived the sight.

VERSE.t

Fi-om head to foot, wherever I look,

A glance plucks at the heart’s skirt (saying),

“ This is the place” (to stop at).

Altogether, there had been expended on these buildings the sum of Ks. 700,000 or 23,000 current tumans of Persia. J On this day the joy-enhancing news of the conquest of the fort of Kangra rejoiced our mind. In thankfulness for this great boon and important victor}’’, which was one of the renewed favours of the Bestower of Gifts, I bowed the head of humility at the throne of the merciful Creator, and beat with loud sounds the drum of gladness and pleasure. Kangra is an ancient fort to the North of Lahore, situated in the ■ midst of the hill country, famous for its strength and the difficulty of conquering it. MTio was the founder of this fort God only knows. The belief of the Zamindars of the province of the Panjab is that, during this period the said fort has never passed to any other tribe, and no stranger has stretched out to it the hand of dominion. Wisdom is from

Test wrongly has 1031. It should be 1030, as in the Iqbal -nama,

t The couplet is given in Iqbal-nama, 171, with some verbal differ- ences. J Elliott, VI. 374.

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Allnh ! But. certainly £roin tlio time when tlie voice of Islnin and the sound of tlio established religion of ]\Iulmnunad reached Hindustan, not one of the Sultans of lofty dignity has obtained the victory over it. Sultan Kruz-^ah, with all his power and might, himself went to conquer it, and besieged it for a long time. As ho luiow that the strength of the fort was such that as long ns the menus for holding ii. and provisions were udth the besieged, victory over them u’ns unattainable, miens miens he Avas contented with the coming of the Enja to pay his respects to him, and withheld his hand. They say that the Enja prepared an offoi*ing and an ontei– tainment, and at his request took the Sultan inside the fort. The Sultan, after going round and inspecting it, said to the Enja that to bring a king like him inside the fort was not according to the dictates of caution. “What could ho do if the body of men who were in attendance were to attack him and take possession of the fort ? The Enja made a sign to liis men, and instantaneously an army of valiant men armed and accoutred, came out from a concealed place and saluted the Sultan. The Sultan became suspicious and anxious about an attack from these men, and suspected some strata- gem. The Eaja came forward and Idssed the ground of service, and said: “I have no thought but that of service and obedience, but ns has been spoken by the auspicious tongue, I observe far-sighted caution, for all times are not the same.” The Sultan applauded him. The Enja, hnAung accompanied him for some stages, obtained leave to return. After this, whoever sat on the throne of Delhi sent an arm)’ to subdue Kangra, but the thing wont no further. M)’ revered father also sent a large army once under the leader- ship of Husain Qull K., who, after approved service, was honoured with the title of ^nu .Tahan. Whilst the siege was in progress, the outbreak of Ibrahim Husain Mirza took place That ingmte fled from Gujarat, and raised the flag of rebellion and calamity towards the Panjnb. Khiin Jahiin was com- pelled to raise the siege, and to turn to extinguish the flame .of his sedition. Thus the acquisition of the fort fell into the knot of delay. The thought was continually lurking in the

royj>l iniml: “Tin* lnnj:oi1-f«r Fair ono ilops not- sliow her faoo from the soon’t plan* n( Destiny.” Wlu’n hy the Grace, of the (Jloriou.s God the throne of the Stale was adorned hy the e.\i,slence of thi.s suppliant, this was one of the holy wars whieli 1 eoii’-iilered ineumhent <»n me. In the first instance 1 dispatched Mnrtara K., who was /:overnor of the I’anjal), with a force of brave men skillctl in war. to conquer the fort-. This important matter had not been completnl when .Mur- ta.-fi K. attained to the mercy of God (ilied). .After this •Tauhar Mai.* s. Uiija Haso. nndertoolc this duty. I sent, him. uivinj: him the command of tin* army. That, wicked one, takiii}: to evil revolt and in};ratitude. cummil-tod sin, and di.’>per,‘ion found its way into that army, and the. acquisi- tion of the fort fell into the knot of clelay. Xo lonj* time ela)).’:ed bi’fon’ that inprati* received the recompense of his deeils tiiiil went to hell, as has been de,«crilH*d in its own plnce.f In line, at this time j^urram undertook that duly, and sent his own servant SundarJ with all haste, and many of the royal .servants obtained leave to go to his support. On the Ifilh Shawwiil. .,H. {it September. 1020). the armies,

having inve.sted the fort, erected batteries. Looking to the, ways of entrance into and exit from the fort with the eye, of caution, they closed the ro.nd for the entrance of provi.sions. liy degrees the besieged became .straitened, ami when there ronmined in the fort no grain that they could eat. for four months more they boiled dry gnisse.‘’§ with salt and ate it. AVIieii ilest ruction was imminent, and no hojie of escape was left, they asked for quarter and .surrendered the fort.

On Thursday, the 1st Muharram. a.h. 1030, i, Ilijrl (10 November, 1020). the victory unattainable by all preceding

• •Tiiuhar M.nl is incntioiKxl nt |». 310. I’erhiijis ho waB not Suraj Mil], but it looks us if he was the .same jwrson. Cf. corn>s{>oiidiiig jia^-iuge in Iqbiil-nunia. 173, where he is called Suraj Mnl.

t 1’. 310 of text.

Ruju liikrainrkjit. Sec ante, p. 310.

§ Text wrongly has qlialla grain, instead of ‘alajhii fodder, pra.-isc.’*, etc. See MSS. and IqbSl-niiina, 174.

i, Text wrongly has 1031, but it Ls 1031 in the MSS. and in Elliot, VI., 375. See, however, Elliot, VI. 378, and text, 320. which show that the ICth year began in 1030.

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Sultans of loftj dignity, and which appeared distant to the short-sighted, God Almighty of His own grace and mercy granted to this suppliant. The troops, who had displayed praiseworthy activity in this service, were exalted according to their exertions and fitness by increase of mansab and dignities.

On Thursday, the 11th, I went, at the request of IQiurram, to his newly-built house. I took those of his offerings that pleased me. Three elephants were placed in the private stud. On the same day I appointed ‘Abdu-l-‘Aziz K. Naq^bandi to the faujdarship of the district of Kangra, and his mansab was fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse. I gave a private elephant to I‘tiqad K. Alf K. Qiyam-ldiani K . obtained leave to take charge of the fort of Kangra, and his mansab, original and increased, was fixed at 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse, ^ail^ Kaizu-llah, son-in-law of Murtaza K., was appointed in company with him to stay at the top of the fort (bald-i-qiVa).

On the night of Saturday, the 13th of the same liionth, a lunar eclipse took place. Having performed the dues of humility at the throne of the highest and most powerftil God, cash and goods were distributed by way of charity among the faqirs and poor, and deserving people. On this day Zambll Beg, ambassador of the ruler of Persia, had the good fortune to Idss the threshold. After performing salutation, he laid before me the gracious letter of that brother of high degree, containing expressions of sincerity and perfect friend- ship. He presented 12 ^Ahhasl* (coin) as na^r, four hoi>-c.s with trappings, three tuyrjhun (white) falcons, five inule.s, five camels, nine bows, and nine scimitars. The Shah had given him leave, in company with I^an ‘Alam, but for certain nece-ssni^’ matters he could not come with him. On this day he arrived at Court. I presented him with a su])erb dress of honour, with a plume and a jewelled turban fringe, and a jewelled dagger. Wi.sal Beg and Haji Ni’mat, wlio had come with

• The ‘‘AlibaAl is nl.so the name of a dress. The M.SS. Iiave instead of four, horses. Apparently the presents were Zajuhil’s own oflering, not that of Ids master. See below.

187

him. wore honoured hv wnitinp on me. Amami-Ilnh, .*<. i^Iahn- hal K.. was j^romoted to the innu.<;nb, original and increapod, of 2.000 and 1..^00 hor-po. At the rcque.Pt of i\Inhabnt. K.. 1 added .100 liorye to the maiipab of iMubariz K. Afgh.an. and brought it. up t o 2.000 {)er.‘-‘onnl and 1,700 hor.pc. One hundred horse were also added to the mansab of Kabak (?). I .“ont winter dn’sse.s of honour to ‘Abdu-Ilah K. and La^kar K. At the reque.pt of Q.asim K. I wont to lii.s garden in t he neigh- bourhood of the cit.y. and in the coun^c of the proce.psion, scattered 10.000 rJiaraiis (-I-anna piece.**). Out of hi.? ofTeriugs 1 selected one ruby and one diamond, and .**01110 clotlis.

On the night, of Sunday, the 21st. the advanced camp pro- ceeded auspicioui*ly and happily towards Agra. Barq- andiiz K. was apiiointed superintendent of artillery with the army of the llcccan. ^aikh Wiaq (Isaac) was appointed to duty at Kangra. The brother of Allah-dfid, the Afghan, 1 released from prison, and made him a present of Rs. 10.000. 1 gave also a (ui/iilim falcon to Wiurram. On Thuivday, the 2Gth, the usual eutcrlainment look place. The presents from the ruler of Persia, which had been sent by Zambil Beg, were laid before me. I gave an elephant to Sulj.an Husain, and made a pre.scnt of Rs. 1,000 to Mnlla Muhammad Ka^mirl.t The mansab of Sardar iVfghan. at the request of Mahabat K., was fixed at 1,000 jiersonal and *100 horse. .Vs Raja Rup Chand of GwaliorJ had been very active in his service at Kangra, an order was given to the chief diwans to hand over half of his native place to him in free gift, and the remaining half as a tanMicah jagir.

On the 3rd I demanded in marriage for my son Shahrij’ar the daughter’s daughtcr§ of Madaru-I-mulk I’tiiuadu-d-daula, and sent Rs. 100,000 in cash and goods by way of sacJiaq

2[ansab-i-kabak, Perhaps wo should read katak, and regard tho jncrca.se a.s made to tho oilico of guarding tho palace. It is katak, ap- parently, in 1.0. 3ISS. It may, however, bo Kang or Gang and a man’s name.

t xVpparcntly tho translator of tho Bujat arangini.

t Doubtless the Gwalior in tho Panjab.

§ Nur Jahan’s daughter by Shlr-nfgan. Tlio date of tho asking is given in tho text as the third, butsbould bo tho 30th, as in tho I.O. MSS.

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(dowry given as part of the marriage rites). Most of the Amirs and the chief servants went to his house with gifts. He prepared a grand entertainment with much ceremony.’ It is hoped that it may be auspicious* to him. As that Chief of the State had erected lofty buildings, and highly decorated bowers in his house, he invited me to an entertainment. I went there with the ladies. He had prepared a great feast, and laid before me appropriate offerings of all kinds. In order to please him, I took such as I approved of. On this day Rs. 50,000 were presented to Zambil Beg, the ambassador. The mansab of Zabar-dast K. was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse, original and increased. Maqsud, brother of Qasim K., was promoted to the mansab of 500 personal and 300 horse, and Mirna Dakhani, s. Mirza Rustam, to that of 500 personal and 200 horse.

At this auspicious time* when the standards of victory and conquest were in Kashmir, the province of eternal spring, happily employed in sight-seeing and sport, representations constantly came from the officials in the Southern territories to the effect that when the victorious standards went to a distance from the centre of the Khalifate, the rulers of the Deccan, owing to their wickedness, broke their promises and raised their heads by giving trouble and exciting sedition, and placing their feet beyond their own boundary, took possession of many of the districts of Ahmadnagar and Berar. It was constantly reported that the chief object of these evil-fortuned ones was to plunder and ruin the cultivated fields and the grazing-lands. When at the first. time the world-opening standards had proceeded to the conquest of the regions of the south and the overthrow of that band, and Khurram. with the vanguard, had gone to Burhanpur, they, by feline tricks suitable to such seditious people, made him their intercessor and evacuated the royal dominions. They also sent by way of tribute large sums in cash and goods, and promised that they would npt let loose from their hands the rope of service, and would not place their feet beyond the boundary of respect, as has been recorded in the preceding

Elliot, VI. 376.

18ft

l’!igc8. At ilic request, of Khurrnin, 1 hnd hnltcrl for a few days at t.lic Fort of Sliadrabiid ^Inndu, and at his inter- eession, and on their Innniliation and bewailing, they were pardoned.

As they Imd now broken t heir agreement, through evil dis- posit.ion and qunrrol.«oniencss, and had turned back from the way of obedience and .•service, I sent oft the hosts of good fortune again under his leadership, that the)’’ might receive retribution for their evil deeds, and be an example to all those of crooked fort.\ino and t.urned heads. But ns the important business of Kiingrn hnd been entrusted to him. ho hnd sent most, of his experienced men there. For some days, accord- ingly, he could not. arrange the matter. At last, report, followed on rej)ort. one after another, that the enemy hnd gathered strength, and that, nearly 60,000 vagabond hor.«cmcn hnd collected together and taken possession of roj’nl territory, and wherever t.hcrc were posts, hnd removed them, and joined together in the town of Mahaknr. For three months the imperialists hnd passed their days in strife and fighting with their rnscnlly enemies, and during this time three pitched battles hnd taken place, and each time the sclf-.sncrificing sen’ants (of the State) hnd proved superior to the evil- fortuned rebels. As grain and provisions could not reach the camp b)’’ any road, and the enemy was plundering on all sides of the array of good fortune, a great scarcity of grain resulted, and the animals were in bad plight. Having no choice, they came dowm from the Balii^at, and took up their position at Balapur. The rebels, waxing valiant in their pursuit, engaged in plundering in the neighbourhood of Balapur. Of the servants of the Court G.OOOor 7,000 horsemen, well mounted, were selected, and they made an attack on the enemy’s camp. They (the enemy) numbered about 60,000 cavalry. Briefly, a great fight took place, and their camp was plundered. Having killed and taken prisoners many of them, they re- turned in safety and with plunder. WTien they turned back those wretches again attacked them from all sides, and they came on, fighting as far as the camp. On both sides about 1,000 were killed. After this fight they (the imperialists)

• 190

remained about four months at Balapur, When the scarcity of grain became excessive, many of the qulaqchis (servants) ran away and joined the enemy, and constantly bands of them, taking to the road of disloyalty, were enrolled among the rebels. On this account, not considering it advisable to delay any longer, they (the imperialists) came to Burhanpur. Again, those wretches followed them and besieged Burhanpur, and they were six months shut up there. Many parganas of the provinces of Berar and Khandesh passed into their possession, and they stretched out the hand of oppression over the cultivators and poor, and engaged in collecting the revenues. As the army had undergone great hardships and the animals had fallen into bad condition, they could not leave the city to inflict substantial punishment. Thus the pride and conceit of those short-sighted ones became greater. Just at this time the royal standards returned to the capital, and by the grace of God Kangra was conquered.

Accordingly, on Friday, the 4th of Dai, I despatched Hiurram in that direction, bestowing on him a dress of honour, a sword, and an elephant. Nur Jahan Begam also gave him an elephant. I told him after he had conquered the province of the Deccan he should take as a reward two* crores of dams from the conquered countrj’’. 650 mansabdars, 1,000 Aliaits, 1,000 Turkish musketeers, and l,000t gunners on foot, in addition to the 31,000 horse already in that quarter, arid a large force of artillery, and many elephants, were appointed to accompany him. I also gave him a crore of rupees for the expenses of the victorious army. The servants (of the Court) who were appointed on this duty received each, according to his standing as a reward, horses, elephants, and dresses of honour.

At the same auspicious hour and favourable time, the standards of the expedition were turned toward Agra, and a halt was made at Nau^hr.J Muhammad Ri?a Jabiri

The Iqbal-nama, 176, has “ ten crores.”

f The MSS. have 5,000. The word ior “ gunners ” is tupcM,

X The MSS., instead of Nau^abr, have satcad-i-^akr, “the en- virons of the city ” {cf. Lahore ?).

101

was apiiointcd Diwnii to Bengal, and j^waja Mnlld to the post of Bakhshi in the same, and were promoted in mansab. Jagat Singh, s. Bana Karan, came from his native place, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On the Gth of the same month the open space on the bank of Raja Toda: Mai’s tank* became the alighting place of the Court of good fortune. Here I halted for four dn 5 ’s. On this day some of the mansabdars who had obtained leave to go to the con- quest of the Deccan were promoted as follows: Zahid K. licld the mansab of 1,000 and 400 horse; he received that of 1,000 and 500 horse; Hard! Nara 5 *an Hada I promoted to 000 and 000 horse, original and increased: Ya’qub, s. Mian Dauran. was given that of SOO and 400 horse, and in the same manner a great number of the servants of the State received increase of mansab according to their capabilities. Mu’tamid K. was appointed to the post of Bakhshi and newsuTiter to the royal army, and was honoured with a lugh. The offering of Lachmi Chand, Raja of Ktimaon, consisting of hawks and falcons and other hunting animals, was brought before me. Jagat Singh, s. Rana Karan, obtained leave to proceed as an auxiliary to the army of the Deccan, being presented with a private horse and saddle. Raja Rup Chand, having been honoured with the gift of an elephant and a horse, took leave to go to his jagir. On the 12th my son Mian Jahan (Lodi) was made governor of Multan, and was given leave. There were conferred on him a complete dress together with a nadirl (a robe of Jahangir’s invention), a jewelled dagger, a special elephant with trappings, a female elephant, a special horse of the name of Miadang (i.c.. Arrow), and a pan- of hawks. Sayjdd Hizabr K. held the mansab of 1,000 and 400 horse. Increasing these by 500 and 200 horse, I gave him leave to accompany Khan Jahan. Muhammad Shafi’ was appointed Bakhshi and newswriter to the Subah of Multan. Bhawal (or Bahwal), who was one of the old servants, was made Asliraf-i-tu’p-lcliana (head of the artillery ?), and received the title of Ray. On the 13th the bank of the river Gobindwal became the camp of the army of prosperity,

It was in the vicinity of Lahore. Akbar-niiinn, III. 669.

192

and a lialt of four days wa8 made. A Bpccial clcplmnt called Jai Singh, wifcli a female, were given to Maiiiibat K., and Bent to him by §afiyya liin servant. Robes of lionour were also forwarded to tiie Amirs of the Subali of Bangash by ‘Tsa Beg.

On tile ITth* the feast of my lunar weighing took place. As Mii’tamid K. liad been appointed Bakhslii to tlie army of the Deccan and given leave, the post of ^Arz-mitqarrir was given to ^waja Qasim. Mir Sharaf was made Baklislii of the Ahadis, and Fazil Beg made Baklishi of the Panjah, As Bahadur K,, governor of Qandahar, in consequence of a disease in his eyes, liad requested to be allowed to kiss the threshold, entrusting the government of Qandahar this day to ‘Abdu-l-‘AzIz K., an order was issued to Bahadur K., that when he arrived he should hand over the fort to him and come himself to Court. On the 2l8t of the same month I took up my quarters at Niir-saray.f At this spot the Vakils of Nur Jahan Begam had built a lofty house, and made a royal garden. It was now completed. On this account the Begam, having begged for an entertainment, prepared a grand feast, and by way of oilering, with great pains produced all kinds of delicate and rare things. In order to please her, I took what I approved. I halted two days at this place. It was settled that the officials of the Panjab should send Rs. 200,000, in addition to the Rs. 60,000 already ordered for provisions for the fort of Qandahar. Mir Qiwamu-d-din, the diwan of the Panjab, obtained leave to go to Lahore, and received a dress of honour. Qasim K„ with a view to punish the

But the next page of text records nnotlior feast of the Junnr weigli* juont. Can it bo that tlio lunar woigbmont refers to Nur Jalidn’s birthday, not to Jaliaiigir’s ? The IVlli iioro jnentfoned is the 171Ii of the solar niontli of Dai, and oorro,sponded to about December 28,

In the following page (324) we are told that the lunar weigh’ inent took place on 30 Bahnian, eorrespondhig to 26 Rabl’u-l-awwal — i.e., Pobrunry 8, 1621. Jahangir’s birthday was on Rnbru-l-awwal 17, so the anniversary fell this year on 22 Bahman. Consequently, if ho colobratcd it, as stated on p, 323, on 17 Dai, ho did so more than a month too soon ! Evidently there is a mistake somewhere.

t This place is mentioned again in the account of the 10th year, p. 338. It evidently received its name from Nur JahSn, ,

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seditious in the neighbourhood of Kangra, and to preserve order in those regions, was given leave to go, and I presented him with a special nadirl, a horse, a dagger, and an elephant. His mansah, original and increased, was fixed at 2,000 personal and 500 horse. At his request, I allowed Raja Sangram (of Jammu) to proceed to that region, conferring on him a robe of honour, a horse, and an elephant.

On Thursday the camp was pitched outside the town of Sihrind. I halted one day, and amused myself with going roimd the garden. On Sunday, the 4th, Abu-l-Hasan was sent on service for the conquest of the Deccan. A dress of honour, with a nadirl, a special shawl, an elephant named Subh-dam (breath of mom), a horsetail banner, and drums, being given him. I gave leave to Mu’tamid K., presenting him with a dress of honour, and a special horse cafied Subh-i- sadiq (the true dawn). On the 7th of the same month the bank of the river Sarasati (Saraswati) was the place of encampment of good fortune in the neighbourhood of the qasha of mustafa’abad. The next day I encamped at Akbar- pur,* whence I sat in a boat on the river Jumna, to reach my object. On this day Tzzat K. Chachi,f with the faujdar of that region, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Griving Muhammad ^afi‘ leave to proceed to Multan, I pre- sented him with a horse, a dress of honour, and a nur-^dhl miiliar, and sent by him a special turban {cMra) to Khan Jahan, my son {jarzand).

Thence, in five marches, I reached the pargana of Kirana, the native country of Muqarrab K., and the Court encamped there. By way of offering, his Vakils laid before me 91 rubiesj and 4 diamonds, 1,000 gaz of miMmal (satin) as a ‘pd-andaz (foot-carpet), with a petition from him, presenting also 100 camels as charity. I ordered them to be distributed among deserving people. From this place, in five marches Delhi

Akbarpur, twelve miles N.W. Mathura. J. Sarkar’s India of Atirangzeb, 171.

t That is, of OhSoh in Transosiana, but according to I.O. MS. 181, the word is Khafi — ?.e., from Khaf or Khwaf.

t Ninety-one rubies is smely a mistake. The Iqbal-nama, 177, only speaks of one. It is, however, 91 i/aqili in I.O. MS., 181.

13 •

194

became the halting-place di the standards of good fortune. I sent It’imadu-d-daula to my fortunate son ^ah Pansiz with a special farjl (a dress), for him, and it was settled that he should return in the space of one month and wait on me. Having halted for two days at Salimgarh, on Thursday, the 23rd, I passed through the district of Delhi with the intention of hunting in the jjargana of Palam, and halted on the bank of the ^amsl tank. On the road I scattered 4,000 charans (Rs. 1,000) with my own hand. Twenty-two elephants, male and female, had arrived from Bengal as an offering from Allah-yar, s. IftiWiar K., and were passed before me.

Zu-l-Qarnain* obtained leave to proceed to the faujdarship of Sambhar. He is the son of Iskandar, the Armenian, and Ills father had the good fortune to be in the sendee of ‘Ar^- adivani (Akbar), who gave him in marriage the daughter of ‘Abdu-1-Hayy,t the Armenian, who was in sendee in the royal harem. By her he had two sons. One was Zu-l-Qamain, who was inteUigent and fond of work, and to him, during my reign, the ebief diwans had entrusted the charge of the government salt works at Sambhar, a duty which he per- formed efficiently. He was now appointed to the faudjar- ship of that region. He is an accomplished composer of Hindi songs. His method in this art was correct, and his compositions were frequently brought to my notice and were approved. La‘l BegJ was selected for the daroghahship of the records in the place of Huru-d-din Quli. I passed four days pleasantly in sporting in the neighbourhood of Palam and returned to Salimgarh. On the 29th, 19 elephants,

This is the Armciiian of whom so much is said by Father Botelho and other missionaries. It is mentioned in M. Waris’s continuation of the Padi^ah-nama, p. 392, of B.M. MS., that 2 u-l-Qamain Farangi came from Bengal and presented poems which he had composed on Shah Jahan’s name, and got a present of Es. 4,000. He it was, prob- ably, who entertained Cor 3 ’at. The passage in the text seems to show that Akbar had an Armenian wife.

f He is mentioned in some MSS. of the Akbar-nama, vol. iii-» ^ taking part in the religious discussions.

X Probablj” this is the La‘l Beg who -HTOte a book about the Ifaq^- bandi order. See Ma’asiru-l-UmarS, IL, 382.

195

2 euinichs,* 1 slave, 41 1 fighting cocks, 12 bullocks, and 7 buffaloes were brought before me as offerings from Ibralum K. Fath-jang. On Thursday, the 30th, corresponding wth the 25th Rabru-l-awwal, the ceremony of my lunar weighing^ was performed. I had sent Koka K. to the ^an-l^anan, and forwarded some messages by him. On this day a petition from him arrived. Mir Miran, who had been appointed to the faujdarship of Mewat, on this day came and paid his respects, and was dignified with the governorship of Delhi, in the room of Sayyid Bahwa.

On this day S.qa Beg and Muhibb ‘Ali, the envoys of the rule ; of Persia, paid their respects, and presented a loving letter from that noble brother, together with a black and white plume (halgt-i-ablaq), valued by the jewellers at Rs. 50,000. My brother also sent me a ruby weighing 12 tanks, ^ which had belonged to the jewel-chamber of M. Ulugji Beg, the successor of M. Shah-ruli. In the course of time, and by the revolutions of fate, it had come into the hands of the &fa\ri[ family. On this ruby there were engraved in the i\ra«M|| character the words: “Ulu^ Beg b. M. Shah-rul^ Bahadur b. Mir Timur Gurgan.” My brother, Shah ‘Abbas, directed that in another comer they should cut the words:

Banda-i-ShSh-i-WilayatTf ‘Abbas “ The slave of the King of Holiness, ‘Abbas.”

in the Nasta‘llq character. He had this ruby inserted in a jl^a (turban ornament), and sent to me as a souvenir. As the ruby bore the names of my ancestors, 1 took it as a blessing for myself, and bade Sa’ida, the superintendent of the gold-

The Iqbal-nama has “ 42 eunuchs.”

f The MSS. have 40 cocks, 12 buffaloes, and 7 buffalo-horns. The text also has shakh. horns, but this has been taken as a pleonasm.

f But there was such a ceremony a few days before (see p. 323 of teri).

§ Kor ianksee Blochmann, 16 n. The Iqbal-nama, 17S, has ‘‘ twelve misqals.”

II For the Nasl^ character sec Blochmann, 99-100, and for tlie Nasta’liq, 101. See also the elaborate article on Writing in Hughes’ Dictionary of Islam.

H ®y ^uh-i- Wilayat is meant the Caliph ‘Ali b. Abi Tiilib.

196

smith’s department, engrave in another cotner the words

Jahangir Shah b. Akbar Shah,” and the current date. After some days, when the news of the conquest of the Deccan arrived, I gave that ruby to ^urram, and sent it to him .

On Saturday, the 1st of Isfandarmuz, I marched from Salimgarh, and going first to the glorious mausoleum of Humayun (may the lights of Allah be his testimony !), per- formed the dues of humility, and presented 2,000 quarter rupees {charan) to those who sat in seclusion in that pure cemetery. • I encamped twice on the bank of the Jumna in the environs of the city. Sayyid^Hizabr K.,* who had been appointed an auxiliary to ]^an Jahan, was sent off with the distinction of a dress of honour, a sword, a dagger, a horse, and a standard. Sayyids ‘Alim and ‘Abdu-l-Hadi, his brothers, were also each honoured with a horse and a dress of honour. Mir Baraka BuMiari was allowed to go to Transoxiana. I entrusted Rs. 10,000 to him, 5,000 of them to be conveyed to Hiwaja §alih Dihibidi, who from his fathers was one of the well-wishers of this State, and the other 5,000 to be divided among the mwjamrs (custodians) attached to the tomb of TKmur (may the lights of Allah be his testimony !). I also gave a special turban [clma) to Mahabat K., and sent it to him by SEr Baraka. - I also ordered Mir Baraka to make every effort to procure mottled fish-teeth, and to procure them from any possible quarter, and at any price.

I went by boat from Delhi, and in six stages reached the plain of Brindaban. I gave an elephant to hEr SEran, and permitted him to go to Delhi. Zabar-dast K. was selected to be ]\Er Tuzuk (master of ceremonies) in the place of Ilda’i K., and I presented him with a special shawl {•parm-narm). Next day, Gokulf was the place of encampment. At this stage, La^kar K., the governor of Agra, ‘Abdu-l-!Wahhab Diwan, Raja Nath Mai, ]Mzr K. Faruqi, ruler (deposed) of Asir and Burhanpur, Ahmad K., his brother^ the Qazi, the Mufti, and other chief men of the city (of Agra), had the good fortune

The Houshabarchan of HnivKins.

t Mnhaban, five or six miles from Mathura.

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to wait* on me. On the 11th I halted aiispiciously at the Nur-af^ant garden,’ which is on the opposite side of the Junma. As the auspicious hour for entering the city had been fixed for the 14th, I halted here, and at the selected auspicious hour proceeded to the fort, and entered the palace happily and victoriously. The propitious journey from Lahore to Agra was accomplished in the period of two months and twoj days, with 49 marches and 21 halts. No day either of marching or halting, on land or water, passed without sport. 114 deer, 51 duck, 4 heron {Jkdrwanak), 10 black partridge {durrdj), and 200 hodna^ were taken on the way.

As La^ar K. had satisfactorily performed his duties at Agra, I increased his mansab by 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and made it 4,000 personal and 2,500 horse, and sent him as an auxiliary to the army of the Deccan. Sa’ida, super- intendent of the goldsmith’s department, was dignified with the -title of Bi-badal K. Four horses, some silver ornaments and cloths, which the ruler of Persia had sent me by Aqa Beg and Muhammad MuMbb ‘Ali, were produced before me on this day. The entertainment of Thursday, the 20th, took place in the Nur-manzil garden. I gave a present of Es. 1,00,000 to nfy son ^ahriyar. Muzaffar K., according to order, came from Thatta, and had the good fortune to wait on me. He ofiered 100 muhars and Es. 100. La^ar K. produced a ruby as an offering. It was valued at Es. 4,000. A special horse of the name of Musahib (companion) was given to ‘Abdu-llah K. ‘Abdu-s-Salam, s. Mu’azzam K., ■ having arrived from Orissa, had the good fortune to wait on me: 100 muhars and Es. 100 were laid before me as his nazar. The mansab of Dust Beg, s. Tulak K., was fixed at

They had made an istiqbal, or visit of welcome, from Agra.

t This was Babar’s garden. It was on the opposite side of the Jumna to Agra.

f So in text, hut two (die) must be a mistake for “ ten,” as 2 months, 2 days =62, and the marches and halts 49+21 amount to 70, or 8 more. It is 10 in I.O. MSS.

§ The budna, or bodna, is a species of quail. See Babar’s Memoirs, Erskine, p. 320, where it is spelt budinah. There is a description in the Ayin, Blochmann, 296, of the mode of catching them.

198

900 personal and 400 horse. The entertainment of Thursday, the 27th, was held in the Nur-af Aan garden. A special dress of honour was given to M. Rustam, and a horse to his son, who was called Dakhani, and a special horse and an elephant to La^ar K.

On Friday, the 28th, I went to hunt to the village of Samona- gar, and returned at night. Seven Persian horses, ^vith their trappings, were laid before me as an offering from Aqa Beg and Muhibb ‘Ali. I presented Zambll Beg, the ambassador, with a Nur-jahani muhar of the weight of 100 id<is, and gave a jewelled penholder to Sadiq K., the chief Bakhshi. I also gave a village* in Agra, by way of in‘am, to Huzr K. Faruql. In this year 85,000 higMs of land, 3,325 ^har-wars (of rice), 4 villages, 2 ploughs (of land), and a garden, Es. 2,327, 1 muhar, 6,200 darhs (half rupees), 7,880 quarter rupees {charan), 1,512 tolas of gold and silver, and 10,000 dams from the treasury were given, in my presence, as alms to faqirs and necessitous people. Thirty-eight elephants, of the value of Rs. 2,4l,000,f were presented as offerings, and were placed in the special elephant house, whilst 51 were presented by me to the great Am irs and the servants of the Court.

The word “ village ” is omitted in both the 1.0. MSS.

t This gives an average of Rs. 6,342 for each animal.

THE SIXTEENTH NEW YEAR’S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION

On Monday,* the 27th Rabru-l-aKbir. a.h. 1030 (10 March, 1621), the sun that bestows bounty on the world lit up the abode of fortune of Aries with his world-illuminating light, and gladdened the world and its inhabitants. The sixteenth year of the reign of this suppliant at the throne of Allah com- menced with gladness and victory, and at the auspicious hour and blessed time I sat on the throne of success in the capital of Agra. On this joy-enhancing day my fortunate son ^ahriyar lifted up his head with the honour of the mansab of 8,000 and 4,000 horse. My revered father bestowed, for the first time^ this mansabt on my brothers. It is hoped that in the shadow of my education and in carrying out my pleasure, he may reach the extreme of life and prosperity. On this day Baqir K. arrayed his men and passed them before ine in order. The great Bakhshis recorded (the number as) 1,000 horse and 2,000 foot, and reported to me. Having promoted him to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, I entrusted the duties of faujdar of Agra to him.

On Wednesday, together with the ladies seated in a boat. I went to the Nur-af^an garden, and rested there at night. As the garden belongs to the establishment of Nur Jahan B., on Thursday, the 4th, she held the royalj entertainment and

The I.O. MSS. have ‘* Saturday.” But Monday seems right, as Thursday was 4 Farwardin.

t In Ihe A^, which was composed in the 40th year of Akbar’s reign, Salim’s rank is given as 10,000, Murad’s as 8,GOO, and DSniySl’s as 7,000 (p. 308).

J In celebration of the commencement of the 16th year of the reign.

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presented great offerings. Of jewels, jewelled ornaments, and all sorts of precious goods, I selected what I approved of, of the value of Es. 100,000. During these days, every day after midday I embarked in a boat, and went to Samo- nagar, 4 koss distant from the city, for sport, returning to the palace at night. Sending Eaja Sarang Deo to my pros- perous son Shah Parwiz, I sent with him a special dress of honour, with a jewelled belt, which contained a sapphire* and several rubies. As I had given Behar to that son in the place of Muqarrab K., I started off a sazawid to conduct him from Allahabad to Behar. Mr Zahid,t son-in-law of Muzaffar K., having come from Thatta, waited on me. As Mr ‘Azudu-d-daulaf had become very old and decrepit, he could not carry out the duties of the camp and his jagir. I released him from* the trouble of service and active work.

I ordered that he should receive Es. 4,000 every month out of the public treasury, and living at ease and in comfort at Agra or Lahore, or wherever he wished, should employ himself in prayers for my increased life and welfare.

On the 9th Earwardin the ofiering of 1‘tibar K. was laid before me. Of jewels, cloths, etc., the value of Es. 70,000, was accepted, and I returned the remainder to him. Muhibb ‘All and Aqa Beg, envoys of the ruler of Persia, presented twenty-four horses, two mulesj three camels, seven greyhounds {sag-i-tazi), twenty-seven pieces (tdq) of brocade, a s^mama^ of ambergris, two pairs of carpets, and two mmad tahya’^ (woollen coverlets). Two mares with foals that my brother had sent with them were also brought before me.

On Thursday, at the request of Asaf K., I went to his house , with the ladies. Having prepared a grand entertainment, he submitted to me many delicate gems and wonders m cloths, and rare gifts. Choosing out of these to. the value of Es. 130,000, 1 gave the rest to him. Mukarram K., governor

Taqut-i-kabiid, “ a blue ruby.”

t The I.O. MSS. have HGrza Muhammad. ,

j; Jamalu-d-din i^usain liiju.

§ See Vullers, s.v. It is a smelling-bottle or case containing am- bergris.

II Bloch mann, 55.

2 •!

Ilf Hiivn, hy way of iilT«riji); sliir’y-lwo •’{•‘phniits, ’vrili” nini fi’jjtali. anti ;1 iom» lin<l {-In* liunotir of hoinj; iirr’‘j)l«’il. At ‘ill!’* linn* 1 !ciwa wilil «••:* jiv’ir-hlntr). oxi-n’iliniily i fraiiLv :;i aiip’vir.ijui*, oxartly li!;! n lion. Krojn lln tip of tlio nopo to tlx- I’V.il of tliri tail, and from lli<’ point of th<’ rar to the lop of tlio lioof. Marl: matkinpp. !ar;;<’ or fnnnll. PJiitahlo to ;!i«ir jio’ition. w<io ri’<n on it. Ilonnrl tlio I’Vi-: tlioro wa« an oxr^^’.linfdy tino Mar}; lin«. Oin mi;:lit wiy thr painirr of fatr. with n .•-ttatipo lim*-h. liml )rft it on tin* pafir of llm ‘\o:l.l. A - it wai- :’tranj:r. .‘^om«* j’roplr im!ij:inMl tlint it lunl r.ilouri’d. Aftrr jniimtr impiira* into tlir Inttli. it Jicrajnr J.’JKiwn tli.at tin- I/iJil of till* world was flio f’rrator t1i< r<of. A*- it w.T- .a rarity, it wa*. inrindrd nnion;^ tin* royal i;ift’ ‘«tit to rny brotlirr Mjali ‘Aldi;‘»i-. llalifidnr K. V’r.ln*” bad M-tit ai- an oflrrin;; !om«’ tiprlifuj honrs nml rlolli .stnfis from ‘iT.aij. and tliry wrrr prodnrrd lirforr ni’. l)rr.‘=«rs of l.ojiour for tin- wititi-r wrr«‘ .M’nt for Ibraliim K. lath»jnno Mid tin* Arnif’ of llrncal l»y Mntniii Sliirar.i. On tin* loth tin- ofTi’riiijl of t^adiii K. wa« prodtircd. It was of all .sorts. H.‘iviiii’ ta};«-n what wa« worth H>. lo.OOfi. I o.^vo tin* ro- mnindrr t^* him. I’iir.il K. on this d.ny also ;>avo an ofTorino nmirdin;: to his londitiun. <)f this a trifli* was tahrn. On Tlinr-day (Ibth ranvardln) tin* frast of tin* rnlmination was h«’!d. ajid whm two watrhrs and ono ;‘hari of tin* day had pa-Mvl. 1 toid: rny srat on tin* ihroni*. .Arrordinj* to tin? r.rpir-’t of Madar-nl-nmil: rtimridn’d-dauln. tin fr.ast. of tin* riihnin.‘ition was hold in hi.« Innisi*. Ho prosontcd a roinark- ahlr ofTi’rin}; of raro and choiro. thinfjs from all countrios. .■\llo;;i-tlnr I took ih» vahn? of Ks. MS, 000. On this day I ‘tavi* Zatnhil Jlo{;. tin* nmbas.sndor. a muliarf equal to 2<»i /o/os in Wright. At. this time Ibrahim K. had sent some eiimirhs from IJeiiftnl. One of these was a hermaphrodite. •ArnoiiK tin* oflrrings «if the abovc-montionod were two boats

• .■\j)|i:in’atly « xcbr.-i. .Sec Iqbiil-nuniii. 17lt, wlirro it is stated limt it w.-iN broiiplit b.vsn.‘i. Tiietoxlof thoTu7.uk is wronp, ns usual. \Vlint we hiiiiuld n‘ad is: “ It was likn a tif;er (MS. ISI and Iqbiil-iiiiiiin linvc rhir, not. babar), but. tlie markiii^s on a tif’or arc black and yellow, and the.se were black and white,"

‘f IVrhaps this is thn niuhnr now ia Gorainay,

202 .,

mode in Bengal, of a very pleasant shape, on the decoration of rrhioh a sum of Bs. 10,000 had been expended. They were really kingly boats. Haying made Shail^ Qasiin K. goyernor of Allahabad, I honoured hini ■with the. title of IVTuhta^m H. and the niansnb of 5,000, and gaye an order that the Diwans should giye him an increase to his jagir out of the unappropriated (maltall-i-gjiair-i-amall) estates. Eaja Shyam Singh, Znmindar of Snnagar (in Garhwal) was giyen a horse and an elephant.

At this time it was reported to me. that Yusuf K., s. Husain K..* had died in the yictorious army of the Deccan a sudden death. The report said that when he was at his had become so fat that he got out of breath with the least exertion. One day when he was paying his respects to Hiuxram, in coming and going his breathing| became difficult, AYhen a dress of honour Avas giyen him, in putting it on and saluting he became helpless, and a trembling affected all his limbs, and with a hundred labours and exertions he saluted and stumbled out and fell under the shelter of the tent enclosure, and became unconscious. His servants placed him in a palanquin, and took him home, and as he arriyed, the messenger of death came also. He received his command, and left his heayy lump of earth in the perishable dustbin. On 1st Urdibihi^t, I gave a special dagger to Zambil Beg, the ambassador. On the 4th of the same month the feast of the I’ar’i-Jchair (consummation of marriage) of my son ^ahriyar increased the joy of my heart. The Ilinna-bandi (putting on henna) assembly took place in the palace of Maryamu-z-zamani. The. feast of tho »??7v7(/ (marriage) was held in the house of I*timndu-d-daula. I myself went there with the Indies and adorned the feast of joy. After seven gharis of night had passed, on hVidayj: the marriage took place with rejoicings. I hope that it will bo propitious to this daily ‘increasing State. On Tuesday, the 19th, in the Nur- af^iin garden, I presented my son Shahriyar with a jewelled charqal) (coat), with a turban and Avaist-bclt {Iwnar-hnnd),

Hus.<iin K. Tukrlyn. t Xajg ml’Siizad.

Tbwrsdny night or Pridny ovo is wlmt is ineanf .

203

mill twn li<»r^p?, nin’ mi ‘Iraqi, with n Rnhi snrldl*’, niul Mio <>tln’ra Tiirhi. with .tji <*inhr<»hl<’r<*ci siuldlr.

In tlirvo <layj; .^ah Shtija* had an rniplion fn violont that wator wntihi nut j;u <iown hi? ihruat. and lits iifo was do.^pairod <d. A’> it had ht’f’ii rorurdrd in his father’s horn.’-rope tliat liis

M’ji would dio this year, all the a‘-troIo; 4 ers were nnanimons that ho Would not live, hut .ioiik l«ay .‘•aid. on the contrary, that the du.’t of cnlaniity would not .•’ettle on the shirt of hi.s lih’. 1 a;);ed; “ lly what proof t” He said that in tlic hoTiv-ofUM* of niv do!-tinv it was rerorded that, in this vear no

• a « •

lii trrv: trouMe w«iuld find its w.ay to the royal mind from :iiiy mnd. and a« I had a proat afTortion for the child, it I>’-)iov/‘d th.Tt no calamity sliould happen f<* liijn. and sotno oth«r child w<iuld <lie. It came to p.iss as he. said, and he rarrhd his life <iut of this deadly place, and a .‘••on that he .Tahaii) had hv the dauphtcr of ^.Hi-nawar. K.. died at Iturh.anjiur. He-ides this, many of .lotih Hay’s judpmenfs {ahham) turned out coirert. This is not without stmnpeness. and it is therefore reeor<led in these memoirs’. I arcordinply ordered him (.lotih HAy) to he weighed apainst money and the w<dplit. came to H«. C.r^tto. This was given him ns a reward.

Muhammad Husain .luhirl was appointed Hnhhshi and newswriter tif the .’^uhah of Orissa. The mnnsah of Lachin Mutuajjim (astrolopor) QAq^i’d. at tlie reejuest of Malifibat. K., was fixed. «iripinnl and increased, at 1.000 personal and .^nO horse. Muhammad Husain, hrothor of Khwaja .Tahan, came from ICanprrt ‘”>d waited on me. Having pre-sented an elephant to Bahadur K. Uzbeg. I .«ent. it with his Yahil. Htinniiz and Hu^ang. grandsons of the n.sylurn of pardon Mirza Muhaininad Hahlin, by reason of the caution that is fitting to ntlers. had been imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior. At thi.s time, having summoned them into my presence, I ordered them to remain in Agra, and a daily allowance sufficient for their expenses was allowed for them. At this time a brahman of the name of Hudar Bhattacharaj, who was one of the learned ones of this caste, and was engaged at Benares in teaching, had the good fortune to pay his

204

rospecis to me. In trntli. lie has studied ‘well. Loth in the rational and traditional sciences, and is perfect in his o\ni line.

One of the, strange events of this time* ^s that on ?>0 ’ Farwardin (ahont 10 April, 1621) in the present year, in a certain village of the. pargana of Jalandhar, in the morning, a texrihle noise arose, from the East, sneh that its inhahitants. from fright at that terror-increasing sound, nearly deserted their bodies. Whilst this noise, and disturbance were, going on, a light fell from above on the ground, and the people thought that lire was mining down from heaven. After a moment, when that noise ceased, and their tronbled heaTt.a recovered from their bewilderment and terror, they sent, a (juick rmmer to the collector (‘o«»7) Mnharamad Sa,*id, and informed him of what had oecnrred. He immediately rode there himself, and went to look at the spot. For ten or t.welve yards in length and breadth the land was so burnt that no trace of any grass or green was left, and there were still signs of heat and bnrning. He ordered them to dig np the. soil, and the more, they dug the greater the, heat appeared to be till they came to a place where a piece of heated iron appeared.

It was as hot as if it had been’taken out of a. furnace. After a while, it became, cold, and taking it up, ho conveyed it to his house, and placing it in a MarVn (cover), which he sealed, he, sent it to Court. I ordered them to weigh it in my pre.sence, and it came, to 160 lola.it. I ordered Alnster (Ustadj DaTidl to make, a sword, a dagger, and a knife, of it, and brmg them to me. He, represented that it would not sta-ud below the hammer, and fell to pieces. I told him in that case, to mir it with other iron and make use, of it. As I had told him, he mixed three parts of lightning-iron and one, of other iron, and having made, two swords, one dagger, and one knife, brought them to me. From the mixing of other iron he had brought out its quality (wat^wing). According to t.he, manner of the excellent swords of Yaman;]: and the. South, it conld l>e bent, and became straight again. I ordered them t o test,

Elliot . VT, STS.

t King E.‘jvid was .said to l )0 a maker of onirasso-s.

5: Yanulnl, Elliot has almast (adamant, -like).

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it in my presence. It cut very well, equal to true swords,. I called one the ^am^ir-i-qati‘ (keen sword) and the other Barq-siri^t (lightning-iiatured). Bi-hadal K. composed a quatrain which demonstrated* these particulars, and re- cited it ;

By Shall Jahangir the world acquired order.

There fell m his reign raw iron from lightning.

Prom that iron were made b3’ his world-taking command,

A dagger, a knife, and two scimitars.

And “ Spark of royal lightning ” gave the date (a.h. 1030).

At this time Baja Sarang Deo, who had gone to my fortimate son Shah Panviz, came and waited on me. Parwiz represented that he, according to order, had proceeded from Allahabad to Behar. I hope he will be prosperous (there). Qasim K. was dignified with the gift of drums. On this day one ‘Alimu-d-din, a servant of Kiurram, brought a report from him contaming the good news of the victory, with a jewelled thumbstall {^ast, perhaps a ring), which he had sent as mzar. I gave him leave, sending by him a dress of honour. Amir Beg, brother of Fagil Beg. K., was appointed Diwan to my son Shahriyar and Mujhammad Husain, brother of Miwaja Jahan, was made Bakhshi, and Ma’sum was appointed Mlr-Samun. Sayyid Haji obtained leave to go as an axuiliary to the army of the Deccan, and I gave him a horse. Muzaffar K., was also promoted to the post of Bakhshi.

As at this time the mother}- of Imam-quli K., the ruler of Turan, had sent to Nur Jahan Begam a letter containing expressions of good will and the dues of acquaintanceship, and sent some rarities from that country, ^waja Nasir, who was one of the old servants and one of my attendants from the time when I was a prince, was sent by way of embassy on the part of Nur Jahan Begam with a letter, with choice gifts from this country. At the time when the ladies were

See Blockmann’s translation and remarks in Proceedings A.S.B. for 1869, p. 167. It is there stated that the date of the fall of the meteorite was Friday, April 10, 1621, O.S., and that the weight would be nearly 6-271 pounds troy.

•]• A widow of Baqi Muhammad.

206

staying in the Nur-af^an garden, a rang (ibex) fawn eight days old, jumped down from the terrace of the palace, which is 8 gaz in height, on to the ground, and began to leap about, no sign of injury or pain being perceptible in it.

On the 4th of the Divine month* of Khurdad. Afzal K., ^urram’s Diwan brought a letter from him containing the good news of his victory, and kissed the threshold. The details are as follows: When the victorious army reached Ujain, a band of the servants of the Court, who were in the fort of lltlandu, sent a report that an army of the rebels, putting forward the foot of audacity, had crossed the Nar- bada, and burning several villages that were underf the fort, were busy with rapine and plunder. Madaru-l-mahamm j^waja Abu-l-Hasan, with 5,000 cavalry, were appointed to go in all haste and infli ct punishment on that vain lot of people. The ^waja made a night march, and at the dawn of day reached the bank of the Narbada. When the enemy learnt this, they in one moment threw themselves into the river and reached the bank of safety. The brave cavalry galloped after them, and pursued them for nearly 4 koss,{ and with the sword of vengeance, made many of them travellers on the road of non-existence. The ill-fated rebels did not turn back the reins of haste till they reached Burhanpur. Khurram wrote to Abu-l-Hasan to remain on that (the South) side of the river till he came. Soon he, -with his army, joined this advanced force, and hastened on, march by march, till he reached Burhanpur. The graceless rebels were still keeping § their ground, and were encamped round the city.

Elliot, VI. 379.

t Elliot, 379, has “ in sight of tho fort.” Perhaps the meaning is that the villages were in the jurisdietion of the fort .

X The Iqbal-nama, 181, has “fourteen.”

§ The account of Shah Jahan’s spWtcd attack on tho Deccan is is in some placas rather obscurely worded, and the printed edition is not always correct. Help can be obtained from the Iqbal-nama, 18), etc.. and from Elliot, VI. 379. The text has firar, “ flight,” and this has . been followed by Elliot, who has “ on their approach the rebels took to flight, and removed to a distance from Burhanpur,” But the true reading, as shown by the Iqbal-nama, is qarur, “ firmness,” not firar, and the words are bar duur-i-^alir, “ round the citj’,” not bar diir, “ far

207

As the imjicrinl servants had been contending with the rebels for two wars, they had suffered much hardship from want of land {bx-jagln,* non-possession of fiefs, landlessness) and scarcitv of corn, and their horses were worn out by continued service. Accordingly, they had to delay nine days in order to recruit.. During this period, thirty lakhs of rupees and manv cuinisse.st were distributed among the soldiers, and saza’intls had been sent, out, and had brought many men out of the city {Burhanptir). The gallant troops had not yet put their hands to the work, when the black-fated rebels felt that thev could not- resist, and scattered like the daughters of the Bier *’ (the stars of the constellation of the Great Bear, which arc dispcr.’-ed over the heavens, instead of being clus- tered like the Pleiades). The brave and swift cavaliers followed them, and with the sword of vengeance cast many of them upon the earth of pcnlition. They gave them no rest. but. smiting and slajing them, pursued them as far as Khirki. which was the rc.«idencc of the Nizamu-l-mulk and the other rebels. One day 1)c{orc this the ill-starred one (Malik ‘Ambar) had got information of the approach of the imiKwialists. and had removed the Ni?amu-l-mulk and his familv and effects to the fort of Daulatabad There he had encamped, with his back re.sting on the while m front of him there were mnr.s)ics and quagniims.t os o is men liecamc scattered in all directions. The l^ders of the

^^ctoriousa^nv.with their vengeance-seeking soldiers halted

three day.s in’the town

— - - - irTriibSajsm^tates. “ in the environs

from. The v<Te. ns apparently not in such force

of the city." “rf/ir fawd-t-^o’ ’ . . jjjg apparitors and sum-

as to prevent .ShSh .l.-.hHn s ^“^‘Vinging out recruits. ■ monerjs— from poinp into the cj J K.jaaan (want of settled home ♦ 111 the 1 .0. .MSS. the word looks liK

or residence 1), . ^ given in Vuilers, 5166,

t Text has ehasi. The word m j ^ meaning given to it by garments, an „airasses,” and this I have

as meaning robes or ga.. .

Elliot, hut the Iqbul-numa has JbW’"’ adopted. It is jubba in I.O. should, I think, be jam-

i Text, cJtihla « lAamcha. The „ , place.” It is jamjama

hm. ChihlS in lliiidu-stani means who. MS.. No, 181.

208

which had taken twenty years to build, that it is not known if it will regain its splendour in other twenty years. In fine, after throwing doAvn its buildings, all agreed in opinion that as an army of rebels was still besieging Ahinaduagar, they must at once go there, and inflict condign punishment on the originators of the disturbance, renew the supidics (of the Ahmadnagar garrison), and leave assistance there, and then return. With this view they set out, and came as far as the toum of Patan (in Berar, Jarrett II. 233). Ulcnn- while, the crafty ‘Ambar* sent agents and officers, and said : “ iVfter this I will not drop the thread of service and loyalty from my hand, nor put out my foot beyond orders, and will regard whatever tribute and fine be commanded as a favour, and will send it to the goveniment.” It happened that just then there was great scarcity in the camp in consequence of the dearness of profusions, and also that news came that the rebel force which was besieging Ahmadnagar had withdrawn on hearing of the approach of the imperialists. Accordingly, a force was sent to help IQianjar K. (the governor of Fort Ahmadnagar), and a sum of money for his charges; There- upon the imperialists were relieved from all anxiety and returned (across the Narbada ?). After much entreaty and lamentation (on the part of ‘Ambar) it w’as settled that in addition to the territory which of old had belonged to the empire, the rebels should surrender 14 koss of the adjoining country, and should pay into the public treasur}’ fifty lakhs of rupees as tribute.

I gave iVfjHil K. (Shah Jahan’s diwan) leave to return, and sent with him, for Khurram. the ruby plume {halghi-ln^Ti) which the King of Persia had sent to me, and which hn.s been already dasoribed, and I gave to the aforesaid (Af?al) a drcs.s of honour, an elephant, an inkpot, and a jewelled pen. Khanjar K., who, when be.sicged in the Fort of Ahmadnagar, hafl performed aj)provcd .services, and sliown proper activity, was promoted to the mansab of 4,000 pensonal and 1,000 hor.’-‘o.

Mukarram K., Jiaving come by order from OnVsa, had,

• Text lins ff/iriir in.‘ste.id of ‘Ambar.

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with his brothers, the good fortune to wait upon me. He presented a string of pearls by way of offering. Muzaffaru-l- niulk, s. Bnhadurii-l-mulk, was honoured with the title of Husrat K. A standard was conferred on tjda Ram, Dakhani, and to ‘Azizu-llah, s. Yusuf K., was given the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On Thursday, the 21st, Muqarrab K. arrived from Behar, and had the good fortune to wait upon me. At this time Aqa ‘Ali, MuMbb ‘All Beg, Haji Beg, and Fazil Beg, the envoys of the ruler of Persia, who had come at different times, were allowed to depart. To Aqa Bog I made a present of a dress of honour, a jewelled dagger, and Rs. 40,000 in cash; to Mulbibb ‘Ah Beg a dress of honour and Rs. 30,000; and to the others in the same way I presented gifts according to their positions. I also sent a suitable souvenir by them to my brother. On this day Mukarram K. was appointed Subahdar of Delhi, and faujdar of Mewat. Shaja‘at K. ‘Arab was dignified with the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,500 horse, original and increased; Sharza K. with that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse; Girdhar, s. Ray Sal Kachhwaha, with that of 1,200 and 900 horse,!

On the 29th, Qasim Beg, an envoy of the ruler of Persia, came and waited on me, bringing a letter from that brother of lofty dignity, containing expressions of sincerity and friendship. What he had sent by way of royal gifts was laid before me. On the 1st of Tir, I sent a special elephant called Gaj Ratan, for my son (Jarzand) ^an Jahan. Nazar Beg, a servant of IQiurram, laid before me a letter from him asking for the gift of horses. I ordered Raja Ri^an Das, the mu^if (accountant) to prepare within fifteen days 1,000 horses from the royal stables, and to send them off with him. I sent to Hiurram as a present a horse of the name of Rum-ratan* (“ the jewel of Turkey ”), which the ruler of Persia had sent me out of the spoils of the Turkish camp.

On this day a servant of Iradat K., of the name of ®iyasu- d-din, laid before me a report from him containing the good news of his victory. In the preceding pages there has been

Text wrongly has Biip-ratan.

210

written with the pen of. demonstration an account of the rebellion of the Zamindars of Ki^twar and of the despatch of Jalal, 6. Dilawar K. As this important matter had not been properly managed by him, an order was given to Iradat K. to hasten to take up that duty, and to inflict severe punish- ment on the rebels, and make such arrangements in the hill- country that the dust of dispersion and calamity might not settle on its frontiers. He, as ordered, hastened there and did approved service, and the people of sedition and disturb- ance, having turned their heads towards the desert of exile, escaped half dead. Thus once more was the thorn of calamity and mischief rooted out of that country, and having estab- lished the officials and established posts, he returned to Kashmir, As a reward for this service I added 500 horse to his mansab.

As Khwaia Abu-l-Hasan had done good service and shown proper activity in the affair of the Deccan, I increased his mansab by 1,000 horse. Atmad Beg, nephew of Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, being exalted to the Subahdarship of Orissa, was dignified %vith the title of TSAan, and had given him a standard and drums. His mansab also was raised to 2,000 with 500 horse.

As I had often heard of the virtues and good qualities ot Qazi Nasir of Burhanpur, my truth-seeking mind had a desire for his society. At this time he came, according to summons, to the Court. Doing honour to his learning, I paid him great regard. The Qazi is one of the unique of the age for rational and traditional sciences, and there are few books that he has not read, but his exterior did not agree with his interior, and I could not be delighted with his company. As I found him much devoted to being a dervish and seclusion, I respected his feelings, and did not give him the trouble of serving me. I gave him Es. 5,000, and dis- missed him to his native country to pass his days in ease.

On the 1st of the Divine month of Amurdad Baqir K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,200 horse, and of the Amirs and royal servants wdio liad dis- tinguished themselves in the conquest of the Deccan, tliirty-

211

two individunlp were exalted by having their niansabs raised. ‘Ahdu-l-’Aziz K. Naqshbandi, w’ho had been appointed to the governorship of Qandaharat the request of my son ^an Jahan, was promoted to that of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse. On the 1 st Shahrlwar I gave the ambassador Zambil Beg a jewelled sword, and also presented him with a village under the jurisdiction of the capital, the revenue of which was Rs. 16,000.

At this time, knowing that he was unfit for duty on account of his bad temper and want of knowledge, I dismissed Haldm Rukna.* and told him he might go wherever he wished. As it was reported to me that Hu^ang, the brother’s son of Wian ‘Alam. had committed an unjust murder, ha^^ng sum- moned him to 1115 ’ presence, I investigated the charge, and after it was established, gave an order for his execution. God forbid that in such affairs I should consider princes, and far less that I should consider Amirs. I hope that the grace of God may support me in this. On 1st Shahrlwar, at the request of Asaf K., I went to his house and bathed in the bath-house that he has lately built. It is beautifully finished. After I had done bathing he laid before me offerings fit for a nazar. I took what I approved of and gave him the rest. The ‘Wazlja (pension) of IQiizr Mian (late ruler) of Khandesh, was fixed at Rs. 30,000,t original and increased.

At this time it was reported to me that a blacksmith of the name of Kalyan was much in love with a woman of his o^vn caste, and was always laying his head at her feet, and showing symptoms of infatuation. The woman, though she was a widow, would in no way consent to accept him, and the love of this wretch who had given his heart to her made no impression on her. Ha%‘ing summoned both of them into my presence, I cross-examined them, and however much I advised her to unite herself to him, she did not agree. At this time the blacksmith said that if he could make sure that I wouldt give her to him, he would throw himself down from.

Padidiah-naraa. I., Part II., p. 349.

f The text wTongly has 1.000.

j The Bib. Ind. ed. of Iqbal-nama, 184, inserts a negative here, but this seems wrong. In a MS. in my possession there is no negative.

212

the ^ah-burj of the fort. I said by way of jest: “Never mind the ^ah-burj; if your love be genuine, fling yourself from the roof of this house, and I’ll make her submit herself to you.” I had not ended before he ran like lightning and threw himself down. When he fell, blood began to flow from his eyes and mouth. I repented myself greatly of that jest, and was grieved in my mind, and bade Asaf Hian take him to his house and look after him. As the cup of his life was brimming over, he died from the injury.

Veesb.

The life-sacrificing lover who stood on that threshold Gave up his life with joy and regarded death as a trifie.

At the request of Mahabat K. the mansab of Lachin Qaq^al, original and increased, was £xed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse.

It has been mentioned* that on the day of the Dasahara ’ festival in Kashmir, I had perceived in myself a catching and shortness of breath. Briefly, from excessive rain and the dampness of the air, a difficulty in drawing breath showed itself on my left side near the heart. This by degrees increased and became intensified. Of the physicians who were in waiting on me, Haldm Ruhu-llah first tried ,his remedies, and for some time warm, soothing medicines were of use, for there was evidently a slight diminution (of the symptoms). When I cande down from the hills, they came on again violently. This time for some days I took goats’ milk, and again camel’s milk, but I found no profit whatever from them. About this time Hakim Rukna, who had been excused from the journey to Kashmir, and whom I had left at Agra, joined me, and confidently and with a show of power, undertook my cure, and relied on warm and dry medicines. Krom his remedies, too, I derived no advantage; on the contrary, they appeared to increase the heat and dryness of my brain and temperament, and I became very weak. The disease in- creased and the pain was prolonged. At such a time and in this state, at which a heart of stone would have burnt

EUiot, VI. 380.’

21ft

(boon tlislro’Sod) nbnul. nio. ijadra.* p. Hnkini Mirzii Mribanuund. who wns one of the chief phypiciniis of Pcrpin (was ill atloiulniiro on mo), lie liad come from I’ersin in tin* roijiii of my rovorod fnfhor. and nflor tlic llirono of rule had bi’oii ad<mii’d by this pnppliant, as he wop diptinguiphod above ali otliorp liy natural .‘skill and cxporionco {(ayirruf-i- fnhVat). 1 was attended to by him. and 1 dipfinguiphed him with the title of Masihu-r.-7iim.nn (Mopsiah of the Ago). T made his position more honourable than that, of the ot.her t’ourtrjdiypieianp. with the idea that at pome crisis he would help me. That ungrateful man. in spile of the claims which 1 had on him. though he .‘••aw me in .such a state, did not give, me medie.ines or treat me. Notwithstanding that 1 dis- tinguished him beyond all the physieians who were waiting on mo. he would not undertake my cure. However great attention 1 showed him and troubled myself to soothe him. he became more obstinate (s^Uah). and .“said: “ I have no such reliance on my Icnowledge that I can undertake the cure.” It. was the same with I.Iakim Abu-l-Qi’isim. s. lIakImu-1- mulk. notwithstanding his 1>eing a khanazad, and what was duo for his bringing up; he professed himself suspicious and afraid, and that considering the matter in his mind, lie was terrified and vexed, and how, then, could he. prc.scribc a remedy ? As there was no liclp for it, I gave them all up. and weaning my heart from all ^^piblc rcnicdic.s, gave myself up to the Supreme Physician. As drinking alleviated my PulTcringp, I took to it in the daytime, contrary to my habit, and gradually I carried this to excc.ss, Wlicn the weather became hot, the evil cflccts of this increased, and my wcak- neiss and laboured breathing were augmented. Nur .Tahan Begam, whose skill and experience are greater t.han those of the physicians, especially as they are brought to bear through affection and sympathy, endeavoured to dimini.sli the number of my cups, and to carry out the remedies that appeared appropriate to the time, and soothing to the condition. Although previously to this she had approved of the remedies

Elliot, 44S. llio Mti’ugiru l-Uinnru, I. 577, and Pudi^ah-nSiua I.. Part 11., 347.

214

made use of by tlie pJiysicians, yet at this time I j-elied on her kindness. She, by degrees, lessened my wine, and kept me from things that did not suit me, and food that disagreed with me. I hope that the True Physician will grant me perfect recovery from the Iiospital of tlie Ijidden vrorld.

On Monday, tlie 22nd* of the same month, corresjionding with the 25tli of Shawwal. a.h. 1030 (2 September, 1621), the least of my solar weighing took place auspiciously and happily. As in the past year (of my life) I liad suffered from severe illness, I had passed it in continuous pain and trouble. In thankfulness tliat such a year ended well and in safety, and that in the commencement of the present year the signs of health became apparent, Nur .Tahan Begam begged that her Vakils might make the arrangements for tlie entertainment (of the solar weighment). In truth, they jirepared one which increased the astonishment of beholders. From the date on which Nur Jahan Begam entered into the bond of marriage with this suppliant, although in all weighing entertainments, both solar and lunar, she had made such arrangements as were becoming to the State, and knew what were the require- ments of good fortune and prosjierity; yet on this occasion she had paid greater attention than ever to adorn the assembly, and arrange the feast. All the servants of approved service and the domestics who knew my temperament, who in that time of weakness had constantly been present and been ready to sacrifice their lives, and had fluttered round my head like moths, were now honoured with suitable kindnesses, such as dresses of honour, jewelled sword-belts, jewelled daggei’s, horses, elephants, and trays full of money, each according to their positions. And though the jjhysicians had not done good service, yet in consideration of the slight coniemptt with whicli they had been treated for two or three days, they

To.’ct wrongly has J2th. JaliEngir’s birthday was on the I81h .Sliahriwar.

t I am not siiro of fho reading. Ono U.M. MS. Hcomn <o

have Jifiqqtt and porliaps tlio meaning Jk that llio jihynioiiiJiN had already been abundantly recomjxn«ed for their labour for two or tlin.’e dayf, linqqi being taken an oqiial to hnqq-i’Ha~i.

rrci’ivod various favours, nud on llu* orrnsion of lliis feast, also, tlu’v ivcoivod |»ros<‘Uts in jewels and easli.

After tlie eonelusion of the weif’hiueiit.. trays of gold and silver w«>r«‘ j’oured o\it hv way cif ar’sor (coin-scattering) into the hope-sliirls of the ministers of aniusement. {ahl-i-uishal), ami of the poor, .lotik Itay. astrologer, who had given the •jiad news of luy rect»very and rest.orntion to health, I had weighcfl against, muhars and rupees, and hv tdiis method a jm-’.ent- was ma<le*’ him of oOtt nudiars and 7.000 rupees. At the end of the entertainment the offerings she (Nur .lahhn) had jtrepared for me were produced. Of the, jewels, jewelled onmnu’Uts. cloths and various mrities 1 selected what. I a]»jmved of. jMtogether the cost, of this great, entertainment which Nur .Tahan llegnm gave was recnnled to he two lne.s j<f ruj’ce.-, e.vclusive of what she laid hefoie me ns ofTerings. In previous years, when 1 was in healt.h. 1 weighed 11 maunds and 1 or 2 seers more or less, hut this year, ns a result of my weakness and leanness. I was only 2 maunds and 27 seers.

On Thursday, t he 1st of the Divine month of Mihr.rtiqad K., the (lovornor of Kashmir, was promoted t.o the mansab of 4.(KX) and 2.ri00 horse, and Raja Gnj Singh to that of .1,000 and :i.0(K) horse. When the news of my illness reached my son. Shfdi Pnrwi?.. without waiting for a farman he. came to see me. being unable to re.strain himself. On the Mthf of the same month (Sejitemher 2r». 1021 ). at an auspicious hour and propitious time. that, fortunate, son had the good fortune to kiss the t.hre.shold, and went three times round the couch llalM). However much I adjured him and forbade him to do so, he insisted the more in lamentation and importunity, I took him by the hand and drew him towards me, and by way of kindness and ailcction held him fast in an embrace, and displayed groat love to him. I hope that he may enjoy n long life with jirospcrity.

At this time Rs. 20,00,000 were sent to Khurram for the expenses of the army of the Deccan by Allah-djid K., who

A little before his weight came only to Rs, Ci.^OO (p. 320 of text). But possibly .Tnhangir incnns that ho hnd hinisolf weighed for .Totik’s benefit. f Elliot, VI. 381.

216

was honoured with an elephant and a standard. On the 28th Qiyam K., chief huntsman, died a natural death. He was a confidential servant, and apart from his skill in hunting, looked over every trifling detail relating to it, and consulted my pleasure in it. In short, I was much grieved at this event. I hope that God may grant him forgiveness.

On the 29th the mother of Nur Jahan Begam died. Of the amiable qualities of this .matron {Kad-hanu) of the family of chastity what can I write 1 Without exaggeration, in purity of disposition and in wisdom and the excellencies that are the ornament of women no Mother of the Age* was ever bom equal to her, and I did not valuef her less than my own mother. With regard to the attachment that Ttimadu-d- daula bore towards her it is certain that no husband was equal to him. Here one must imagine what had happened to that grief-stricken old man. Also with regard to the attachment of Nur Jahan Begam to her mother what can one write ? A son like Asaf H., exceedingly intelligent and clever, rent in pieces his robe of patience and left off the dress of men of the social state (lit., men of dependence, or connection). At the sight of his dear son, the grief and sorrow of the father, wounded at heart, increased more and more. However much we admonished him, it had no result. On the day on which I went to condole with him, as the disturb- ance of his mind and grief of his heart had commenced, I spoke a few words of admonition by way of affection and kindness, but did not urge him. I left him tmtil (the sense of) his calamity should abate. After some days I ministered to his inward wound the balm of kindness, and brought him back to the position of sociable beings. Although in order to please me and satisfy my mind he outwardly controlled himself, and made a show of resignation, yet with regard to his affection for her what resignation could there be ?

3Iddar-i-dahr.

t Text and MSS. have mSdar-i-ura, “her mother" (?). Perhaps we should read md iird, “ we (esteemed) her not less than our own mother."

Or it may be that the “her" means Nur Jahan, and that Jahangir means he esteemed his mother-in-law as much as his own mother..

217

On tlio Isl. of ilip Divino. inniiili of AbSn. Sar-bulixnd K., .Ifm-sipar K.. ami llaqi K.. wore lionourccl with (lie of «lrnnis. ‘Abdu-llah K. had Rono to his jnpir without the leave of the Subahdar*’ of the Ococan: 1 accordinply told the Chief Diwan*; to deprive him of his jn^ir. and rtiniad llfiy was onlorod t<» art ns a anzdu’uJ, and to send him hack to the Dcccan.

It has hern rerorded with regard to the rase of i\Insihu-7:* r^iman {Hakim i5;ulra) that, notwithstanding wliat was due fn>m him f<»r In’s hringing-up and my kindness to him. he had not the grace to attend upon me in such an illness, and more strange .still is it. that he sttd«lenly threw off the veil of modesty and aske<l for leave to undertake a jonniey to the Ilijaz. and make a ]>ilgrimago to the holy house. Inasmuch as at. all t imes and tinder all rircnmslances the reliance of this suppliant is on the honl. that needs im retuni.nnd the gracious Creator, I gave him leave with an open brow. Though he had all Icinds (»f things (for the journey) I made him a present of Us. 20.tK)0 in aid of his e.vjtenscs. and I hope that the Supreme Uh^ioian. without the assistance of physicians and the means of medicine, may grant this suppliant complete recovery from the Hi.sjiensan- of His mercy.

As the air of Agni. in consequence of the increase of the temjteraturc, did not agree with me. on Monday, the 13th of the Divine month of Aban and IGth year (of my reign), the .stand- anls were rai.sed to go towards the hill country of the North, so that if the air of that quarter should be equable, I might choose some spot of ground on the bank of the Uiver Ganges, and found a city there, to make a permanent place of resi- dence for the hot weather, or else turn the reins of purpose in the direction of Kashmir. Lca\ang Muwiffar K. to guard and administer Agra, I dignified him wth drums, a horse, aud an elephant. Having appointed his nephew, M. Muhammad faujdar of the city, I gave him the title of Asad K.. and selected him for increase of raansab. Having exalted Baqir K. to the duty of the Subah of Oudh, I dismissed him. On the 2Gth of the said month my prosperous son ^ah Panvlz

That is. Shall Jnliun (see Iqbai-numn, ISO).

218

obtained leave to proceed from Mathura to Bihar and his jagir. I gave him leave after presenting him “with a special dress of honour, a nadin, a jewelled dagger, a horse, and an elephant. I hope that he may enjoy long life. On 4 Azar, Mukarram K., governor of Delhi, was exalted with the good fortune of paying his respects. On the 6th I alighted at Delhi, and ha^dng halted two days in Salimgarh I employed myself with the pleasure of sport. At this time it was reported to me that Jado Eay Kaitha (or Kathiya), who is one of the leading Sardars of the Deccan, by the guidance of good fortune and reliance on God, had elected for loyalty, and had been enrolled amongst the loyal servants. Bestowing on him a dress of honour and a jewelled dagger, I sent a gracious farman to him by the hand of Narayan Das Rathor. On the 1st of the Divine month of Dai, corresponding with the 7th Safar, a.h. 1031, Maqsud, brother of Qasim K., was honoured with the title of Ha^m K. and Ha^im Beg ^u^i* with that of Jan-nisar K.

On the 7th of the same month the camp was pitched at Hardwar on the bank of the Ganges. It is one of the most famous places of worship of the Hindus, and many brahmans and recluses have chosen a comer of retirement in this place and worship God according to the rule of their religion. I gave alms in cash and goods to each of them according to his requirements. As the climate of this skirt of the hills was not approved by me, and I could not see a spot of ground on Avhich to make a permanent residence, I proceeded towards the sldrt of the hill country of Jammu and Kangra.

At this time it was reported to me that Raja Bhao Singh had died in the Deccan (become a traveller on the road of non- existence). From excess of wine-drinldng he had become very weak and low. Suddenly a faintness came over him. However much the physicians tried remedies for him and burnt scars on the top of his head, he did not come to his senses: for a night and a day he lay without perception, and died the next day. Two wives and eight concubines burnt themselves in the fire of fidelity for him, Jagat Singh, his elder brother, and Maha Singh, his nephew, had spent the

The MSS. seem to have Khostl — i.c„ of Khost.

219

coin of tlicir lives in ilic winc-bnsincss, and the aforesaid, not taking warning from them, sold sweet life for bitter fluid, lie was of very good disposition and sedate. From the days when I was a prince he was constantly in my service, and by the blessing of my education had reached the high rank of 5.000. As he left no son, I dignified the grandson of his elder brother, though of tender years, with the title of Raja, and gave him the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse. The pargana of j\mbcr, his native place, w’as assigned to hun ns jagir, according to former custom, in order that his family might not be dispersed. A^lat K., s. lOian .Tahan, was pro- moted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On the 20th* of the same niont.h I halted at the sara}’ of Ahvatu.f As I am constantly engaged in the pleasure of hunting, and the fle.sh of animals I have killed with 1115’ own hand is verj*^ much t.o my taste, in consequence of the suspicions and caution that I have in such matters, I order them to be cleaned in my presence, and myself inspect their stomachs to see what they have eaten and w’hat the food of the animals is. If bv chance I see anvthing to which I have a dislike I forbear from eating the flesh. Before tliis I was not inclined towards any kind of waterfowl except the sona (golden duck ?). AVhen I was at Ajmir I saw’ a tame sona duck eating horrible worms. From seeing this, my taste turned against it, and I gave up eating tame sona ducks until now’, w’hcn a duck was caught, and I ordered them to clean it in ray presence. From its crop there first came out a small:]; fish: after this there appeared a bug§ so large that I could not believe till I saw it wth my owii eye that it could sw’allow’ a thing of such a size. Briefly I this day determined that I w’ould not eat w’ater- fow’l. ]^an ‘Alam represented that the flesh of the white heron {(qab-i-safld) was very delicious and tender. I accord- ingly sent for a w’hite heron, and ordered them to clean it in my presence. By chance there came out of its crop ten

Text 8th, but should bo 20th.

t Ahvanu in MSS. It appears to bo Aluwa, 11 m. S.-E. of Sirhind.

$ Toxt pahatigt, which seems unintolligiblo. Tho MSS. have maIiiki{’l)-i-Miurd, “ a small fish.”

§ Baqqa,

220

bugs in a manner disgusting to me, at tlie remembrance of whicb I am distressed and disgusted.

On the 21st the garden of Sirhind brought joy to my senses, and on the day of lialt there I delighted myself by going round and looking at it. At this time Hivvaja Abu-l-^asan mine from the Deccan, and had the good fortxme to wait on me. He had great favour shoxxTi him. On the Ist of the Divine month of Bahman I halted at Hur-Saray.* The mansab of Hu’tamid K., ori^nal and increased, was ordered to be 2,000 personal and 600 horse. Mian ‘Alam was made governor of Allahabad, f and ha\dng been presented vrith a horse, a dress of honour, and a jewelled sword, took his leave. Muqarrab K. was selected for the mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. On Thursday, when I was encamped on the bank of the Bmili (Boas), Qasim K. came from Lahore, and had the good fort une to wait on me. Hfi^im K.. his brother, xx-ith the Zamindars of the countrj’ bordering on the hills, had the honour of kissing the threshold.

Bfjso’i.J the zamindar of Talwara, brought me a bird, which the hill-people call jan-hahan. Its tail resembles the tail of the qirqaicul (pheasant), which is also called the tazrti, and its colour is c.xactly like that of the hen-pheasant, hut it is half ns large again. The circle round the eyes of this bird is red, while the orbit of the pheasant is white. The mid Ba.so’i .‘’taled that this bird lived in the snow-inountain.s, and that it.s food was grass and other stuff. I have kept pheasants and liave reared young ones, and have often oaten the flesh both of young birds and of mature one.s. One may say that there is no comparison between the fle.sh of the pheasant and this Idrd. The fle.sli of the latter is much more delicate. Among the birds which I .mw in the hill-country one was tli’’ which the Kashmiri.s call sonlu. It i.s one-

• ri/nri’h-fl }iv Xnr Jaliiln (“••• t’tiiiriin;’ham, ‘ .Arcli.f

ATV. 02). t ft’Ht Jhh-ht’’.

t I };■’.%■<’ f fhi’> fr*>iu t);’* vhe’li n

frora th’* t’-xt. ‘I’alv.i’r.t tv.i-< in th’- Jlitrl Du’iih Sirkaf 11. nis.)

t •..-iTit’y till I i” t)!<’

til*- f-.-.o »f’- ■’-ripli’.r;- /i’> J:’>!

nr «if

{Krffcirif, tiiO), if •i-ii-!; 1 it I* ft

cijihl.h (nm sauvt ?) less than a pen-hen. The back, tail, and wings resemble those of the bustard, and are blackish, with white .spots. The breast to the end of the bosom is black, with white spots, and some red ones. The ends of the feat.hers are fiery red, and verj* lustrous and beautiful. From the end of the back of the neck it is also brilliantly black. On the t.op of its head it has two fleshy horns of a turquoise colour. The skin of its orbits and round its mouth is red. Below its throat there is sldn round it enough to cover the palms of two hands, and in the middle of this the sldn is of a violet colour of the size of a hand, with blue spots in the middle. Around it each streak is of a blue colour, con- sisting of eight plumes; round the blue streak it is red to the breadth of two fingers, like the peach flower, and again roimd its neck is t.hnt blue-coloured streak: it has red legs also. The live bird, which was weighed, came to 1B2 tolahs. After it was killed and cleaned it weighed 139 tolahs. Another bird is of a golden colour: this the people of Lahore call S/ian* (?) and the Kashmiris jwf. Its colour is like that of a peacock’s breast. Above its head is a tuft (Mhil). Its tail of the width of five fingers is yellow, and is like the long feather {^ah-par) of the peacock, and its body as large ns that of a goose. The neck of the goose is long and shapeless: that of this one is short, and has a shape.

]\Iy brother, Shah ‘Abbas, had asked for golden birds, f and I sent some to him bj’- his ambassador. On MondayJ the ceremony of my lunar weighing took place. At this entertain- ment Nut Jahan Begam gave dresses of honour to forty- five of the great Amirs and private servants. On the 14th of the same month the camp was pitched at the village of Bahlwan § belonging to the Siba district. As I constantly longed for the

The MSS. have sal and hit. Is it the fMm of Babar ? (Erskino, 320).

t Murgh-i-zarin, goldfinch or golden oiiolo (?).

J The date and month aro not montioned, but it appears from tho Iqbal-nama, u’hich gives the next entry ns 14 Bahmnn, that tho month was Bnhman, and that tho date was probably about 20 January, 1622.

§ Tho Bhalon of Jarrott, II. 316. Sibnh is montioned at p. 317, ibid. Tho text has Sita.

222

air of Kangra and the liill-country above-mentioned, I left tlic large camp at tin’s place, and proceeded to inspect the said fort with some of my special servants and attendants. As I‘timadu-d-daula was ill I left him in the camp, and kept Sadiq K., the chief Bakhshi, there to look after him and guard the camp. Tlie next day news came that his state had under- gone a change, and that the signsof hopelessness wereapparent. I could not bear the agitation of Nur Jalian Begam, and, considering the affection which I bore towards him, I returned to the camp. At the end of the day I went to see him. It was the hour of his death agony. Sometimes he became un- conscious and sometimes came back to his senses. Nur Jahan Begam indicated me, and said : “ Do you recognise (him) 1” At such a time he recited this couplet of Anwarl;

Were a inolhor-born blind man prc-scnt He’d rccogniso Mnjc.sty in the World-Adomor.

I was for two hours at his pillow. Whenever he was con- scious, whatever he said was intelligent and rational. In fine, on the 17th of the said month (Bahman) (about the end of January, 1G22), after three gharis had passed he attained to eternal mercy. Wliat shall I say about my feelings through this terrible event ? He was a wise and perfect Vizier, and a learned and affectionate companion.

Verse.*

By the reckoning of tlio eye, there’s one frame less :

By Wisdom’s reckoning, the lessening is more than thousands.

Though the weight of such a kingdom was on his shoulders, and it is not possible for or within the power of a mortal tO" make everyone contented, yet no one ever went to 1‘timadu- d-daula with a petition or on business who turned from him in an injured frame of mind. He showed loyalty to the sovereign, and yet left pleased and hopeful him who was in need. In fact, this was a speciality of his. From the day on which his companion (his wdfe) attained to the meicy of Gk)d he cared no longer for himself, but melted away from

The couplet comes from Budags’s elegy on Abu-l-Hasan Nabid Balldii. See Auli’s Ldbdbu-UAlbai. Browne’s ed , Part II., p. 3.

223

day (o day. AHhoufili outwardly lie looked after tlie affairs of the kinf^dom, and taking pains with the ordering of civil inat.tcrs. did not withdraw his hand from business, yet in his heart, he grieved at- t.hc ocpnration, and at last, after three months and t.wcnty days, he passed away. The next day I went to condole with his sons and sons-in-law, and, presenting 41 of his children and connections and 12 of his dependents with dresses of honour, I took them out of their mourning garments.

The next d.ay I marched \vith the same purpose (as before), and went to see the fort of Kiingra. In four stages the camp was pitched at. the river Banganga. Alf K. and Shaikh Faizu- llah, the guards of the fort, had the good fortune to pay their respects. At t his stage the offering of the Raja of Chamba* was laid before me. His countr}’ is 25 koss beyond Kangra. There is no greater Zamindari in these hills than this. The country is the asylum of all the Zamindai-s of the country. It has passes Caqabaha) difTicult to cro.ss. Until now he had not obeyed anj* king nor sent offerings. His brother also was honoured by paying his respects, and on his part performed the dues of service and loyalty. He seemed to me to be reasonable and intelligent and urbane. I exalted him with all lands of patronage and favour.

On the 2-ltht of the same month I went to sec the fort of ICangra, and gave an order that the QazI, the Chief Justice {Mir ^Adl), and other learned men of Islam should accompany me and carry out in the fort whatever was customary, accord- ing to the religion of l\Iuhammad. Briefly, having traversed about one koss, I went up to the top of the fort, and by the grace of God, the call to prayer and the reading of the Kliuiha and the slaughter of a bullock, which had not taken place from the commencement of the building of the fort till now, were carried out in my presence. I prostrated myself in thanksgiving for this great gift, which no king had hoped to receive, and ordered a lofty mosque to be built inside the fort. The fort of Kangra is situated on a high hill, and is so strong that if furnished with provisions and the necessaries for a fort

Text wrongly has Chita. Chamba is N.-W. of Kangra.

t Elliot, VI. 382.

224

the hand of force cannot reach, its sldrt, and the noose of stratagem must fall short of it. Although there are heights {sar-liubJw) in some places, and guns and muskets might reach (the fort) from them, yet no harm would accrue to the garrison, for they could move to another part of the fort,* and be safe. It has 23 bastions and seven gates. Its inner circumference is 1 koss and 15 ropes, its length is \ koss and 2 ropes {ffinab), its breadth not more than 22 ropes nor less than 15. Its height is 114 cubits. There are two reservoirs inside the fort, one 2 ropes long and 1^ broad; the other is of the same length {?).f

After going round the fort I went to see the temple of Durga, which is known as Bhawan.J A world has here wandered in the desert of error. Setting aade the infidels whose custom is the worship of idols, crowds on crowds of the people of Islam, traversing long distances, bring their ofierings and pray to the black stone (image). Near the temple, and on the slope of the hill there is a sulphur>mine {kdn), and its heat causes flames to continually burst forth. They call it Jwala Mukhi§ (Flame-Face or BTiming Mouth), and regard it as one of the idol’s miracles. In fact, Hindus, while knowing the truth, 1 1 deceive the common people. Hindus sayU that when the life of Mahadeo’s wife came to an end and she drank the draught of death, Mahadeo, in his great love and attachment

The fort was destroyed by the earthquake of 1905 (1.6., XIV. 397). Presumably Jahangir’s mosque was also destroyed then.

t The breadth of the second tank is not mentioned in the MSS.

% “ The present temple of Bajreswari Devi is at Bhawan, a suburb of Kangra ” (I.G., XTV. 386).

§ See LG., XTV. 86, and Jarrett, II. 314 and n. 1. Jarrett states that Jwala MukhI is two days’ journey from Eangra. Apparently Jahangir took his statement from the Ayin, which has the words “ in the vicinity” (Jarrett, ihid.). Jarrett’s statement that Jwala Mukhi is two days’ journey from Kangra is taken from Tieffenthaler, I. 108. Tieffenthaler adds that the distance is 14 to 15 miUes (leagues, or kosses). He speaks of the Fort of Elangra as being only one-fourth of a miUi in circumference. The image, he states, was that of Bhowani, and represented the lower part of the goddess’s body. The head was alleged to be at Jwala Mukhi.

II I.e., know the physical cause of the flame. The MSS. do not mention Hindus in this clause.

IT See Jarrett, II. 313, and note 2.

tcilior. Ionic licrdoatl hody on liis Imck. niul wont, nlxnif. tlic w«irlrjiso. When some time hnd ])iif.sed in this manner, her form «lisscilved and droj)j>ed nsnndcr, and each Hmh fell in a difTerent- place: t.hey give honnnr and dignify t<* the jdace acc<»rding to the dignity and grace of the memher. As the hreasf-. which when compared wit.h other memhers has the greatest, dignity, fell in this jdacc, they hold it more ]>recions than any other. Some maintain that this stone, which is now a jilnce of worshij) for the. vile infidels, is not the stone which was there originally, hnt. that, a body of the jM’ojde* of Islam came and carried olT the original stone, and threw it into the. bottom of the river, with the, intent that’ no one conld get at it. For a long time the tnmnlt of the infidels and i<lol-worshi]>jwni hnd died away in the world, till a lying brahman hid a stone for his own ends, atid going to the Kaja of the time said : “ I saw Dui^a in a dream, and she .vnid to me: ‘They have thrown me into a certain place: tpiiclcly go and take me tij).’ ’’ The llaja. in the sinijdicity of hi.s heart, and greedy for the offerings of gold that, would cotnc to him, accepted the tale <tf the bnihman. and sent a number of peoj)le with him. and brought that stone, and kept it in this jdace with hotiour. and started again the shop of error and misleading. Hut (Jod only knows !

From the temple I wont to sec the valley which is knowni ns Kfdi-i-Mndar.t It is a delightful place. From its climate, the fre.shne.’^s of its verdure, and its delightful position it is a ]>lnce of jdeasure worthy to bo seen. There is a waterfall here which ])ours down water from the toj) of the hill. I ordered them to jmt up a symmetrical building there. On the 25th

• Tlic temple was sacked by MaliinrHl of rjljas’iiln.

t Tliis iniglit he KoIi-i-Maaditr. the liill wliicli wan used n.s n churning* stick hy the gods. Tliere is a liill of this naiiie in Blingaljmr district which is known as Mandiirgiri. Hut prohahly Kfili-i-Mndar licro means tlie centre-hill, for in tlie Hih, Iiid, ftixt of the Ayln-i-.\kharl. I. ,‘5,SS, two lines from foot, it is said that thciikiceiscallcd Julnndharl.nnda iiotc(7) gives the various rending, " this spot is regarded as the centre,” “ sar-i- zamxn-ra madur pinddrand." Aiiparcntly it is regarded ns the central ])laec hecausc the hreast fell here, .Jnrrctt, II. .Sl-t, n. According to tho list given there the right hreast fell at .lalnndharn and tho tongue at Jwulu Mukhl.

220

of the montli. the wtandards were turned hack to return. Having presented All K, and ^ail^ raizu-llah with horses and elephants I left them to defend the fort. Next day I encamped at the fort of Nurpur.* It was reported to me that in this neighbourhood there were many jungle fowl. As I had never yet caught these, I made a halt of another day, and enjoyed myself with the sport, having caught four. One cannot distinguish them in shape and colour from domestic fowls. One of the peculiarities of these birds is that if they are caught by the feet and turned upside dowm, wherever they are taken they make no sound, and remain silent, contrary to the domestic fowl, which makes an outcrj’. Until the dome.stic fowl is plunged into hot water its feathers do not come off easily. The jungle fowl, like the partridge and 2 Jodno,f can be plucked wlien dry. I ordered them to roast them. It was found that the flesh of the full-grown ones was ver}’ tasteless and dry. The chickens had some juiciness, but were not good to eat. They cannot fly farther than a bow-shot. The cockj is chiefly red, and the hen black and yellow. There are many in this Nurpur jungle. The ancient name of Nurpur is Dhamerl.§ Since Raja Baso built the fort and made houses and gardens they call it Nurpur, after my name. About Rs. 30,000 w’ere expended on the building. Certes, the buildings Hindus construct after their fashion, however much they decorate them, are not pleasant. As the place was fit and the locality enchanting, I ordered them to spend Rs. 1,00,000 out of the public treasury, and to erect buildings at it, and to make lofty edifices suited to the spot.

At this time it was reported to me that there was a Sannyasi MofA’\ in the neighbourhood who had entirely renounced

I.G., now cd., XIX. 2.32.

f Podna, or hiidana. Tho quail.

X Text khirdaiih. which I presume is a mistake for khurua,

§ Dhameri. See 1.6,, XIX, 232.

■|| Moult might mean “ dead,” but probably the word means “ Pearl,” and was tho title assumed by a tribe or family among tho SannySsis, See infra. Tho statement that this order put themselves into tho figure of a cross doubtless means that they belong to tho Urdu hdhu (arms-aloft) sect — i.e., tho sect who raise their arms above their heads.

contixil ovor hinipolf. 1 onleml (licni lo bring liim that 1 might asrorlain (ho mil jitnlc of affairs. They call Hindu dovotoi’s Snrh hast,*’ Hy usage the word has become San- liijiist (laying down everything). There arc many degrees atnong (hem. and there are .several orders among the Sorb basj. .\jnong (hem (hem is the Moll order. They put (hemselves into the figure of a cros.s (^{falb il^lh/arinlhinand) and surrender themselve.’ {lasllm’lf tnlsuzand). For instance, they never speak. If for ten day.s and nights they stand in one place, they (hi not. move their feet fonvards or backwards; in fact-, make no movement at all, and remain like fo!;sils. When he came into my presence I e.\nmincd him, and found a wonderful state of persistence. It occurred to me that in a state of dnuikenne.’-s and absence of mind and delirium, some change might be ^\«rought in him. .\ccordingly I ordered them to give him some cups of spirit Carag) of double strength. This was done in royal fashion (libemlly ?), but not the least change took place, and he remained in the same impns.sivo state. .U last, his senses left him, and they carried him out like a corpse. Ood Almighty granted him mercy so that he did not lose hi.® life. Certainly there was great persistence in his nature.

At this time IJi-badal K. prc.‘jcntcd me with the chronogram of the conquest of Kiingra. and that of the foundation of the mo.‘jque which I had ordered. As he had hit it off well. I here record it:

ViHisr.

. Worlcl-priiiiH.T. World-givor, World-holder, World-king,

With (he Fword of »7//»7;i..ship ho conquered this fort.

Wisdom spoke the date “ The Jnlmngiri Fortune opened this fort.”

in tho figure of n cross. In Tavernier, II. 378, of cd. of 1G7C, this is tho Sth posture of nscctic.s, and at that page and at 37G there are figures of such ascetics. Tho I.O. MSS. have salah, “mourning,” instead of yalb.

• Sarva vSs’i means “ nll-nhiding.” Perhaps (ho word should bo Snrra nasi, “ all destroying.”

t For laslim, see Hughes’ Diet, of Islam. Possibly wo should read lajlib, “ make the sign of tho cross.”

He composed tlie chionogram* of the building of the mosque as follows :

Veese.

Nuru-d-din Shah Jahan^ s. ^ah Akbar Is a king who in the Age hath no equal.

He took Fort Eangra by the aid of God.

A drop from the cloud of his sword is a tempest.

As by his order this illumined mosque was built.

May his forehead shine by his prostration.

A hidden messenger said: “ In seeking for the date (Say) The mosque of Shah Jahangir was illnmined.”t

On the first of the Divine month of Isfandarmuz I gave the establishment and eveiything belonging to the government and Amirship of I‘timadu-d-daula to Nur Jahan Begam. and ordered that her drums and orchestra should be soimded after those of the long. On the dth of the same month I pitched in the neighbourhood of the pargana of Ka^una.J On this day ^waja Abu-l-Hasan was raised to the loftj’ dignity of supreme Diwan. I conferred dresses of honour on 32 individuals of the Deccan Amirs. Abii Sa’id, grandson of I‘timadu-d-daula, was raised to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse. At this time a report came from ^urram that ^usrau, on the 8th§ (20th) of the month, had died of the disease of colic pains {qulanj), and gone to the mercy of God.

On the 19th of the month I pitched on the bank of the Bihat (Jhelam). Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse. Eaja Ki^an Das was selected for the duty of faujdar of Delhi, and his mansab was fiEed at 2,000 personal and 500 horse, original and increased.

The chronogram of the taking of the fort yields 1029, and that of the building of the mosque 1031.

f Nurani, “ illumined,” an allusion to Jahangir’s name.

X The MSS. have Kahtuma apparently. ? Kahuta in Eawalpindi district. »

§ This should be, I think, the 20tb, and though the name of the month is not given, it should be Bahman. See MSS. and Iqbalnama, 191. Siusrau died in the Deccan, and presumably at Burhanpur or Asir. 20 Bahman, 1031, corresponds to January 29, 1022, O.S. But the date of his death has not been .quite determined. .See J.R.A.S, for 1907, p. 001.

oon

IV’viously to tliis, liuiitsincn niul yasawuldn (guaixls) had hwii ordctvd to prepare a janja (huntinf;-ring) in (.he .^ikar-gah (hunting-plare of) Girjhak. When it was reported to mo that they liad brought the game into the cnclosnrc, on the 2 Jt.h of tl»o month I wont, out to hunt with Rome of my special sen’nnts. Of lull quchqiir (rams?) and garxillcs 12-1* head wore t.;>K-on. On this day it was reported tliat Zafar K. s. Zain K.. had died. I promoted SaTidat- Umid, hi.s son, to the mansah of {^0 personal and -lOO horse.

• Tho 1.0. MSS. linvo 121 inPto.i(l of 12(,nncl they .add to the infor ni.ation .about /.afnr K. tli.at hu dto<l in Gli.ar.nin. Tiicy also give lii.ssoa’s nniao ns Sa’nd.atu-ll.ali. Tlu> Iqbiibnatiin. p. lOl. hn.s 121 bill Micop, luSrkbfir and door.

NJCW YKAll/S FmST tVF’J’KJI, Tim AUSPICIOUS ACCKSSJON

On lilio cvc of Monday, IJio ,* of ilio jnonili of litiniada*

)-awwal, A.ir. 103J, Marcli J0’J2, J022, iifl-cr ono watch, five gliaria and a fraction Jiad j)aHK«d, t)io Him tliat illiiniinatoH tlio world liglitcd tho inannion of Aricn, and tlio I7t]i year of tlio reign of thin nupjdiant began aiiHjiicionuly and happily. On tliia joy-incrcaaing day Ayaf K. wan promoted to tho inannab of 0,000 poraonal and borne. Having given Qain’in K. leave to jirocced to the government of tlie Panjab, ). jire- Hcnted liini wi(h a borne, an elejibant, and a drenn of honour, l^iglity thounand darlin were given to J^airilill Pe/j, ambannador of tlio ruler of I’eroia. On the Otb of the name month (Far- wardln) the royal eamj) wan at Kawaljiindl. Yhifi] 1C. wan jiromoted to tho jiont of ‘J3alfbH)ii, Zambil Beg wan ordered to remain at cane in Lahore until the return of the victorioun army from Kanhinir. An clejdiant wan conferred on Akbar- <pill K. Galrkar.

At thin time J freipiently heard that the ruler of I’ornia had hantened from JChuranan for tho purjione of eomjuering Qandahar. Although looking to our jirevioun and prenent connectionn, it apjieorcd very unlikely, and beyond all calcu- lation, that Huch a great king nhould entertain nuch li/;ht and crude idean, and himnelf come againnt one of my humble nlaven wlio wan in Qandahar with .‘300 or ’lOOfnervantn, yet an

J)ato not given. LjbHI-nRnia, JOJ, Jm " tjio Hih,*’ t TJio Iqbtti-nllnia, ji. Ji)2, njaialwi of a rojiort of JJIlUn .laliRn that iliiwttja ‘Ahdu.J-‘A/I/. Nagiiihamir, tho govornor of Qnwlnhnr, had a gawlHon of 3,000 jnon.

230

231

caution is one of the duties of a ruler and becoming to a king, I sent Zainu-1- ‘Abidin, Bakhshi of AliaMs, •with a gracious farman to Khurram to come and wait on me with all possible speed with a ^^cto^ious host, and elephants of mountain hugeness, and the numerous artillery that were assigned for his support in that Subah. So that, if these -words should be near the truth, he might come and be despatched with an innumerable army and countless treasure, in order that he (the Icing of Persia) might discover the result of breaking faith and of •wrong-doing.

On the 8th I halted at the fountain of !Ha san Abdal. Pida’i K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and Badi’n-z-zaman was appointed Bakhshi of the Ahadis. On Priday, the 12th, Mahabat K,, -ha-ving come from Kabul, waited on me and had the good fortune to pay his respects, and became the recipient of daily-increasing favours. He presented 100 muhrs as a present and Rs. 10,000 as ahns. I^waja Abu-l-I^san passed his followers before me in review; 2,500 well-horsed cavalry were enrolled, of whom 400 were matchlock men. At this stage a qamurgha hunt was arranged, and I shot* 33 hill qwhqcir (mountain sheep), etc. At this time Hakim Mumina, at the recom- mendation of the pillar of the State, Mahabat K., had the good fortune to wait on me. With power and courage he undertook my cure, and I hope that his coming may prove auspicious to me. The mansab of Amanu-Uah, s. Mahabat K., was fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,800 horse. On the 19th I encamped near Pakhli, and the feast of the culmination was held there. Ha-vdng given Mahabat K. leave to return to Kabul, I gave him a horse, an elephant, and a dress of honour. The mansab of 1‘tibar K. was ordered to be 5,000 personal and 4,000 horse. As he was an old servant, and had become very weak and old, I promoted him to the Subah of Agra, and entrusted to him the defence of the fort and the treasury, and, presenting him -with an elephant, a horse, and a dress of

Jaliangir appears on tliis occasion to have forgotten the vow he made in the 13th year. See Elliot, VI. 362. Jahangir’s words are clear: “ ba fir u tufang andaTMam,"

232

horibur, dismissed him. . At the Pass of Kunwar* Mast, Iradat K. came from Kashmir, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On the 2nd of the Divine month of Urdibihi^t, I entered the enchanting region of Kashmir. Mir Miran was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,400 horse. At this time, in order to ease the condition of the ryots and soldiery, I did away with the faujdari cess, and gave an order that in the whole of my dominions they should not impose anything on account of faujdari. Zabar-dast K., Master of the Ceremonies (Mir Tuzuk), was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 700 horse. On the 13th, by the advice of the physicians, and especially of Hakim Mumina,

I was lightened by being bled from my left leg. A present of a dress of honour was made to Muqarrab K., and one of 1,000 darbs to Hakim Mumina. At the request of ^urram the mansab of ‘Abdu-Uah K. was fixed at 6,000. Sar-farazf K. was honoured with the gift of drums. Bahadur K. Uzbeg, having come from Qandahar, had the good fortune to pay his respects: by way of nazar he gave 100 muhrs, and by way of charity ofiered Rs. 4,000. Mustafa K., governor of Thatta, had sent as an ofiering a Shah-nama and a Khamsa (quintet) of Shaikh Nizami illustrated by masters (of painting), along with other presents: these were laid before me. On the 1st of the Divine month of Khurdad La^ar K. was exalted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and to Mir Jumla was given that of 2,500 personal and 1,000 horse. Some of the Amirs of the Deccan were similarly honoured -vvith \ . an increase of mansab. Promotion was also given as follows: Sardar K., 3,000 and 2,500 horse; Sar-buland K., 2,500 per- sonal and 2,200 horse; Baqi K., 2,500 and 2,000 horse; , Sharza K., 2,500 and 1,200 horse; Jan-sipar K., 2,000 personal / and 2,000 horse; Mirza Wali, 2,500 and 1,000 horse; Mirza) Badi‘u-Z’Zaman s. Mirza Shahr ukh. 1,500 personal and hor.’.e; Zahid K., 1,500 and 700 horse; ‘Aqidat K., 1,200 and 300

Apparently this is the Barahmula Pass. It is mentioned in the Akbar-nSma, III. 480-81 and 558, hut dees not appear on modern maps. Jahangir refers to it in the account of the 15th year, p. 294, f.nd sa^’s it is the last of tho passes.

f Sar-afraz in No. 181.

233

horse; Ibrahim Husain Ka ^gha ri. 1,200 and 600 horse; and Zu-l-faqar K., 1,000 personal and 500 horse. Kaja Gaj Singh and Himmat K. were selected for drums. On the 2nd of the Divine month of Tir, Say 3 rid Bayazid was honoured with the title of Mustafa K., and was also presented with drums. At this time Tahaw\vur K., who is one of the personal servants, was despatched with a gracious farman to summon my fortunate son ^ah Parwiz.

Some days before this, petitions came from the officials in Qandahar reporting the intention of the ruler of Persia to conquer Qandahar, but my mind, which is actuated by sin- cerity, looking to past and present relations, placed no reliance on the truth of this until the report of my son Khan Jahan arrived that Shah ‘Abbas, wtli the armies of Iraq and Khurasan, had come and besieged Qandahar. I ordered them to fix an hour for leaving Kashmir. Khwaja Abu-1- il^san, the Diwan, and Ba khdii Sadiq K. hastened to Lahore in advance of the victorious army to expedite the arrival of the princes of liigh degree with the armies of the Deccan, Gujarat, Bengal, and Behar, and to send on the Amirs who were present with the victorious stirrups, and those who one after another should come in from the districts of their jagirs to my son Iffian Jahan at Multan. At the same time the artiller)’’, with the strings of warlike elephants, and the armour)’^* were to be prepared and forwarded. As there was little cultivation between Multan and Qandahar, the despatch of a large army without provisions was not to be thought of. It was therefore decided to encourage the grain-sellers, who in the language of India are called banjard, and, providing them with money, to take them along with the victorious army, so that there might be no difficulty about supplies. The Banjarasf are a tribe. Some of them have 1,000 bullocks, and some more or less. They take grain from different districts ijjulukdt) into the towns and sell it. They go along with the armies, and -with such an army there would be

The I.O. MS., No. 181, adds “and treasure.”

t “Wilson” Glossary, p. 60. Elliot, Supp. Glossary, I. 52. The word seems connected with barinj, “ rice.”

234

100,000 bullocks or more?. It is hoped that by the grace of the Creator, the army ‘ivill be furnished with numbers and arms so that there may her no delay or hesitation until it reach Isfahan, which is his (the Shah’s) capital. A farman was sent to ^an Jahan to beware and not start in that direction (Qandahar) from Multan before the arrival of the victorious army, and not be disturbed, but attend to orders. Bahadur K. Uzbeg was selected to go as an auxiliary to the army of Qandahar, and favomed with a horse and dress of honour. Fazil K. was given the mansab of 2,000 personal and 750 horse.

As it had been brought to notice that the poor of Kashmir suffer hardships in the winter from the excessive cold, and live with difficulty, I ordered that a village of the rental of Rs. 3,000 or Rs. 4,000 should be entrusted to Mulla Talib Isfahan!,* to be expended in providing clothes for the poor, and for warming water, for purposes of ablution, in the mosques.

As it was reported that the Zamindars of Blishtwar had again raised their heads in disobedience and sin, and engaged in sedition and disturbance, Tiadat K. was ordered to proceed hot-foot, before they had time to estabh’sh themselves firmly, and having inflicted condign punishment on them to tear up the root of sedition. On this day Zainu-1- ‘Abidin, who had been sent to summon Khurram, came and waited on me, and reported that the stipulation he made was that he should pass the rainy season in the fort of Mandu, and then come to Court. His report was read. Ij did not like the style of its purport nor the request he made, and, on the contrary’, the traces of disloyalty {Jbi-daula^ were apparent. There being no remedy, an order was given that as he proposed to come after the rains, he should despatch the great Amirs, the servants of the Court who were employed in assisting him, and especially the Saj’^dds of Barho and Bukhara, the ^aihh-zadas, tlie Afghans, and the Rajputs, Mirza Rustam and 1‘tiqad K. were ordered to go to Lahore in advance, and assist tlie army

This is tlio poet Bubii 7.’“Wh I^fahiiiil of Blochniann, 007,

t Elliot, VI. 383.

of Qandnhnr. Rs. 1,00.000 were given them ns advance of pay, nnd I also granted drums to ‘Inayat K. and 1‘timad K. Irfidat K., who had hastened to punish the rebels of Kishtwnr, having killed many of them nnd regained the mastery and osfublishcd himself firmly, returned to duty. j\In‘tamid K. had been appointed Bn khsh i to the army of the Deccan. As that matter was over* he was sent for at his own request. He came on this day, nnd on his an’ival Idssed the threshold.

It is a st.rangc thing that when a pearl of the value of Rs. 1-1,000 or 15,000 was lost in the harem, Jotik Ray, the astrologer, represented that it would be found in two or three days. Sadiq K. Ramm.al (soothsayer) represented that in the same two or three days it would come from a place which was perfectly clean and pure, such ns the place of worship or orat or}’. A female soothsayer represented that it would soon be found, and that a woman \rith white slan would bring it in a state of ccstasv, nnd give it into the hand of the Hazrat (the king). It happened that on the third day one of the Turkish girls found it in the oratory, and all in smiles and in a happy frame of mind gave it to me. As the words of all three came true each one was favoured with an acceptable reward. This is i.A’ritten because it is not devoid of strange- ness.

At this time I appointed Kaukab and IQiidmatgar K., and others to the number of twelve in all, of the familiar servants to be sazatouls of the Amirs in the Deccan in order that they might exert themselves and send them fonvard as soon as possible to Court, so that they (the Amirs) might be sent to the ^^ctorious army at Qandahar.f At this time it was frequently reported to me that j^urram had taken into his possession some of the estates of the jagir of Nur Jahan Begam and ^ahriyar, and especially the pargana of Dholpur, which had by the High Diwan been assigned to Shahriyar.

• Not that tho question of tho Docoan had boon settled, but that Shah Jahan had left Burhanpur and eomo to Mandu. See Iqbal-nama, 193.

t Elliot, VI. 383.

23G

niul had .sent, there nn Afghan of tlie name of Darya, one of liis own .servants, witli a body of men. Darya fought with !^arlfii-l-mnllc, a servant of ^ahriyilr, wlio Imd l)oen appointed to the fanjdari of that region, and many were hilled on both sides. Although in consequence of his (Idiurrnm’s) remaining in t he fort of Milndu, and the unreasonable requests made in his Ict.ter it appeared that his reason was turned, yet from hearing t.his news it became clear that ho was unworthy of all the favours and cherishing I had bestowed on him, and that his brain had gone wrong. Accordingly I sent Dilja lluz- nfzun, who was a conridential servant, to him, and made iiuiuirics as to the cause of this boldne.ss. Ifo was ordered hereaft.er to behave proporl 3 ‘, and not place his foot beyond the path of reasouableness and the high road of ])olitone,ss, and content himself with the districts of his own jagir that he had obtained from the High Diwan. He must also beware not to form any intention of coming to wait n])on me, but to send the body of the servants of the State I had requisitioned on account of the disturbance at Qandahar to the Court. If anything cont.rary t.o t.his order should come t.o not ice, he wmdd repent it.

At this 1 iine lillr ZahTru-d-d!n, the grandson of Jllr liliran, H. the famous ^ilh Ni‘mntullali, cnmo from Persia and waited <in me, and reeeived ns a present a dre.ss of honour and 8,000 darbs. Ujrda Daklmnl obtained leave t,o go to Ufija Hir Singh Deo with a gmcions farman in order that he should act. as snzawiil and collect t he men. Previously to this, on aceonnl. of the great regard and abundant, affection 1 bore t(» Khnrram and his sons, at the time wheji his son (Shuju) was verv ill, 1 had determined that if (lod Almighty would grant him to me 1 would not. agaiti sport, with a gun, and would intliet no injurv on a living thing with m 3 ’ own hand. Notwithstanding m 3 ’ inclination and love for hunting, e.speei- allv with a g\in, I had given it. uj) for live y<‘ars, .At t.his tinu*, when I was great Iv tlistre.ssed nt Ids unlcind behaviour, I took again to sporting with a gnu, nml gave onlem that nobody .should remain in the jtulace without one. lu a short time u»*.‘,t of the .servants took a liking to shr)otiug with gnus, ami the

nTrlirr-:.* in (irdfr (<* perform llteir ilutirs. hecfliiie nivnlry roltlirn .

On the jri!h of <hr month, oirresjmndin” with fiip 7tli ^nww.‘il, nt the f.-ivonmitlo hour that hnd hron clinsen, I tnnird townnis Lahore frtnn Kashmir (apparcjitly means Srin.‘ipar, the r.ajtital), 1 sent Hiharl Das lirnliman with a •;r.-ieion<, farmnn to liana Kami to the effect, that lie should hrin;: hi- jon with a hndy of men to pay his respeet-s to me. Mir Zahint-ddin was promoted to tlic mansah of per- fojird and -jfO h(*T>e. As he repn’sented to me that he was in debt. 1 made him a jwesent. of lls. lO.OftO, On the, 1st of f^ishiiwar 1 enr.ainped nt the fountain of .Vehhal.f and on ’rinir>day 1 hnd a feast i»f cups beside the fountnin.j! On this aU‘.pirious day my fortunate son Shahiiyar was appointed to the Qandahnr exjicdition. .and was pnunoted to the man.snh of I’J.tKKt personal and .‘^.CKKI horse A sju-einl dn^s.s of honour, with a luldtrl with ])earl buttf>n.s. was also piven him. At this time a merehant. hnd broupht two Inrpe jiearls from tho rountry <tf Titrlcey, <ine ttf them weiphinp IJ vnfqiih, and tho second 1 sur}^ les.s. Nur .fnhan Hepam Innipht tho two for lls. r.0.0(»0. and prosonted them to me ns an offering on the !.a!ne day. On Kridny. the lOlh. by the advice of Hakim Mnmin.a.S I was relieved by bleeding from the arm. Mtiqnr- nib K., who has great, skill in this art. always used to bleed me, and ])ossibly Jiever failed before, but now failed twice. After- wards Q.asiin. his neplu’w, bled me. I gave him a dre.«s of honotjr and lls. U.OOO. and gave 1.000 darbs to Hakim Mumina. Mir Khan, at the request of j^an Jnhan. was promoted to the mnnsnb of 1.500 and 000 horse.

Tarha^-lKindan, literally qiiivcr-holclers. ,.\j>j).nrently the nietning i-! that the archers who were footmen (see IMochinntm. Sril. nhout jK’tljhili t rooji– ) lost their v<ical inn when puns eaiiie into u.^o, nml l)ecnmc cavalry soldiers. Hut the ineaninp in test mny Ik* that the nrehers took t<i jiraetisiiip with hows niid arrows on horsehaek. It npiJOJirK from a l)astrini-l-*ainal in the !.()., Xo. l.S.W (E. 27.10) that tho larlra^h-bandu were an inferior ortler of sc’rvant.s reeeivinp l.Otif) dams or Ics.s a year. They ])rnhably were not ni’cessarily archers,

t The Aehh Dal of tho Ayln, .larrett, II. .‘WS.

i Xo. 181 has “at Vlriiup.”

$ I’lVlsIirdi-nitnin, I., Part II., p. 34U,

238

On the 2lBt of tlie month the fenst of my Bolar weighinj* toolc place, and the Dlth year of the age of this Bupplinnt at the tlirono of God began nuspiciou/dy and lia})j)ily, J hope that tlie whole of my life wll ho spent in fulfilling tho will of God. On the 28th, I went to see tho wateifall of Ashar* (?). As this spring is famous for its swcotiiess and agreeable flavour, I weighed it in my presence against Ganges water, and thatf of the valley of Liir. The water of Ashar was 3 jwasAa heavier than that of tho Ganges, and the latter was i lighter than that of the valley of Lur. 0)r the 30th

the camp was at Hirapur. Though Iradat K. had done hia duty in Kishtwar well, yet ns tho ryots njid inhabitants of Kashmir complained of his treatment of them, I promoted I’tiqad K. to the governorship of ICashmir. I bestowed on him a home, a dress of honour, and a special eneniy-piercingf sword, and appointed Iriidat K. to do duty with the army of Qandahar. Having brought Kunwnr Singh, the Jlaja of Kishtwar, out of the fortress of Gwalior, whei-e he was im- prisoned, I bestowed Kishtwar on him, and gave him a homo and a dress of honour, with the title of Raja. I sent Jlaidar Malik to Kashmir (t.e., Srinagar) to bring a canal from the valley of Lar to the Nnr-afzTi garden, giving him Rs. 30,000 for tlie materials and labour. On the J2th of tho month J came down from the hill country of Jammu, and pitched at Bhimbhar. Tho next day I had a qamurqha hunt. To Dawar-ba ldish . s. I^usrau, I gave the mansal) of 0,000 })ersonal and 2,000 horse. On the 24th I crossed the Chennb.§ Mirza Rustam came from Lahore, and waited on me. On the same day Afzalll K,, Khurram’s Diwan, liringing a j)otition from him, waited on me. He liad clotlied his immoderate ads in the garment of apology, and had sent him witji the idea that porha])s he might carry his point by flattery and smooth

May alfio bo read Ulmr and Adhnr. Jt l« Adlinr or Udhnr in I.O, .MSS.

t ‘I’lio iSind River of JCiiHliinir in meant. Jarrett II. HOI. i TliinaeoniBiv traiiHiation of Akbar’n word nrlnUH (eJieniy-deHlrnyiiif;)*

^ Klliot, VJ. !if)-l, wJiero Jbelaiii fa a niiHfako,

|! Rndhlirth-nrnna, I.. J’/irt II.. p. Ilin nnirio wna MnDA .Slinkni-

Hall, and bo w.iii from Sbira/. Ho i« the .Mirr-a Sororolla of Rw*.

niul rorrort. hi? imimtj>ric’tios. I*" paiil no ntton- tion. nn<l ui«l n<»t listen to hiin. The I’tiwan Khwaja Ahu*- Ha’^nn and Saditj K. lla hlidi i. \vln) had hastened to Lahore to niahe provision for th’* army of Qandahar. had (ho j^ood fortnno to hiv, the threshold. On the 1st. of the Oivino month t>{ .Nhan. .Nmann-llah. s. Mahiihat. K.. was promoted to the mansah of It.t’Mo personal nml 1.700 horse. .\ ;/r.arions fnrman was •i>nt to summon Mahahat K. .At- this time ‘.\hdu-llah K.. whom 1 had sent, for ft>r service at. Qandahar, haviiio romo from the district, of his japr. ]»aid his re.spects. On the 1th of the .same month 1 entenal the city of Lahore atispii ionslv and hajipily. Alf K. was ])romttted to the mansah of L’.t’OH and l.otiO hone. I «avei‘ an order to the chief Piwans to levy the pay of (he fon-e of servants of the State who had heen apj’ointed for service at Qandahar out. of the japr.’ of l^urnm. which were in the Sarlcar of Ilisar. and in the Hu-ah and those rep<ms. In the phiee of these he miftht t.al:e pos’.e.svinn of districtsS fnan (he Suhah of Malwa and (he Ilercan. and Gnjanit. atid Kharnh’sh. wherever he wished. Prv.’^entinf: Afr.;*! K. with a dress of honour I pwe him leave to pi. .\n <mler was jiassed that the Suhahs of ({ujamt. Malwa. the llecean and Khandesh .should he handed over to him (Kh»jrmjn)i and he mifiht take up a permanent ro.sidoncc wherever he mi<jht wish, and employ himself in thoadminis- t nit ioji of t ho.se ro"ions. I le was t o .send jioinled to hrinp the servants of the State who had heen summoned to my pre.^ence on account of the disturhance at Qandahar. After that he was to look after his own clmrjie, and not depart, from order: otherwise, he, would repent. On thi-s day I gave the he.st tijyrhnq horse that was in my jirivate stable to ‘Ahdu-llah K. On the 2Cth Haidar lleg attd Wall Ileg, envoys of the ruler of Persia, had an audience. After performing the ceremony of salutation they produced a letter from the Shah. My son Khan .Tahan,

(‘oiniiarc Iqliiil-nuiiui, Itl-i and 100. It is stated there that Nnr •Tnliati would nut allow Afral K. to have an audience, and that he was disniis.scKl without pnininf; hi.i object.

t Sec Iqbahnuiiin. HXi, where it is said that the.^o orders were not rc.all.v piven by Jahangir, but were Xur Jnhan’s.

240

according to order, having come post from Multan, waited on me. He presented as ofieiings 1,000 muhrs, 1,000 rupees, and 18 horses. Mahabat K. was promoted to the mansab of 6,000 personal and 5,000 horse. I gave an elephant to Mirza Rustam. Raja Sarang Deo was appointed sazawul to Raja Bir Singh Deo. I told him to produce him at Court as quickly as possible. On* the 7th of the Divine month of Azar the ambassadors of Shah ‘Abbas, who had come at different times,- were presented with dresses of honour and their expenses, and given leave to go. The letter he had sent by Haidar Beg making excuses in the matter of Qandahar has been given in tliis record of good fortune (Iqbal-nama) along with my reply.

Letter of the King op Persia.

(After compliments, and good wishes for that “brothei dear as life ” the letter proceeds as follows) :

“ You will be aware that after the death of the Nawab Shah Jannat-makan (^ah Tahmasp) great misforttmes befel Persia. Many territories which belonged to our saintly family passed out of possession, but when this suppliant at the throne of Grace became sovereign, he, by God’s help, and the excellent measures of friends, recovered the hereditary lands which were in the possession of enemies. As Qandahar was held by the agents of your lofty family, I regarded you as myself, and did not make any objection. From feelings of unity and brotherhood we waited, thinking that you would, after the manner of your ancestoisf who are in Paradise, volimtarily take the matter into your consideration. When you neglected to do this, I repeatedly, by writing and verbal messages, directly and indirectly, asked for the disposal of the question, thinking that perhaps that petty country (Qandahar) was not regarded as worthy of your notice. You said several times that by making over the territory to our family, the notions of enemies and censurers would be disposed of, and

EUiot, VI. 280.

t This alludes to the facts that Humayun promised Shah Tahmasp that he would restore the fort after he had conquered India, and that Akbar had acknowledged the justice of Persia’s claim.

241

praters, en\ners, and fault-finders would be put to silence. A faction* formerly dela3’ed tbc settlement of tliis matter. As the truth of the affair was known to friends and enemies, and as no clear answer, either of refusal or concession, came from you, it occurred to me that I would go to Qandahar to see it, and to hunt. In this way the agents of my dis- tinguished brother, in accordance with the ties of friendship which exist between us, might welcome us and wait upon us. B}’ this means the relationsliip of um’on would be renewed, and would be made evident to the world, and the tongues of the en^^ous and the evil-speaking be shortened. With this view, I set off vdthout apparatus for taking forts, and when I came to Farah I sent a rescript to the governor of Qandahar, mentioning that I intended to see the place and hunt there. I did this in order that he might treat me as a guest. We also called the honourable Hiwaja Baqi Kurkaraq, and sent a message to the governor and the other officers in the fort to the effect that there was no difference between Your Majesty and ourselves, and that we were aware of each other’s terri- tories, and that we were coming to see the country. There- fore they were not to act in such a way as to give umbrage or to vex anj’one. Thej’ did not receive the conciliatory order and message in the proper waj% but showed obstinacy and a rebelhous spirit. When I came to the fort I again called the honourable aforesaid {K. Baqi), and sent him with the message that I had directed my troops not to invest the fort till the lapse of ten days. They did not receive the wholesome ad^^ce, and were stubborn in their opposition. As there was nothing more to be done, the Persian army set about taking the fort, though it was in want of appliances, and soon levelled the walls and bastions with the ground. The garrison became straitened, and asked for quarter. We, too, maintained the ties of love which had existed from of old between the two exalted dynasties, and the brotherly relation which was formed between you and me when you were’ prince (Mirza), and which was an object of envy to contemporary sovereigns,

The clause is very obscure. Perhaps it is part of what Jahangir had said.

242

and from my innate Idridness forgave their errors and offences. Encompassing them with favours, I sent tliem safe and sound to your Court alohg \vith Ilaidar Beg Qurba^i, who is one of the sincere Sufis of this family. Of a truth, the foundation of love and union, both inherited and acquired, on the part of this seeker after affection, has not grown old or decayed, and is strong so that no rupture in it can take place on account of any things which may have transpired owing to the action of Fate.

Vehse.

Between us and you there cannot be trouble.

There can be naught but love and trust.

“ It is hoped that you, too, Avill preserve your affection for us, and that you -will not approve of certain strange actions, and that if any suspicion about friendship arise you wll endeavour by your innate goodness and continual love to efface it. May the ever- vernal flower of union and cordiality remain in bloom, and every effort be made to strengthen the foimdations of concord, and to cleanse the fountains of agree- ment which regulate temperaments and territories. You will regard all our dominions as belonging to you, and wll extend your friendship to everyone (in them ?), and will proclaim that it (Qandahar) has been given up to him (‘Abbas) without any objection, and that such trifles are of no import- ance, and that though the governor and officers who were in the fort did some things which were obstacles to friendship, yet what took place was done by you and me. They per- formed the duties of service and life devotion. It is certain, too, that Your Majesty •will be gracious to them, and will treat them “with royal Idndness, and ■will not shame me before them. What more need I -write? May thy star-brushing standards ever be associated •with the Di-vine aids !”

Eeply to the Lettee of Shah ‘Abbas.

“ Unfeigned thanks, and pure thanksgi’vings are due to the sole object of worship (God) for that the maintenance of the compacts and treaties of great princes is the cause of the order of Creation and the repose of mankind. A proof of this is

tlio hnrmony niul >ini(y whicli existed hot-wocn us niul the exidtetl finuily (of IVrsin). iiud which were increased during <tur tinii’. Tliese thing*; won* llie envy of eontcnipornry sovereign**. ‘I’ho glorious ishah — the star of heaven’s army, the ruler of the nations, the adonjei of the K.nyani tiara, the tilting orrupant of the throne of (‘hosroe.s, the fniitful tree of the gardens id sovereignly, the .splendid nursling of the parterns of pntpheey and saint.*;hip. the cream of the »^ifawi dynasty — hath with<»ut’ gnnmd or reason, engaged in dis- turhing the ro.’-e-ganlon of love and friendship and brother- hood in which for hmg jioriods there has been no possibility i’f a bn’ath iif c<>tiftision. (’learly the nictlinds of nriion and eoneord among jtrinees rt’ipnre that- they make oaths of friemlship to one another, and tb.at there should he perfect .sjuritual agreement between them. There should he no need of idiv.Mcal contact, and still le.s.sslntnld there he aiiv nccc.ssitv f(»r visiting one amithor’s cmmtrie.s for ‘shooting and spec- tacle ’ ii .^ihtr).

Vr.jt.si:.

.•M.t,*’. a loiiulnsl times for the love passing thought !

“By the arrival <if your loving letter apologizing for the ‘spectacle Jiud shooting’ (sin’r « of Qandnhar, which

came with the honounihle Haidar I3cg and ‘Wnli I3cg, I became apprised of the bodily health of your angelic personality, and the flowers of joy were scattered over l.hc world. Let. it not he hidden from the world-adoniing mind of my exalted and prosjjcrous brother that, until the arrival of the letter and me.ssagcs hrotighl by Zambil Beg no mention had been made by yon in letters or verbal mes.snge.s of your wish for Qandahar. At the time when we were engaged in visiting the delightful land of Kashmir, the Deccan hmls, in their sliort.sightcdne.ss, extended their feet hoyond the limits of obedience, and trod the path of rebellion. Accordingly it became necessary for me to chastise them. I moved my .standards to Lahore, and appointed my worthy* son ^iih Jiihiln to proceed against them with a victorious army, I myself was proceeding to

Farzand-i-barhhfirdSr.

244

Agra when Zambil Beg arrived, and produced your loving letter. I took it as a good omen, and ^yent oif to Agra to put down the enemies and the rebels. Li the jewelled and pearl- dropping letter there was no mention of a wish for Qandahar. It was mentioned verbally by Zambil Beg. In reply, I said to him that I made no dijSiculty with regard to anything that my brother wished. Please God, after settling the Deccan afiaiir, I would send him back in a mamier suitable to my sovereignty. I also said that as he had made long matches he should repose for some days in Lahore, and that I would afterwards send for him. After coming to Agra, I sent for him and gave him leave to depart. As the. favour of God attaches to this suppliant, I withdrew my mind from victories and proceeded to the Panjab. My intention was to send him away, but after disposing of some necessary matters I went to Kashmir on account of the hot weather. After coming there I sent for Zambil Beg in order to give him his leave.

I also wished to show liim something of that delightful country. Meanwhile news came that my prosperous brother had come to take Qandahar. This idea had never entered my mind, and I was entirely astonished. What could there be in a petty village that he should set out to take it, and that he should shut his eyes to so much friendsliip and brotherly feeling ? Though truthful reporters sent the news, I could not credit it ! When it became certain I immediately gave orders to ‘Abdu-l-‘Aziz K. not to transgress in any way the good pleasure of that prosperous brother. Up to now the relationship of brotherhood stands firm, and I do not value the world in comparison therewith, nor do I consider any gift equal to it. But it would have been right and brotherly that he should have waited till the arrival of the ambassador. Perhaps he would be successful in the object* and claim for

It is noteworthy that Jahangir docs not attempt to controvert the statement of SliSh ‘Abhiis that Qandahar rightfully belonged to Porsin. Thoro is a very long account in. tho ‘Alam-ara’i of the claims of I’ersia to Qandahar, and of tho various attempts made to renlizo them, until at last it was taken by Sliah ‘Abbus. See tho account of tho .1151 li year in tho Tohoran lithograph, p. 082, otc. Tho fort of Qnndnliar sur- rendered on 11 Sba’ban, 1031, or Juno 11, 1022. Tho Shah’s letter

245

which he had come. When he (‘Abbas) takes such steps before the return of the ambassador, to whom will manidnd ascribe the merit of keeping compacts and of preserving the capital of humanity and liberality ! May God preserve you at all times !”

After I had given leave to the ambassadors, I devoted all my energy* to urging on the Qandahar force, and presented my son Hian Jahan, who had been sent for for certain matters, with an elephant, a special horse, a jewelled sword and dagger, and a dress of honour. I sent him on as an advance guard, and directed him to remain in Multan until the arrival of Prince Shahrivar with the rictorious army. Baqir K., who was faujdar of Multan, was summoned to Court, and I ap- pointed ‘Ali-quli Beg Darman to assist him (Hian Jahan), and raised him to the mansab of 1,500. In the same manner, having raised M. Eustam to the mansab of 5,000, 1 appointed him to the duty of assisting that son with the (Qandahar) army. La^ar K. came from the Deccan, and waited on me, and was also attached to that army. AUah-dad K. Af^^n, M. ‘Isa Tartan, 3Iukanam K., Ikram K., and other Amirs, who had come from the Deccan and from their fiefs, after being presented with horses and dresses of honour, were sent with |^n Jahan. ‘Umdatu-s-saltena Asaf El, was sent to Agra to bring to Court the whole of the treasure in muhrs and rupees which had accumulated from the beginning of the reign of my mther. A salat Bl, s. ^an .Jahan, was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,000 horse. Muham- mad S]^fi‘a, Bakhshi of Multan, had the title of Khan con- ferred on I gave leave to S^rn, Takil of my fortunate son ^h Parwiz, to go with all possible haste, and bring my son to wait on me with the army of Behar, and writing a gracious farman with my own hand I urged him to come.

On this dav 31ir 3J3ran, the grandson of S^h Zlsi’matu-IIah, died suddenly. I hope that he will be among the pardoned.

announcing the fact and Haidar Beg on 25 1031— na,

teonght the oficers oi the ganfstn ■ the Tnzuk tent, 345 (annais c£ the 17

ids procedtiTe was p^sented Lj

rarly in 1^2. Ke;

wra him. See ‘Alam-sra^ and

246

A raging elephant threw down the huntsman Mirza Beg and killed him: I assigned his duties to Imam-wirdi.

As in consequence of the wealcness that came over mo two years ago and still continues, heart and brain do not accord. I cannot* make notes of events and occurrences. Now that Mu’tamid K. has come from the Deccan, and has had the good fortune to Idss the threshold, as he is a servant who knows my temperament and understands my words, and was also formerly entrusted with this duty, I gave an order that from the date which I have written he shall here- after write them with his own hand, and attach them to my Memoranda. Whatever events may occur liereafter he sliould note after the manner of a diary, and submit them for my verification, and then they should be copied into a book.

From this Place the Notes are Written by Mu’tAMID KHAN.t

As the whole of my world-opening naind was taken up wfch the preparation of the Qandahar army, and the remedy for that business, the unpleasant news that reached me of a change in the condition of Ifturram, and his want of modera- tion, became a cause for aversion and dissension. I accord- ingly sent Musawi K., who is one of the sincere servants who Icnows my temperament, to that wretch {Jbi-dmlat) to lay before him the threatening messages and my wshes, and to give admonitions that might sharpen his intelligence, so that by the guidance of good fortune he might awake from the dream of carelessness and pride, and that he (Musawi) having gained a (true) Imowledge of his futile ideas and aims might hasten to my presence, and carry out whatever appeared to bo necessary. On the 1st of the Divine month of Bahman the feast of my lunar weighing took place. At this auspicious, ceremony Mahabat K., having come from Kabul, paid his respects, and was the recipient of special favours, I appointed

Elliot, VI. 280.

f Those words do not appear in Iho I.O. MSS. And what is wTilton in this chapter about the fates of Khalil and Jltihtarini, ole., does not agree with Mu’tainid’s w’riting in Iqbilhnaina.

Vn’qul> K, Uniln klisli i to Knbut. oxnllinj; him with the gilt. «il drums. Alxmt. this lime report, mine from Ttilifir K. from Agm th.it Khurram. with the army of ntlversit.y. had left Mandu and started in that, dirertion. He had evidently heanl the news that the treasure had been sent, for, and fire hail fallen into his mind, and having let fall from his hand the reins of selhrontnd. had started (with the idea) that on the road he might lay hold of the treasure. Accordingly T thought it best to jiroceed for a lonr. and in order to hunt to the haul: of the river of Pultaii-pfir (the llcas). If that wretch by the guidance of error .should jdaco his foot, in the do.sert of audacity. 1 might hasten farther fnrwanl and ]ilacc the jumishment of his unheroming behaviour in the .skirt of hi.s fortune. If matter.-’ turned out in any other way I might, take st<‘ps acconlingly. With this jnirjmse. on the 17th of the same month, at an ausjiieinuK hour, 1 marched. Mahftbat. Iv. was dignified with a dress of honour. Hs. l.W.OOO were onlcred to be given to Mirza Huslam and lls. 2,00.000 to ‘Abdu-llah K. by way of advance of jiay. I sent. Mirza Khan, s. Znin K,. with a gracious farmaii to my fortunate son Shrdi Parwiz. and renewed my urgency for his attendance. Rfija Paniiig Deo had gone to summon Raja Rir Singh Deo: he came, and having jiaid his re.spcct.s. rejuirled that the Raja, with a projicr force and an equipped army, would join me at Thane.sar. At t.his time eon.stant reports* came from rtibar K. and other servants of the State from Agia that l^urram in revolt, and disloyalty (bl-dauhll) had changed what was due by him for rearing into undutifulncs.scs,’|- and hn\nng placed the foot, of min in the valley of ignorance and error, had started in that, direction, ‘Phey therefore did not con- sider it advi.sable to bring the treasure, and were engaged in (trengthening the towers and gates, and providing things ncce.ssary for the defence of the fort. Similarly a report came from Asaf K, that the n’retch had torn off the veil of respect, and turned his face towards the valley of ruin, and that t.he odour of good came not from the manner of his

Elliot, VI, 384,

■f IJurjuq ba-‘uquq, “rights into wrongs.”

243

spproacli- As it —as not for tlie adTantage of tie State to icng tie treasure- ie iad entrusted it to Gk>d- ^d ttes iinoself on tie -prar to Trait on me. Aceordinglj. ia-sing crossed tie river at Sul^pux. iv sucoesive marcies I pro- ceeded to punisi that one of dark fortune, and gave an order that ienceforti tiej siould call him (-Rretci).

Wierever in this record of fortune “ Bi-daulat ” is mentioned it Tvill refer to Tiim- From tie Hndnesses and favours ie- storred upon Tiim I can sav that up till tie present time no king has conferred such on his son. What my reverend father did for my brothers I have done for his servants, giving them titles, standards, and drums, as has been recorded in the preceding pages. It ttiU not he hidden from the readers of this record of prosperity -what afiection and interest I have bestowed on hiTn. My pen’s tongue fails in ability to set them forth. What shall I sa}’ of my own sufierings 1 In pain and weakness, in a warm atmosphere that is extremely unsuited to my health, I must still ride and he active, and in this state must proceed against such an undutiful son. Many servants cherished by me for long years and raised to the dignity of nobility, w’hom I ought to employ to-day in war against the Uzbeg or the Persian, I must punish* for his vileness and destroy with my own hand. Thank Gk»d that he has given me such capacity to bear my burdens that I can put up with all this, and go on in the same path, and reckon them as light.’ But that which weighs heavily on my heart, and places my eager temperament in sorrow is this, that at such a time when my prosperous sons and loyal officers should be vying with each other in the service against Qandahar and Khurasan, which would be to the renown of the Sultanate, this inaus- picious one has struck with an axe the foot of his own dominion, and become a stumbling-block in the path of the enterprise. The momentous affair of Qandahar must now be postponed, but I trust that Almighty God will remove these griefs from my heart,

I rather think the meaning is “ he by his baseness and iUfatodness has eapitally punished them, and has (as it were) slain them by his own hand,” the meaning being that they will fall in the civil war about to take place.

210

At. tlii;> (iiiif* it was reported to me Ihnl- Muhtariin K,, the. eumu’h. Khalil Heg Zu-l-qnilr. and KidiVi K., tlie Master of the (Vn’inonies. had allied fhejnselves with lii-daulat, and opened the <:ates of eorrespoinlenrc with him. A.s it was no time for mildne.ss and winhin;; at matters, I imprisoned all three, and as. after tnakin” inquiry into the eircumstanees, no doubt remained as to their falsene.ss to their salt, and about, the evil designs and malevolenre of Khalil and Muhtarim. and ns Amir.-« like Mirza Kustam swore to the insincerity and malevolence of j^alil. having no rcjnedy I punished t.hem* capitally. Fida’i K.. the du.st of whose sincerity was free, of suspicion and pure. I bnmght. out. of confinement and juomoted. I sent Haja IKir.-afzun by jinst (dak-chaulcl) to my son ^.‘ih I’arwTz that he might bring him with all liastc to wait «»n me; so that Bi-daulat might, be brought to punish- ment for his improper conduct. .lawfiliir K., the cunueh. was appointed to the po.st of Ihtwum-i-darbur-i’inahaU (superin- tendent. of the harem).

On the Ist of Isfandarmur, the royal army arrived at Xur- saray. On this day a report came from Ttibar K., that Bl-daulat liad arrived in all liaste in the neighbourhood of Agra, in the hope that before the fort was strengthened, the gate.s of .strife and mischief might be opened, and lie might attain his end. When he arrived at Fathpur, he found the gates closed against him, and, being struck with the di.sgrnce of min, he had halted. The j^fm-I^anan and his sou and many of the royal Amirs attached to the Deccan and Gujarat had come with him ns compnnion.s on the road of rebellion and ingnititudc. Musnwl K. saw him at Fathpur, and showed him t-hc royal orders, and it was settled that he should send his servant QazI ‘Abdu-l-‘AzIz with him to Court to put his requests before me. lie sent to Agra his servant Suudar,t who was the ringleader of the people of error and the chief of the seditious, to take po.ssession of the treasures and hidden wealth of those servants of the State who were at Agra. Amougstf

Coinparo Iqbttl-naina, 100.

t ’t’his is tho niitn whom Jnlmngir had mado RSjn Bikramajit.

t Elliot, VT. 385.

250

others he entered the house of La^ar K., and seized Es. 9,00,000. In the same manner, wherever he suspected there was property in the houses of other servants (of the Court), he stretched out his hand to seize it, and took posses- sion of all that he found . When nobles like ^an-14anan, who had been distinguished with the rank of Atalik and arrived at the age of seventy years, made their faces black with rebellion and ingratitude, how could one complain of others 1 It may be said that his very nature was seditious and xmgrateful. His father (Bairam K.) at the end of his life behaved in the same unbecoming way towards my reverend father. He, following the example of his father, at his age made himself accursed and rejected to all eternity.

In the end a wolf’s cub becomes a wolf

Although he grow up with man. (Sa‘dL)

On this day Musavu K. arrived with ‘Abdu-l-‘Am, the envoy of Bi-daulat. As his requests were unreasonable, I did not allow him to speak, but handed him over to Mahabat to be kept in prison. On the 5th of the month I pitched on the bank of the river of Ludiyana (the Sutlej). I promoted I^n A’zam to the mansab of 7,000 with 5,000 horse. Baja Bharat, the Bandila, from the Deccan, and Dayanat K. from Agra, came and waited on me. I pardoned the ofiences of Dayanat K., and gave him the same mansab that he had previously held, Kaja Bharat was raised to the mansab of 1,500 and 1,000 horse, and Musawl H. to that of 1,000 and 300 horse. On Thursday, the 12th, in the pargana of Thanesar, Baja Bir Singh Deo, having waited on me, reviewed his army and elicited great praise. Baja Sarang Deo. was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 with 600 horse. In Blamal A^f K.., coming from Agra, lifted up the .head of honour in kissing my stirrup, TTis coming at this time was the herald of victory. Nawazi^ K.., s. Said K,., having arrived from Gujarat, paid his respects. When Bi-daulat was at Burhan- pur, at his request I had appointed Baqi K. to Junagajh– H® had been ordered to come to Court, and now came and shared n my service. As my march from Lahore.took place -without

251

pre\’ious notice, and time did not admit of delay or reflection, I came witli tlie few Amirs who were in attendance. Until I arrived at Sihrind only a few men had the good fortune to accompany me, but after passing beyond it, great numbers of the army came in from all sides and quarters. Before arrival at Delhi such a force had come together that in any direction in which one looked the whole plain was occupied by troops.

As it was reported that Bi-daulat had left Fathpiir and was coming in this direction, and making continuous marches towards Delhi, I gave the victorious army orders to put on their chiltas (quilted coats). In this disturbance the pivot of the management of affairs and the arrangement of the army were entrusted to Mahabat K. The command of the van- guard was given to ‘Abdu-Uah K. Of the selected young men and experienced sipahis, whoever was asked for by him was enrolled in his corps. I ordered him to march a koss ahead of the other forces. He was also entrusted with the intelli- gence department and the control of the routes. I was ignorant of the fact that he was in league with Bi-daulat, and that the real object of that evil-natured one was to send news from my army to him. Previously to this he used to bring long vrcitten slips of true and false news, saying that his spies had sent them from that place. The purport was that they (the spies) suspected some of my servants of being in league with Bi-daulat, and of sending him news. Had I been led away by his intrigues and become alarmed at this time when the wind of disturbance was blowing strongly I would have been obliged to destroy many of my servants. Although some faithful servants suspected his evil intentions and imtruthfulness, the time was not one for removing the veil openly from the face of his deeds. I guarded my eye and tongue from doing anything which might carry terror into his evil mind, and showed him more attention and favour than before, with the idea that possibly he woxdd be struck with shame, and might turn away from his evil deeds, and give up his evil nature and sedition. That rejected one to all eternity, in whom a tendency to vileness and falsity was natural, did

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not fail to do what was in accordance with himself, as will be related hereafter.

TJio tree* that is hitter in its nature If you plant it in the garden of Paradise,

And water it from the eternal stream thereof,

If you pour on its root pure honey.

In the end it shows its natural quality,

And it bears the same bitter fruit.

In fine, when I was near Delhi, Sayyid Bahwa Buldiari, Sadr K., and Eaja Ki^an Das came out of the city, and had the good fortune to Idss my stirrup. Baqir K., faujdar of Oudh, also on this day came to the victorious camp. On the 25th of the month, passing by Delhi, I pitched my camp on the bank of the Jmnna. Girdhar, s. Ray Sal Darbarl, having come from the Deccan, had the honour to pay his respects. He was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse, and obtained the title of Raja, and was clothed in a dress of honour. Zabar-dast K., Master of the Ceremonies, was honoured with a standard.

The lines come from Firdusi’s satire on Mahmud of Ghazni.

THE EIGHTEENTH NEW YEAR’S FEAST AF’J’EIl ‘JTIE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION

On tho eve fif Tufi^flay, the 20lUof .Tumada-l-au’wal, am. 1032 (March 10, 1023 ), the ^■un that lights the world entered his house of honour \n Aries, and the eighteenth year from the l>‘‘ginnins of nn* reign commenced auspiciously and happily. On thi.s day I heard tliat Ilf-daitlat, having gone to the neigh- hnurhood of Mathura, had encamped the army tainted with min in the pargana of Shahpur, and rc'iewed 27.(>00 cavali). It i.s hoped that they wll soon be subdued and miserable. Raja Jay Singh, grand.son of R.aja Man Singh, came from his luative count r*. and had the good fortune to ki.ss my stirrup. I dignified Raja Rir Singh Deo. than whom in the Rajput caste there is no greater Amir, with the title of ^laharaja. and promoted his son .lograj to the mansab of 2,000 ■with 1,000 horse. Sa}*yid Bahwa was presented with an elephant. As it was reported to me that Bi-daulat was coming by the bank of the Jumna, the march of the ^■^ctorious army in that direction was abo decided on. The array of the army that resembled the waves of the sea was di\dded into the van, the right and left ■wings, the the farah (reserve), the

chandaicul (rear), etc., and arranged in a manner suitable to the circumstances and according to the locality. Close upon this came the news that Bl-daulat, with the ■wretch Hian* l^nan, had turned his reins from the right road and gone towards the pargana Kotila, 20 koss towards the left, along ■with the brahman Sundar, who was his guide to the desert of

• He was the great-grandson, being the son of Maha .Singh .=. Jagat Singh 6. 3Ian Singh.

253

254

error, with Darab, s. Iflian-^anan, and many of the Amirs who had accompanied him on the road of rebellion and rascality, such as liimmat K., Sar-buland K., ^arza K. ‘Abid K., Jado Bay, Uday Bam, Ata^ K., Manisur K., awl other mansabdars, who were attached to the Deccan, Gujarat, and Malwa, the recital of whom would take too long, and all his own servants, such as Baja Bliirn, s. Bana, Buatam K„ Bairam Beg, the Afghan Darya, TaqI, and others whom he had loft to confront the royal army. There were live* armies (corps ?). Although nominally the command was in the hands of the wretch (har-gaMa-i-ruzgar) Darab, yet in reality the leader and centre of the whole affair was Sundar, of evil deeds. These men of darkened fortune pitched in the neighbourhood of Baluchpur to their ruin. On the. 8th I pitched at Qabulpur. On this day the turn to take the rear fell upon Baqir it. We had left him behind all the rest. A body of the rebels attacked him on the march^ and stretched out the hand of plunder. Baqir planted firmly the foot of courage, and succeeded in beating them back. Khwaja AbQ-I- Ilasan got news of this, and turned his reins to support him. Before the arrival of the Khwaja the rebels (wordt<da»),.not being able to stand, had taken to flight. On Wednesday, the 9th of the month, having separated 25,000 horse under the leadership of Asaf K., Khwaja AbOt-l-Jdasan, and ‘Abdu-llah K., I sent them to attack the rebels who did not look to the end of things. Qasim K., La^kar K., Iradat IC., Fida’i K., and other servants, to the number of 8,000 horse, wore appointed to Asaf K.’s force. Baqir K., Nuru-d>din Quli, Ibrahim TJusain Ka shgh ari. and others, to the number of 8,000 horse, were appointed to support Abu-l-ljasan. Nawuzish K., ‘Abdu-l-‘AzIz K., ‘Azizu-llah, and many of the Biirha and Araroha Sayyids, were ordered to accompany ‘Abdu-llah. In this army 10,000 hor.se were enrolled. Sundar had arranged the array of ruin and put forward the foot of shamelessness. At this time I sent my special quiver

Panj fauj. But porliap.s the word is binj, or hi^, “ root.” Or it may bo pichhd favj, “ tlio liindor army.” Apparently tlio roforenco 18 to tho arrangomont of tlio royal army into fivo divinionH.

M’.nj’.v. luiv j.t-a •.}!<• t\ virgin’ wjuf’li JmjMii

l*i’ ?J!<’ <•! tl;<- vir’uirv -. i,f ;Jif !

i!.‘. »•{ j-urj’O’’’ fMJU til*’ hi<5<:«si /.-tlinr-il;!’! K.,

.^lir-hainl.-i, )ia. lii’. ?h’’ .“m «>( A.‘acl K.. th’’

r’… Ih’.’.-iiii, lirntln-r tif KhwAja .laliAii.

ajiil a !n*.tiil"T «‘i ‘.lie Sayyidt. €•( JJArlia wli<> in tin* r(irp’’ (d th<’ Marl:-far<al ‘Alidu-Jlali. Jiaviii” tin- awa-ct-

llav<iun’il wiin> «•} jnanynl«>in. ol>{aim-il cvcrlavtin;; Ar.jr.u-lla!i, •.•rand’-un «d IJinaiu K. ( lUhriya), ln’in;; wamndfd liy :i pui-ilmt. jai. «ifi[ !af«ly. Ahlii’ii^h at thia time tin dc-M-rtinn <d that rfjr<t<‘il liyjM>rrit<’ was a MTn-t. lidp, ja-t. it is pruhahh- that, if In* had imt. juTfi>rnnd thisdit<stahlf> action in the crisi’ of tin* hat tie. nnmy of tin* r«hid leaders would have het!! hilled or caj!tun’tl. Jt chanced that. In* was known to tin* conmiun jtcojdc hy tin* title of I,a*nat,u-llah (find’s curse), and ns he had received this name from the hidden world 1 also called him hy it. Hereafter, wherever the expres- sion La’tuitu-lhh is used it refers to him. IJrielly, after the rebels, whose end was evil, look to lli"ht from the field of battle, atid turned th(*ir faces towards the valley of min atid could not rea‘-semhle, La’natu-llah, with all the rebels, did not

•256

tiim luB lein till he leached Bi*daukt, who was at a distance of 20 toss.

When the news of the %-ictoiw of the servants of the State reached this suppliant to God^ he prostrated himself in thank- fulness for this ^ft. which was from the renewed favour of Allah, and summoned the loyal ones into his presence. On the next day they brought before me the head of Sundar, It appeared that when the ball struck him he gave up his soul to the lords of helL and they took his body to a nei^- bouring village to be burnt. When they were about to light the fire, an army appeared in the distance, and for fear lest they should be taken prisoners, eve:yone took to flight. The iluqaddam (head man) of the •^’illage cut ofi his head, and for his own acquittal took it to Klan A’zam, as it occurred in his jagir. He was brou^t to me (with the head): the head was quite recognizable and had as yet undergone no change, but they had cut ofi the ears for the sake of the pearls in them, Iso one knew by whose hand he had been shot. In conse- quence of his destruction, Bi-daulat did not gird his loins again. One might say his good fortune and courage and under- standing lay in that dog of a Hindu. “^^Tien, with a father like me, who in truth am his ostensible creator, and in my otrn lifetime have raised him to the great dignity of Sultanship- and denied him nothing, he acts in this manner, I appeal to the justice of Allah that He may never again regard him with favour. Those servunts who in this disturbance had done fitting service were honoured with more and more favours, each according to his degree. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan was raised to the mansab of .5,000, original and increased, KawatiA K. to that of 4,000 and .3,000 horse, Baqir EL to that of 3,000 and 500 horse, with drums, Ibrahim iHusain Ela di^ha ri to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, ‘Amzu-llah to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, Euru-d-din Quli to that of 2,000 and 700 horse, Eaja Bam Das to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, Lutfu-Ilah to that of 1,000 and .500 horse, Parwari^ K. to that of 1,000 and .500 horse. If all the servants were to be written in -detail it would take too long. Brieflv I remained at that place one day and marched on the next, Hian ‘Alam, ha-ving marched

257

from Allalmbad, had the good fortune to kiss’thc tlircshold. On the 12th of the month I encamped at the village of .Ihiinsa (?).

On this day Sar-buland Riiy came fro)n the Deccan and ^vnitcd on me, and was honoured with a special jewelled dagger, with a phxil I’aiara. ‘Abdu-l-‘Aj5lz K. and some of those who had gone with La‘natu-llah released themselves from the hand of T3i-daulat, and paid their respects, and represented that when La‘natu-llah charged, they thought it was for a cavalry’ encounter. When they found themselves in the midst of the rebels they .saw nothing for it but to sub- mit and pay their respects, but now they had found on oppor- tunity and had obtained the good foitunc of kissing the threshold. Though they had taken 2,000 muhrs from Bi-daulat for their expenses, as the times were critical I made no inquiry, but accepted* their statement.

On the 19th the Feast of the cidmination was held, and many of the servants of the Stotc were raised in mansab, and had suitable favours conferred on them.

^ilir ‘Azudu-d-daulah, having come from Agm, waited on me. He brought a vocabidaryf of words that he had pre- pared. In truth he had taken much pains, and collected together all the words from the writings of ancient poets. There is no book like this in the science.

Baja Jay Singh was rai.sed to the mansab of 3,000 with 1,400 horse, and a special elephant was presented to my son Shahriyar. The post of ‘Arc-muhirrir {examiner of petitions) was conferred on j\lusawl K. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was given the title of IQian-zad Klian. was favoured with a mansab of 4,000 personal and horse, and w’as honoured with a flag and drums.

On the 1st of the Divine month of Urdibihisht I pitched on the bank of the lake at Fathpur. Ftibar K. came from Agra and waited on me, and w’as graciously received. Musiallar K., Mukarram K., and his brother also came from Agm, and had the good fortune to wait on me. As Ftibar K. had done

“ Bouglit it ns if it were goiniino.” t Tlio Farlinng-i-Jnhanglrl, Rioti Cat., ‘J90 b.

• 208

approved service in the cliai-ge of the Agra fort he was dignified with the title of Mumtaz K., and I gave him the mansab of 6,000 personal and 0,000 horse, and liaving bestowed on jiim a dress of honour, a jewelled sword, a home, and a special elephant, I sent him back to his duty, Sayyid Bahwa was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, Mulcairara K, to that of 3,000 and 2,000 horse, and j^waja Qasim to that of 1,000 with 400 horse. On the 4th Mansur K, Farangi, whose circumstances have been recorded* in the preceding pages (?), with his brotherf and NaubatJ K, DakhanI, by tlie guidance of good fortune separated themselves from Bl-daulat, and came into my service. I sent j^wass K. to my fortunate son Shah Parwiz, Mirzii ‘Isa Tarj^an, having come from Multan, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, A special sword was given to Mahabat K. On the JOfch the camp was pitched in the pargana of Hindaun. Mansur K, (the Farangi) was raised to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 home, and tliat of Naubat§ K, to that of 2,000 and 1,000 liorse. On the 11th was a lialt. As on this day a meeting with my fortunate son Shah Parwiz had been arranged, I ordered that the powerful princes and the illustwous Araiis and all the devoted servants should go out to meet him, and bring him to wait on me in a fitting manner. After midday had passed, at an auspicious chosen hour he kissed the ground and illuminated the forehead’ of his sincerity. After tlie usual salutations had been performed and the customary ceremonies gone through I embraced my fortunate son with the greatest pleasure and affection, and loaded liim with more and more favours. At this time news came that Bi-daulat, when lie was passing through the township Qiawuli) of the paigana of Aml)er, which was the hereditary abode of Eaja Msin Singh, had sent a liand of scoundi-els and plundered that cultivated spot.

WJiorc is tliis account ‘( He is mentioned Jaler, p. 3C9 of text. I’ei’liaps lie is the Armenian mentioned in the ICtli year as Zu-l- Qarnain. But an Armenian would liardly Ije called a Farangi.

f The MSS. have “ his brother Ma^iTir.”

j The MSS. have a name that is not Nauhat, and perliaps is Yunas. or Yunash KliSn.

§ Yunas or Yunash in MSS.

250

On the 121.h I pitched outside the village o£ Sanvali, I had previously sent Haba^ K. (Abyssinian) to repair the buildings at. Ajiuir. I promoted my fortunate son ^ah Parwiz to the high mansab of 40.000 and 30,000 horse. As it was reported that Bi-daulat had sent off Jagat Singh, s. Raja Ihiso, to his own country to raise disturbances in the hills of the Panjab. I jnomoted Sadiq K., chief Bakhshi, to the govcmoi’ship of that, province, and ordered him to punish him, giving him a dress of honour, with a sword and an elephant, and making up his mansab. original and increased, to 4,000 j)crsonal and 3,000 horse, I also honoured him with a stan- darel {fu(fh) and drums.

At thi” t ime it was reported to me that the younger brothers of ^Ilrzii Badi‘u-z-zaman, s. Mirzii ^ahrukh, who was known as Fsithpurl, had attacked him unawares and killed him. About this time his brothers came to Court and paid their respects. His ovni mother also waited on me, but did not make a claim, as was proper, for her son’s blood, and (so) proceedings* could not be taken according to law. Although his disposi- tion was so bad that his murder was not to be regretted, but on the contrary was opportune and advantageous, yet, as these wretches had shown such audacity with regard to their elder brother, who was to them in the position of a father, I ordered them to be put in gaol, and afterwards what was deemed proper should be done to them. On the 21st Riija Gaj Singh and Ray Suraj Singh arrived from their jagirs, and had the good fortune to kiss my stiiTup. Mu‘izzu-l-mulk. whom I had sent to Multan to summon my son IQian Jahan, came and waited on me, and presented me with a letter about his severe illness and weakness. He had sent his son Asalat K. with 1,000 horse to wait on me, and expressed great regret at being deprived of the honour of meeting me. As his apologj’- was evidently sincere, I accepted it. On the 25th my fortunate son Prince Parwiz, mth the victorious army, was sent in

Perhaps it means that qisSs or retaliation could not be inflicted. See jMa’asirii-l-uinara, 111. 335, and Iqbal-nama, 204. Evidently the mother did not want to prosecute. It is probable that his murderers were onlj’ his half-brothers.

pursuit to ovrrllivow Hl‘«lnuln{, ‘I’h*’ <if nutliority ov<;r the powerful TVince. and tlu* r<nfrf of tlif f)rdfrini; of flic viHorious nriuy, were clwu info the Imnd of Mutaniimi-(1’ (Inula Maliahat K, fjf the illuhtrious Atuin; and life-tnfri* fieinf; brave men wlio wi-re in aftejidance on the Prince of lofty fortune, this is the detail.

Klian ‘Alani. Maharfija’’’ (Jaj Sineh. Fazil K.. Ka^Id K.. linja Girdhar. Haja Ham Das Kaehhwaha, Khv.aja Mir ‘Ahdu-l-‘Azi7.. ‘AzTzu-llah. Asad K., Parwaridi K.. ll:r.“irn K.. Savvid llizbar K,, Luffu-llah. Hav Xaravan Das, and others

• V •• • ^

to the number of -lO.tKK) home, with much artillery, Hs. 11.000, OfK) (twenty lakh:-) of fresmure were »ent with thein. At a j)roj)itiou5 hour they were started with my son. .and bridle to bridle with victoiy. Far.il K. wa.s .aj»j)oi:ited Ifakhshi .and newawTiter to the victorious .army. A .sjeeinl (In’S- of honotir was be.stowcd on tin* Prince, with a v.arUrl of eold biocnde, and pearls on tlie collar and skirt. rv(>rth Hs, prepared in t he royal (•.sfabH.‘*hment, and a jirivate (•lephant of th(! name Hatan Gnj, tonf female elephants, a private horse, and a jewelled .sword, the value of (lie whole of which was Hs. 77 , 000 . The.se were all •jiven to the Prince. Nnr Jahait Hc"am also eavp him a dre.s.s of honour, a hor.e. and an ele- phant, ns is the cii-stom. To Mahahat K. and t he other .Amirs, according to their Htandin;f. homes, elepliant-, and dre.-se.’: of iKunmrwere prc.senled. The immedmte attendantsof the prince wore also honoured with favours. <)n this day ^luwifTar K. received a dress of honour on nj)))ointment to the ]»ost (jf chief Haklhshi. On tlie first of the Divine month of hliunlad Pnnee Dawar-bakhsh, s, Kliusr.ui. was appointed to Gujarat, and Khan A‘zani to the ln"h dignity of tutor to him. I con- ferred on the prince fi liorse. an elephant, a dres-s of honour, a private jewelled dagger, a .’-tandard {tufjh). ajid dnnns, Khan A’zam, Nawazi^ K. and other .seivant.s were lionoiired with prc.sentR according to their standing. Inadat K. w.ss appointed Bakhshi in place of Fazil K. Huknu-s-.saltana

The MSS. hiivo M-nliurrij.-i G.-ij .Sinjih. .nnd they a!.«oh.ivcthciiame-= 3Ian.«ur KhSn. S.ar-bu]and Rflv .and J..:!tLkar K.

t “Two ’’ill MSS. '

261

Asaf K. exalted his head vsdth the dignity of the Subadaiship of Bengal and Orissa. A special dress of honour, with a jewelled sword, were conferred on him. Ahu Tahb (®.e., ^aista Iv.), his son, was axipointed to accompany him, and promoted to the mansab of 2,000 with 1,000 horse. On Saturday, the 9th, corresponding unth the 19th Rajab, a.h. 1032 (May 9, 1623), the camp was pitched at the Ana-Sagar lake outside Ajmir. Prince Dawar-ba ldish , being honoured with the mansab of 8,000, and 3,000 horse, was granted Rs. 2,00.000 of treasure for the expenses of the army which accompanied him. Rs. 1,00,000 I also gave as an advance to ^an A‘zam. Allah-yar. s. IftilAar Beg, who was in the service of m)’’ fortunate son Shah Parmz, was at his request granted a standard. Tatar K. took leave on his appointment to the charge of Fort Gwalior. Raja Gaj Singh was appointed to the mansab of 5,000, with 4,000 horse.

On this da)’^ news came from Agra that Her Highness (hazrat) Maiyamu-z-zamani.* by the decree of God, had died. I trust that Almighty God will envelop her in the ocean of His mercy. Jagat Singh, s. Rana Karan, having come from his native place, had the good fortune to pay his respects. Ibrahim K. Fath-jaiig, governor of Bengal, had sent thirtj’^- four elephants by way of offering, and they were submitted to me. Baqir K. was appointed faujdar of Oudh, and Sadat K. to the Du-ab. The Mir Mu^if was made Diwan-i-buyutat.

On the 12th of the Divine month of Tir a report came from the officials of Gujarat with the good news of victory and conquest. The particidars of this summary are that I had granted the Subah of Gujarat, the abode of Sultans of high dignity, to Bi-daulat as a reward for his victory over the Rana, as has been fully related in the preceding pages. Sundar, the brahman, administered and protected the country. When futile ideas entered his ungrateful mind, he sent for that dog of a Hindu, who was always shaking the chain of enmity and pervei’sitj’, along with Hiimuat K., Sharza K., Sar-afraz K.,and many of the ro 3 ^al servants who were fiefholders in the pro- vince. Sundar’s brother Kunhar was appointed in his room.

J.ihangir’s mother.

•262

When Sundar was killed, and Bi-daulat retreated after Ins defeat to Mandu, the proAnnce of Gujarat was put in the charge of La‘natu-llah as his fief, and Kunhar was sent for along with Safi K., the diwan. At the same time the treasure, the jewelled throne on which five lakhs had been expended, and the ‘pardala (belt) on which two lakhs had been spent — ^and which things had been prepared as a present for myself — ^^vere also sent for. »3afi K. was the brother’s son (text says “ brother ”) of Ja‘far Beg, who received in my father’s sernce the title of Asaf K., and was married to a daughter of Nur Jahan’s brother, who by my favour had received the title of Asaf K. An elder daughter was the ^vife of Bi- daulat. Both daughters were by one mother, and Bi-daulat expected that on account of this connection Safi K. would be on his side. But an eternal decree had gone forth for Safi K.’s loj’^alty and prosperity, and that he should attain to higli rank ! Accordingly, Almighty God made bim loyal and the performer of good deeds, as will now be described. In short, the faithless {hl-tvafd) La‘natu-llah sent his eimuch named Wafa-dar to be governor of that country, and he, with a few ragamuffins {hi-sar-u-pa) entered Ahmadabad, and took possession of the city. As Safi K. had made up his mind to be loyal, he courageoiisly looked after the servants, and collected a force, and won the hearts of the people. Some days before Kunhar came out of the city he (Safi) encamped on the bank of the Kankariya lake, and thence hastened to JIahmudabad, giving out openly that he was going to Bi-daulat. Secretly, he opened commimication and made arrangements to be loyal with Nahir K., Sa}’ 3 ‘id Dilir K., Nanu* K., Afghan, and other devoted servants of the State, who were waiting in their own jagirs. He awaited his opportunity. Salih, a servant of Bi- daulat, who was faujdar of the Sarkar of Pitlad, and had a good force with him, heard nimoui’S that Safi K. entertained other ideas. Kunharf had also discovered this, but as Safi K. soothed them and was very cautious and careful in his conduct,

MS. 181 has Baba Khun.

t MS. 181 liap Kuhnar or Kunhar, and it .«cenis that it i.» a nain’?. and not merely “younger brother.” The I<ibul-nunia, 205, hnf- Kunhar Da.

<•( im” jx’iily <i]M n. •liotjjili « vcf ni» ir.in* nf NAliir 1. .•Dili tlw liivali’-!’-. lf>t ]h»‘.iI(1v tin* iiii^iit

(iliViiiii infoiniai iiiii :nul tin* iif«tlic furl, hi* pliicial

liis «i)jirKl<‘iic-<* ill (Jod \vh<» virtorv. luitl tlni

f’ity liy tin* Srir.iii^prir j;at<. Al’uut. tliis tinn Naliir K. aI-<» arrived, atnl. enterin’; liy the “ate. eanii’ into tin* eity. Tlie I’unneh ti{ La’iiatndlah. haviii“ a*-eerlained tlie unfailing “oiid hirlnne nf {.lalian^ir), tmih iefn;;e in tin* Innise of 5;^aihh IJni- «lar. eraiid’-dn «if NirAin \Vnjihuil-din. Tin myal servants

• K-trij in lexl. .■‘ec .lan’i’ll, II. •i.‘ia. Itlll lievllilli’- il ^)l(lu)(I l)e Kitira.

^ li .Mi’i’li’m in Xie-. I.S’I iiml ‘i’lie (.‘aiilen of .Mima-

(labail i" tin* vilirilil, far wliieli ^el• llie liiiniliav (Iii/etteer, veil, for .Miinadiiliad, ]i, ‘JS.‘I. Itiit la-ides liein^ in tlie .MSS. il is

alsn Shi’liiln in tin’ Iijliril’iiiiinn, :JtiT. ‘I’lie Simla jiarden lies to tlio norilicif .Alnnailaliad, and Sail wasnt tlii’soutli or south-east of the city. l*erhajis tlni .^‘I’hiin piiMeii was near tliii .Malik Sha’han lake, which was **.as( of the city, and is refernsl t«> in ISonihay (hizetteer, j). IS. Tins Ilii’d! Sh’i’han is also nderivd to in Hayley’s (iujarat, ’’HO.

2<J-1

of approved Kervice. liaviii" proclaimed their victory -with loud voices, set to work to stre/i^tlieu the towere and gates, ‘J’liey sent men to llie liouses of Muluirnmad ‘J’arjT, Jjj-daulat’.s diwan, and of yasan ]3e", liis fJakhshi, and seized them, ^aikh JTaidar liimself came and informed ijafi K. tliat the eunuch of La‘natu-llah was in his house, and they tied his hands to his neck, and brought him, Ha%‘ing imprisoned a number of J3i-daulat”s servants and dependants, they CJigaged in keeping order in the city. The jewelled throne, the cash of Rs, JJ, 00.000, and the property and effects of I3I-daulat and his men in the city, came into their 2 >Oftse.ssion, When this news reached Bl-daulul, he .sent off La’natiidlah with Himniat K., ^arza K., Sar-afraz IC,, Qabil Beg. Rustam Bahadur, •Salih Bada khsh r. and other crinnnal.s. What with royal ser- vants and his own men, he had some j5/K)0 or 0,000 horse. Safi K. and RTihir Iv,. becoming aware of this, planted finnly the foot of courage, and employed themselves in encouraging their men and collecting forces, WJiate ver cash and valuables they could obtain, even to the throne, whicli they broke uj), they divided amongst both the old and new troopers as jray. ]3aja Kalyan, Zamindar of Jdar (printed wrongly “ Andur ‘), and the son of Lai GopI (?)*, and all the Zamindais from every cjuarter, were summoned into the city. A good number was thus assembled. La‘natu-]Iah did not wait for auxiliaries, and in the space of eight days came from Mfindu to Baroda, ^’he loyal jrarty, by the guidance of their courage, and in reliance on God, came out of the city and encamped on the bank of the Elankariva Lake, It occurred to La’natu-llah that if he came on quickly, the rope of order of the lo^-al might be broken. When he obtained news of the coming out of the loyal servants, drawing in the reins of ruin, he delayed in Baroda till the arrival of help. After the evil-ending criminals collected together at that chief place of mischief, he jiut forward the foot of error and deviation from the right path, and the- loyal party, marching from the Kanlcariya tank, en- camped outside the \’illage of Batqh, near the maiLSoleum of

Name very doubtful. MiSiS. seem to have Pu’ Lai Koli, or it may be.BIr Lai

26 n

Qutb ‘AJam. La’nafcu-Iiali travereccl a road of three days in two,* and arrived at Jlahinudabad. As Sayyid Dilir K. had seized the women of ^arza K. and brought tliem from Baroda to the city, and the women of Sar-afriiz K. were also in the city, 8afl K. sent a secret message to both of them that if by the guidance of good fortune they would nib off the stain of sin (rebellion) from the tablet of their foreheads, and would enrol themselves among the loyal servants, their position in the present and future worlds would approach salvation; otherwise he would .subject their wives and children to all kinds of indignities. Hearing this. La’iiatu-llah sent for Sar-afraz K. on some excuse to his house, and imprisoned him. As ^arza K.. Himmat K.. and Salih Bada ldish! were in league together, and had alighted at the same place, he could not get Sharza K. into his hands. Briefly, on the 21st of Sha‘ban. A.H. 1032. June 10. La’natu-llah mounted and arrayed the forces tinged with calamity. Those who ivcre loyal also ari’ayed their forces and prepared for the fight. It occurred to La‘natu-llah that if he were to go. their foot of courage would not stand firm. and. without a battle taking place, they would be dispemed in a miserable condition. When he .saw the firm attitude of the loyal, he could not screw ui) his courage {tab nayaicarda), but turned his rein towards the left, and gave out that they had hidden gunpowder under the ground of that plain, and that his men would be destroyed by it — ^that it would therefore be better to go into the plain of Sarkhej and deliver battle there. These futile ideas were due to the aid of good fortune, for on the turning back of his rein a rumoiur of his defeat was spread abroad, and the horse- men of the plain of victory attacked him in flank, and that ill-omened one was unable to reach Sarkhej, and halted in the village of Haran j a . The loyal party arranged their forces in the village of Balud, which is nearly three koss off. At dawn on the next day they -went to battle after the approved manner, their forces being drawn up in this uray. In the vanguard were Nahir K.., Raja Kalyan, the Zamindar of Idar, and other valiant men; on the left vdng Saj^dd Dilir K., Sayyid Sidu,

Tlic iliSS. have “ in ten.”

2G6

and other loyal servants were statioiied ; and on tlie right wing Nanu K,, Sayyid Ya‘qub, Sayyid (^ulam Mulminmad, and the rest of tlie life-sacrificing devoted ones, whilst in the centre were Safi K., Kifayat K, Ba klisli L and some other servants of approved service. It so happened, fortunately, that in the place where La‘natu-llah had halted, the land was undulating, full of thorn brakes and najTow lanes. The fo7’ces, accordingly, were not in compact order. He had sent on most of the experienced men with Rustam Baliiidur, and Himmat K., and Salih Beg were amongst the foremost in (the ranks of) error. The army doo)ned to calamity first of all came in contact with Nahir K, and ^ams K„ and a notable fight took place. By chance Himmat K. fell in the dust of destruction from a gun-shot wound, and a fight ensued between §ali^ Beg, and Nanu K., Sayyid Ya’qub, Sayyid ^ulam Muhammad, and other servants. In the height of the battle the elepliant of Sayyid Ohuliim Muliammad came and threw him (t^alili) from his horse; he fell sevcjxjly wounded to the ground, and about a hundred of his men were slain , At this moment an elephant which was in the van of the j’cbel army turned round at the noise of the rocltcts and the lightning of the guns, and got into a narrow lane, on both sides of which were thorn brakes, and trod down many of the rebels. By the turning back of the elephant the ranlos of the enemy were disordered. At this moment Sayyid Dilir K, came fighting from the right wing, La‘natu-llah did not know of the killing of Himmat K, and Salih, and, with the idea of helping them, urged on the steed of ruin. As the brave onefs in the van, liaving displayed activity, had been mostly wounded, they could not stand the onset of La‘natu-llah, and turned back their rein, and it nearly liappened that there was a great disaster. At this time the assistance of God displayed itself, and §aflK. hastened from the centre to the support of the van. Just then La‘natu-llah heard of the killing of Himmat K. and §alih Beg, and, on the appearance of the centre and the attack of Safi K., his courage failed him, and he became a vagabond in the desert of defeat and disaster. Sayyid Dilir K. pursued liim for a koss, and made many of the defeated

tlic harvest of the sword of vengeance. Qabil Beg, unfaithful to his salt, with a body of rebels, been me captives in the claws of retribution. As La‘natu-llah was not sure about Sar-afraz K., he on the day of battle placed him in chains on an elephant and put him in charge of one of his slaves, with orders that if a defeat occurred he should kill him. In’ like manner he placed in chains on one of the elephants Bahadur, s. Sultan Ahmad, and gave permission to kill him. When the fight took place the man in charge of Sultan Ahmad’s son put him to death with a dagger, but Sar-afraz K. threw himself down off the elephant. The man in charge of him in that confusion aimed a IjIow at him in his bewilderment, but it was not effectual. &af! Iv., finding him in the fight, sent him into the city. La‘natu-llah did not turn back till he arrived at Baroda. As the women of Sharza K. were captives of those who were loyal, he was helpless, and came and waited upon Safi K. Briefly, La‘natu-llah hastened frojii Baroda to Broach. The sons of Himmat K. were in the fort there. Although they did not admit him, yet they sent him 5,000 tiiafjvi udls by way of maintenance. For three days he remained outside the fort of Broach in a Avretched state, and on the fourth went to Surat hj’ sea. For nearly two months he remained there assembling his scattered men. As Surat was in Bi-daulat’s jagir, he took nearly 4 lakhs of mafimudJs from his officials there, and took possession of whatever he could by oppression and injustice. He again collected together those whose fortune was reversed and whose stars had been burnt, and betook himself to Bi- daidat at Burhanpur.

In fine, when this approved service performed by Safi K. and .other loyal servants in Gujarat became loioum, each one was exalted with favours and kindnesses. Safi K. held the mansab of 700 personal and 300 horse: ha^dng given him that of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, I honoured him with the title of Saif K. Jahangir-^ahi, and conferred on him a standard and drums. Nahir K.. had 1,000 with 200 horse ; having given him the mansab of 3,000 Avith 2,000 horse, I bestowed on him the title of ^ir K., and raised his head of honour wth a horse, an elephant, and a jewelled sword. He is the (descendant ?)

268

grandson of (?), the brother of Puian Mai Lulu (?), who was governor of Kaysin and Chandeii. When Shir K., the Afghan {i.e., ^ir ^ah), besieged the fort of Raysin, it is well known that he killed him (Puran Mai) after promising him quarter, and that his women burnt themselves, com- mitting “ Johar" according to the Hindu custom, in the fire of fame and modesty, so that the hand of no unlawful person should touch the skiit of their chastity. His sons and caste fellows went off to variousf places. The father of Nahir K., whose title was Iftan Jahan, having gone to Muhammad K., governor of Asir and Burhanpur, became a Musahnan, and when Muhammad K. died, Ifosan, his son, when in tender years, succeeded him. Raja ‘Ali K., brother of Muhammad K,, put the child in confinement, and took possession of the government. After some time news reached Raja ‘All K, that Mian Jahan and a body of the servants of Muhammad K, had leagued together to attack him, and had determined to take Hasan K. out of the fort and raise him to power. He was beforehand with them, and sent Hayat ^an IJabashI, with many brave men, to the house of Khan Jahan, either to take him alike or to Icill liim. He, planting his foot firmly on his good fame, took to fighting, and when things went badly with him committed JoJiar, and passed from this borrowed life. At that time Nahir K. was very young. Hayat ^an Abyssinian, having asked ‘Ali K.’s permission, adopted him as his son, and made him a Musalman. After his death Raja ‘Ali K. brought up Nahir K., and took good care of him. When my revered father conquered Asir, Nahir K, joined liis service. He (Akbar) discerned the signs of braver}’^ on his forehead, and raised him to a suitable mansab, and gave him • in jagir the pargana of Muhammadpur in Malwa, In my service he advanced more and more. Now that the grace of gratitude has been bestowed upon him, he has found tlie advantage of doing what was right. ,

Text, Nar Singh Deo. But tho MSS, seem to Imve anotlier name, SilUadi Deo (?) The name Lulu is also doubtful. Tho MSS. seem to Ijavc Bulur. In Elliot, IV. 402, Puran Mai is Ciilicd Bliaia.

t Har kitdam ha-larap afiiidand.

Snyyi«l llilir K. );■ t»{ tli<’ Sayyiils of HArlin; fornu’rly lii- titimo \v!v- S.‘iyyid ‘Aluhj-l’W.‘ihlifili. 1 rai?-cil him from IIh- juanvah of nml .<iH) Imna* lo ami l.‘J(Kf Imrsi*. nml pn’sciit^il l»im witli » slandnrii. They call Iwclvp hiini in Hindi. A*’ in tin* Du-.‘ih tlni** an t.wnlw villiioi’.s nnar «nrli otlii’V which an tin* iintivi* nnnitry of tlnso Snyyid.s. they hnvt luronn* hjiown a*, tin* Sayyhls <if Iirirha. Snnn* jn’ojdi* inahc jcinailc’- ahont. thi’ir linca«i*. hni tlnir hravciy is a ron- vim in’fi jmnd «»f tln’ir hnin” Sayvid.**, for tlnn* has nnvor Iippii i; hattli* in thi*’ rpi;in in which they have not hcpii pons])ipU()U‘<. and in which some have not heeii lcilli*il. Mirza “Aziz Koka always sai<l the Sayvids of Hatha wete the avertej-s of calamity from this domiidon. and such is in ivality the case.

Xanu K. .\fehan held the mansah of stKl ]ipr.’-onal and hor.vp: it was onleivd tol>inneof l.oOtt jiersonal and l.‘J(K) horse. Jn the same manner the Jtther loyal .•■prvnnts. accordiii’i to their services and saprificp.s. wen ]iom<»ted to hi<!h mansnhs, and olitained the desire of their heartsS in lofty omjthiympnls. At. this time A.«rdat K.. s. Khan .lahaii. was deputed t(» the a.s.sisf- anre of my son ffinindsoii) Dawar-ha klisli in (fnjnrnt, and 1 .sent. Xurn-d-dfii Qnli int«i the Stihuh to Imny Sharza K.. Sar-nfraz K.. and the other leaders of the rehel army who liaii been made captive in the land of ntril)ntinn, <‘hnined, to the Conrl .

On this day it was re])c»rted to me that Minfi-ehihr. s. Shali-nawaz K.. had separated him.self from Hf-danlat under the gnidanec of ”ood fortune, and had j(»ined the .service of my forlmmte son Shah Parwlz. rtif|ad K.. “overnor of Knslimir. was ])romotcd to the man, sab of 1.000 jicrsojjnl and 3,000 horse.

As tlie huntsmen brought iicw’.s tliat. in this neighbourhood a t.igcr had made its appearance. I felt disposed to luint it. .After entering the forest three other tigers became , visible. Having killed nil four, I returned to the palace. I have such a liking for tiger shooting tliat whilst 1 can get it I do not go after other sport. Sultiin Mas’ud, s. Sultiin IMahmud (of Ghaznin) (may the lights of Allah he his testimony !), wn.« also much inclined to tiger shooting. With regard to lii.s

■ 270

killini; of .‘’t nini,’*.’ talf’s hnve been rccnnled, esjtecinlly

in the hi.’t<»ry of IhiiliarjI.* who hns kept n, dinry of whnf he saw with his own eyes. Ainon’r these things he writes tiiiit on<’ day he (MrisTul) went to hunt tiijers in tlie borders of IfinduxtaJi. and was ridinj; an elephant. A very larjje tij,n’r cnni’’ out from tin* wood, and made for the elephant. Tfe thn.‘W a javelin fWiVd) and strnek the tiger’s chest. The tiger, enraged at the pain, came up on the elephant’s back, and the .\mir knelt down and struck him such a blow with his sword that he cut off both the tiger’s fore-feet, and th*’ tiger fell bat’kwanls and died. Tt liaj>pened to me once when I w.as prince that I had gone out in the Punjab to limit tigers, powerful tiger appeared out. of the wood. T fired at him frt»m the elepliant, and the tiger in great, fury ro.s’c ami rame on the el*‘jihan»’s liack. and I had not. time to put down my gun and s“iz<.« niy ..^word. Inverting the gun. T hnelt, and with both hands stniek him with tin* stock over the head and face so tliaf lie fell on to the ground and died.

271

ino (Itn? Suljiin Ziiiniixlnr t>f I’.‘ihli, hn<l died. I gnvo

inniij-id) niid jaj;ir In ^Adnifni. liis oldt’sl mih.

<ln tlio Tfh of tho jivmtli «»f AimmlAd IhrAhIm llusiiin, jv .‘<’rv.nu of my fcuJimafo Slifih Parwix. raiiif fr.tin dm vir- torioiK army, and Itrouahf. n«nvs of ilia victory of tlia rliiafs of the avcrla’-tin;; .‘‘I, at a. Tljc r»‘j>orf tif tny Mtn laid liofora nm tin* I’artindar’ of dn’ asid tin* oxaiiions of tlia br.ivo and

tlif’tin^nii-lird mi-n in it . 1 jiarforniad tin* dni*s of tlinnksoivinj;

for tlii*. favour, which was «f Clod’s }:ran’ alone. Tin* details of this an* as follow-.s; Wlnn tin r<»yal troojis in tin* armv of tin* ptince of Idith d***!!! rrosM! tin* ]eass of (‘handfi.’ and int< ivd tin* jerovinc* of Malwa. Hi-danlat. with 20.0(>0 horse. oOii tiuhlin*,: elcj’hants. and a lar^c force of artillery, left Mandu in onler l^» tilth’.. He disji.alched a hody of tin* Harris {.Mahrattas) of the Deccan with .ladu Hay and Pday Ilain. .\la^ K.. and other rebels te» ninlce a raid (ijtizz(i’jl) in tin roy.al c.iinji. Malnlhat. K. made jwoper arntneements. He jdaeed tin* ilhi.strions prince in the {ihaiil (centre), and he him- self proceeded with tin* wlnde army, and in jnarchittfi and in haltine observed the cfOiditions of eatiti«)n. The Harefs lco]t at. a ;:reat. distance, and did not put forwnnl the font of bravery, t.lne day it. was Maji.sur K. Fnranj;rs turn to be with the rcar- {fiiard. .\t the time <tf jutchiii” the camj) MahiAbat K., by way of caution, was standiu” with his army drawn up outside the cam]), in <irder that the men might fence it in at theirea.se. As Mansur K. had been drinking on the road, he was coming to the .stage drunk with the wine of pride. It hap])ened an army was seen in the distance, and the wine put the idea into his head that he must charge. Without telling his brothci-s or his men, he mounted and charged, and drove off two or three liargls. and came to wdierc Jadu Ray and Oday Ram were standing with two or three thousand cavalry drawn uj,. As was their custom, they attacked him from all sides and surrounded him. He fought as long as there was breath in his body, and gave up liis life on the path of loyalty.

During these days ^lahabat K. was continually capturing, by messages and letters, the afflicted hearts of a number of

Cliundii Gliiit between Ajinerc and Jlnlw.*).

272

men who out of timidity and confusion had accompanied Bi- daulat. When men read the lines of despair on the page of Ids (^ah Jahams) condition, lettei-s also came from that side, asldng for agreements (qaul). After Bi-daulat came oiil of the fort of Mandu, he in the first instance sent forward a body of Bargis, and after them he sent Rustam K., TaqI, and Barq-andaz K. with a bod}- of jnusketeers. Then he sent Darab K., Bhim, Bairam Beg, and his other active men. As he could not resolve to give battle. in person, he was con- tinualh’ looldng backwards. He crossed the Avar-elephant.s over the Narbadda with the artillery waggons, and w’ent him- self unattended behind Darab and Bhim, turning his face of ruin towards the battle. On the da}’’ when the royal camp was pitched at Kali3’‘adaha, Bi-daulat sent his army against the victorious forces, and stationed himself -with Khan-khanan and a few men at the distance of a koss in the rear. Barq- andaz K., who had made an agreement ■\dth Maliabat K., was lying in wait. When the armies were ranged opposite to each other, he got his opportunity, and attacked with a body of musketeers, and joined the royal army, ciying out, “ Success to King Jahangir !” When he reached Mahabat K.. the latter took him to wait on my fortunate son Barwiz, win) bestowed royal favours upon him. Previously he bore the name of Baha’u-d-din, and was a servant of Zain K. After the latter’s death he enlisted among the Turkish gunners. As he was active in the performance of his duty, and had a band of men with him, considering him worthy of pationage, T gave him the title of Barq-andaz K. When I sent Bi-daulat to the Deccan, I put him at the head of the aitillery, and sent him vdth him. Although in the beginning he placed the scar of curse on the forehead of his obedience, yet in the end he turned out well and came at a good time. On the same d.‘iy Rustam, who was «me of his (^iih Jahan’s) chief servant.*!, and on whom he had perfect reliance, when he found that ]H)rt.unc had turned away from him. made a compact ufth IMahiibat K. Bv the guidance of good fortune and reliance on Ood, he, with Muhammad Murad Bada klislii and other niansiibdars, left the ill-fated army, and joined that of the

illn^trioiis lU-dnuIat’s hitiul :iiu1 lioai-l won’ jiariilyzod

nil lioariii” this nows, and he snsju’olod all his own sorvnnls. and still nnnv tho ntval servants ho had with him, nf faithless- ness and nimdiahility. Dnrin^ the nifilil. he sent for the men who wen* in front, and derided on tli.oht. and in hewilderment omssed the Narhadda. At this time, a^ain. some of his servantNS took the ojijiortnnity of separatino themselves from him. and joined the service of my fortunate son. f?aeh of them iveejved favours aeeordine to his eonditifin. On the day that he eros’-ed the river Xarhadda. a letter fell into the hand of one of his men. that Mahfilmt K. had written in answer to Zfdiid’s K. letter, mnlcinji him hojiefnl of the royal fav<mr. and nraini: him to rome in. This they sent direct to Hi-daulat. and he. liee<imin" snspieions of Zfihid K.. im- ]>risoned him with his thne sons. Zfihid K. is s. Shaiaaf K.. who w;is one of the .\mir.- and trusted servants of my ivvered father. 1 had patronir.ed this wivti-h in eon.sidenit ion of hi.^ elaims of service and of his position as a honse-horn one (hhlua-zad). and eiven him the title of Khan and the rank of l..f»t)0. and had sent, him with Hi-daulat for the eoiupiest of the Deccan. When I summoned the .\mirs of that quarter <tn account of the husiness of Qandahar. althouf’h a special fannan of ur;;en<-y was sent to him. the wretch did not come t.o Court, and “ave himself out as an adhen’iit and devoted servant, of Hi-daulat. After the ilefeat near Delhi, he turned hack. Thoufih* he had not a family, he had not. the {rood fortune to jiay his resjiects. or to cleanse the dust, of shame and the stain of sin from the tablet of his forehead. At last the True Hecompenscr i-aufilit him on this day. and his jiroj)- erty. to the c.xtent of one lac and Hs. :5t).nf)0. was confisce.ted by Hi-daulat..

Wlienf thou linsl «loiio evil, think not thwelf free of calniuitu’.s

For rutrihution is iiceording to imturnl law.

.\pi)iirciitly the nu’.ining is that lie had no family with .Shah Jahuii’a army, and so could not he deterred from leaving Shah Jaliun through fear of tlioir fato. .See bolow, tho reference to .S. 9.\labat’s arrangemcnt.s about his family.

t This couplet come.s from Xijtaail’.s J^tisrau u ShirTn, and i.s quoted by Bab’jr.

Briefly, lij-daiilat having quickly crof^sed the Narbadda, drew all the boats over to tliat side, and liaving secured the fords witli men that he trusted, he left Uairam Beg. his Bakhshi, v.‘ith a force of tnistworthy men and a body of the B.-.rgLs from the Deccan on the bank of the river. I’aking the artillery-wagjrons, he himself went towards tlie fort of Asir and to Burhanpur. Meanwhile TaqI, his servant, caught the ninner whoni Klian-khanan had sent to Mahabat K., and took him to Bi-daulat. This couplet was written on the margin of the letter;

Iliindrwls uro ».v.‘it<‘liing me

OtherwHc I’d fjy awjiy from trouble.

lii-daulat sent for him wth his sons from his quarters, and showed him the writing. Although he made excuses, he could give no answer that could he listened to. In short, he kejjt him with Darah and his other sons in surveillance near his own .station, and the lot he had liiinself drawn — viz., that Imndreds were watcliing him — happened to him. At this time I •’.’•.ve Il)TahIm Husain, the servant of my ])rosperoiis son who iiad brought the report of the victory, the title of liliabar K., with a dre.“s of honour, and an elephant, and sent a gracious fannan to the Prince and Mahai)at K. by Khawas;^^ K. I abo sent with him a pnJtvucJa* (hnicelet) of great value f’l my son (ParwTz) and a jewelled swoid to .Maliftbat K. A.s .Midsfibai K. had done ap]m»ved service. I gave liimthe rnansah of T.Wj personal aticl horr-e.

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Sjiah Pai-wiz, I sent with him a special dress of honour and a mdin for him, and a turban for Mahabat K. Hiawass K., who had previously been sent to him and had returned, waited upon me with good news (of him), ^ana-zad K., s. Mahabat K., was given the mansab of 5,000 personal, and horse.

At this time I enjoyed myself for a day with hunting nllgaw. Whilst I was hunting I saw a snake the length of which was 2i yards, and its girth equal to three cubits (dasf). He had swallowed half a hare, and was in the act of swallowing the other half. When the huntsmen picked him up and brought him to me, the hare fell out of his mouth. I ordered them to put it into its mouth again, but they could not do it, however much they exerted themselves; but by using great violence the corner of his mouth was tom to pieces. After this I ordered them to open its belly. Thereupon another entire hare came out. They call this kind of snake cTwtal* in Hindustan, and it grows so large that it swallows a hog-deer (Jcotah-pacha) entire; but it is not poisonous, and does not bite. One day during the same hunt I shot a female nilgaw, and two fully formed young ones were found inside. As I heard that the flesh of nilgaw fawns was delicate and delicious, I ordered the royal cooks to prepare a du-‘piydzaf (a kind of rich fricassee). Certainly it was not without flavour.

On the 15th of the Divine month of Shahriwar Eustam K., Muhammad Murad, and several other servants of Bi-daulat, who under the guidance of good luck had separated them- selves from him and entered the service of my fortunate son Shah Panviz, according to orders came to Court, and had the good fortune to Idss the threshold. Having promoted Rustam K. to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 4,000 horse, and Muhammad Murad to that of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, I made them hopeful of daily increasing favours. Rus- tam K. by extraction is a Bada kh^ i. His name was Yusuf Beg. He is connected with Muhammad-quli of Isfahan, who was agent for and prime minister of Mirza Sulaiman (of Badalchshan). He was first of all in the service of the Court,

Dhamin, python (?) f See Bloehmann, 60.

«(Hi. of ]>risoii, iind allownl Ijini to jmy liis respects. At the tx*q»est of iny son Siiahrivar. I went to his house. He had pjiq»!m‘il a ^rand eutertaianient. and jiresentod suitai)Ie oflcr- inj:s. and nave dre.’-ses of honour to most, of the servants.

At. this time a rej>ort. came from my fortunate son Shall I’anvir. tliat. lU-ilnulat liad cros.sed the river of Hurhanpur (the Tapti). and was wandering in the desert of error. Tlic p.utii’ulaj’s are t liat. when lie ero.s.sed t he Xnrbndda and drew all the Imat.- to that. .side, and fortified the hanks of the river and the fellies with eannon and mii.skcts. ho loft lininim Beg on the hank with a large numher of the rebels, and withdrew toward.; Asir and Bnrhnnpnr. The j^rin-l^iinrn) and Darah he loidt with him under surveillanee.

Ami now. for the sake of enlivening my narrative, a few words mu.‘‘1 he said ahont Asir. The .said fort, in itvS great height and .stn’iigtli, is not in want of my pmise. Before Bi- danlat- went l<i tlie Deeeaii it was in the charge of Wiwiija Nasru-llah. s. Khwaja Kalhu-IInh. who was one of the house- hold slaves ami aiieieiit .servants. Afterwards, at the rcquc.st of Bi-daulat., it. was hauded over to .Mir irusiimu-d-din, s. Mir damrilu-d-din Husain. .As the daughter of Nur Jahan Begam’s maternal uncle {fa-jha’l) was marriedf to him. when Bi-daulat . hii viug been defeated in the neighbourhood of Delhi, turned Ids rein towards .Malwa and jMiindu. Xur Jnhnii Begam wrote to him and strictly urged him. saying: “Beware, a Ihousaml limes beware, not to allow Bi-daulat and his men to eome near t he fort., hut strengthen the towers and gates, and do your duly, and do not act in such a manner that the stain, of a curse and ingratitude for favours should fall on the honour or the forehead of a Say yid.’’ In truth, he strengtheued it well, ami the arrangements of the fort were not of such a sort that Bl-daiilat’s bii-d of thought could fly up to its border, or the conque.st of it be quickly accomplished. In brief, when Bi-daulnt sent one of his attendants, of the name

Tho author of (ho dictionary.

t Soo 3ra’usirii-l-Uniara, III. 3S2. Hi.*? wife wa.s the sister of Ahmad Beg, Iho “ brother’s son of Tbrublin K. Fath-jmig- But if so would she not bo tho dnughtor of Sharif and nioco of Nnr Jalmii ? Soo Blochmaiin, •’>12.

of Slianfa. to the atove-iaentioiied, lie (^a^a) seduced Mm by means of promises and tbieatSs and it. was settled (between Shah Jahan and Shaxifa) that when Hnsanm-d-din should come •down to tahe the letter and dress of honour which had been sent, he should not be allowed to go up again. That wretch, immediately ^anfa arrived, put a-\vB.y on the shelf of forgetful- ness what he owed on accoimt of his bringing up and the favours conferred on Mm. and without opposition or effort handed over the fort to Shaiifa. and with his wife* and child went to Bi-daulat. who made him accursed of the Paith and in the world by bestowing on him the mansab of i.OOO per- sonal. and a standard and drums, and the title of Murtaza K. — a disgraceful name to all eternity.

In short, when that one of reversed fortime reached the foot of the fort of Asir, he took with him Klian-ldianan. Darab, and all his e-vdl-minded offepring up to the fort, and remaining there for three or four days, and having set Ms mind at ease about provisions, etc., handed it over to one Gktpal Das, a Rajput, who had formerly been an attendant of Sar-buland Ray, and entered Ms service when he went to the Deccan. He left the women and Ms superfluous baggage, and took with him Ms three wi’v^ with their children and some maid- servants. At first he proposed to imprison Klian-kbanan and Darab in the fort, but at last changed Ms mind, and bringing them down with him, hastened to Burhanpur. At this time LaMatu-llah, after suffering disgrace and contempt, came from Surat and joined him. In great perplexity, Bi-daulat employed Ssr-buland Ray, the son of Ray Bhoj Hara, who is one of the brave Rajput servants, and who is fed from the royal table (?), as his mediator, and by letters and messages made proposals of peace. Mahabat H. said that until Kian- Ihanan came, peace was impossible. His (Jlahabnt’s) sole pmpose was by these means to separate from him that head of deceivers who was the ring-leader of trouble and sedition. Being helpless, Bi-daulat brought him fHi an-klianan) out of prison, and satisfied himself by taking an oath from him on the Qoran. In order to please Mm and strengthen his

I.O. MS., 3S1, and the Iqlial-nama mention the “vvifo.

J^r<»n^i^o,s mul itat h. lio (m)k liini inside ilie feniidc nparl.incnt and nmde n oonfidant* nf him. and )m)np;hi his own wife and son In liim. and made use of all kinds of ont.rcat.v and lament at it»n. The j^ist. of his (SImh .lahan’s) remarks was: “ My times are hard, and my jKtsiti«ni dinieidt; I make my.self over to yoti. and make yon the f’uardian of my honour. You must aet so that. 1 uii hmj’t’r uuderffo lamtcmjit. and confusion."’ 1’he Khan-khauau. with a view to hrin;» about ])cacc, j)nrled from Bi-daidat. and proceeded to t.he royal army. It was settled that he should remain «>n the other side of the river, and arrange nuitters relatiu” tt> peace in writing. According to fate, befon: Khan-khanan arrived on t.lie bank of the river, some of the brave warriors and victorious youths one night found an «>pportimit.y and cro.‘‘Scd over at a jdnec where t.he ri’bels were ean’less. On hearing this news the pillars of their eounige trembled, and llairam Beg could not keep firm the foot of error and ignorance, or engage in driving them back. Whilst he was in this agilationf mnj»y crossed the river, and on the same night the rcbels of evil fortune wem sepai-atcd from each <»thcr like the and tookto flight.

By the unfailing good fortune (of .lahangir) the Khan-khanan fell into pcrj)lo.Nity (lit. fell into the sha^~dnr^ ])o.sition), and could neither go nor sUy where he was. At this time again letters arrived from my prosperous son mingling threats with promises. The Klirin-kliaiiaii. finding only despair and ruin in the jwge of Bl-daulat’s alTaii-s, hastened, tlirough the mediation of ^lah.abat K.. to wait upon my fortunate son. Bl-daulat, on hearing «jf the dejrarturc of jfiian-j^anan and the crossing of thCi ^arbadda by the victorious army and the flight »>f Bairam Beg. lost courage, and, notwithstanding a flood in the river and the 'iolence of tlie rain, crossed the Tapti in a .state of r\Tctehcdness. and went off towards the Deccan. In this confusion many of the royal servants and his own attendants willingly or unwillingly separated, and

Mnhram aSMil, “ m.‘ido him one who could enter the Hni’cm.”

t The text wrongly lias ha-chand instead of ba-jambld.

J Daughters of the Bier — i.c., the constellation of the Plough.

§ .’^aah.dar is the name of an nnjw.wc in the game of nard.

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did not accompany him. As the native country of Jado Ray and tJday Ram and Ata^ K. was on the route, they thought it better for themselves to keep with him for some stages, but Jado Ray did not come into his camp, and followed him at the distance of one stage. He took possession of such property as the men in this confusion and fear for their lives abandoned. On the day he (Shah Jahan) started from the other side of the river (the Tapti) he sent a message by one of his immediate attendants of the name of Zu-l-faqar K. Turkman,, sum- moning Sar-buland K. Afghan, with the message that it seemed to him contrary to courage and the due performance of his engagements that he had as yet not crossed the river. “ Fidelity was the glorj’’ of men; the faithlessness of no one has touched me (Shah Jahan) so much as yours.” He (Sar-buland) was standing on horseback on the river-bank when Zu-l-faqar* K. came and delivered the message. Sar- buland did not give a precise answer, and was undecided as to whether to stay or go. In his perplexity and by way of objection he told Zu-l-faqar to let go his bridle, Zu-l-faqar drew his sword, and struck at his waist. At this crisis an Afghan interposed a short spear which the people of India call a harchM, and the blow of the sword caught the shaft, and the point of the sword did not reach Sar-buland’s waist. After swords were draAvn, the Afghans attacked Zu-l-faqar and cut him in pieces. The son of SuMn Mu^iammad, the treasurer, who was Bi-daulat’s page, for friendship’s sake had come (with Zu-l-faqar) Avithout Bi-daulat’s permission, and was also killed.

Briefly, when the news of his leaving Burhanpur and of the victorious army’s approaching that city reached me, I sent Hiawass K, on the mngs of haste to my loyal son, and strongly impressed upon him that he must not relax his efforts, but must determine either to take him alive or to drive him out of the imperial territorJ^ It was said that if things went badly ivith him on this side, it was probable that he would throw himself by the road of Qutbu-l-mulk’s country into the provinces of Orissa and Bengal, This, too, was in accordance

Tho 3Iu)iaramad Bog of Roe ?

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with military plans. So ont of caution, which is becoming to a ruler, I appointed Mirza Rustam to be governor of Allahabad and dismissed him with orders that if such circumstances should so occur (as ^ah Jahan’s going to Bengal), he should rectifj’^ matters.

At this time my son (farzaiid) ^an Jahan came from Multan, and had the good fortune to pay his respects. By vra,y of nazar he presented 1,000 mulirs and a ruby of the value of Rs. 100,000, a pearl, and other jewels. I gave an elephant to Rustam K. On the 9th of the Divine month of Aban lOiawass K. brought a report from the prince and Mahabat K. to the effect that when my son (Barwiz) reached Burhanpur, though man)’ of his men had remained behind in consequence of the heavy rains, he, according to orders, without delay had crossed the river (TaptI), and gone in pursuit of Bi-daulat. Bi-daulat, on hearing this terrible news, was marching on. On account of the heaviness of the rain and the excessive quantity of mud and constant marching his beasts of burden had become exhausted. If any baggage was left behind no inquiries were made, and he {^ah Jahan) and his children and dependents thought themselves lucky to save their Uves and did not trouble about their goods. The army of good fortune having come down the pass of Bhangar, hastened after him as far as the pargana of Ankot,* about forty koss from Burhanpur. Bi-daulat in this state reached the fort of Mahfir, and when he Icnew that Jado Ray and Uday Ram and the other Dakhanis would not go with him any farther, he did not disgrace them, but let them go . Leaving the heavy elephants with the goods and chattels with Uday Ram in the fort,’ he himself started for Qutbu-l-mullc’s territory. IVhen his departure from the royal territory was ascertained, my fortunate son, with the approval of Mahabat K. and other loyalists, turned rein from that pargana. On the first of the Divine month of Aban he entered Burhanpur. Raja Sarang Deo was sent to my son with a gracious farman.

Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 2,000 horse. Mirak Mu‘in, Bakhshi of Kabul, at the request

Jarrctt, II. 239.

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of Mahabat K., was honoured with the title of Khan. Alf K.

^ Qiyam-ldiani, having come from the Suhah Of Patna, paid his :^pects7 anS was appointed to the charge of the fort of Kangra. I presented him Avith a standard. On the 1st of ’ the Divine month of Aaar Baqi K. came from Junagarh and Avaited on me.

As I was at ease Avith regard to the affair of Bi-daulat, and the heat of Hindustan did not agree Avith my constitution, on the 2nd of the month, corresponding Avith the 1st of Safar* my c:mp started from Ajmir for a tour and to hunt in the pleasant regions of Kashmir. Before this I had appointed the chief of the state Asaf K. Subahdar of Bengal, and gaA^e him leave. As I had taken a great liking to his society, and he was distinguished above all the other servants for ability and good disposition and tact, and is moreover unequalled in all kinds of propriety, and I regretted separation from him, I had broken through that purpose, and had sent for him to wait upon me. He came on this day, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Jagat Singh, s. Eana Karan, took leave on his return to his native country, and Avas given a dress of honour and a jewelled dagger., Baja Sarang Deo brought a report from my fortunate son Shah Parwiz and Mahabat K. Madaru-s-saltana, and Idssed the threshold. It was written that their jninds were at ease Avith regard to the afiair of Bi-daulat, and that the rulers of the Deccan, Avillingly or unAArillingly, were performing the dues of obedience and submission. . His Majesty (Jahangir) might make his mind at ease about that quarter and enjoy himself in hunting and travelling in Avhatever place in the royal dominions he might approve of and which was good for his health. On the- 20th of the month Mirza Wall, haAung come from Sironj, Avaited on me. Hakim Mumina Avas raised to the mansab of 1,000. Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, according to order, came from Gujarat, and had the good fortune to pay his respects.

At this time a report came from ‘Aqidat K., Bakhshi of the Deccan, containing the neAvs of Baja Girdhar’s liaAdng been

1 Safar, 1033=November 14, 1023.

2S3

Iviilcd. Tlic pnrticiilni’s of this event arc tlint one of the broj.hci’S of Sayyid Kabir Ibirha, who was anatfenclnnt of my fortunate son Rhiih Pnrwlz, gave In’s sword to brighten and put on the wheel (to sharpen) to a cutler who had a shop clofse to the house of Paja Girdhar. The next day, when he came to fetch his sword, a conversation took place as to the charge for the work, and the poojile of the Sayyid struck the cutler .sonic blows with a stick. The Kaja’s people in .supporting him used t heir whips on t.he.m. By chance two or three young iSayyids of Barha had lodgings in that neighbourhood, and hearing of this disturbance, went to the assistance of the afore.said Sayyid . The firc of strife was lighted, and a fight took place between the Sayyids and Rajputs, ending in an encounter until arrows and sword.s. Sayyid Kabir. becoming aware of this, came to assist with thirty or forty horsemen, and at this time Raja Girdhar, with a body of Rajputs and his caste Iieople, according to the custom of the Hindus, were sitting bnrebodied and eating their food. Becoming aware of the coming of Sayyid Kabir and the violence of the Sayjnds, he brought his men inside the house and firmly closed the door. The Sayyids, setting fire to the door, forced their way inside and the fight went to such a length that Raja Girdhar and tu’entj’-six of his servants were killed and fort)’’ others wounded. Four of the Sayyids were also killed. After Raja Girdhar was killed, Saj^‘id Kabir took the horses out of his .stable to his ouni house and returned. The Rajput officers, when informed of the slaying of Raja Girdhar, came on horse- back in great numbers from their houses, and all the Barba Sayyids came to the aid of Sayjnd Kabir. They assembled in the plain outside the citadel, and the fire of trouble and calamity increased, and it nearly came to a great disturbance. Mababat K., being informed of it, immediately mounted and went there, and bringing the Sayyids into the citadel, and soothing the Rajputs in a manner suitable to the occasion, took some of their chief men with him and went to the house of Hian ‘Alam, which was near there. He soothed them down in a proper way, and promised and became security for an inquiry into the matter. When this neivs reached the prince,..^

284

he also went to the quarters of the ^an ‘Alam, and soothed them with words appropriate to the state of affairs, and sent the Rajputs to their o^vn houses. Next da)’’ Mahabat K. went to the house of Raja Girdhar, condoled and sympathized with his sons, and having contrived to get hold of Sayjid Kabir put him into confinement. As the Rajputs would not be consoled Avithout his being put to death, after a few days he executed him.

On the 23rd I appointed Muhammad Murad faujdar of Ajmir, and sent him off. On this road I continually enjoyed myself in sporting. One day, while hunting, a tuy^iun (albino) partridge, which till noAv I had never seen, came to my sight, and I caught it Avith a hawk. By chance the haAvk that caught it was also a I ascertained by trial that

the flesh of the black partridge Avas better than that of the AA’hite, and that the flesh of the large quail ipMana), which the people of India call gMghar,* is better than that of the quail, AA’hich is a fighter. I compared the flesh of a fat kid AA’ith that of a lamb ; the flesh of the fat Idd is more delicious. By way of test I ordered them both to be cooked in the same Avay, so that I might discern the matter accurately. . On this account I have recorded it.

On the 10th of the month of Dai, in the neighbourhood of the pargana of RaHmabad,f the huntsmen brought in neAA’s of a tiger. I ordered Iradat K. and Fida’i K. to take Avitli them some of the guards {ahl-i-yati^ and surround the wood, and moxinting (an elephant) I folloAved them and went toAvards the hunt. From the number of trees and thickness of the jungle it could not be AA’ell seen. DriAong the elephant fonvard, the tiger’s flank came into A-iew, and Avith one wound from ray gun he fell and gaA’’e up his life. Of all the tigers I.haA’c sliot from the time when I AA’as a prince until noAv I never saAV a tiger like this for size and majesty and the symmetry of its limbs. I ordered the arti.sts to take its portrait according to its leal form and body. He AA’cighed 84 Jahanglrl maunds;

•Tordon .‘it.‘ilps that tlic black partridge i.s called yhiighur about IJcnarcs.

t I’roinbly |{abiinubud in the Usiri bfi-ab. Jarrctl, If. 332.

Iiis Ifiiipth, from the top of his licad to tlic end of his tail, was ;i?. ouhils* and 2 hssu {Jj- of a yard).

On the Kith it was reported that lilumtazf K., the governor of Agra, had died. At first he was in the service of Bahadur K.. tlie hrothcr of Khan Zamnn. After tlicv were killed he entered the service of my revered father, When I placed my foot in the world of existence that revered penson favoured me with making him the Niizir (Rnperintendent) of my e.steblislnnent.. For a period of fiftv-.six yeans he served me sincerely and zealously and in a manner to please me. and at no time did a speck of dust from him settle on the fringe of my heart. What is due in him for the c.xcellcnce of his .service is more than a clerk could write. May God Almighty overwhelm him in the ocean of His forgivenc.ss !

Having conferred on Muqarrab K.. who is one of the old ollicials.J the government and ndmini.stration of Agra, I gave him his leave. In the neighbourhood of Fathpur, MukaiTam K. and his brother ‘Abdu-s-Sahun had the good fortune to pay their respects. On the 22nd the entertainment for my lunar weighment took place in the town of Mathura, and the fifty-seventh year of my age began auspiciously and happily. At Mathura I went on by boat seeing what was to be seen, and hunting. On the way the huntsmen reported that a tigre.S8 with three cubs had appeared. Disembarking from the boat f engaged in the pleasure of sport. As the cubs were small I oi-dered them to be taken by hand, and killed the mother with my gun. At this time it was reported to me that the villagers § and cultivators on the other .side of the river Jumna had not given up stealing and highwaj’ robbery, and, passing their time in the shelter of thick jungles and difficult strong places in stubbornness and fearlessness, would not pay their rents to the jagirdars. I gave an order to ^an Jahan to take a

jDaro* or zara‘, yards ? The text givo.s hi.s weight as 20 J, but blst must be a mistake for haM,

t Ho was a eunuch, and originallj’ had the name of I‘tibar K. Ho received the title of Mumtaz K, in this 3 ‘car. Tuzuk, 359. See Blocbmann, 433.

J As qadiman u babariyan (properlj’ bairiySv),

§ Oamodran u musari’Sn,

286

force of mansabdars with him and give them exemplary punishment, and having slaughtered, imprisoned, and plimr deied them, raze to the ground their strongholds and forts, and tear up from the root their thom-brakes of mischief and disturbance. The next day the force crossed the river and made a hot attack on them. As they had no time for escape by flight they planted firmly the foot of foUy, and showed fight. Many of them were slaughtered: their women and children were taken prisoners, and much booty fell into the hands of the victorious army.

On 1st Bahman, having promoted Bustam K. to the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Qanauj, I sent him there.

On the 2nd ‘Abdu-llah, s. ^skitai Nuru-d-dm, of Teheran, was ordered to be capitally punished in my presence. The explanation of this brief announcement is as follows : When the ruler of Persia, on suspicion of his having money and other property, tortured his father, the aforesaid fled from Persia, and with a hundred miseries and adversities threw himself into Hindustan, and by the patronage of I’timadu-d-daula was enrolled among the servants of the Court. By the aid of good fortune, having in a short time become well known, he was included among those who were in immediate attendance, and obtained a mansab of 500 and a fertile jagir, but as his capacily was small (lit., his digestion was narrow) he could not stand such great good fortune, and assumed ingratitude and imthankfulnesj and constantly defiled his tongue with abuse* of his lord and master. At this time it was con- tinually reported to me that as my kindness to him and observance of what was due to him increased, that ungrateful one blamed and abused me the more. When I considered the favours I had bestowed upon him, I could not believe these stories about him, but at last I heard from impartial and disinterested persons the disrespectful language which he had used with respect to me in assemblies and companies.

Text ba fhukr u ehukiili. but the Iqbal-nama, 213, has ba-^aktra, “ with complaints,” and this mu.st be correct. ‘Abdu-llah indulged in abuse of his lord and master, khvdS v khudatcand-i-hhwish — /.&, Jahangir.

287

The rhnrgc wns thus confirmed, and accordingly I summoned him to my presence and had him executed.*

“ A redt tongue gives the green head to the winds.” As the ■ huntsmen reported that there was a tigress in this neighbour- hood, by the mischief caused by which the inhabitants were oppressed. I ordered Fida’i K. to take elephants mth him and surro\md it. ^lounting my.self, I followed him into the forc.st. It soon came to view, and with one shot from my gun its affairs were finished. One day I was enjoying myself with sport, and caught a black partridge with a hawk. I ordered them to open its crop in my presence. A mouse it had swallowed whole came out of its crop, and which was not yet digested. I was greatly astonished that the pipe of its gullet, small- ns it was, should swallow a whole mouse and how it. had done so. Without exaggeration, if anyone had told me the talc I should not have believed it. As I saw this myself I have recorded it on account of its strangeness. On the Gth of the month Delhi became the abode of good fortune.

As Jagat Singh, s. Raja Baso, at the instigation of Bi-daulat, had gone o\it into the hills in the north of the Panjab, which are his hereditary abode, and raised a disturbance there, I appointed Sadiq K. to punish him, as has been related in the preceding pages. At this time Madho Singh, his younger brother, was promoted to the title of Raja, and given a horse and robe of honour. An order was given for him to go to Sadiq K. and attack the rebels with him.

Next day I marched from the outskirts of the city, and alighted at Sallmgarh. As the house of Raja Eli^an Das was on the road, and he had made great efforts and entreated me to do so, I at his request threw the shadow of prosperity on his dwelling, and gratified the desire of that old servant. A few of his offerings were accepted in order to dignif}’’ him. March- ing on the 20th from Salimgarh, I appointed Sayyid Bahwa Buliatl to the governorship of Delhi, which is liis ordinary

Cf. Iqbal-naina, 213-214.

A proverbial expression. It is quoted by Nisamu-d-din in the Tabaqat.

288

residence. In fact, he had already done this service well, and I had given him high rank.

At this time ‘All Muhammad, . s. ‘Ali Eay,* ruler of Tibet, by his father’s order came to Court, and had the good fortune to pay his respects. It was clear that ‘All Ray had a great affection for and attachment ibo this son, and held him dearer than his other children. He wished to make him his successor, and he was consequently envied by his brothers! and disputes arose between them. Abdal, s. ‘Ali Ray, who was the eldest of his children, through this jealousy sought the patronage of the Khan of Kashghar and made him his protector, so that when ‘Ali Ray, who was very old and decrepit, should die, he might, under the protection of the Wali of Kashghar, become ruler of Tibet. ‘Ali Ray, suspecting that the brothers might attack ‘Ali Muhammad, and a disturbance might arise in his country, sent him to Court, his desire being that he might be attached to this Court, and his affairs might pro,sper by service to and kindness shown by the Court.

On the 1st of the Ilahi month of Isfandarmuz I pitched in the pargana of Umbala. La^kari, s. Imam-wirdi, who-had run away from Bi-daulat, and joined the service of my auspicious son Shah Parwiz, having come on this date to Court, Icissed the threshold. A report came from my son and Mahabat K. It contained the recommendation and the offer of service of ‘Adil K,, with a letter which he had sent to Mahabat, in which were set forth his submissiveness and loyalty. La^karl was sent back to Parwiz with a dress of honour, a nadiri with pearl buttons for the prince, and a dress of honour for ^an ‘Alam and Blahabat’ K. At the request of my son I wrote a gracious farman to ‘Adil K. showing great favour to him, and sent him a robe of honour with a special nadiri. I gave an order that if they thought fit they should send the above-mentionedf to ‘Adil K.

On the 5th I alighted at the garden of Sihrind. On the

‘All Bay was ruler of Little Tibet (Baltistan). Jahangir had married his daughter. Blochmann, 310, and Akbar-nama, III, 003. The marriage took plaee in A.H. 1000 (1592).

f That is, La^karl.

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bank of the Hons SjuH*} K., Jliilcliirir K., Isfandiyar, Rajii Ku)) Cliaiul of Owalior. and otlicr Amirs wlio liad been ai)])()inl<’d !•<) siipporl’ him. having succeeded in rc.sforing order in flic mui-hern Jiill-conniry. had Mic good fortune to kiss t.ho f lnx’shold. The facts, Imcfly, are that .Tagat Singh, at. llic instigation of Hi-daulat. liad taken to tlic liills above- mentioned, and engaged in .stirring up sedition and .strife. As the field was clear (i.c.. t.here was no one to oppose him) he passed over difficult mountains and defiles, and by attacking and plundering jx-asantry and the weak, heaped misfortune on them until .‘sadiq K. arrived. Ife brought the Zaniindars under control by means of fears and hoj)es. and made the overt hrow of t hat wretehed creature the object of his e.xertions. •Tagat. Singh stnmgl.hened the fort of Man. and was protected l»y it.. ^Vhencvcr he. found an opport unity he left that fort.res.s and fought wit h t he royal servants. At last his provisions wcj’c exhausted, and he came t.o despair of assist^mcc from the ot her Zamindars. The elevation of his younger brother became a source of disturbance and anxiety to him. Heljdessly he then sought for patronage, and begged the protection of Nur •lahan ITcgam, c.\prc.ssing shame and contrition, and sought a refuge in her mediation. In order to please and satisfy her, t.he pen of pardon was drawn through the record of his faults.

On this day reports came in from the officials in the Deccan that Bi-daulat, with La’natu-llah, Darab, and other wTctched (with broken wing and feathers) creatures in miserable con- dition, mth blackened face.s, had gone from the border’s of Qutbu-l-mulk’s territory towards Orissa and Bengal. In this journey great lo.ss fell on Inm and his companions, man}’ of whom, wlien a chance offered, rvith bare heads and feet, and liax-ing washed their hands of life (desperate), took to flight. Out of these one day Mirza Muhammad, s. Afzal K., his Diwan, with his mother and liis family, ran away during the march, and when the news reached Bi-daulat, he sent Ja’far and Wian-qull Uzbeg and some others of Ins confidential men in pursuit of liim, that, if they could take liim alive, well and good, or othenvise they should cut off his head and bring it

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into his presence. They with all speed proceeded and caught him up on the road. Becoming aware of this, he sent his mother and family into the jungles and hid them there, and himself with a body of young, men whom he relied on as companions, planted manfully the foot of courage and stood witli their bows. In front of them there was a canal and a swamp {cJdJila). Say3dd Ja’far K. wished to approach near him and take him wth him by deceiving him, but however much he tried to persuade him b}’’ threatening and holding out hopes, it had no effect, and he answered him -with life- taking arrows. He made a good fight of it, and sent ^an-qull and some others of Bi-daulat’s men to hell. Sayyid Ja’far also was wounded. Finally Mirza Muhammad received severe wounds and gambled away the cash of his life. But as long as he had breath he deprived many thereof. After he was Icilled, they cut off his head and took it to Bi-daulat.

When Bl-daulat was defeated near Delhi and went to Mandu, he sent Af?al K. to get assistance and support from ‘Adil K. and others, forwarding with him an armlet {hazu-hand) for ‘Adil K., and a horse, an elephant, and a jewelled sword for ‘Ambar. He first went to ‘Ambar. After delivering his message he produced what Bi-daulat had sent for him, but ‘Ambar would not accept them, saying he was the servant of ‘Adil K,, who was at present the head of those in power in the Deccan: he should go first to him and explain what he desired. If he agreed, his slave would ally himself to and obey liim, and in that case lie would take whatevei was sent, otherwise not. Afzal K. went to ‘Adil K., who received him very badly, and for a long time kept him outside the city and did not look into his affair, but put all kinds of slight.s upon him, but secretl}’ asked for what Bi-daulat had sent for him and ‘Ambar, and took possession of it. The aforesaid (Af?al K.) was there when he heard the news of the killing of his son and the ruin of his family, and so fell upon evil days. In short, Bi-daulat, in spite of all his (original) good fortune and hajipy auspices, undertook a long and distant journe}^ and came to the ])ort of Machhli Patan (Masulipatam), wliich belongs to

h]:i\v to llArnil innl f<ir it. It Icippciicd tli:il nt. that

tiiu’’ Harfni \a:- f <‘at«‘il mi t!if l«nijU of tli<‘ Tin* .‘•lavf

;::avi‘ ili** and nArrui. ••iimu’-d, ;aid: ’* I haw alluwad

fhc<‘* to liavi* t!i<’ Klialifati*. and tJimi do^t not. allow iin* mia rill*:.’’ In hi” rau<* h<’ thnnvth’’ riii” into ih’’ Tiiiri;.. Aftoj- sojin* month" hy tin* d<‘< r»-(‘ «»f fat** Uadi diod. and tin* tnrn of the Khalifate rann- to llarnn. He ordered diwr.‘i to look for the rinj: in t In* plaie where he had thrown it . By the fhances of destiny, and tin* aid of “ood fortune, nt. the first dive the rine was found, and hroneht and eiven into llarnn’.s liand !

• Hudl \va” lirirrimi-r-H:i"ti»(lV elder Iirollier.

292

At this time one day on the hunting ground the chief huntsman Imamwirdl brought before me a partridge that had a spur on one leg and not on the other. As the wav to distinguish the female lies in the spur, by way of testing me he asked whether this was’a male or a female. I said at once A female.” When they opened it an egg appeared inside (pi^tna) its belly. The people who were in attendance asked with surprise by what sign I had discov’crcd this: I said that the head and beak of the female are shorter than the male’s. By investigation and often seeing (the birds) I had acquired this dexterity. It is a strange thing that the windpipe in all animals (haiwanat), which the Turks call halq,’\ is single from the top of the throat to the crop [cliina-dan), while in the case of the bustard {jarz) it is different. In the bustard it is for four finger-breadths from the top of the throat single and then it divides into two branches and in this form reaches the crop. Also at the place where it divides into two branches there is a stoppage {sar~band) and a knot {girih) is felt by the hand. In the hidang (crane) it is still stranger. In it the windpipe passes in a serpentine manner between the bones of the breast to the rump and then turns back from there and joins the throat. The jarz or cliarz (bustanl) is of two kinds: one is a mottled black and the other bur (a hind of dun colour). I nowj discovered that there are not two kinds, but that which is a mottled black is the male, and that wliich is dun-coloured is the female. The proof of it is this, that in the piebald there are testicles and in the dun one there are eggs; this has been repeatedly found on examination.

I have a great liking for fish, and all kinds of good fish are brought for me; the best fish in Hindustan is the rohu, arid

‘J’cxt m’tlka. Perhaps the word may bo wdha-i-nn, [wyf’-‘i ‘fi of it" — i.e., possession of such knowledge. ‘J’ho MSS’, have «« r.ft<r milka.

t Text hannq. But the MSS. have merely f.nqq, and it i- f -td o’ ‘ J’’ dietionaries that there in a bird calltW the ^

i This corroctH a previous statement to tho effect that the Ll-t’-. a- red bustards were two .sjx«io’i.

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